Topics for English Conversation (Prirucka k p¥ipravé na ustni maturitni zkousku) 1. vydani, Trebig 1997 Copyright © Marie ZednitkovaContents Contents - 3 Family And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour 4 2) The School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA A Flat And Its Furniture 13 4) Food and Meals 19 D Shops and Shopping 27 6) Clothing 33 2, Travelling, Hotels And Restaurants 39 ©) occupations a3 9, Leisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme 8 1 English and American Literature 4 IL) Sports, Tourism, International Sports Competitions $7 2 The Human Body, Illnesses, Diseases 61 13) The Trebié Region and Trebié 67 Gd Postal Services 1 (15)\Weather, Seasons 75 (Great Britain 78 17) London 82 (18))Some Important Cities of the USA 88 19) Canada 92 20) The Czech Republic 96 ZI) William Shakespeare 100 22) Ernest Hemingway 104 Qi) Prague 106 (24) Australia and New Zealand 0 25) The U. S.A. 6 (26)Towns and Villages 120 97) Red-Letter Days 128 o) The World of Today 132Family And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour Family And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour Family And Family Life family members, relatives, our home, problems of upbringing, occupations, family festivals, holidays (1) How many members are there in your family? Tell me something about them. Give me a pen‘portrait of one of them, 2) Where does your family live? 3. What can you tell me about family festivals (Christmas, Easter, birthdays)? How are they celebrated in your family? 4, What can you tell me about the relatives of your family? Family Members parents ~ father (daddy, dad), mother (mummy, mum); brothers and sisters; grandparents — grandfather (grandpa), grandmother (grandma, granny); grandchildren — grandson, grand- daughter; great-grandfather; Tam the only child. I have no brothers or sisters. husband, wife, son, daughter aunt, uncle, cousin, nephew, niece 5 law, moth brother-in-law, Sisterin‘law, father single, married, spinster (old maid), bachelor, \ idow, widower step-father, step-mother, step-daughter, step-son foster-father, foster-mother, foster-son, foster-daughter orphan godfather, godmother Engagement to get engaged, engagement ring, fiancé [fi'a:nsei], fiancée [fi'a:nsei] Wedding wedding, marriage, wedding anniversary (silver, golden wedding), wedding ceremony, wed- ding guests, wedding banquet [baenkwit]Family And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour bride, bridegroom, bridesmaid, best man marry; John married Sue. He is married to Sue. They got married. She got married. He'll get married next week, anewly married couple Divorce to get a divorce; She divorced him.; sue for a divorce What do you look like? What does he look like? my age, my height, my weight, shape, eye colour, skin colour Boy figure, to ruin sb.’s figure, athletic built, heavily built, slim, thin, thick, round, fat, stout SKIN lovely skin, skin and bones FACE forehead, eyebrow, eyelash, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, chin (narrow, pointed), cheeks (plump), wart, moustache, beard (to grow a beard, to shave it off); sun-tanned face; to frown — if one is angry; to laugh, to smile — if one feels happy to wear spectacles (glasses), the short-sighted or the long-sighted, heavy-rimmed glasses HAIR dark, fair, black, brown, red, reddish brown, auburn, grey, white to become or grow grey, his hair is greying at the temples Jong, short, curly, wavy, straight bald-headed, bald-head, baldish, to become bald, he is beginning to be bald, balding EYES _ black, brown, blue, green Nose Roman nose, short stumpy nose, tumned-up nose MOUTH lips, tongue, teeth (sg. tooth) ARMS and LEGS What are you like? What is he like? polite zavorily young mlady cheerful radostny, Stastny a old stary spokojeny bright vesely, bystry good hodng moody niladovy bad alyFamily And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour anxious dychtivy nice mily, piijemny rigid piisny clever chytry sober stiizlivy stupid hloupy pessimistic pesimisticky strong silny reserved zdrzenlivy brave udatny unsociable nespoletensky hardworking _pilny quiet tichy lazy ling passive pasivni skilful dovedny careful opatrny careful opatrny, touchy nediitklivy thoughtful ptemyslivy restless neklidny peaceful mirny aggressive uitosny, controlled kontrolovany excitable popudlivy careless _bezstarostny, Ihostejny, lehkomysIny changeable proménlivy ruthless nemilosrdny, necitelny impulsive impulsivnt crazy potiestny optimistic optimisticky rude hruby active aktivni joyful radostny sociable spolegensky shy ostychavy outgoing oteveny, nesobecky, friendly _pitelsky spolecensky talkative, chatty __upovidany’ funny zbavny responsible, reliable spolehlivy sad smutny even-tempered vyrovnany easygoing _Iehkomyslny calm klidny lively avy patient upélivy carefree __bezstarostny impatient netrpélivy leadership _velitelsky Describe someone you like very much ... — sample answer My grandmother has always been my favourite person. She is an elderly woman in her mid-seventies, with greying hair, who always wears clothes that she makes herself. You can tell that she has smiled a lot in her life from the wrinkles around her eyes. When I was young she used to live quite near our home, but since grandfather's death, she has lived with us. She has a gentle, kind face, but when you first meet her you are immediately struck by the shrewdness of her grey eyes behind her spectacles. If ever I had a problem when I was lit- tle, I used to go to her; I knew she would understand, and be sympathetic. She has always loved cooking and housework and still helps my mother in the house. You seldom see her without an apron round her waist. Her hands are gnarled now, and sheFamily And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour walks with a stick, but I think she must have been very attractive when she was young. People say I take after her — I certainly hope so! Sample biography LAURA DENNISON, famous singer and star of the Top Twenty, was born in Bristol. Her parents originally came from Ireland. Laura’s father was a Customs Officer in the Bristol docks. Unfortunately, he died a few years ago. Laura, who is an only child, grew up in the suburbs of Bristol. She started her education at a local school and then moved to a large, modem comprehensive school in another part of the city, After leaving school when she was 18, Laura went to Bristol Univer ty for three years to study history and economics. While she was at university, Laura joined a university folk group and started singing. It was at this time that she wrote her famous song “The Price of Peace”. Soon after finishing her university career, Laura joined another group and began to eam money with her performances and with her songs. When she was 21, Laura was married to Tony Harper who was also a student. Laura and Tony have two children — a daughter, Jody, and a son, Daniel. For several years the Harper family have been living in a beautiful farm house in the country outside the Bristol, but recently they decided to leave Britain and move to Los Angeles. Family Festivals At the end of March or at the beginning of April (it depends on the date of the full- moon in spring) we have Easter. The names of the holidays are Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday. On Easter Monday boys beat girls with small whips made of willow (or Easter twigs) and get colourful Easter eggs. In Great Britain they eat hot cross buns on Good Friday and children must look for presents hidden in the garden or elsewhere. In December Christmas is celebrated in many countries of the world even if the celebra- tion is not the same everywhere. In this country, as well as in others, Christmas is especially popular with children. We have a festive dinner on Christmas Eve and then children and adults, too, are given Christmas presents arranged under the decorated Christmas tree. In Great Britain children get their presents a day later, on Christmas Day. Small children believe that Father Christmas comes down the chimney and fills a prepared stocking with presents. On Boxing Day, 26" of December, people in Britain used to give boxes withFamily And Family Life, Human Relationships And Behaviour presents to servants and tradesmen. In our country 26" of December is called St. Stephen’s Day and after an old tradition children should go carolling. New Year's Eve, the last day of the year, is usually greatly celebrated and there is mostly plenty of fun on that day.The School system in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA The School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA In the Czech Republic school attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 to 15. It pro- vides everybody with education and opportunities for their future education. This system has four main grades: 1) Pre-school education — in our country there are créches for infants from the age of one to the age of three, From the age of three to six children attend \dergartens. The pre-school education is not compulsory. 2) Primary education ~ from the age of 6 to 15 children attend basic school. There are two degrees — the first till the fifth class is the first degree, the second degree is from the sixth till the ninth class. In the first degree children learn the three R’s — Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic. In the second degree they lea Czech grammar and literature, English or Ger- man, history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, physical educa- tion, musical education and drawing. 3) Secondary education — boys and girls over 15 are given secondary education at secondary grammar schools, secondary special schools such as secondary technical school of civil en- gineering, of machinery, secondary schools for health workers, e.g. nurses or laboratory workers, secondary schools of agriculture or academies of commerce. There are also some private secondary technical schools but their students have to pay some fees. Those who ‘want to study at a secondary school must study hard to get good results. They have to pass an entrance examination in Czech, maths or other subjects. At secondary schools students are taught most of the subjects taught at basic schools, but they are extended in their con- tents, In special secondary schools special subjects are introduced, e.g. economics, short- hand, typing and various kinds of laboratory work. Students study for university. Children who have lower grades enter trade schools or apprentice training centres. 4) Tertiary education — which means universities and technical universities. Successful graduates from secondary schools can enter any university if they do well enough in their entrance exams. Our oldest university, Charles Uni sity, was founded by Charles IV in 1348. The oldest Slovak university originated in 1465 in Bratislava, It was founded by Matya8 Korvin. There are other universities in big towns, e.g. the University of Masaryk in Brno, the University of Palacky in Olomoue, Silesian University in Opava, There are Technical Universities in Zlin, Brno, Plzei, Prague, Ostrava.The School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA Education is compulsory in Britain from the age of 5 to 16. From the age of two till five children can go to nursery school. At the age of 5 children begin education at primary school. Secondary education begins at the age of 11, when pupils go to secondary school. Most secondary schools also have a “sixth form”, attended by students of 16 — 18 years; “sixth form” is a historical name which dates back to the days of grammar schools. In some towns, secondary schools do not have a sixth form. Instead, students from all secondary schools can go to a single sixth form college. Students study for examinations at secondary school for two years, from the age of 14. These exams are called the “General Cer- tificate of Secondary Education” (GCSE). All students taking GCSEs must sit exams in Eng- lish, maths, and science, and will study about seven other subjects. The grades for GCSEs go from 1 to 6, with 1 being the best grade. Students are assessed not only on their exam per- formance, but also on selected pieces of work they have done throughout the two years of study. The average student will obtain 5 passes at grades 3 or 4, From the age of 16 to 18, students with good GCSE grades can join the sixth form to study for A-levels (advanced level exams). Students usually take 2 or 3 A-levels and can choose any from the wide range of subjects. Grades range from A (best) to E (pass). To ma- triculate (qualify for entry to university), students need to have GCSE maths and 2 ot more g00d grades at A-level. There are also a number of “fee-paying” private schools. These offer a similar range of subjects and the same exams as state schools, but sometimes students achieve better grades here, In the USA children attend school from the age of 6 to 16, 17 or 18. It varies from state to state. The schools are controlled by state governments or local authorities and they are free of charge. There are also private schools where children have to pay high fees. Before the age of six children attend nursery schools, they are mostly private and parents have to pay high fees. There are also kindergartens which are often attached to elementary schools. Elementary schools are attended from the age of six to the age of 12 — there are six grades there. After elementary school children in the USA attend High School — first Junior High School (the 7" ~ 9" grade from 12 to 15) and then Senior High School (10 ~ 12" grade from 15 to 18). These main subjects: English, Latin, modem languages and mathematics are taught here. After High School students can enter University. In the USA there are about 2,000 universities and colleges, e.g. Harvard University, Yale University, ~10~The School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA Princeton University, Columbia University, New York University and the University of California. Vocabulary attendance [e'tendans} compulsory {kam ’palseri] grade [ereid) créche krei8] kindergarten (kindaga:tn] infant {infont] civies {siviks] Secondary school of civil engineering dochizka povinny stupeil, znamka jesle Skolka itd, kojenee obganské nauka SPS stavebni academy of commerce [a’kedami af kome:s] obchodni akademie fee [fi] pass an entrance examination extend [ik’stend] content [kontent] economics [i:konomiks] shorthand [So:thond] typing [taipin] school leaving examination qualify [kwolifai] trade school apprentice [2’prentis] tertiary education —_[te:Seri ...] graduate [gradjueit] Silesian [saileizien) nursery school [na:sori ...] primary school [praimari ...] high school scholarship [skolesip] form [form] college [kolidz] General