2006 International Conference on Power System Technology

Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Wind Generation Integrated Power System

Jiageng Qiao, Yong Min and Zongxiang Lu
power systems as one of the most potential renewable energies. power source structure, which makes optimizing reactive power At present, it tends to connect large wind farms to power grids flow become more complicated. Three kinds of models are and power source structure has been gradually changed, which presented to solve the optimal reactive power flow in wind brings many new problems to system. Power flow calculation generation integrated system, in which a new model based on becomes more complex because the main type of wind goal programming is proposed as constant voltage PQ (CVPQ) generators in use, fixed-speed induction generator, is quite model. In CVPQ model, wind farm bus is considered as a PQ different from synchronous generator. Many scholars have node with constant voltage in order to isolate wind farms from proposed various wind generator models [71[9] to solve the system influences to simplify the optimizing process. The models power flow, which provides the foundation to solve ORPF in are carried out in a modified IEEE 14-bus system. According to wind generation integrated system. simulation results, the features of models are analyzed and Three different optimizing models are presented in this compared. paper, in which a new one is proposed as CVPQ model. In Index Terms--optimal reactive power flow, grid active losses, CVPQ model, ORPF is solved as goal programming. Its genetic algorithm, wind generation, filxed-speed induction difference from others is to take wind farm as a PQ node with generator, goal programming constant voltage magnitude. Because ORPF is not a mathematically convex problem, genetic algorithm (GA) is I. INTRODUCTION The optimal power flow problem (OPF) is a conventional selected to solve the models in order to achieve global optimal problem in power system planning and control. Optimal solution, but it requires tremendous computing time in reactive power flow (ORPF), one of the major issues in calculation. In the following text, firstly optimizing models are operation of power systems, is a special case of OPF problems, in which the control variables are generator voltage, static presented. Then some correlative mathematical theory is VAR compensator, on-load tap changer (OLTC), shunt introduced. After these preparations, the simulation is carried capacitor/reactor, etc. The objective of ORPF is to minimize out. In the end, conclusions summarize the features of work. grid active losses as well as to achieve an adequate voltage In the following descriptions, wind generator just specifies profile while satisfying operational constraints. Many fixed-speed induction generator. researchers have contributed to this subject['] 6. II. OPTIMIZING MODELS In recent decades, wind generation has drawn great The ORPF problem seeks to adjust the control variables attention for its rapid development. Wind generation, not only reduce fuel consumption but also reduce the environmental reasonably in power systems, to minimize the grid active pollution, is looked forward to play an important part in future losses. In general, the problem can be stated as:
Abstract--Wind generation has been gradually changing the
J. G. Qiao (i A g 3 AmaXg

ed

), Y. Min and Z. X. Lu are

with State Key Lab of Power Systems, Dept. of Electrical Engineering,

Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

min f (u,x) (1) s.t. g(u,x) 0 h(u, x) < 0 where u is the decision vector, consisting of all control variables such as active output of generators and the terminal

1-4244-0111-9/06/$20.00(c2006 IEEE.

voltage magnitudes of generators. x is the state vector, consisting of the voltage magnitudes and phase angles of all the load buses and reactive power output of every generators in the system. f is the objective function of grid active losses which is the sum of losses on each branches. g denotes the power flow equations. h denotes system operating limits of state vector, decision vector and other inequality constraints as well. The nodes in power system usually can be categorized into PV node, PQ node and slack node. But wind generator dose not act as these three kinds of nodes, which makes the power flow equation g(u,x)=0 become much more complicated to solve. Some scholars have dealt with wind generator as an approximate PQ node. However, the reactive power output of wind generators is a variable dependent on the active power, terminal voltage and rotor slip. A typical equivalent circuit of induction generator[ 0] can demonstrate the relations clearly. Fig. 1 shows a simplified equivalent model of induction generator. In Fig.1 and the following paragraphs, x1 is stator reactance, x2 is rotor reactance, r2 is rotor resistance, xm is excitation reactance, s is rotor slip, U is terminal voltage, I is terminal current, P is active power output and Q is reactive
power

r2 +Xk (Xk+Xm)s p
r2XmS

(5)

output.
iX I X, 5g A.

