CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION Photovoltaic (PV) power-generation systems are becoming increasingly important and prevalent in distribution generation systems. A conventional centralized PV array is a serial connection of numerous panels to obtain higher dc-link voltage for main electricity through a DCAC inverter. Many prior research works have proposed a single-stage DCAC inverter with fewer components to fit the dimensions of the bezel of the ac module, but their efficiency levels are lower than those of conventional PV inverters. When installing the PV generation system during daylight, for safety reasons, the ac module outputs zero voltage. The solar energy through the PV panel and micro inverter to the output terminal when the switches are OFF. When installation of the ac module is taking place, this potential difference could pose hazards to both the worker and the facilities. A floating active switch is designed to isolate the dc current from the PV panel, for when the ac module is off-grid as well as in the non operating condition. This isolation ensures the operation of the internal components without any residential energy being transferred to the output or input terminals, which could be unsafe. The micro inverter includes DCDC boost converter, DCAC inverter with control circuit. The DCDC converter requires large step-up conversion from the panels low voltage to the voltage level of the application. The converters by increasing turns ratio of coupled inductor obtain higher voltage gain than conventional boost converter. Some converters successfully combined boost and fly back converters, since various converter combinations are developed to carry out high step-up voltage gain by using the coupled-inductor techniques. By combining active snubber, auxiliary resonant circuit, synchronous rectifiers, or switched- capacitor-based resonant circuits and so on, these techniques made active switch into zero voltage switching (ZVS) or zero current switching (ZCS) operation and improved converter efficiency.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY T. Shimizu, K. Wada, and N. Nakamura proposed Flyback-type single-phase utility interactive inverter with power pulsation decoupling on the dc input for an ac photovoltaic module system in it they stated A conventional system employs a PV array in which many PV modules are connected in series to obtain sufficient dc input voltage for generating ac utility line voltage from an inverter circuit. However, the total power generated from the PV array is sometimes decreased remarkably when only a few modules are partially covered by shadows, thereby decreasing inherent current generation, and preventing the generation current from attaining its maximum value on the array. To overcome this drawback, an ac module strategy has been proposed. In this system, a low-power DCAC utility interactive inverter is individually mounted on each PV module and operates so as to generate the maximum power from its corresponding PV module. Especially in the case of a single-phase utility interactive inverter, an electrolytic capacitor of large capacitance has been connected on the dc input bus in order to decouple the power pulsation caused by single-phase power generation to the utility line. However, especially during the summer season, the ac module inverters have to operate under a very high atmospheric temperature, and hence the lifetime of the inverter is shortened, because the electrolytic capacitor has a drastically shortened life when used in a high-temperature environment. Of course, we may be able to use film capacitors instead of the electrolytic capacitors if we can pay for the extreme large volume of the inverter. However, this is not a realistic solution for ac module systems. Their thesis proposes a novel flyback-type utility interactive inverter circuit topology suitable for ac module systems when its lifetime under high atmospheric temperature is taken into account. A most distinctive feature of the proposed system is that the decoupling of power pulsation is executed by an additional circuit that enables employment of film capacitors with small capacitance not only for the dc input line but also for the decoupling circuit, and hence the additional circuit is expected to extend the lifetime of the inverter. The proposed inverter circuit also enables realization of small volume, lightweight and stable ac current injection into the utility line. C. Rodriguez and G. A. J. Amaratunga proposed Long-lifetime power inverter for photovoltaic ac modules, it states that three conversion stages form the 2