Certificate of Secondary Education [.. se'tifiket ...] sit an exam in. assess [o’ses] selected [so’lektid] average [evaridz] obtain [eb’tein] poplatek vykonat pfijimact zkousku rozsifit obsah ekonomie tésnopis, psani na stroji ‘maturitni zkouska kvalifikovat se udiiovské skola uéeli, utnice vysokoSkolské vzdélani promovat; absolvent slezsky mateiska Skolka zAkladni skola stfedni skola stipendium ‘ida kolej maturitni vysvédéeni konat zkousku z ohodnotit vybrany primémny obdrzet ~neThe School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and the USA advanced [odva:nst] pokrodily, range [reindz] ada; byt v rozmezi matriculate {motrikjuleit] zapsat se authorities {0:0oratiz} ady free of charge bezplatny attach [ote8] iipojit elementary school Zikladni skola Junior High School [dzu:nje ...] niZ8i stupelt stfednt Skoly Senior High School [si:njo ...] vyS8i stupelt stfedni Skoly ~B-A Flat And Its Furniture A Flat And Its Furniture People of today want to live in comfortable flats or houses. The standard of living natu- rally differs in various countries from very poor cottages in many developing countries to comfortable houses, flats, bungalows in advanced ones. In our country most people live in blocks of flats on housing estates. Many of them have a second dWelling, a weekend house ora cottage, which they often build and furnish like a real family house. In Great Britain people mostly have a house, living in blocks of flats is not so usual. If people in Great Britain have a flat, itis often a very comfortable apartment, but not so highcrise. Our family lives in a house (a flat). MY HOME 1. Where do you live? What is the name of the street? a) I live in a house with a front and a back garden. On the ground floor of our house there is a kitchen and a living room. We can often see our mother in the kitchen pre- paring some lunch, dinner or supper. In the morning she prepares breakfast there for our family and I always help her. On the first floor there are two bedrooms, the chil- dren’s room and a bathroom with a toilet, In the cellar we have a heating-room, a workshop and a garage. b) I live in a flat on a new housing estate. Our flat is on the fifth floor. We have a small kitchen, a large living room, my parents’ bedroom, children’s room, a bathroom and a lavatory. II. Describe a room that you enjoy being in. ki (alt Sample answer 1: The door on the left of the hall leads into the sitting-room, which runs the full depth of the house. As you enter, you are immediately struck by the fine’ view across the garden to the hills in the distance. It is a large, cheerful room with French windows leading out on to a terrace, and to the right of the main door is an attractive stone fireplace. The furniture is old and elegant, the carpeting and decoration luxurious and taste- ful. Although a lot of money has been spent, the general effect is of a room which is lived in, not just kept for visitors. In fact it is usually fairly untidy, with books, papers ~18~A Flat And Its Fumiture and teacups left lying on the chairs or tables, and the grandchildren’s toys scattered around the floor. On a winter evening, with the curtains drawn, the fire burning, andthe family sit ting round the card-table, it is the most weleoming place you can i Sample answer 2: In this room I can see a nice table, eight chairs -, two people are sitting on them ~ and two wardrobes. They are brown. There is a bright carpet on the floor and curtains on the small window and some flowers on the window-ledge. Itis a large (small), bright (dark) room. There are pictures on the walls and the picture of the Czech President. One window is open, the others are shut, The door leading to the hall is shut IV. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a flat (in a house)? Where would you like to live? Vocabulary table [teibl] stéll stove [stouv] sporak apron [eipren] zésttra fridge [fridz] chladnitka cook (kuk] kuchat cooker [kuko] vatié dishes [aitiz] nadobi sink [sink] diez drawer [dro:9] zésuvka snatch-glove [sneéglav] chitapka spoon [spun] i tea-spoon cutlery {katlori] saucer {so:sa] fork [fock] knife [naif] frying pan [frain pen] panev cup [kap] Sélek; pohar plate [pleit] talit lid lid] pokligka kettle [ketl] kotlik bathtub [ba:Otab] vana basin [beisn} umyvadlo soap [soup] mydlo uesoap-dish toothpaste toothbrush glass shower shampoo foam comb brush perfume to take (have) a bath towel face-cloth scissors clean sb.’s teeth to comb tiled floor ceiling wall wall cupboard handle bunk bed step letter box bell peephole toys ball Teddy bear doll cubes die, dice rocking-horse Puppet box jump rope electric train whistle scooter [taual] [feiskio8] [sizaz] [klisn, 1:8) [te koum] [taild flo:] [sidlin] [wo:l] [kabod] (hendl] [bank] [step] [pi:phoul] [toiz} [bo:I] [tedi bes} [dol] {kiu:bz] [dai, dais] [rokin ho:s] [papit] [boks] {dzamp reup] [lektrik trein] [wisl] [sku:te] A Flat And Its Furniture miska na mydlo pasta na zuby kartéek na zuby sklenice spreha Sampon péna hieben kartaé parfém koupat se rugnik Yinka niizky Gistit si zuby Gesat dlaZditkova podlaha strop sténa, zed? obytnd sténa kKlika palanda krok schranka na dopisy zvonek kukitko hratky mié medvéd panenka kostky hraci kostka, mn. é.' houpaci kai panenka krabice svihadlo elektricky viaéek pitalka kolobézka " Usivé se mnoéné éislo (throw the dice - hodit kostkou) ~~tricycle [waisikt] cards [ka:dz] dummy [dami] colouring book [kalorin] pot [pot] cradle {kreidl] pram [prem] house [haus] front door [frantdo:] roof [rut] chimney [Simni] gutter [gata] drainpipe [drein paip] aerial [earial] driveway gate {zeit} hedge [hed] hall {ho:1] corridor [korido:] toilet [toitit) living room, sitting room dining room kitchen [kigin] storeroom [sto:ru:m] larder [la:do] bathroom [ba:Oru:m] bedroom [bedru:m] staircase [steakeis] balcony [betkoni] terrace [teros] terrace house block of flats bungalow [bangalou] cottage {kotid?) cabin {kebin] chair [eea:] armchair [a:méea:] sofa {soufa] bed [bed] wardrobe [wo:droub] bookcase [bukkeis] A Flat And its Furniture trojkolka karty dudlik omalovanky nognik kolébka kodirek dim piedni dvefe (hlavni vchod) stiecha komin okap okapova roura anténa piijezdova cesta brana ivy plot hala, pfedsiit chodba zichod ob§vaci pokoj jidetna kuchyit komora, skladisté spiz koupelna loznice schodisté balkon terasa; Fada domi Fadovy dim Einzovni dim, panelik bungalov chalupa chata idle kieslo pohovka postel sktifi na Saty knihovna ~16~fireplace [faiopleis] mantelpiece {mentlpi:s] carpet {ka:pit] wall-to-wall carpet pillow {pilou] pillowcase duvet [du:vei] sheet sist] curtains {ke:tnz] colour TV mirror [mire] lamp [emp] door [do:] attic [etik] cellar [selo] ground floor first floor second floor downstairs [steaz] upstairs settee [se'tis poster [pousta} floor {flo:] radiator [reidieita] A Flat And Its Fumiture krb krbova Fimsa koberee koberec po celé podlaze polstat povlak na polstat proSivand deka, petina prostéradlo ziclony barevny televizor zreadlo lampa dvefe ‘mansarda, pida sklep piizemi 1. patro 2. patro ptizemi nahofe, v patie pohovka plakat podlaha radidtor central heating boiler [sentrol hi:tin boile] kotel Gsttedniho topeni decorative plants, trees [dekarativ plants] children’s room hangings bedside table writing table standing lamp reading lamp chandelier [Seendolia] pantry [pentri] Venetian blinds {vo'nigon blaindz] tile {tail] fluorescent tube {flua’resnt] seating kitchen unit window-ledge [ledz] cooker-hood [kukahud] okrasné rostliny d8tsky pokoj zivésy noni stolek psaci stil stojaci lampa lampitka lustr spit Zaluzie obklidatka zitivka sedaci souprava kuchyiiska linka okenni Fimsa odsavaé par -1t~housing estate [isteit] zastavba, sidliSté cupboard [kabad] kredene, sktitt Phrases In my room there is .. Thave ... ‘Near the window I have ... Opposite the window there is .. Just behind the door I have ... on the left, on the right From the kitchen we enter the bedroom. ~~ A Flat And Its FurnitureFood and Meals Food and Meals In our country daily meals usually start with breakfast, which consists of something to drink ~ tea (with milk or with lemon) or cocoa, warm or hot milk, black coffee ~ and some- thing to eat, e.g. one or two slices of bread and butter and cheese or eggs, ham, salami, jam etc. Instead of bread we can eat rolls or buns or we can have something sweet ~ cakes (or Christmas cake), doughnuts or gingerbread. Quite a lot people eat cereals for their breakfast — either com-flakes or porridge or muesli — they also sometimes add various ingredients like yoghurt, raisins, chocolate, stewed fruit, walnuts, hazelnuts etc. Breakfast usually takes place between 6 and 7 o’clock. Traditional British breakfast consists of a glass of fruit juice and com-flakes with sugar and milk. Quite a lot of British people now eat muesli for breakfast or some other ready-made cereals. Of course they drink tea in the morning or coffee. Sundays are reserved for their big cooked breakfast (which is sometimes called “brunch” — breakfast and lunch together) cor isting of e.g, boiled or scrambled eggs or fried bacon and eggs with perhaps sausages or tomatoes or fried bread. Most people like a crisp piece of toast with butter and marmalade or honey. Around noon (but in our school sometimes at half past tvo p.m.) we have our lunch which is warm and consists of some soup, a main dish, something to drink and a salad or des- sert. Most people go to a school, office or factory canteen but some prefer going to a restau- rant or having a fast lunch in a buffet or a snack-bar or buying something at street stalls. Soups are either vegetable soups (potato, tomato, pea, bean, carrot, parsley, celery, mushrooms) or meat teas (beef tea, tripe, chicken, hen or goulash soup ete.). Some people cook fruit soups (e.g. strawberry soup). The main dish can be either sweet ~ e.g. strawberry or plum dumplings, pancakes with jam and cream, baked yeast dumplings (Czech “buchty”), doughnuts etc. Or we can have some meat or fish or poultry with some vegetables such as potatoes, chips, rice, Czech dump- lings, pasta or bread. We distinguish the following types of meat: beef, pork, veal, mutton, lamb and we can prepare it in various ways — roast it, grill it, boil it or stew it - we can mince or smoke some kinds of meat. Poultry is things like chicken, hen, duck, turkey, goose. Lots of people in our country eat rabbits. The main fish cooked in our country is carp (it is a tradi- tional Christmas meal — battered carp and potato salad) and trout, ~19~Wa Aotty W's clue dtra, dasdehess Food and Mecls ML dower Ube dielwodee - v While cooking we may add various spices so that the meal will have a unique flavour — €.g. garlic, sage, rosemary, thyme, marjoram, curry, pepper, ginger, red pepper, mace, cinnamon, clove, cumin, bay leaf, allspice, ketchup, soy sauce, Worcester sauce, sugar, vinegar, mustard, peanuts, onions, flour, semolina, etc. After the main dish we may drink tea, lemonade, cider, juice, Coca-Cola, mineral water, syrup and water, while the adults like beer and black coffee after their dinner, An evening meal may be either warm or cold. A cold and quick supper may consist of some paté on bread or rolls, kippers or some spread. We can cook a ready-made dish from a tin or have soup or potato pancakes (Czech “brambordk”). Typical Czech meals include: Tripe soup, potato soup, “kulajda” soup (mushrooms and potatoes boiled in a little bit of sour cream soup), roasted goose and sauerkraut and Czech dumplings, roasted sirloin beef in sour cream sauce and Czech dumplings, roasted pork and sauerkraut and Czech dumplings, Moravian sparrows (roasted fat pork off-cuts) and dump- lings, Spanish birds (rolled beef steaks filled with salami, pickle, egg and mustard), potato pancakes, fruit dumplings with cream, baked yeast dumplings, potato or “hairy” dumplings, fried cheese, etc, Traditional Czech cuisine is however a bit unhealthy and people can get fat. Many families prefer to cook more vegetable meals, they become vegetarians or try some kind of foreign (Chinese) food The traditional perception of British cuisine is of overcooked vegetables, tasteless meat and a lot of grease, but British eating habits have changed over the last thirty years. Many families now prefer to eat out at restaurants or cafés or to buy take-away Chinese or Indian meals to eat at home. The selection of foreign food is larger now and there are lots of ham- burger chains. Between 12 and 1 o'clock it is usually lunch time. People may eat in the office or fac- tory canteen or take a sandwich to work. (The origin of the word “sandwich” is interesting An 18" century aristocrat, the Earl of Sandwich, loved playing cards. He used to play all day and night and hated to stop for his meals. So he thought of a way of putting meat between two slices of bread. In this way he could eat and play at the same time.) The typical British break is 5 o'clock tea. It is usually fairly strong and eaten together with some cakes or biscuits. Here is how to make a real “cuppa”: Boil water in a kettle. Warm @ teapot. Put tea in the teapot — one teaspoonfiul of tea for each person plus the traditional “one for the pot”. Pour the water over the tea leaves and leave it for ten minutes. WhileFood and Meals serving it, first put a little milk in the cup and pour the tea over it through a tea strainer. Sugar is added according to taste but many English people prefer it without. About 6 o’clock most families have their evening meal or “dinner”. It may be cooked or cold depending on the time of year. The English are fond of cakes and pies. They are a nation with a very “sweet tooth”. Fast food is a typical feature of both British and American lifestyles. In a restaurant you can eat national dishes, but there are food stalls and places where you can either buy various types of food to eat as you walk along the streets or take it away and eat at home. The Ameri- cans call fast food restaurants “cheapies”. These places — McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s (in America also Kentucky Fried Chicken and Mrs. Winner’s) usually offer bever- banish ages (Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, tea, coffee, milkshakes ...), some solid food like roast chicken and chips, hamburgers, sandwiches, pizza, salads or desserts (apple, cherry pie). You can put pickles, mustard, ketchup, onions or tomatoes on your hamburgers too. The oldest type of fast food are sea food stalls or shops — usually fish and chips. Many types of fish are sold (cod, hake, plaice) — the fish is cut to pieces, covered with batter (flour and water) and fried in oil. Another typical feature of British and American lifestyle is popcom. You can buy it when walking the streets. Various types of popcom are sold — either sweet with sugar and other flavours, or cooked with salt. Popcorn