Fig. 1. The simplified equivalent circuit of WG

According to the simplified equivalent model, active power output is described as follows:
p
(r2

U2r2 IS
s)2 +x2

(2)

where Xk-x1x2. The slip can be acquired from (2):

U2r

VU4r2 - 4P2x2r
2Px
2

Then the power factor of wind generator can be calculated:

=

arctanK

r2

+ Xk(Xk+ Xm

r2X,S

(4)

and the reactive power output of wind generator is:

Based on (2) to (5), it is easy to follow that reactive power output Q is affected by active output P and terminal voltage U. The active output is constant at given wind speed, but the terminal voltage is determined by the power flow of whole system including wind generators, which is right the difficulty in solving power flow equations. If Q is also taken as constant value, the wind generator node becomes a PQ node, calculation of power flow equations is just like that in conventional system, but the solution is only an approximation to the real one. If take account of (5) in power flow calculation, the process becomes very computational, wind generator equation and the rest power flow equations are calculated by turns, for several iterations a compromised solution can be achieved. This is called iteration model in this paper. And the former one is called PQ model. In calculation of ORPF, PQ model may bring more warps, but the iteration model definitely brings terrible large quantity of computation. Besides the two models, a new idea is proposed to cope with wind generators in system optimal problems. From the system viewpoint, wind generation only occupies a small portion in nowadays power systems, even in the system of countries that have developed wind generation for a long time, the proportion of wind energy is no more than 10 percents. Wind generator usually needs to absorb reactive power form system to maintain its operation, which makes wind generator seem like power user in the system. To keep a reasonable voltage of wind generator might be more necessary than to optimize system operation with considering this voltage as a variable. From another viewpoint of wind generator, the operation of wind generating is mainly to trace the variation of nature wind conditions, which is quite different from conventional generation that mainly operates to serve the users' fluctuating demands. As a result, it is hard to adjust wind generating to meet the system optimization requests. If take terminal voltage of wind generator as a constant value in optimization, the calculation can avoid heavy computational load and the result is assuringly a precise solution. In other words, the wind generator node can be taken as a PQ node with constant voltage in the optimizing process. A new optimization model based on goal programming is proposed

from this viewpoint. In this model, there are two objectives to optimize, the first one is to keep the voltage of wind generation at a given constant, and the second is to minimize grid active losses just as before. The model is described below: lexmin s.t.

Vgxi = df (u, x) - PI.s

{dk v0, d2 vO}

=

g(u, x) 0 h(u,x)< O
=

2d

(6

from the target levels. In the real-world situation, the goals are achievable only at the expense of other goals and these goals are usually incompatible. It is necessary to establish a hierarchy of importance among these incompatible goals so as to satisfy as many goals as possible in the order specified. The approaches of nonlinear GP are summarized by Saber and Ravindran 131. The efficiency of these approaches varies with different problems. Among these methods, genetic algorithm can cope with complex nonlinear GP but have to spend more CPU time.

where Vg is the goal value of voltage control, xi denotes the IV. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS terminal voltage of wind generator bus, di is the negative Based on the preparations in part II and part III, the deviation, PI,,, is the given expected value of grid active losses, simulation is carried out in a modified IEEE 14-bus system f(u,x) is the losses calculated, d2+ is the positive deviation. (Fig.2 ). In the following parts, the new model is called Constant Voltage PQ model (CVPQ) for short.
III. GENETIC ALGORITHM AND GOAL PROGRAMMING