power topology. First, a full bridge connected to a high-frequency transformer and a full-bridge rectifier amplifies the voltage of the PV panel to approximately 475 V. This stage is controlled by using a phase-shift pulse width-modulation controller that permits zero-voltage switching, thereby minimizing losses. Second, a buck converter is connected in series with the rectifier and is controlled by using current mode in order to shape the current injection into a rectified sine wave. Last, a full bridge is operated at line frequency to unfold the current injection. The amplification stage has a proportional compensator that maintains the voltage at the PV terminals constant. The current injection stage has a proportionalderivative compensator that controls the amplitude of the grid current so that the dc-link average voltage is maintained constant. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg proposed A review of singlephase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules, it states inverter technologies for connecting photovoltaic (PV) modules to a single-phase grid. The inverters are categorized into four classifications: 1) the number of power processing stages in cascade; 2) the type of power decoupling between the PV module(s) and the single-phase grid; 3) whether they utilizes a transformer (either line or high frequency) or not; and 4) the type of grid-connected power stage. Various inverter topologies are presented, compared, and evaluated against demands, lifetime, component ratings, and cost. Finally, some of the topologies are pointed out as the best candidates for either single PV module or multiple PV module applications. T. Umeno, K. Takahashi, F. Ueno, T. Inoue, and I. Oota proposed A new approach to low ripple-noise switching converters on the basis of switched- capacitor converters, it states that Rapidly dropping power supply voltages and tight voltage regulation requirements for integrated circuits challenges power supply designers. A novel interleaved discharging (ID) approach is presented to reduce the output ripple in step-down switched-capacitor (SC) dcdc converters. Simulation and experimental results of a four-stage SC dcdc converter show that the ID approach can reduce the output ripple by a factor of three. The proposed approach also improves the converter efficiency by 7%. The ID method provides flexibility in the design optimization of step-down SC dcdc converters. B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici proposed Switched-capacitor/ switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid dcdc PWM converters, it states that A few simple switching structures, formed by either two 3

capacitors and two-three diodes (C-switching), or two inductors and two-three diodes (L-switching) are proposed. These structures can be of two types: step-down and step-up. These blocks are inserted in classical converters: buck, boost, buckboost, C uk, Zeta, Sepic. The step-down C- or L-switching structures can be combined with the buck, buckboost, C uk, Zeta, Sepic converters in order to get a step-down function. When the active switch of the converter is on, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are charged in series or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are discharged in parallel. When the active switch is off, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are discharged in parallel or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are charged in series. The step-up C- or L-switching structures are combined with the boost, buck boost, C uk, Zeta, Sepic converters, to get a step-up function. The steady-state analysis of the new hybrid converters allows for determine their dc line-to-output voltage ratio. Q.Zhao and F.C.Lee proposed High-efficiency, high step-up DCDC converters, it states that Many applications call for high step-up DCDC converters that do not require isolation. Some DCDC converters can provide high step-up voltage gain, but with the penalty of either an extreme duty ratio or a large amount of circulating energy. DCDC converters with coupled inductors can provide high voltage gain, but their efficiency is degraded by the losses associated with leakage inductors. Converters with active clamps recycle the leakage energy at the price of increasing topology complexity. A family of high-efficiency, high step-up DCDC converters with simple topologies are proposed in this thesis. The proposed converters, which use diodes and coupled windings instead of active switches to realize functions similar to those of active clamps, perform better than their activeclamp counterparts. High efficiency is achieved because the leakage energy is recycled and the output rectifier reverse-recovery problem is alleviated. R. J. Wai, C. Y. Lin, R. Y. Duan, and Y. R. Chang proposed High-efficiency DCDC converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch stress, In this thesis, a high-efficiency dc-dc converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch stress is proposed. Generally speaking, the utilization of a coupled inductor is useful for raising the step-up ratio of the conventional boost converter. However, the switch surge voltage may be caused by the leakage inductor so that it will result in the 4

requirement of high-voltage-rated devices. In the proposed topology, a three-winding coupled inductor is used for providing a high voltage gain without extreme switch dutycycle and enhancing the utility rate of magnetic core. Moreover, the energy in the leakage inductor is released directly to the output terminal for avoiding the phenomenon of circulating current and the production of switch surge voltage. In addition, the delay time formed with the cross of primary and secondary currents of the coupled inductor is manipulated to alleviate the reverse-recovery current of the output diode. It can achieve the aim of high-efficiency power conversion. Furthermore, the closed-loop control methodology is utilized in the proposed scheme to overcome the voltage drift problem of the power source under the variation of loads. S. M. Chen, T. J. Liang, L. S. Yang, and J. F. Chen proposed A cascaded high step-up dcdc converter with single switch for microsource applications, This thesis proposes a new high step-up dcdc converter designed especially for regulating the dc interface between various microsources and a dcac inverter to electricity grid. The figuration of the proposed converter is a quadratic boost converter with the coupled inductor in the second boost converter. The converter achieves high step-up voltage gain with appropriate duty ratio and low voltage stress on the power switch. Additionally, the energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor can be recycled to the output capacitor. The operating principles and steady-state analyses of continuous-conduction mode and boundary-conduction mode are discussed in detail. T. J. Liang, S. M. Chen, L. S.Yang, J. F. Chen, and A. Ioinovici, Ultra large gain step-up switched-capacitor dcdc converter with coupled inductor for alternative sources of energy, In this thesis, an ultra-large voltage conversion ratio converter is proposed by integrating a switched-capacitor circuit with a coupled inductor technology. The proposed converter can be seen as an equivalent parallel connection to the load of a basic boost converter and a number of forward converters, each one containing a switched-capacitor circuit. All the stages are activated by the boost switch. A single active switch is required, with no need of extreme duty-ratio values. The leakage energy of the coupled inductor is recycled to the load. The inrush current problem of switched capacitors is restrained by the leakage inductance of the coupledinductor. The above features are the reason for the high efficiency performance. The