is made by cooking grains of corn in very hot oil in a sealed pan. Each grain explodes or “pops” to a form of a soft ball. Vocabulary cocoa [koukou] kakao roll {reul] rohlik bun {ban} Zemle, bochdnek doughnut [deunat] kobliha gingerbread (dzindZabred] _pernik cereals i obilovina, obilnina porridge kaSe (ovesna) muesli smés ovesnych vlogek, suSeného ovoce, of/Ski, strouhanych jablek, apod. ingredient [in’gri’djent] _ptisada, soutést yoghurt ——_[jogo:t} jogurt raisins hrozinky stew {stju:] dust stewed fruit kompot walnuts [wo:lnats] ___vlaské ofechy hazelnuts [heizinats]__liskové ofechy ~~Food and Meals boiled, scrambled, griddled eggs _vafena, michané vajitka, volska oka yolk {jauk] egg white, white of (an) egg fried bacon _[fraid beikn] crisp [krisp] marmalade [ma:maleid] honey {hani] amain dish dessert [di’za:t] stall [sto:1] tripe [traip] goulash [gue] clear soup, tea soup dumpling {damplin] pancake [pankeik] cream [kri:m] yeast Gist] poultry pasta distinguish beef (bicf] around of beef pork {[po:k] a fillet [flit] of pork veal [viel] cutlet mutton {matn] aleg of mutton lamb {lem] ham (haem) sausage _[sosid?] roast, boil, bake, fry smoke mince {mins} batter [beta] battered carp trout [traut] "Spice [spais] flavour —_[fleiva] sage {seid2] rosemary _[rouzmari] Zloutek bilek smazend slanina krupavy pomeranéovg dzem med hhlavni chod zikusek n. ovoce stének dritky gulis vyvar (kupi, beef tea) knedlik palaginka smetana kvasnice dribez tsto, téstoviny rozeznat hovézi hovézi plitek za zadni kyty veptové plitek vepfového teleci iizek skopové skopova kyta jehnéti Sunka Klobisa, jitrnice; uzenka péci maso na roZni, vatit, péct, smazit udit rozsekat, nasekat, sekana Slehané nebo tiené tésto obalovany kapr pstruh koteni aroma, piichut Salvéj rozmaryna ~22~Food and Meals tymian majorinka kari zizvor muSkatovg kvét skotice hiebiéek; strouzek min bobkovy list nové kofeni kegup sojova omatka ostra omatka obsahujiei sojovou omatku, ocet a kofeni ocet hoitice bursky offSek mouka krupice krupiénd kage kvaSené jableéné vino sirup pastika tésto uzend ryba pomazénka kyseld smetana svitkové odezek Fizek naklédand okurka nebo jind zelenina kuchyné (zptisob upravy) [.vediitearion] vegetarian, bylozravee; rostlinny thyme [taim] marjoram —_{ma:daram] curry {kari] ginger [dzindza] mace {meis} cinnamon [sinaman] clove {klouy] cumin [kamin] bay leaf [beili:v] allspice _[o:Ispais] ketchup _[kevap] soy sauce —[... so:s] Worcester sauce vinegar —_[vinigo] mustard [mastad] peanut {pi:nat] flour [flaus} semolina _[semo'li:no] semolina pudding cider [saida] syrup [sirop] até [petei] paste {peist} kipper {kip} spread [spred] sour cream — [sauo kri:m] roasted sirloin beef off-cut [of kat] steak [steik] pickle (pik!) cuisine [kwizzizn] \ vegetarian perception — [po’sepn] overcooked _[,auva’kukt] grease [gri:s] hamburger chain biscuits __[biskits] cuppa [kapo] pie [pai] beverages _[bevarid2is} milkshake —_[,milk’Seik] vjem, percepce pievateny sidlo filidlni prodejna hamburger keksy, suSenky Sélek daje koléé, zavin, piroh napoje mléény koktail ~23~Food and Meals pizza {pi:ca] pizza cod [kod] treska hake Iheik] stikozubee (treskam pkibuznd ryba) plaice [pleis} platys sealed pan Papiniv hmee fork vidlitka spoon Izice knife ni plate talit salt sil pepper pep glass sklenice beer pivo bottle lahev wine vino waiter ef8nik waitress eisnice bar bar barman, bartender barman barmaid barmanka ‘menu, menu card jidelni listek soup polévka steak iizek, steak fish ryba ice cream zmralina pudding pudink starter, hors d’ceuvres prvni chod, predkrm dessert moutnik napkin ubrousek mustard hoitice beer-glass, beer-mug, tankard piillitr, d2bén beer-froth, head pivni péna ashtray popelnik cork Spunt (korkova zatka) corkscrew vyvrtka tablecloth ubrus cocktail koktejl straw brtko tray podnos, téc stool stoligka customer zkaznik ~24~Food and Meals shelf, shelves, police, mn. & champagne Sampaiiské bottle opener otvirék na lihve box of matches, matchbox _krabitka zapalek beer pump pivni pipa draught beer Eepované pivo beer mat, pivni técek ice-bucket Kbelik s ledem (na chlazeni napojti) Phrases It needs some water and onions. For the stone soup you need a bit of meat, a few vegetables, a bit of salt and pepper too. Tam not hungry (thirsty) now. I don’t eat much. We had steak for dinner. Anice, please. Tastes ‘What does the pie (fish-paste It’s absolutely tasteless. It tastes like dishwater. What's the pea soup like? nash There’s not enough salt in i How’s the pork chop? How’s your steak? How do you like the cake? How's the rice the egg, the grapefruit? Quantities a bar of chocolate a packet of crisps, peanuts, sugar ) taste like? It’s tasty. Ittastes nice. les very nice yy, too hot (thick) much too spicy rather cold. witha It’s tender (tough) just right toofat pripecle slightly burAt. 7 Ms It's well-done (underdone). It’s delicious much too sweet. It’s ovefcooked'y just fing (slightly off) rather bitter’ tyCinka, tabulka Gokolddya bottle of wine, cola, lemonade, vinegar a.can of lemonade plechovka limonédy ajar of jam, mustard a carton of orange juice krabice pomerangového dzusu atin of tomatoes, ham, fruit plechovka ... aloaf of bread aslice of bread apiece of cake kus kolide some meat, onions abit of meat, bread, cheese, wine, salt, pepper, water a few onions, carrots, sausages Sample dialogues Will we need any bread? Yes, How much is it? It’s 30 pa loaf. How many loaves will we need? Four, I think, No, three will be enough. OK. Three. That will be 90 p for bread. Which do you prefer, beer or wine? I prefer wine. Will you have red wine or white wine? I'd rather have white wine. Could you pass me the pepper, please? Here you are. Thank you. The steak is delicious. Yes. And the wine is perfect. ~26~ Food and MealsShops and Shopping Shops and Shopping In the old days people lived in clan communities and everything they needed they had to produce. Nowadays if we need something we can go to the shop and buy it with money. In ‘our town most shops are situated in Charles’ square. On the lower side of the square there is a supermarket ‘MANA’ where we can buy various foods - bread, rolls, cakes, pastry, cheese, butter, cottage cheese, milk, sugar, flour, coffee, tea, various kinds of meat, sausages, salami, frozen poultry, fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, hard drinks, detergents, soap, shampoo, toothpaste, cosmetics. When we go shopping, we can either go to a big department store or to a shop which specialises in some extra goods. * The greengrocer specialises in fruit (apples, pears, apricots, peaches, plums, cheries, Jemons, oranges, bananas, pineapples, kiwi, strawberries, réspbertids, géosebetties, vluckdties, blackbéities, curtants, grapes, walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, cie,)and vegetables (carrots, parsley, onion, garlic, cabbage, Savoy’ cabbage, lettuce, beans, peas, cauliftower, Koblrabis, cucumbers, capsicuins, tomatoes, potatoes, spinach, radishes, horseradishes, ete.), ce cowiv) va ose + The butcher sells meat (pork, beef, iautfon, St, lamb), sausages, salami, paris (Chickens, ducks, geese or turkey), timed moat, masta * The baker sells bread, rolls, buns, doughnuts, cakes, pastry, pies. * The dairy sells milk products (butter, cheese, cottage cheese, cream, yoghurt, milk, con- densed milk, dried milk, eggs). xt ‘* The confectioner specialises in sweets (candies, a box of chocolates, a bar of chocolate, , chewing gum, ice-cream). ‘© The fishmonger sells fish. + The newsagent sells newspapers and magazines, postcards, stamps, duty stamps, while the tobacconist sells cigarettes, tobacco, cigars, pipes, lighters, matches (although these shops are usually combined) © At the chemists we can buy soap, detergents, shampoo, toothpaste, a toothbrush, cosmetics, toilet articles. Peli * School utensils, writing pads, pencils, pens, chalk, rulers, notebooks, writing paper, blot- ting pads, exercise-books, ink, crayons, school bags are sold at the stalionet“” * Atthe florist’s we can buy cut or potted flowers. ~21~Shops and Shopping ety The toy-shop sells various toys for children (dolls, teddies, puppets, baby coaches, brick: boxes, naiblea, balloons, puzzles). - The ironmonger sells metal goods (tools, pois, Pass nails, BUlts, screws and rials. and c lrg knives, forks, spoons) If we want to buy hosiery, and 1d knitted goods, we go to the hosier’s. He can sell us every kind of stocking, sock and underwear. At a men’s wear shop we can buy clothing for men (e.g. trousers, jackets, suits, shirts, ties, pullovers, jeans, coats) while women’s dresses are sold at the ladies wear shop. In the shoe shop we can buy shoes, boots, socks, knee-socks, SWétange tights, shoe-laces, gloves, belts, straps? bags, handbags, suitcases, In the sports shop we can buy sports goods, sportswear, sports shoes. The optician sells glasses, contact lenses or magilifying glasse: At the camera shop we can buy cameras, movie-cameras, cameorders, films or videotapes, anions’ optical filters and other acdessories.*’ Lad a sea ebnch. 9 kastolen lises in underwear and the draper sells cloth and bed-clothes. At the electrical shop we can buy bulbs, batteries, accumulators, torches, lamps, reftigera- tors, washing machines, hair dryers, dishwashers, freezers, TV sets, radio sets, tape-record- ers, video-recorders (YCRS), ete wf Ao edna. ‘The china Shop supplies us With china, porcelain ware, glass ware ete, In case we have a lot of money and want to buy a nice valuable present for somebody we like, or for ourselves, too, we go to the jeweller’s and there are shown many lovely things made of pearl, gold or silver with various precious stones. We may choose a ring, earrings, a necklace, a peitdint, a brO&th, Brasefets ewelied wrist Watékes, or perhaps cai’ bations (kn o6" Sas), And a present which brings pleasure is a nice book. We can go to the book-shop and buy a book there, or we may become a member of some readers’ clubs a have the books or- dered there, Then, naturally, we get the new printed books preferentially. In England the booksellers have shelves with books outside their shops and so everyone can have a look at them. They sell magazines and writing utensils as well. Having a new flat everybody wants to have it nicely and comfortably furnished. We go to the furniture dealer who sells furniture either for cash or on the hire-purchase (leasing) system, KathShops and Shopping * The most common shop in Britain is the grocer’s. He sells food, such as tea, coffee, sugar, flour, butter, cheese, eggs, jam, biscuits, tinned food, and kitchen needs such as soap, detergents and polish In this century people have got used to shopping at large department stores with many special departments. In London the largest department stores are ‘Marks and Spencer’, ‘Selfridges’, ‘Harrods’, etc. As for Czech shopping habits, an average Czech family goes shopping everyday to a lo- cal supermarket for necessary food. Once a week they usually do one bigger purchase for the weekend and from time to time they have to buy clothes, shoes, household utensils and equip- ment, A real shopping rush happens before the Christmas season when people try to buy nice and unique Christmas presents. Vocabulary cottage cheese [kotidz¢i:z] __tvaroh. soft drinks nealkoholické népoje hard drinks alkoholické napoje detergents [di'tergonts] __praci prostiedky greengrocer —[gri:ngrouse] —_zelindt pineapple [paineepl] ananas butcher [buto] feznik mustard [masted] hoitice baker [beike] pekat dairy [deari] mlékarna; mlétny confectioner _[kanfekSone]_—_cukra candy [kendi] kandovany cukr, bonbon goodies [gudiz] cukrovi fishmonger _[fimona] prodavaé ryb newsagent [nju:zeidzent] — prodavaé novin duty stamp —_—_[djusti step] _kolek tobacconist _[te’bekounist] _ trafikant cigar [si'ga:] doutnik pipe [paip] dymka lighter [laita] zapalovaé at the chemist’s v drogerii utensils [jutenslz] potieby ~29~writing pad notebook writing paper ruler blotting pad ink crayon stationer’s florist potted flowers toy-shop doll teddy Puppet baby coach brick-box marbles balloon puzzles ironmonger metal pot pan bolt serew nut cutlery hosiery knitted goods underwear men’s wear shop {ru:le] [kreion] [steisonz] [papit] {ma:blz] [balun] [pazis] [aionmana] {[metl] [pen] {boult] [skru:] [nat] [katlori] [houziori] [andewea} ladies’ wear shop shoe-laces belt strap optician lenses [Su: leisiz) [strap] {op ‘tiSon] (lenziz} Shops and Shopping blok Zipisnik dopisné papir pravitko podlozka inkoust pastelka papimnictvi kvétind? kvétiny v kvétindi hratkaistvi panenka medvidek loutka detsky kotarek stavebnice kuligky balin(-ek) prenesené sklidatky delet kovovy hhmec; kv&tinas panev skoba, vrut; zavora, zipadka, zivér pushy; Sipka/hrot u samostu, blesk Sroub (i lodnf), zavit ofech; matice Sroubu piibor stivkové zbozi pletené zbozi spodni pradlo obchod s panskymi odévy ‘obchod s damskymi odévy tkanitky do bot paisek femen optik EotkyShops and Shopping magnifying-glass [magnifain gla:s] lupa accessories _[aek’sesaris] lingerie [lazari:] draper [dreipa] drapery [dreipari] bulb [balb] torch [to:é] dishwasher [iS vo8a] freezer [frizza] china [aing] porcelain [po:celin] ware [wea] jeweller [dzZu:olo] jewel [dzu:al] jewellery ring earrings [iarins) necklace [neklos] pendant [pendent] brooch, [broug] bracelet (breislit] cuff-button ——_[kafbatn] stud [stad] knob [nob] furniture dealer [fo:ni¢e di:lo] cash [kes] hire-purchase —_[haia pa:éas] grocer [grouse] polish [polis] purchase [pastas] equipment [i’kwipment] shopping rush [... ra8] Phrases to go window shopping What can I do for you? Can Thelp you? 1am looking for a nice pullover. pfislusenstvi, doplitky damské pridlo obchodnik s textilem obchod s textilem tarovka baterka, pochodeit mytka nadobi mrazniéka (ozdobny) porcelin porcelain vyrobky Klenotnik drahokam Klenotnictvi prsten néusnice nahrdelnik piivések broz naramek manzetovy knoflik ozdobny cvotek knoflik obchodnik s nébytkem hotové penize na splatky, splatkovy obchodnik s potravinami lestidlo nakup vybaveni, zafizeni nakupni horetka problizet si vjlohy Shanim pékny pulovr.