A. Genetic algorithm

Genetic algorithm (GA) is a stochastic search method for 7 8 optimization problems. One of the important technical terms in GA is chromosome, which stands for a feasible solution of problems. GA contains five steps: initialization, evaluation, selection, crossover and mutation GA starts with an initial set of randomly generated chromosomes called a population. The number of individuals in the population is a predetermined integer that is called Fig. 2. The modified IEEE 14-bus system population size. All chromosomes are evaluated by the The synchronous generator at bus 8 is substituted for a so-called evaluation function. A new population will be wind farm consisting of fifty wind generators. The capacity of formed by selection process. The cycle from one population to single wind generator is 600kW, and other corresponding the next one is called a generation. After performing the parameters are list in appendix I. A constant shunt susceptance genetic system a number of cycles, the best chromosome is compensator at bus 8 is set as 0.15 p.u.. The rest data of buses regarded as the optimal solution of the optimization problem. and branches are the same as that of a standard IEEE 14-bus B. Goal programming system['4]. In optimal operation, bus voltage has upper limit 1.06p.u. GP(Goal Programming) was developed by Chames and Cooper[12]. GP can be regarded as a special compromise model and lower limit 0.94p.u.. The output limits for synchronous for multi-objective programming and has been applied in a generators power output are list in appendix II. In the optimizing model, the decision vector u consists of wide variety of real-world problems. In multi-objective decision-making problems, it can be the voltage magnitude of bus 1, 2, 3, 6 and the active output of assumed that the decision-maker is able to assign a target level generators at bus 2, 3, 6. Supposed the wind farm at its highest active output 30MW, for each goal and the key idea is to minimize the deviations

ORPF problem is solved with three optimizing models and the results of generator buses are list separately in Table I, II, III. In optimizing process of iteration model, grid active loss is reduced to 1.571MW, but the computing time is terribly long, nearly several times than that consumed by PQ model. In PQ model optimizing, grid active loss is 1.575MW and the grid state variables are very close to that in iteration model optimizing. So if the deviations are acceptable, PQ model is really a better choice. In CVPQ model optimizing, grid active loss is a little larger, but the voltage magnitude of bus 8 is restricted to 1.000p.u. exactly.
TABLE I

TABLE IV
OPTIMAL SOLUTION WITH DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

WG
Power

Iteration

PQ
Ploss

CVPQ

Ploss
1.571 1.804 2.111

V8m
0.993 1.004 1.010

V8m
0.989 0.999 1.009

Ploss

V8l
1.000 1.000 1.000

30MW

1.575 1.813 2.111

1.583 1.818 2.139

20MW

1OMW

OPTIMAL SOLUTION WITH ITERATION MODEL Bus

Vm(pu)
1.050 1.050 1.046 1.060 0.993
TABLE II

Pg(MW)
10.96 58.14 99.96 61.50 30.00

Qg(Mvar)
1.68 21.64 23.14 5.46 -15.01

1
2

3 6 8

OPTIMAL SOLUTION WITH PQ MODEL

Bus

Vm(pu)
1.044 1.044 1.041 1.060 0.989

Pg(MW)
12.49 55.87 99.89 62.32 30.00
TABLE III

Qg(Mvar)
0.51 20.85 22.49 8.23 -15.00

1
2

3 6 8

operator is satisfied with the approximate optimal solution, ORPF in wind generation integrated system can be solved as conventional power system, and many efficient algorithms can act as well. But if the terminal voltage of wind generator is an important variable for wind generating operation that is expected to keep a constant value during optimization, the ORPF should be transferred to a multi-objective problem. The CVPQ model is a suitable method for solving the new case. Compared with iteration model and PQ model, grid active loss in CVPQ model optimizing is usually a little larger, but the voltage of wind farm is absolutely controllable. In other words, during the optimizing process, the wind generation system is isolated from grid influences, which can be controlled as needed. Even in a conventional power system, the CVPQ model may be also useful in some optimization cases. For example, if it is discovered that some bus voltage is expected to be a given constant to ensure the stability of power system, GP model might be right the method to use.
V. CONCLUSIONS

Wind generation has been gradually changing the power source structure, which urges us to develop methods and Bus Pg(MW) Qg(Mvar) Vm(pu) techniques to meet new demands. It is crucial to model wind 1.059 10.59 1.42 generator appropriately in solving ORPF in wind generation 2 1.060 61.40 23.29 integrated system. 3 1.058 100.00 26.72 The iteration model is surely an exact method in solving 1.060 58.60 0.29 ORPF, but it is not a practical method due to tremendous CPU 8 1.000 30.00 -15.03 time consumed. In contrast, the PQ model is just an Further simulations go along with changing active output approximate method. If the deviation from optimal solution is of wind farm and the result is listed in Table IV. According to acceptable, it is really a good substitute for iteration model. these simulations, it is found that the PQ model is a fine The CVPQ model is based upon different viewpoint of approximation of iteration model on ORPF problems, and the dealing with wind generator. It takes wind generator as a solution is usually in a small range around the optimal one. If special PQ node. The optimal solution is accurate but the grid
OPTIMAL SOLUTION WITH GP MODEL
1

active loss is usually a little larger than the PQ model for incompatibility of multiple objectives.
VI. APPENDIX