operating principles and steady state analyses of continuous, discontinuous and boundary conduction modes are discussed in detail. G. Yao, A. Chen, and X. He proposed Soft switching circuit for interleaved boost converters, In this thesis, a zero-voltage switchingzero-current switching interleaved boost converter is proposed. An active circuit branch in parallel with the main switches is added and it is composed of an auxiliary switch and a snubber capacitor. By using this interleaved converter topology, zero current turn-on and zero voltage turn-off of the main switches can be achieved and the reverse-recovery loss of boost diode can be reduced. In addition, the auxiliary switches are zero-voltage transmission during the whole switching transition. A prototype of boost converter rated at 1.2 kW has been built to confirm the effectiveness of the converter.

1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION A conventional centralized PV array is a serial connection of numerous panels to obtain higher dc-link voltage for main electricity through a DCAC inverter. Unfortunately, once there is a partial shadow on some panels, the systems energy yield becomes significantly reduced. An ac module is a microinverter configured on the rear bezel of a PV panel; this alternative solution not only immunizes against the yield loss by shadow effect, but also provides flexible installation options in accordance with the users budget. Many prior research works have proposed a single-stage DC AC inverter with fewer components to fit the dimensions of the bezel of the ac module, but their efficiency levels are lower than those of conventional PV inverters. Especially in the case of single-phase utility interactive inverters, an electrolytic capacitor of large capacitance has been connected to the dc input line in order to decouple the power pulsation caused by single-phase power generation to the utility line. However, especially during the summer season, the ac module inverters must operate under very high atmospheric temperature, because each inverter is mounted on the back-side of the corresponding PV module. Hence, the lifetime of the inverter is shortened, because use at high temperature drastically shortens the life of the electrolytic capacitor. Of course, we may be able to use film capacitors instead of the electrolytic capacitors if we can pay for the extreme large volume of the inverter. However, this is not a realistic solution for ac module systems. In order to overcome this defect, power decoupling schemes for the inverters have been proposed. On these 6

inverters, two output capacitors are used and the bias voltage induced to these capacitors is modulated so as to reduce the power pulsation on the dc input capacitor and to generate sinusoidal voltage at the ac output terminal. Another fundamental problem with ac-module inverters is the poor reliability of components at high temperatures. It is well known that aluminum electrolytic capacitors, among others, are the weakest links in power electronic designs. Because the AC-module inverter operates at high temperatures. This thesis proposes a DC-DC converter that employs a floating active switch to isolate energy from the PV panel when the ac module is OFF; this particular design protects installers and users from electrical hazards. Without extreme duty ratios and the numerous turns-ratios of a coupled inductor, this converter achieves a high step-up voltage-conversion ratio; the leakage inductor energy of the coupled inductor is efficiently recycled to the load. These features explain the modules high-efficiency performance.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS The thesis is comprised of the following chapters. Following is a briefing of each chapter;

Chapter 1: A brief introduction about proposed converter, literature survey, problem formulation and organization of the thesis are discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 2: A brief introduction about DC-DC converter, different types of DC-DC converters and control of DC-DC converters. Here the proposed

converter and its continuous conduction mode of operation and discontinuous conduction mode of operations are explained.

Chapter 3: This chapter discusses about the steady-state analysis for continuous conduction modes of operation, discontinuous conduction modes of operations and boundary conduction modes operation are explained.

Chapter 4: This chapter summarizes the simulation circuit diagram and the output results for continuous conduction modes of operation and discontinuous conduction modes of operation of a proposed converter. 7

Chapter 5: This chapter discusses the block diagram and its description, hardware kit snap, hardware requirements, software requirements and circuit diagram of hardware are explained.

Chapter 6: Here conclusion of this thesis and the scope for the future work was explained in detail.