‘Shops and Shopping Can you show me the red one? Can I try it (them) on? Mobu si to zkusit? T'd like this sweater. Pay at the cash desk. Platte u pokladny. Will you pay in cash or by credit card? Have you got change? Mate drobné? Here is your change. Do not forget your change. Please, check your change. How much is it? How much does it cost? How much is it altogether? There is a sale at the department store. __-V obchodnim domé je vyprodej ~s2~£6 fexbas~ Clothing blgaiveod anydn (ow, APL | ogre Lh Clothing ees org pete Goey poplars Bean prrurn Bae st oan wake art Montes Dba omeded pice ese Bees ses In the morning when I get out of bed I wash and get dressed, According to thé teriperad” ae ture I choose what to put on. I like to wear jeans or trousers, a T-shirt or a short or long sleeved shirt. If it is colder I wear a pullover or a sweater. In winter I like to wear a winter coat or anorak, gloves and a cap. In summer I like to wear some light shorts or trousers made of light material, especially of cotton. As for shoes I prefer casuals or sandals, In winter I put on winter shoes. If I go to the theatre or a ball I wear a suit, a light shirt, a tie and dress shoes. There is a Czech proverb “Clothes make the Man”, But men on the whole are more conservative and less particular about their appearance. They need a small stock of vests, pants, slippers, pyjamas, socks, knee socks, several pairs of trousers, some suits and jackets, a pile of shirts — long sleeved and short sleeved — pullovers, T-shirts, an anorak, a winter coat, a ‘mackintosh, gloves, scarves and shoes. The only decorative item is the tie or the bow tie. It Should match the shirt as well as the suit, A man who was very particular about his clothes was sometimes called a “dandy”. Young people nowadays are most comfortable in jeans and loose jackets. When a gentleman wants a new suit or trousers he goes to a tailor who takes his measu- ements and makes the suit or trousers for him. But a lot of men prefer buying ready-made clothes, because they are much cheaper. As for me, I am not very particular about what to wear. I usually buy ready-made clothes, sometimes I have my trousers made to measure. Now I would like to talk about women’s clothing. Fashion plays a more important role in the life of women than in that of men, Women like to be well dressed because they want to impress other women or the opposite sex or for their own sake. They often spend a lot of money on beautiful and fashionable clothes. Their dresses can be made of different kinds of cloth (material) - e.g. wool, cotton, silk, vetv@t/srtiffclal fibres. Wool is more expensive than cotton but it is much warmer. The wearing of a certain kind of cloth deperids on the weather and the season of the year. Some women make their dresses themselves but most of them have them made by a dressmaker or they buy ready-made clothes. Women wear underwear, made of silk or artificial silk, a dress or a blouse and a skirt, a pair of stockings or tights and a pair of shoes. If it is cold some women like to wear a trouser suit consisting of trousers and a jacket, They can also wear trousers, a blouse or a jumper and a cardigan. In winter women ‘wear a winter coat, an anorak or a fur coat, a hat or a fur hat, gloves and winter shoes or boots. ~33~Clothing Women going to a concert or to the theatre naturally wear their evening dress with some Jewellery ~ e.g. a necklace, bracelets, earrings or rings. Ladies carry a handbag in which we can find a handkerchief, a mirror, a lipstick, a powder-box, a purse, keys, identity card, some visiting cards and perhaps some photographs. In recent years a great deal of attention has been devoted to the fashion and clothing of children and young people. Children’s fashion especially is colourful and varied. Jeans, trou- sers, sports shirts and anoraks became very popular among young people all over the world, As for me I prefer wearing some trousers or jeans, a T-shirt and a pullover. In winter I ‘wear an anorak. : If | am going on a fortnight’s holiday in the mountains, I would take some underwear, pyjamas, several pairs of trousers, some shirts, T-shirts and pullovers, handkerchiefs, several pairs of socks and knee socks, gloves, a scarf, a cap, winter boots, an anorak, a skiing outfit and a track-suit. Of course I should not forget to take some money. If I went to the seaside I should take some underwear, pyjamas, shorts, trousers, shirts, ‘T-shirts, handkerchiefs, socks, swimming trunks (men), a swimsuit, swimming costume or bi- kini (women) and sun glasses. Vocabulary The Text particular [pa'tikjula]__peélivy be ~ about lizkostlivé dbat, davat si zalezet appearance [o‘piarans]__—_vzhiled stock [stok] zAsoba pile [pail] hromada decorative item [dekorativ aitam] ozdobna véc (dopInék) tailor [teilo] kreji impress [im’pres} zapiisobit, ud8lat dojem cloth [klo8] tkanina, litka, textil naturally [naedrali] ptirozené, pochopitelné handkerchief [haenkatif] kapesnik lipstick Lipstik] rténka powder-box pudienka purse [pos] penéZenka identity card {ai’dentati ka:d] obéansky prikaz visiting-card navitivenka devote [di’veut] vénovat, zasvatitClothing clothes [kloudz) clothing {kleudin] to dress, to get dressed [drest] to put [put] on st. to wear ‘What is she wearing today? to undress [andres], to get undressed, to take off one’s clothes Clothing Satstvo, Saty ode, obleteni obléci se obléci si n&co nosit, mit na sobé Nosi brfle. Co mé dnes na sobé? svigci se, odlozit si to dress up strojit se to fit hodit se It fits well, It doesn’t fit. It's in. It came into fashion, Nosi se to. fashion [faeSon] show médni prehlidka tight (tat), fitting [fitin] tésny, ptiléhavy loose {lu:z} volny It’stoo tight for me. It matches [maiz] my skirt, __ Hodi se to k mé sukni. pattern (peten] vzor plain jednobarevny flowery _[flaueri] kv8tovany striped [straipt] prouzkovany checked [éekt], chequered [éekad] kostkovany, kérovany dotted [dotid] s puntiky material: woollen ——_[wulen] vinény cotton [kotn] bavinény linen inin} Inény, platény corduroy [ko:deroil manéestr tweed [twi:d] tvid Women's Clothing casual [keeZjual] clothing: blue jeans belt pasek slacks (slzeks], pants [paents] dlouhé kalhoty leggings [leginz] kamaée, leginy T-shirt [tissort] tritko cardigan [ka:digan] pletend, zeiména vinénd vesta short/long sleeved [8o:t, lon sli:vd] sweater [sweto] s kritkymi/dlouhymi rukavy t82ky vinény svetrpullover [puloouva} jumper [dzampo] jersey [dzo:zi] ‘twin set [owinset] polo-neck [peutounek] button up [batn ap] zip fastener [zip fa:sno} underwear bra [bra:] knickers [nikez] panties [pentiz} tights [taits] stocking [stokin] a pair [pea] of stockings socks knee-socks [ni:soks] ankle socks [enkl] dressing dressy dress store [sto:]-bought/ready-made tailored [teilad], hand made, made-to-measure [meid ta mea] Clothing svetr pies hlavu lehky svetr svetr souprava svetru a vesty rolik zapnout knofliky zip spodni prado podprsenka kalhotky damské, détské kalhotky punéochaée pungocha par punéoch ponozky podkolenky kotnitkové ponozky oblékani médni, elegantni damské Saty hotovy, konfekéni Sity na mira sukn’ izké Siroké plisovand se zahyby, sklidand dlouha skirt suit/skirt and tailored/fitted jacket [dzkit] _ kostym/sukné, kabatek skirt [skort] narrow [neerou] wide [waid] pleated [plistid] with folds [fouldz] full [ful] pant-skirt [peent ska:t] pant suit I like dresses that are fitted [fitid]/loose [lu:z] mini/to the knees [ni:z] ankle length leotard [lizou body suit {bodi sju:t] dress for aerobic swim-suit, bathing [beidin] suit dressing gown [gaun] coat [out] kalhotova sukné kalhotovy kostjm piiléhavé, volné po kotniky cvitebni trikot baletni, cviéebni trikot ‘bor na aerobic damské plavky Zupan kabatfur coat [12: kout] raincoat anorak [znoreek] accessories [ok’sesariz] scarf [ska:f] hat het] fur cap (shoulder [Seuldo]) handbag purse [po:s] jewellery [dzucalri] ring ar-rings bracelet [breistit} necklace {neklis} pendant [pendent] brooch {broué] wrist [rist] watch ankle bracelets, anklets flat [fleet] shoes sandals [sendlz] high-heels [h: casual (keeZjuel] shoes/easuals high leg shoes dress shoes trainers {treinez] sneakers [sniskaz] running shoes ski boots [ski busts} winter boots hiking [haikin] boots rain-boots Men's Clothing casual: jeans T-shirt sweatshirt [swetSo:t] Clothing kofich nepromokavy plas nepromokava vétrovka s kapuci dopliiky Satek, Sala Klobouk koZeSinova éepice kabetka (pres rameno) penéZenka prsten nauinice néramek nahrdelnik piivéSek broz hodinky ‘ozdobné jehlice, Spendlik ndusnice k zavéSeni do propichnutého ucha klipsny boty rovné boty sandaly :lz|/high heeled shoes boty s vysokymi podpatky mokasiny, sportovni boty vysoké boty elegantni boty (hodici se k Sattim) botasky, sportovni boty tenisky sportovni boty lyZatské boty Zimni boty turistické boty galoge bavinéné triéko, tenké bunda ~3T~shorts vest shirt shirt-waist tank {taenk] top/muscle [masl] shirt briefs, panties [bri:fs, paentiz] trunks [tranks] suit [sju:t] suit pants suit jacket shit tie [tai] bow-tie [bau tai] cufflinks [kaflinks} blazer [bleiza] tweeds [twisdz] trousers [trauzas}, pants sweat pants sweat suit, track suit cap bowler-hat —[boulo hat] braces [breisiz] strap [strep] trenyrky nat8inik kosile polokosile rovna vestitka slipy plavky, trengrky oblek kalhoty od obleku sako od obleku kravata motflek knofliky do manzet jednofadovy sportovni oblek tvidovy oblek kalhoty tenké tepliky tenk teplakov souprava éepice bufinka ale Femen ClothingTravelling, Hotels And Restaurants Travelling, Hotels And Restaurants Travelling is one of the most-beloved free time occupations’ of modern people, They. travel to leam about new places, countries, new people, to make new friends, to come back to nature and for many other reasons, e-g. on business, for political or cultural reasons or for sci- entific purposes. We have various means of transport nowadays to get wherever we need or ‘want, In former times people had to travel either on foot or on horseback, nowadays we can choose a train, a coach, a bus, a car, a motorcycle, an aeroplane, we-can ride on-a-bicycle, too, or hitchhike. Some people love more romantic means of transport, e.g. sailing an-a-yacht, ca- noeing, gliding, hot-air ballooning, windsurfing, skateboarding or roller-skating. In our state there are many state and private travel agencies. Through them people have their trips, tickets and accommodations reserved. We can arrange various kinds of trips, e.g. cultural excursions to well-known historic places, recreation stays in the mountains or seaside resorts, stays with sports or educational programmes (riding horses, surfing, language courses, etc.) Aeroplanes are definitely the fastest means of transport. We only need to have a.plane icket (itis best when we book it in advance) and then we must get to the airport either in our ‘own car or in an airline coach which takes passengers to, as well as from, the airport.-During the whole flight we are cared for by an air-hostess. Pilots get instructions from the control tower for taking off as well as for landing. ~Sea travelused to-be.the only. way to get to countries lying across.the.ocean. or sea, ‘Nowadays it is a rather romantic, way-of-travelling. People can travel ona liner-errtmore fre- quently, they just take a-trip.on.a steamer-or-a ship. People travelling to Great-Britain’by car or train can choose to cross the Channel on a ferry or through the tunnel. Railways-have.been greatly. modemised, Fast trains run at a much higher speed than they used to some years ago. There-are-not.many steam engines anymore-mainly diesel and clecttie-trains-areauscd-nowadeys...Travelling.by train is rather comfortable. Passengers can sleep.on the-train-in-e-sleeping-ear or, if-they_are hungry, they can haye.ameabimerdining car. And there is a toilet with a wash basin, too. For long distances we can use non-stop or fast trains. When we come to the railway station, first of all we look up the departure of the train in a time-table and then we must buy the tickets in a booking office. If we have some time, we can spend it in the waiting room or in the refreshment room. Then the train comes, we get in and take our seats either in a smoking or non-smoking compartment.Hostel Travelling, Hotels And Restaurants If we travel abroad, we must have a valid passport and a visa (but only to some coun- tries). Besides, we must change money in a bank or at an exchange-office. Cycling is-a-fine sport, but it can be dangerous if the cyclist is not careful. He should know and obey all the traffic signs as well as special regulations for cyclists, Travelling by. car is usually the most comfortable, especially if your car is new or still in perfect order. You-ean start-your journey wherever you like, you can stop where you wish or for how long you need to, take as many pieces of luggage as you want to, you need not follow the timestable and you can go any route you wish. In towns, however, travelling by cars is not so very convenient because there are frequent traffic jams. The engines of our cars pollute air, t00, because they do not use catalyzers and lead-free petrol yet. In towns it would be better to use public transport ~ trams, trolley-buses or underground. Buses are not suitable, too, be- cause they run on petroleum which pollutes air. When we travel either in our country or abroad we must often find an accommodation at a hotel. To:get a-room-in-any hotel-we can bok it by’ letter, by-phone-or-by-a telegram. We are glad when the-hotel is-clear and comfortable and the price-for the room is.not high The alsHaHSFE Bgland will find good modern hotels all over the British Islands at which the prices for bed and breakfast are quite reasonable. Of course there exist pretty expensive hotels where you can see large rooms, each bedroom has its own bathroom, a TV set, a reftigerator eic., but relatively only few people can afford to stay here. But there are also cheap hotels so called inns in the country and so called pubs in the towns. In our country there are also cheap hotels but on the other hand we have luxurious and expensive ones like the Forum, Panorama, Diplomat and Atrium hotel in our capital. When \ic-entorca-hotel.we.pass.through the-lobby to the receptionist’s desk. We.must filleinethe registration form; we have-to write our name, permanent address, our nationality and approximate time of our stay, the ilifiber’of our. identity..card.or the passport...The reeeptionist gives us the key of our room and the lift-boy takes us by lift to the floor where our roonr is situated. If we travel alone, we have a single room, if two we take a double one (a three bedroom). Insachetel.room. there usually. is.a wash.basin.with running hot and cold water, a bed with a bedside table, a wardrobe, a small table with a chair. If we need anything we can ring for a chambermaid and tell her about our wish. The hotels usually run various services, e.g. we can have our shoes cleaned and trousers pressed. ARer the usual moming toilet we go down to the breakfast room to have a breakfast. At noon we can have our dinner there and in the evening our supper. In England dinner is the main meal of the day and supperTravelling, Hotels And Restaurants — the last meal — consists of cold meat, ham, cheese and biscuits or some dessert, Foreigners in our country like to try our national meals but they do not like all of them. Vocabulary beloved [bi’lavd] reason {rizzn} scientific {saiontifik] Purpose [pe:pas] means of transport former {fo:ma] coach [koug] hitchhike ——_[highaik] gliding [glaidin] hot-air