[7]

Wu Jun-ling, Zhou Shuang-xi, "Analysis on maximum power injection

of wind farm connected to power system," Power System Technology, vol. 28(20), pp. 28-32, Oct. 2004.
[8]
Wu Yi-chun, Ding Ming, "Power flow analysis in electrical power

The electrical parameters of single wind generator are shown in appendix I. The upper and lower limits for generator power output are shown in appendix II.
APPENDIX I ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF SINGLE INDUCTION GENERATOR

networks including wind farms," Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 25(4),

pp. 36-39, Feb. 2005.

[9]

Andres E Feijoo, Jose Cidras, "Modeling of wind farms in the load flow

analysis," IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 15(1), pp. 110-115, Feb.
2000. [10] Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability and Control fM]. McGraw-Hill

x1 (p.u.)
X2 (p.U.) r2 (p.u.)

0.09985 0.10906 0.00373

xm (p.u.)
Rated slip
Power factor
APPENDIX II

3.54708 -0.004 0.89

Companies, 1994.
[11] Boading Liu, Theory and Practice of Uncertain Programming fM]. New

York: Physica-Verlag, 2002.

[12] Charnes A, Cooper W W, Management Models and Industrial

UPPER AND LOWER LIMIT FOR GENERATORS

Applications ofLinear Programming fM]. New York: Wiley, 1961.

Qmin 0 -40 0 -6

Bus 1 2

Pmax

Pmin 0 0 0 0

Qmax 10 50 40
24

[13] Saber H M, Ravindran A, "Nonlinear goal programming theory and

332.4 140 100 100

practice: A survey," Computers & Operations Research, vol. 20(3), pp.

275-291, Apr. 1993. [14] Boming Zhang, Advanced Power Grid Analysis fM]. Beijing: Tsinghua

3 6

University publishing company, 1996.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES VII. REFERENCES

[1]
Uma Nangia, N K Jain, C L Wadhwa, "Regret analysis of sequential

Jiageng Qiao was born in Shantong province of China in 1980. He

received bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University

in 2003. He is now a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Electrical

goal programming for multiobjective optimal power flows," The 7th

International Power Engineering Conference, pp. 1-5, Nov. 2005.
[2]

Engineering of Tsinghua University. He currently focuses on all kinds of

Yong-jun Zhang, Zhen Ren, "A multi-agent system based modeling of

real-time global optimal reactive power dispatch," Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and
Management, pp. 296-301, Nov. 2003.

problems in wind generation integrated power system such as stability, control,

and penetration subjects.
Yong Min was born in Hubei province of China in 1963. He received Ph. D. in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University in 1990. He is now a

[3]

B Venkatesh, G Sadasivam, M Abdullah, "A new optimal reactive power scheduling method for loss minimization and voltage stability

professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering in Tsinghua University.

His research interests are in Power System Security, Stability and Control.

margin maximization using successive multi-objective fuzzy LP

Zongxiang Lu was born in China on 1974. He received the electrical

technique," IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 15(2), pp. 844-851,

May 2000. [4] Furong Li, D Pilgrim, "Genetic algorithms for optimal reactive power

engineering B. Sc Degree and Ph. D Degree from Tsinghua University, China

in 1998 and 2002 respectively. His research interests are in the areas of power
system reliability.

compensation on the national grid system," IEEE Trans. On Power

Systems, vol. 20(1), pp. 493-500, Feb. 2005.
[5] P Marannino, F Zanellini, "Impact of real losses and operational
constraints on the reactive support value in presence of a hierarchical

voltage control," IEEE Power Tech Conference, pp. 1-8, Jun. 2003.
[6] R He, Z H Bic, "Multi-objective optimization of reactive power flow in

balancing market," 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1125-1129, Sept. 2004.