balloon [balu:n] roller-skate {route skeit] accommodation a’komadeisn] arrange [e'reindz] definitely [definitli] plane ticket inadvance [in ad’va:ns] to book [buk] passenger _[pasind2a] flight [fait] air-hostess [ea houstis} instruction _[instrakSn] taking off landing liner [aing] frequently [ffi:kvantli] steamer [sti:ma] ferry [feri] railway [reilvei] modernise {modanaiz] speed [spicd] steam engine _[sti:m endzi:n] approximate [o’proksimat] wash basin [wo8 beizn] distance [distons] look up departure [dipa:ta] timetable milovany divod védecky Weel doprayni prostedky dtivejsi autokar jet stopem bezmotorové létani horkovzduény balén koletkova brusle ubytovani zakidit rozhodné letenka piedem zamluvit cestujict let letuska pokyn valétnuti piistini linkova doprava Easto parnik trajekt zeleznice (z-)modernizovat rychlost parni stro, lokomotiva, piiblizny umyvadlo vadalenost vyhledat odjezd jizdni Fd, rozvrh ~ aHbooking office pokladna waiting room éekarna_ refreshment room bufet to get in nastoupit non-smoking nekuticky compartment [kompa:tment] oddéleni valid passport [vaelid pa:spo:t] platny pas visa {virza] vizum exchange office [ikseind?] sm&ndmna dangerous __[deindaras]__nebezpetny obey {o°beil] poslechnout, fidit se traffic sign [treefik sain] dopravni znatka regulation _[regjuleign] —_piedpis luggage [lagid2] zavazadlo route [rust] cesta traffic jam [dem] dopravni ziepa convenient [kan’vi:njant]_ vhodny engine [endzi:n] motor pollute [palu:t] znetistit catalyzer —[kotalaiza] —_katalyzator lead-free petrol [led fri: petrol] bezolovnaty benzin tram [tram] tramvaj olley-bus _[trolibas)__trolejbus suitable [sjustabl] _-vhodny reasonable frizznabl]__rozumny, pfiméfeny inn [in] zAjezdni hostinec pub {pab] hospoda, restaurace luxurious [lag’zjuarias]_ptepychovy lobby [lobi] hala, vestibul receptionist [re’sepSonist] _receptni fill in vyplnit registration _[reddistreiSn] _registraéni form [fo:m] formulat permanent —[pa:manont]__trvaly chambermaid [eimbameid] _pokojské ~ag~ Travelling, Hotels And RestaurantsOccupations Occupations pie (In order td earn their living people must work, But working should not be 9 jst making money. It ought to be something more, pethaps ‘ealising one’s dreams, ideas Something that makes people feel satisfied and perhaps-even happy, tfetidinancatid then, The person’s abilities and talents deternfide the kind of activity that would satisfy him Some people need creative or manual work, some have an aptitude for mental activities, some need to be in contact with other people, others prefer to work-inpeacereWay-fromreronde-of people, alone, Itis very important to choose the right career which could hegueael for the rest of cur life. Naturally, itis possible to change to another activity, but most jobs need more or less training and it always costs energy, time, money. Some people may be fond of changing jobs and working places, but most people (in my opinion) prefer to stay in the chosen profession J and get gradually better and more invotved in it. Then they can be Sadecsstul. Ths, when a child ~ together with his parents and teachers, of course ~ thinks of the future career, all as- pects should be taken into account; the child's natural abilities, talents, its character, skills, ete, Then the choice might be successful {One must be trained for the next job. There are training centres for those who want to enter a practical job — such as that of a shop assistant, a cook, a waitress, a waiter, a hair- dresser, a barber, a dressmaker, a tailor, a bricklayer, a locksmith, a plumber, a shoemaker, a watchmaker, a car-mechanic, a goldsmith, a house-painter, a carpenter, a joiner, a stone-cut- ter, etc. Some other jobs need more theoretical preparation in the special branch and that is provided by secondary special schools. The graduates work then as technicians in civil engi- neering, in machine engineering, in agriculture, etc. And, finally, there are jobs that need yet longer and more profound studies.at a.univer- sity or at a technical university. Thus, for instance, future doctors study at the medical faculty, future engineers at various kinds of technical universities, teachers at a teacher’s college or at a philosophical faculty. Having finished the studies, one has to enter a job. It is not always easy; it requires some getting used to other conditions, people, work environment, etc. To be g00d at the job needs a lot of hard work. But in any position of responsibility and importance only qualified people can stay, others must do some less important and responsible work. This is a necessary practice everywhere in the world. Only this way can lead to success and progress.Questions Occupations 1) What about your future career? Do you want to study at a University or at a Technical University? ne prewe 2) Describe your desire for your future job. 3) Are you a hard working student or do you neglect your preparation for lessons? 4) Which subjects have you chosen for your school leaving exam? 5) Describe your working day. Vocabulary professions, occupations, jobs skilled worker labourer foreman apprentice apprentice training centre fitter tumer cutter machinist carpenter tailor shoemaker watchmaker hairdresser barber shop-assistant, sales clerk, salesperson street vendor cook electrician lorry-driver blacksmith locksmith bricklayer baker butcher woodcutter stonecutter joiner fisherman Jack-of-all-trades povolini, zaméstnéni, price kvalifikovany d&lnik d&inik (zemédélsky) mistr, pfedak uder iiovské stiedisko montér, instalatér soustruznik firézat strojnik tesat, truhlat krejéi obuvnik, $vec hodinat kadefnice holi¢ prodavaé pouliéni prodavaé kuchat elektrikat ié ndkladntho vozu Feznik, uzenat dievorubec kamenik trublar rybat vSeumél aed‘Occupations sailor, seaman namofnik ~operate-a-machine -obsluhovat stroj workers get weekly wages d8inici dostévaji tydenni mzdu work on a three-shift system pracovat na tfi smény be on the night shift mit nogni sménu absence without leave neomluvend absence be on leave, holidays, vacation byt na dovolené full-time employment hlavni zaméstndni part-time employment vedlejsi zaméstnéni soft job lehka price great-demand-for skilled labour poptvke-po-kvalifikovanych-pracovnich sildch to look for a job hledat prici to obtain a job skat préci to apply for a job tAdat o préci applicant Zadatel application form Hidost 1 applied to three universities. Podal jsem thi ptihlé8ky na vysoké Skoly. tohaves-vacancy _mitvolné misto —to.be-on probation _bytna.zkuSebnidobu- —toxejectajob odmitnout-prici to be promoted byt povgsen Mo‘learn a trade vyudit se néjakému oboru tae supervised by-sb. bytkontrolovan tobe-a-supervisorof b§t.kontrolorem to-sign-acontract __ podepsat smlouvu to work.on st pracovat.na.nééem, to do some casual work (to do odd-jobs) delat piilezitostnou praci job-switehing / high turnover -luktuace: goofing off ulejrénise pay, wages, salary, income plat earnings vydélek to eam a bare living vydélivat na holé Zivobyti to make a living by st. Zivit se nétim to pay maintenance to one’s wife and children _platit vyivné manzelce a d&tem to draw a pension pobirat dichod houely-rate hodinovérsazba torchargesfee \ietovarhonorat extra pay penize navie to be out of work, unemployed, between jobs, to be jobless byt nezaméstnany to.dismiss sb. propustit to negotiate-for vyjednévat-o to hold.talksawvith jednat s.to come to terms my childhood dream to study arts at a university to study science civil engineering machine engineering electrical engineering School of Economics to study economics the courses of foreign business Agricultural University Academy of Fine Arts ‘Academy of Music University of Veterinary Medicine to study law commercial, financial, business law prosecutor civil, criminal law Occupations dohodnout se mij sen z détstvi studovat uméni na univerzité studovat pifrodni védy stavebni inzenyrstvi strojni inzenjrstvi elektroinzenyrstvi VSE, studovat ekonomi kursy zahraniéniho obchodu V8Z Akademie vitvarnych uméni Akademie hudby ‘V8 veterinarni studovat pravo komeréni, finanéni, obchodni privo Zalobee, prokurdtor obéanské, trestni pravo extended studies ndstavba lawyer [lo;ja] pravnik, privni zstupce, advokat doctor [dokto} doktor general practitioner __[denaral praek’ti8ona]_prakticky lékat surgeon [se:dzon] chirurg nurse [no's] zdravotni sestra, chiiva children’s nurse détska sestra laboratory assistant _[lo’borotari a’sistant] _laboratorn{ asistent dentist [dentist] zubat headmaster {hedma:sta] feditel professor [pro'fesa] profesor school janitor, caretaker [d2enito] Skolnik freelance [frisla:ns] nezivisly pracovnik, spisovatel, politik actor, actress {oekta, acktris} herec, heretka dancer [da:nsa] tanetnik painter, artist (+ actist] malit musician [mju’zison] hhudebnik, conductor {kan’dakto} dirigent DJ, dise-jockey [‘disk,dzoki} diskZoke} architect {akitekt] architekt photographer [fe 'tografo} fotograt graphic designer/artist [graefik disaina, a:tist] grafik draughtsman [‘dra:ftsman] navrhaf, projektant, kresli ~46~‘Occupations coach [kout] trenér (fotbalového muzstva) dustman [dastmen] popelat ~eherwoman—~ ——['8a:,wumen}___ maleuklizedka- cleaner, cleaning woman uklizetka gardener zahradnik fruit grower/farmer sadat milkmaid [milkmeid] dojitka dairymaid [dearimeid] oSetfovatelka dojnic breeder chovatel repairer of agricultural machines _[ri‘peara, egrikalaral] opravat zemédélskych stroja co-operative farm [kou,oporativ ‘fa:m] zemédélské druzstvo mechanic [mi’keenik] mechanik electrician [ilektrisn] elektrikat repairman [1i;peomen] opravat porter, gatekeeper, watchman ‘Vrtny (pom: watcha jes aatent re phen) miler) welder [weldo] svatet stoker, boilerman topit coal-miner [koulmaine] homik railwayman [reilweiman] Zeleznitat train dispatcher [di’speto] vipravei conductor {kon dakto] privodéi autobusu GB, viaku NAm businessman [biznisman] obchodnik, obchodni referent typist [taipist] pisat(-ka) secretary {sekrotri] tajemnik, sekretét(-ka) accountant [o'kauntont] iketnt politician [poli’tiSen] politi, stétnik personnel manager sales manager {[po:sa’ nel ‘manid%a) personéini feditel [seilz manidza] obchodnf manazer ~a1~Leisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme Leisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme Leisure Time Occupations How do you spend your leisure time? — on weekdays? — at weekends? — during the holidays? What is your daily programme like? The English say that everybody should have a hobby. I think they are right. People should choose their free time occupation according to their profession and personal interests. Many people, especially those who sit in an office the whole day, like to go in for sports or they are fond of gardening. On the other hand, manual workers choose a quiet hobby, such as stamp collecting, reading, model-making or something like that. I know a lot of people who are very keen on gardening. My father and my mother and so the whole family is often in the garden. I like nature very much, too, but I don’t have the patience to care for every plant and flower and so I prefer just roaming in the forests and meadows to working in the garden, My ‘mother has got great skill in knitting and sewing. These are very nice and useful hobbies as she can knit and sew many nice clothes for all the members of our family. Thave a lot of hobbies. In spring I could spend all my days walking in the open air. 1 like to watch nature returning to life. When it gets warmer I prefer lying in the sun and swimming to walking. In summer I like lazy hot days but also a sudden thunderstorm has its magic. When autumn comes I like to play the piano or to read. Playing the piano is, perhaps with swimming, my greatest hobby. I have been playing it for many years already and I like it more and more. If I had more time, I could spend hours playing the piano. I like to play compositions by many composers, but my favourite composer is ... Reading is a very nice hobby, too. I read lots of books of various kinds and by various writers. I cannot read any book at any time, There are books which must be read in a certain mood or on special occasions. I like fun in every good form and so I like to read funny stories, but also historical, psychological and social novels and adventurous literature, Especially thrillers and crime books are read well on such days. In winter I like skating, skiing (mostly cross-country) and walking through white fields if it snows.Leisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme Winter sports take a great part of my time. On weekdays I cannot go skating or skiing every day, but at weekends I spend a lot of time at the stadium or on the river ~ if itis frozen. Skating is a very healthy sport, especially when practised in the country. Every’ winter I go to the mountains to spend a beautiful week or more in one of our nice mountain hostels. Skiing is a very beautiful and healthy sport because we are in immediate contact with nature. When wwe are lucky enough and the weather in the mountains is fine, we come back tanned and refreshed. Daily Programme, Free Time My daily programme on weekdays or at weekends: I get up at ... o’clock, get dressed, wash myself, make the bed, prepare breakfast, tidy up, leave for lessons at ..., come from school at ... o’clock, have to do my homework and prepare for the next day, wash up, help mother prepare dinner, go shopping, clean my room, water the flowers, to dust (to wipe-clean dust), to go to music school, art lessons, to attend a circle, to go to the cinema, to go to the theatre, to go dancing, to visit (see) friends, to go toa party, to watch TV, to devote free time to hobbies, to go for a walk, to make a trip, to have supper, to work in the garden, to take a shower (bath), to go to sleep, to go in for sports Have you got a lot of free time? What do you want to do in your holidays? Must you help a lot at home? Hobbies: The most common hobbi — reading books ~ poems, historical books, detective stories, fairy tales, psychological novels, comedies, tragedies —watching TV — sports programmes, serial stories, thrillers, historical films, crazy comedies, cartoons, psychological films, TV news, reports on ..., good- night, live broadcasting During the holidays: the school. breaks (ends) in June the summer holidays last for two months the Christmas holidays the spring holidaysLeisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme ‘* to spend one’s holidays with parents (away from parents) * to doa voluntary work (in a factory, on a farm) * to go to a camp (to live in tents, to look after younger children, to cut wood, to make camp fire, to play games, to bathe, gathering mushrooms) ‘* to help with the hay-harvest * to join a hop-picking brigade * to be fond of hiking, rock-climbing (horské turistika) Vocabulary snap [seep] snimek colour slide [kalo staid] diapozitiv camera [kemaro] fotoaparst movie camera [mu:vi:] kamera a pack of film [pek] film cinefilm {sinifitm) kinofilm to load the camera [loud] dit film do kamery flash [fles} blesk blow-up [blou ap] zvétienina to collect stamps [kolokt stemps] sbirat znamky beer mats [bist meets] pivni tacky napkins [neepkinz] ubrousky stamp collector [steemp ka'lokta] filatelista precious stamps [pregas] cenné zndmky rare stamps [rea] vziené znimky cancelled stamps [konsold] pietisténé znimky stamp collection [stzemp kalekSon] sbirka zndmek to solve crossword puzzles [solv kroswa:d paziz] _eBit ktlZovky solution {so'lu:son] feSeni across [2'kros} naptig, vodorovné down [daun} svisle, dota Tcannot get three clues [klu:z] nevim ti vyrazy to do woodwork [wudwerk] pracovat se dfevem chisel [ial] dlato plank {pleenk] prkno rill [aril] vrtatka hammer [home] Kladivo, zatlouct kladivem to cut kat] Fezat pincers {pinsaz] Klesté, pinzeta combination pliers [kombinei&n plaiaz] _kombinatky ~50~Leisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme nail file wrench, hhack-saw saw axe vice, vise sandpaper toolbox string measure plane hunting bunt to find paw-marks to follow the track to track track down field glasses [fi:ld gla:si:z] hare [hee] hart [hat] roe [rou] pheasant [feznt] partridge [pactridz] fox [foks] forester [foristo] to go fishing {gou fi8in] pond [pond] lake [leik] dam [dem] river [riva] fisherman [fiSemen] angle [engl] fishing rod [fi8in rod) fishing-line {fin lain] fishing-tackle [fi8in taekl] hook [huk] to go gardening [ga:denin] fence [fens] hedge {hed?] greenhouse [gri:nhaus] ~B1- hiebik pilnik francouzsky klit pilka na Zelezo pitka sekyrka svérak (GB, NAm) smirkovy papir skfika na natadi provaz mira hoblik myslivost lovit, lov hledat stopy stopovat stopovat, vystopovat (min. as) dalekohled zajie jelen smec, srmka bazant koroptev li8ka lesnik rybatit rybnik jezero piehrada eka rybat chytat na udiei rybaitsky prut vlasec rybatské nétini haBek zahradnigit plot ivy plot sklenikLeisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme patch of lawn [pot av lo:n] path {pa:0] flower bed {flaua bed] rockery {rokeri] to water with a watering can [ken] to grow vegetables [grou vedzitablez] carrot {korat] parsley {pa:sli] celery [selori] onion [anjon] garlic {gaclik] chive [(eaiv] cucumber [kju:kambo] pepper [pepo] radish [reedis] horse radish {ho:s reedi8] cabbage {kebid] Savoy cabbage [sevoi kebid2] cauliflower {ko:liflaar] koblrabi fruit apple pear cherry plum apricot peach red, black, white currant gooseberry {gu:zberi] blackberry {blaekberi] strawberry {stro:beri] raspberry {ra:sberi] whortleberry, bilberry {wo:ltberi, bilbri} red bilberry to pick frui (pik fru:t} leaves blossom in full blossom gardening tools, {tu:lz] fork {fo:k] spade [speid] kus trévniku. cestitka kvétinovy zahon skalka zalévat konvi péstovat zeleninu mrkev petréel celer cibule éesnek pazitka okurka paprika Fedkvicka kien kapusta eli kvitak kedluben ovoce jablko hruska tie’ei Svestka meruiika broskev Eerveny, Semy, bily rybiz, angrest ostruzina jahoda malina bortivka brusinka tthat ovoce listy kvat, kvést v plném kvétu zahradni nafadi vidli¢ka, vidle lopatka, ryéLeisure Time Occupations and My Daily Programme shovel [Savi] lopata rake [reik] hrabé sickle {sikl] stp seythe [said] kosa trowel {trauel] sizeci lopatka to dig (up) kopat, okopivat plant [plant] rostlina to transplant the seedlings _{traens’pla:nt do sizdlinz] pfesazovat sazenice flower pot {flavor pot] kvatinas root fru:t] kofen (un-Jripe [an/raip] (ne-)zraly fruit growing [frust groin) ovoenatstvi ~53~English and American Literature English and American Literature The oldest literary work of the English literature is ‘Beowulf’, an old English poem about historical events in Denmark in the first half of the 6" century. It is perhaps the earliest considerable poem in any modem language. The manuscript of the late 10 century is housed in the British Museum. ‘The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’, inspired by King Alfred the Great and compiled by monks working in various places, is a chronological record of events in England from the Christian Era to the middle of the 12" century. A very important literary means of Old English literature was alliteration After the Battle of Hastings in 1066 the development of Old English literature was in- terrupted by the Normans. It took about 300 years for the Anglo-Saxon and Norman cultures to blend. The first important representatives of the new Middle Ages literature was Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of ‘The Canterbury Tales’. In the Middle Ages, more exactly since the 16" century, there began a strong and flour- ishing tradition of drama and theatre in England, This development culminated in the work of William Shakespeare. Before Shakespeare there was Christopher Marlowe and his plays ‘The Jew of Malta’ or “The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus’ which inspired Goethe to write his Faust. W. Shakespeare is known as the best representative of English drama of all times. Other significant English playwrights were e.g. Oscar Wilde (‘The Importance of Being Ear- nest’, ‘Lady Windermere’s Fan’) or George Bernard Shaw (“Pygmalion’, ‘Major Barbara’, “St. Joan’) England has had many poets, too. Of all of them I would like to mention at least Lord George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Elizabeth Barret Browning, Robert Browning. But it was pethaps English novels that made the most significant contribution to world literature. There are many famous names among English novelists, ¢.g. Daniel Defoe who wrote ‘Robinson Crusoe’, Jonathan Swift and his ‘Gulliver's Travels’, Sir Walter Scott ~ fa- mous for his historical novels such as ‘Ivanhoe’, ‘Waverley’, ‘Rob Roy’, ‘Kenilworth’, ‘Quentin Durward’ and others, Robert Louis Stevenson with his “Treasure Island” or ‘The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, the Bronté sisters (Emily, Charlotte, Anne) with their romantic and thrilling stories or novels (e.g. ‘Jane Eyre’, which is the best one), Charles Dickens, whose books (e.g. ‘Oliver Twist’, ‘David Copperfield’, “Little Dorrit’, ‘Great Ex- pectations’) were made into films, Rudyard Kipling ~ the author of the world famous ‘JungleEnglish and American Literature Book’, or Thomas Hardy and his gloomy, sad novels from the English country (some of them were put on the screen; ‘Under the Greenwood Tree’, “Tess of the d’Urbervilles’) or George Herbert Wells ~ the founder of science-fiction. English literature is known for excellent de- tective stories, too, e.g. by Agatha Christie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, P. D. James or the thrill- ing stories written by Daphne de Maurier (e.g. “Jamaica Inn’), Dick Francis ~ he writes stories about horses. American literature began after the arrival of the first English colonists to America in the 17 century. The first literary works deal with the problems connected with building the settlements and reflect the philosophy, ideas and views of the settlers. Later they started to write fiction, too. The most beloved American literary works include books by Jack London, James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain, Ernest Thompson Seton, Bret Harte and others telling stories from nature or about Indians, gold-miners ete, Another famous man, Edgar Allan Poe, is the founder of thrillers and horrors, ‘The best known American dramatists include Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, Ar- thur Miller; the best known poets include Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson or some of the beatniks. ‘Modern American Literature is represented especially by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, Emest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Margaret Mitchell, Bernard Malamud. 1 also want to speak of some recent American authors, e.g. Jack Kerouac, a beatnik who became famous through his novels of the road, e.g. ‘On The Road’, or Ray Bradbury and his stories, Joseph Heller whose ‘Catch 22” we could see at the cinema, too, or Arthur Hailey, who was born in England and lives in Canada, but whose books ~ all of them best-sellers are inspired by the lifestyle in the USA. But culture is not only literature, I'd like to mention, although very briefly, some of the best known English painters: Thomas Gainsborough, William Turner, John Constable, Wil- liam Hogarth. I could talk about the galleries in London, for instance about the National Gallery. ~55~Vocabulary manuscript [manjuskript] chronicle {kronikl] inspire [in’spaio] compile [kem’pail] monk [mank] chronological _[krono'lodzikel] Christian [kristen] era Viers) means [mi:nz} alliteration [elitarejsn] Battle of Hastings [baetl ov hejstingz] interrupt [intorapt] the Normans __{no:menz] Anglo-Saxon _[anglouseeksn] blend [blend] Middle Ages [mid eidziz] flourishing [flarisin] culminate [kalmineit] Jew [den] significant {[signifikent] playwright {pleirait] fan [fen] novel [novi] contribution [kontri’bjusn] thrilling (6ritin) gloomy [glu:mi] put on the screen [skri:n] settlement [setlment] settler [setle] gold-miner [gould maine] recent [rissnt] character [keerokta] English and American Literature rukopis kronika inspirovat sestavit nich chronologicky kestan(-ka), kfestansky éra, epocha prostiedky aliterace bitva u Hastings pierusit Normané Anglosas, anglosasky prolinat se, splvat stiedovék prosperuii vyvreholit aid vyznamny dramatik vijit roman ptispéni varus bezitéiny zfilmovat osada osadnik zlatokop nedavny postava ~56~obec + at ply Fe 6 slob ‘Sports, Tourism, Intemnation. polijvery awed Sports, Tourism, International Sports Competitions ge wedy 1d Sports Competitions ard In order to keep fresh, fit and healthy we should go in for sports, We may take part in team games (football, volleyball, handball, softball, basketball) or we may practise some individual sports. Some of them are practised mostly in summer, such as swimming, rowing, sailing, wind-surfing, light athletics (hurdle race; steeple chase; long distance run; cross- ‘pehtathlon: decathlon; high- jump; long-jump; pole-jump; hop, step and jump; throwing the discus, the hammer or javelin; country run; Marathon race; hundred-metre sprint; walking race; putting the shot), bicycle races, horse races, mountaineering, Some of the sports are practised {n the open air in summer and in halls in winter so they have become all-year sports. The most popular summer sport is swimming, It can be practised in a lake, river or sea only in summer but in sheltered swimming pools it is possible to swim all the year round, People often go swimming if the day is sunny. In this case they can swim in the open air and if they lie on the beach at the seaside they can get sun-tanned quickly, While swimming we must always be careful not to drown, Swimmers compete in different disciplines like the craw, breast stroke, backstroke and butterfly. Football is the most popular ball game in the world. In America it is called soccer. A football team has eleven members. The leader of the team is called the captain. The players try to overcome the goal-keeper and to score. A typical English ball game is cricket (but itis also popular in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), The rules of this game are very complicated’. A typical American ball game is baseball. This game is played with nine players on each side. In fact, the principles of these games are very similar Another kind of sport is gymnastics. The gymnasts do exercises on apparatus like the balancing beam, flying rings or parallel bars. Gymnasts do floor exercises on the mats and carpets. They also vault over a horse or a buck-horse, } ‘The most favoured winter sports are ice-hockey, skiing (downhill run, cross-country skiing, ski jump, slalom, giant slalom), tobogganing, bob-sleighing, skating (figure skating, speed skating). Winter sports are practised on an ice-rink or in the open air. It is necessary to have a pair of skis with bindings, boots and sticks for skiing. Only a good skier can ski on a * But if you want to learn them quickly, see the book "How I won the War” by Patrick Ryan ~8T~Sports, Tourism, Intemational Sports Competitions steep slope. We can get to the top of a hill by ski-lift, chair-lift, or by cable car. Each country has its own system of physical education and sport. In England football and hockey are winter games. Pupils learn to play them at school. Boys play football, and hockey is usually a game for girls, but they do not play it on ice. The matches against other schools are usually on Saturday momings. Big football or hockey matches are on Saturday afternoons. In England, just as in our country, people like to see the matches. If they cannot go to the sports-field, they see them on TV or listen to them on the radio. The British are very fond of watching horse or dog races. Athletic sports and gymnastics are practised at school but many towns have running tracks for public use. Remarkably few people are interested in bicycle racing. On the other hand, rowing in fours or eights occupies a leading place in the sporting life of universities. In our country sports and physical training have a long tradition. The first physical training association "Sokol” was founded in 1862. The most popular games in our country are football and ice-hockey while our sportsmen are quite successful in European and world's championships. Other favourite games, such as volleyball, basketball, handball and tennis tank among wide-spread sport activities, each having thousands of fans. Skiing, swimming, skating could be mentioned as other popular sports here. The Olympic Games The origin of the Olympic Games is in ancient Greece several centuries before our cra. ‘They included competitions not only in gymnastics, but also in literature, art, drama and mu- sic. Later the games faded into obscurity, but they were revived again in Athens by a French nobleman Pierre de Coubertine at the end of the 19* century. And so, since 1896 at the Sum- mer Olympics and since 1924 at the Winter Olympics every four years the best sportsmen meet to compete for gold, silver or bronze medals and also to promote the idea of humanity and understanding’. Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year up until 1992. The last Winter Olympic Games were held in 1994 and they will be held every four years. Summer Olympic Games were held in Atlanta in the state of Georgia in 1996. The modern Olympic Games are confined only to sporting contests. The Summer Games are more important and attended by more people than the Winter Games. They concentrate a great deal of attention of the whole world. The best athletes and sportsmen from all continents take part in these games in the spirit of the slogan: "It's not important to win, but it is important to be present.” * ‘i's rumoured that during the frst Olympics (in ancient Greece) all wars in the known world were interrupted. In our age it is the other way round - during major wars there were no Olympics,Sports, Tourism, International Sports Competitions Another kind of competition are championships. The best sportsmen in each country participate. The world championship is the most important sporting occasion. Its winner be- comes the world champion. The cup is a typical competition in football or tennis matches, e.g. Davis Cup. Other kinds of sports are races. There are car races or horse races etc. Vocabulary competition [kompi’tiSen] out go in for vénovat se Zemu take part in ‘iastnit se rowing [reuin] veslovani hurdle race ha:dlreis]____pieka2kovy béh long distance run (lon distons ran] béh na dlouhé traté cross-country run pfespolni béh walking race zivod v chiizi pentathlon _—[pen’teeOlan] —_pétiboj decathlon [di'keOlon] ——_desetiboj pole-jump skok 0 tydi hop, step and jump trojskok javelin [azevlin] o8tép, kopi shot-put vrh kouli indoor provozovany pod stfechou sheltered [eltod] kryty sun-tanned opaleny careful {keaful] dbaly geo drown [draun} utopit discipline [disiplin] disciplina crawl {kro:1] kraul; leat breast stroke [brest strouk} _plavecky styl prsa back stroke znak butterfly [bataflai] motylek apparatus [ope'reites] nad balancing beam [beelansin bi:m) kladina flying rings kruhy parallel bars [parra‘lel ba:s] _bradla mat inka vault [vostt} skakat, vy8vihnout se buck-horse koza skiing lyZovani downhill skiing sjezd cross-country skiing zavod na bé#kéchski jump tobogganing bob-sleighing figure-skating speed-skating ice-rink binding sticks steep slope skiclift chairlift cable car running track association found rank wide-spread ancient include fade (out) obscurity revive nobleman promote to be held confine attention participate occasion [to’bogoning] [baindin] [stiks] [2,sousi’eiSn] [faund] [renk] [einSont] [in’klu:d] [feid] [ob’skjurati] [ri'vaiv] [noublman] [pro’mout] (kenfain] [2"tenson] [pa:tisipeit] [o’keizan} Sports, Tourism, skok na lyZich shikovani jizda na bobech krasobrusleni rychlobrusleni Kluziste véeaini hilky stmy svah ly2aisky vlek sedatkova lanovka kabinova lanovka zivodni draha sdruzeni zalozit adit se velmi rozsifeny starodvny zahmnovat, vymizet, uvadat nezndmo, zahada obnovit Slechtic prosadit, povysit konat se omezit pozornost cziitastnit se pitlezitost ~60~ Intemational Sports Competitions‘The Human Body, linesses, Diseases The Human Body, Illnesses, Diseases ‘There are many and various types of people living in the world. There are various types of skin, hair or eye colour, of shape of eyes, constitution of the body ete. But from the medical point of view all human beings are the same. The basis and support of the body is the skeleton consisting of about 200 bones. It is divided, like the whole body, into three parts: the trunk, the head and the limbs. All bones are connected by joints, except the bones of our head ~ called the skull ~ they are linked by seams. To enable us to move we have muscles which are fixed to the skeleton. To keep them fit wwe ought to train them regularly. To enable us to walk Upright we have the spine (or back- bone). At the top-end of the spine there is the skull which holds the brain — the centre of the nervous system and the seat of cons¢iousness. All nervous processes are controlled there and the impulses coming both through the spinal cord and direct to the brain are answered there. ‘The skin which covers the skull on its top is called the scalp and the hair usually grows there (if this doesn't apply and it isn’t from natural causes then the man is titled skinhead), ‘The hair may be dark, fair, black, brown, red, blonde or white, and we must brush and comb it every day. Another part of the head which requires cosmetic maintenance is the face. The parts of the face are the forehead, the temples, the eyebrows, the eyes with eyelashes, the eye- lids, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the jaws, the chin and the ears The eyes are the organs of sight. They are protected by eyelids with eyelashes. Some people are short-sighted or long-sighted and have to wear corrective lenses (or they may squint). People who can’t see anything are blind, To protect our eyes from the sunshine we wear sunglasses. These days it’s best to buy glasses with a UV filter. ‘The nose is the organ of smell. There are many different types of nose —a Roman nose, a tumed-up nose, a sna nose, a Simpy those, etc. The other sensory organs are the ears which are the organs of hearing with the most important parts ~ the eardrums. By damaging them we may become deat. People who are born deaf are usually dumb too as they can’t learn to speak by hearing. Pe Inthe mouth we have the tongue — the organ of taste. Then there isthe palate, important forthe pronunciation of sounds, fis with teeth which ought to number 32. When we eat we must chew the food and mix it up with salt Then the food passes through the throat and to the stomach, where it is digested by gastric juices. ~6t~anagiiaws The Human Body, llinesses, Diseases To be able to live and move we must get oxygen into the body. We breathe it in with air through the mouth or the nose and then the air goes into the lungs where the oxygen is changed with COs. Fresh blood sled into the hear which makes ou blood circulate, To clean blood is the Sve ean 23k Gt the spleen. The liver cleans blood too, and one of its pars, the il-biadder, produces dviente all. If the liver is not fit we may fall ill with ‘tuncdice, The kdaeys are organs where blood is mov nad by tee Feuuria ARGH from chaste or wiske liquas UD eatetier The limbs aré two arms and two legs. The arm consists of the shoulder which joins the arm to the tk, the upper arm, the elbow, the forearm, the wrist, the hand, Each hand has < fesingo: they are the thumb, the forefinger (or indexfnge), the midle-finge or fog, sector * second-), the ring-finger and the lttle-finger. The fase part of the hand is called the palin, a ence re po = ses, | What is war and the = le con > fu = sion A home and the de - so = Ia = tion, Blessed with Gm? stripes and bright stars thro! the = pe - ti ‘that wehich the breeze oer the = to = wer home and a count - ry should eave us vito - ry and peace, may the heaven rescued fight Oer the: tam - parts = we watched, were so sep ost ae >a. Wows tow con = oct their blood hath wash > ear ter fou and Pras the Power that” hath made toe E if gal = lant - tly stream - ing, And the roc - kes red ceals, now dis_—s~- ~—sclo.-- ses) «= Now it. cat. = ches. — the foot - steps’ pol. «= == tion, © No re > fuyge could served us a ma = tion Then con - quer we ‘Transcribed by KAVOL, 1.6.1997, after "Let's have an English song" ~ 120 ~The U.S.A. glare, bombs burst - ing in air Gave proof thro! the seam of the mor “mings first beam, In. full «glo tyre - save the hire - ting and slave’ = From the = fer. «= tor of must, when our case it) is just, «And. this be our mot - wa: ve O'er the land of the free, and the wa: ve O'er the land of the free, and the wa lve Oe the land oof =the fee andthe wa > ve Oe the land of the fice, andthe Ly Bi Sf Factors ho - me of the brave? o say does the ho = me of the brave! ‘Tis the star - spang- led ho - me of the brave, And the star ~ spangled ho = me of the brave, ‘And the star = spang- led B star - spang - led ban - ner yet wa - ve Oer the ban - ner, OF long may it wa > ve Oer the ban ner in tri -umph ——doeth wa - ve Or the ban = ner in tri -umph shall wa - ve Oer the land of the free, andthe ho - "me of the brave? land of, the fe, and the ho - me of the brave! and of the free. and the =-ho - me of the brave, ~121~" Towns and Villages a eho da, Towns and Villages If we live in village, we are near to the countryside, we can go for long walks, swim, keep various animals etc. but itis not always as easy and romantic as it may seem. In spring when nature awakes to new life, a very busy period starts for the farmers. Seeds are sown and potatoes are planted. The fields were ploughed in autumn and so the soil is ready for planting In good weather the plants ~ that is rye, wheat, barley, oats, maize and sugar beet ~ grow fast. All the plants depend on water, so there are often irrigation systems in the fields. In July and ‘August the ripe com is cut. All the work is done by a combine harvester in one day. In autumn large fields are cultivated again with the help of agricultural machinery. Potatoes are picked by potato harvesters and the fields are ploughed up and prepared for winter. Pieces of good land (especially in the south) are used for vegetables, such as cabbage, callittdwer, patifty, titip, cucumbers, spinach, carrots and many other sorts. The plants need light, air and water. They are dusted with fertilisers and sprayed to be protected from harmful insects, On some farms flowers are grown too, but they must be given much care Some flowers are grown in greenhouses, In autumn plums, pears, apples and other fruit are ripe on the trees. They must be picked carefully. A large amount of fruit goes for jam-making and fruit-preserving factories. Some farms specialise in cattle breeding, mainly oxen, bulls, cows, calves, pigs: cows for milk, others for meat, sheep for wool, milk and meat. On poultry farms they keep hens — they are reared mainly for eggs; chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese are reared for meat. It is @ well-known fact that people keep bees. They give us the very healthy honey, wax and propo- lis. In the country many people keep bees and on some co-op farms bee-keeping is done on a large scale. Large areas of land are covered with forests containing coniferous trees like fir, pine or larch, or deciduous trees like oak, beech, birch, maple ete. Forests are very important for our life and the national economy, and therefore they deserve proper care. In the forests and fields deer, hares, partridges and pheasants live and they need our care too, of course. It is nice to live in the country but itis also a hard life, sometimes. Living in towns seems to be more comfortable, You have everything within easy reach: shops, special shops, department stores, cinemas, theatres, music halls, concert halls, galler- ies ete. You only need to get the tickets and without any transport troubles you can go to the performances, ~ 122 ~Towns and Villages Most people in towns live in comfortable flats with central heating, hot water etc. But still I would not exchange a life in the country (in a small town) for that in a big city. When I come to a big city, I am always taken aback by masses of people everywhere in shops, trams, buses etc. If you want to walk in the town centre, you usually have to go through clouds of smoke coming from cars. If you want to avoid the overcrowded public transport and take your own car, you soon get into a traffic jam. After coming home I am used to going for a walk in the nearby forest and fields (mainly in winter) or in spring, summer and autumn I also work an hour or so in our garden. Many people in the town have no such opportunities and are confined to walks in the streets or the dirty parks. They can hardly keep any animals and they can’t grow their own vegetables, strawberries, currants etc. I am sure people used to life in a large city would hardly want to move elsewhere, but for me such a life seems to be mo- notonous and not very interesting, except, of course, the chance to take part in the great number of cultural events in towns. Vocabulary seed [sicd] semeno sow, sowed, sown [sou, soud, soun] ~ (za)sit plant [plant] (za)sizet; péstovat, riist plough [plau] orat; pluh soil [sojl] piida, zemé plants rostliny rye [rai] ito wheat [wi:t] p8enice barley [ba:li] jetmen oats: [outs] oves maize [meiz] kukuFice sugar beet [Suge bist] cukrova Fepa grow [grou] rist irrigation [iri’geisn] zavlazovani ripe [raip] zraly com [ko:n] obili combine harvester [kam’bain ha:visto] kombajn cultivate {kaltiveit] obdélavat dust [dast] priSkovat; prach, smeti fertiliser [fortilaiza] hnojivo spray [sprei] posttik; posttikovat harmful {ha:mfol] Skodlivy insect [insekt] hmyz hothouse, glass-house, greenhouse _sklenik ~ 123 ~amount [e’maunt] fruit-preserving factory [pri’zavin] rear [rie] ox, oxen [oks, oksn] bull [bul] calf, calves [ka:f, ka:fs] pig poultry [poultri] hen duck [dak] goose, geese ——[gu:s, gi:s] turkey [to:ki] bee [bi:] keep (ki:p] honey {hani] wax [weeks] ona large scale [skeil] coniferous [koniferes] fir [fo:] pine [pain] deciduous [di’sidjues] oak [ouk] beech [biss] birch [bard] maple [meip!] deserve [di'za:v] proper care [propa kea] deer [dio] hare [hea] partridge [pa:trid2] pheasant [feznt] exchange [ikséein?] taken aback [teikn e’bek] avoid [2’ void] overcrowded —_[ouve’kraudid] public transport [pablik transpo:t] traffic jam [traefik dem} be confined [bi: kon’faind] dirty [de:ti] monotonous —_[ma‘notenes] mushrooming —_[maSrumin] Towns and Villages mnostvi, suma zivod na konzervovini ovoce chovat, péstovat vil, voli, hovézi dobytek byk tele, telata prase dribez slepice kagena husa, husy krocan véela péstovat med vosk ve velkém méfitku jehlignaty jedle, smrk (spruce) borovice opadavy dub buk bfiza javor zasloutit (si) pattiénd, sprivna péde vysoké zvét zajie koroptev bazant vyménit, zaménit zarazeny vyhnout se piepingny vetejné doprava dopravni zéepa byt omezeny Spinavy Jednotvarny houbateni ~128~do gardening flower-bed flower-pot snowdrop {snoudrop] daffodil [deefodil] primrose [primrous] iris [aiaris] camation [ka:nein] peony [pian] rose [rous} lily (lili) anemone {enemani] tulip {tjuslip] snow-flake {snoufleik} aster [esta] larch [lat] shrub [srab] decorative [dekarotiv] poplar [poplo} willow [wilou] dwarf-tree [dwo:f tri:] dwarfish [dwo:fis] lily-of-the-valley rockery [rokari] cut the grass lawn mower —_[lo:n mous] watering can gardening tools fork spade [speid] shovel [Savi] rake [reik] hoe [hou} sickle [sikl] seythe [said] dig, dug, dug dig up weed (wi:d] pluck up [plak ap] weeds destroy [distroi] garden pests domestic animals Towns and Villages zabradnisit kvétinovy zéhon kvétina’ snzenka nareis, petrklié, prvosenka kosatee karafidt pivorka ride lilie sasanka tulipan bledule astra modtin ker okrasny topol vrba zakrsek zakrsly, trpasligi konvalinka skalka sekat travu sekaéka na trivu kropici konev zahradni natadt vidle rye lopata habe motyka stp kosa kopat, ryt pickopavat plevel; plit vytrhavat plevel nitit zahradn{ sktidee doméei zvitata ~ 125 ~dog bitch puppy kennel bark to milk the cow milkmaid heifer cowherd cow-shed horse foal gelding stallion mare neigh stable pig grunt sow boar sow-baby cock crow cackle quack drake duckling gander gosling goat kid billy-goat nanny-goat bleat kitten mew tom-cat, he-cat tabby-cat buck-rabbit doe-rabbit {bie} [papi] [kenl] [ba:k] [milkmeid] [het] (kauho:d] (kaused] [foul] [geldin]} [steeljon] [mes] [nei] {steibl] [grant] [sau] [bo:] [saubeibi] [kok] {[krou] [keekl] [kwek] [dreik] [daklin} [geenda] [gozlin] [gout] [neeni gout} [bli:t] kin] {mju:] [teebikot] [bukrebit} {dourebit] Towns and Villages pes fena Sténé psi bouda Stékat dojit kravu dojitka jalovice oSetfovatel krav kravin kas hiibs valach hiebec klisna fehtat staj prase chrochtat prasnice kanec sele kohout kokrhat kdakat, kdékén{ kvékat, kvikéni kaéer kachitatko houser house koza, kozel kiizle kozel koza metet, betet koté mitoukat, kijourat kocour mourek samec kralik samice krdlika ~ 126 ~rabbit-hutch donkey pigeon dove little pigeon cattle-shed pigsty straw hay home pets budgie parrot turtle hamster [reebit hag] [donk] [pidzon) [dav] [pigstai] [stro:] {hei} {(badzi] {parot] [to:tl] [hemsto] Towns and Villages krélikarna osel holub holubice holoub& chléy praseéi chlivek, vepiin slama seno doméci zviFitka andulka papousek ielva kegek ~ 1287 ~Red-Letter Days Red-Letter Days During the four seasons of the year there are some occasions or anniversaries we com- memorate every year. Starting from the very beginning, we celebrate the very first day of the year, New Year's Day. It is the first of January and many people want to start the New Year with new and better plans and resolutions. On the 14" of February, St Valentine’s Day is celebrated especially in English-speaking countries. People send cards to dear friends, lovers etc. to please them. Valentine cards usually have red hearts on and carry the message “Be my Valentine!” On this day people give presents to their lovers. Valentine gifts are usually things like boxes of chocolates, bunches of flowers, especially red roses, or anything else which is useless, but romantic. In some parts of England cl iren may receive small presents from their parents which are left on the doorstep. On the 28" of March, the birthday of our greatest teacher, Jan Amos Komensky, is ‘Teacher's Day in the Czech Republic. At the end of March or at the beginning of April (it depends on the date of full-moon in spring) we have Easter. The names of the holidays are Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday. On Easter Monday boys beat girls with small whips made of willow (or Easter twigs) and get colourful Easter eggs. In Great Britain they eat hot cross buns on Good Friday and children must look for presents hidden in the garden or elsewhere. The first day in April is called All Fool’s Day_and on that day everybody is allowed to play tricks on others. The 1* of May, called May Day, is celebrated as the festival of working people. A few days later we commemorate the events of May 1945 — the Prague Uprising on the 5“ and the Liberation of our state on the 8". 1 of June is an international festival of children, Many attractions, entertainments, games, cultural programmes and fun are organised for children on that day. In July and August it is the best time for children in this country, for they have their summer holidays. The school year is over on the fast day of June and children and students have two months free for recreation, recovering, sports, hobbies and swimming, but also for paid work in factories or in agriculture, ~ 128 ~Red-Letter Days The 4" of July is the greatest holiday in the USA. They celebrate their independence, declared in 1776. People often dress up in the national colours (red, white and blue). There are many parties and concerts, and large firework displays in the evening, On the 1" of September the school year starts again. In October we have a great celebration on the 28". On that day in 1918 our republic was founded under the leadership of the first president, Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. People in-Great Britain have their Lord Mayor of London's Show on the 9 of October, and in America and Canada they have Hallowe'en (All Hallows’ Eve) on the 31%. People often have parties on that day and children or young people sometimes dress up as ghosts or witches. There are several traditional Hallowe’en foods such as apples, pumpkin, baked potatoes and treacle toffee. The pumpkins are also used as ghostly masks-usually-with-a-candie inside, And then comes the 1" of November celebrated as All Saints’ Day all over the world, { and on the 2™ of that month we commemorate our dead relatives and friends (All Souls On the 5" of November, on Guy Fawkes Day, people in Great Britain celebrate with buming fires the anniversary of the ‘Gun Powder Plot.) This festival commemorates the failed attempt by a group of Catholic revolutionaries in the seventeenth century to blow up the Houses of Parliament. They had hidden a large number of barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament and a man called Guy Fawkes was given the job of setting light to them. Fortunately, he was caught by the guards and he and his fellow conspirators were executed. Since then November 5" has been celebrated every year with large bonfires and fireworks all over the country The 17" of November, celebrated as Intemational Students’ Day, started a new era in our history, in 1989. During the so-called “Velvet Revolution” té-people-of our federal re- Publics regained thei freedom and democracy.,Since then we have-been struggling for a new Position in Europe and in the world, In the USA, every fourth Thursday in November has been celebrated as Thanksgiving Day since 1621. First it was celebrated as thanksgiving for the survival of the first immigrants from Britain who had come to Plymouth in a ship called The Mayflower looking-for-a-new and more peacefull home than in their mother country in the reign of King James I, People traditionally eat turkey. In December Christmas is celebrated in many countries of the world even if the celebra- tion is not the same everywhere, In this country, as well as in others, Christmas is especially popular with children, We have a festive dinner on Christmas Eve and then children and adults, too, are given Christmas presents arranged under the decorated Christmas tree. ~129~Red-Letter Days Christmas is the most important festival in the USA and England (although not in Scot- land). It has lost much of its religious significance and has become a commercial festival, al- though many people still go to midnight mass on the evening of 24”. The Christmas tree is often put up and decorated with tinsel and glass balls several days before Christmas and it stays up until Twelfth Night (the 5* of January). People usually open their presents on the morning of the 25* (Christmas Day) unlike the other countries in Europe where presents are opened on the evening of the 24" (Christmas Eve). On Christmas Day people usually eat a special meal of roast turkey or goose with stuffing, roast potatoes and vegetables, followed by Christmas pudding, a very dark, heavy fruit pudding which is prepared several weeks in ad- vance. It is eaten hot with whipped cream or brandy butter. Other traditional Christmas food includes mince pies, which are little pies filled with a kind of jam made from dried fruit and spices, and Christmas cake, a rich fruit cake with marzipan and icing on top. Some people like to go out carol singing with a group of friends. They walk around from door to door singing Christmas carols and collecting money for charity. On Boxing Day, the 26* of December (St. Stephen's Day in our country), the people in Britain used to give boxes with presents to servants and tradesmen. Though this tradition has died out now, it is still customary to give a Christmas "box” (usually money) to people who deliver to your house such as milkmen, postmen or dust men. ‘New Year's Eve, the last day of the year, is usually greatly celebrated and there is mostly plenty of fun on that day. This festival is biggest in Scotland, where it is more impor- tant than Christmas. The Scots call it "Hogmanay”. At midnight they sing "Auld Lang Syne™, Everyone must stand in a circle, cross their arms and link hands with the people on either side while singing. Afterwards they shake hands with everyone and wish them "Happy New Year”, Vocabulary anniversary [ani ve:sori] vyroti commemorate [ke’memereit] slavit, pripominat (si) resolution [reza‘lusSen] odhodlint please [plizz] potdsit, vyhovét message [mesidz] poselstvi, zpriva “ Old long since (Jak dvnoji2) by Robert Burns (+1759 - 1796, Scottish national lyric poet). In Czech itis ‘known as "Valétk na rozlougenou” and it is sung with three-to-bar rhythm, bu the original version is swinging ‘worto-bar and a bit slower. ~ 130 ~ sacaaalyRed-Letter Days hot cross bun jidadek All Foo!’s Day April play tricks on sb. délat si blézny z... uprising povstént liberation osvobozeni recovering zotavent firework ohitostroj display ukézka, vystava, pfedvedeni leadership vedeni mayor [mea] starosta pumpkin, [pampkin] _tykev treacle [trick] sirup, sladka Sava toffee [tofi] mislovy bonbén, milééné karamelka, tofé Alll Saint's Day den VSech svatych gunpowder stfelny prach plot spiknuti failed attempt nezdafeny pokus set light zapélit, odpalit conspirator {kon’spireita] spiklenec bonfire {bonfais] _taborék struggle [stragl] bojovat ‘Thanksgiving Day Den diktivzdéni midnight mass pilnotni mie tinsel {tinsol] cetka, pozlétko stuffing {stafi] nédivka mince [mins] rozsekat, rozkrdjet pie (pail petivo s népini icing [asi] poleva marzipan {ma:zi‘pen] marcipan =131-The World of Today The World of Today The world has changed very much. Civilisation has brought progress, but also problems, unhealthy way of living, stress etc. People of all times have tried to make their work easier and to learn more and more about nature, the universe etc. A great step in civilisation was made in the 18" century by excellent scientists and inventors. People learnt how to use and rule nature, but unfortunately they did not often control their activity. The result of that is today's serious state of the human environment especially of the air which causes ecological disasters and disappearing of some kinds of animals and plants. Another problem that civilisation has brought is the unhealthy and immoral way of life. Lack of physical exercises, stress, bad food caused the increasing number of civilisation diseases e.g. diabetes, heart troubles, heart attacks, AIDS etc. That is why so many people try to find the natural life of the former generations and to change their habits. We should try to take more physical exercises and sports and eat reasonably. We should eat a lot of fruit and vegetables, In our country there is the Brontosaurus movement, it is an organisation mostly of young people who take part in voluntary work to improve the environment, to clean forests, water and to keep national reservations in good order. In spite of abundance on one hand, there are still some 800 million people in the world living in a state of absolute poverty, about 1,100 million people are poor. Many people are undernourished, badly housed, without adequate access to drinking water. About 814 million adults are illiterate, 123 million children of school age do not attend school. The level of today’s science is very high and scientists believe that man is able to in- crease the supply of food. A better care of the soil can help to produce more corn and other crops. By the use of new breeding methods farmers can raise the production of milk, meat, eggs... We can also get some food from the sea. It is also important to take better care of the food already produced by preventing damage during storage and transport. Another feature which accompanied civilisation was the war. Wars have changed their character since the medieval age. In the first half of this century many nations suffered from the two world wars. We must realise that modem nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are of such destructive potential that their use in another war would result in the complete destruction of mankind (or life, or the whole planet). People are starting to realise this danger and trying to avoid it. A great step towards peace and safety in the world was taken by the ~ 132 ~The World of Today signing of a treaty between the USA and the USSR in 1987. It should guarantee the removal of all medium and shorter range nuclear missiles from Europe. We still remember the tyranny of Saddam Husain against the people of Kuwait. There have been tensions and killing in the former Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia disintegrated into the Czech and Slovak Republics. Advantages and disadvantages of life in a big city, a smaller town and a village In big cities cinemas, theatres, museums and galleries are in easy reach and offer rich cultural life. There are many schools of all types, that is why there is no need to travel to an- other town. Balls and other social occasions are held there. People can’t keep animals there, only home pets. There is polluted air, noise, busy traffic, the streets and shops are over- crowded. Local transport is overcrowded too, e.g. buses, trams, trolley-buses and it is often a long way to work or school. In smaller towns there are fewer possibilities for cultural life, there is often no theatre or concert hall and the schools are limited. But there is less pollution, less traffic, quiet life, na- ture is in easy reach and there aren’t so many people. In villages there is very little cultural life, there are few shops and schools — sometimes not even a basic school. But there is quiet life, relatively clean air, nature is in easy reach — people can swim in the ponds or rivers, they can go mushrooming, keep animals, work in their gardens where they can grow vegetables and fruit. Young people can go in for sports in nature. But this way of life could be even dull, Vocabulary universe [ju;nive:s] _vesmir step krok inventor [invente] _vyndlezce rule {ru:l] ovlédat disaster [di’za:sto] —_katastrofa disappear [diso’pie]_—zmizet lack [leek] nedostatek habit (heebit] zvyk abundance —_[a’bandans] _hojnost Poverty [povati] chudoba undernourished [‘ando‘nari8t]_podvyziveny adequate [edikvot]___ptimé¥eny, postatujfei ~ 133 ~access illiterate prevent damage store feature accompany medieval suffer destructive ‘mankind safety signa treaty guarantee removal missile disintegrate dull {okses] [i'litarot] [pri’vent] [domid2] [sto:] [fio] {o’kamponi] [medi‘i:vol] [safa] [di’straktiv] [mankaind] [seifti] [sain 0 tristi] [goran’ {ro’mu:vl] [misail] [dis’intigreit] [dal] The World of Today piistup negramotny, nevzdélany zabrinit poskodit, poskozeni uskladnit trys doprovazet stiedovéky pat pustosivg, destruktivni lidstvo bezpetnost podepsat smlouvu zarvéit, zéruka odstranéni, sesazeni stfela, raketa rozdélit nudny ~138~