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Chapter 2 Biological Energy Systems The are 3 basic energy systems : 1. Phosphagen 2. Glycolysis 3.

Oxidative Essential terminology : Bioenergetics conversion of macronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats) into usable forms of energy Energy ability to perform work Catabolism breakdown of large molecules in smaller molecules (ex. Protein to Amino Acids) Anabolism formation on large molecules from smaller molecules (ex. Amino acids - proteins) Exergonic reactions reactions that require energy Endorgonic reactions reaction that produce energy ATP (adenosine triphospate) a high energy molecule, it releases high amount of energy . It allows the transfers of energy from exergonic reactions to endorgonic reactions. Its made from adenosine and 3 phosphate groups. Adenosine is made from adenine (nitrogen base) and ribose (carbon star). The breakdown of one molecule of phosphate result in the release of energy. The breakdown of one molecule of phosphate is called hydrolysis, because it requires one molecule of water. The hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by the presence of an enzyme called ATPase. ATP + H2O ATPase ADP + P +H + Energy

Further hydrolysis of ATP result in AMP (ADENOSINE MONOPHOSFATE) and biological work. ANAEROBIC requires the presence of oxygen AEROBIC does not require the presence of oxygen The phosphahen system an the first phase of glycolysis in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell. The Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative System takes places in the mitochondria and requires the presence of 02. Of the three macronutrients carbs, proteins and fats only, carbs can the metalozised without the presence of oxygen. Therefore carbs are critical for anaerobic metabolism. The phosphagen system Provides ATP for short term, high intensity activities (sprinting, power exer.) and is active at the start of all activities regardless of the intensity. This energy system relies on the breakdown of ATP and the

breakdown of another high energy molecule called phosphocreantine. Creatine kinase is the molecule that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP ADP + CP Creatine kinase ATP + CREATINE

CP supplies a phosphate group that combines with ADP to form ATP. Cp stores are small and the phosphagen system cannot be the prime supplier for continuous, long duration activities. ATP and CP stores ATP is stored at a level of aprox. 80 -100 gr. In the body at any given time. This level can drop down to 50-60% at its lowest, no more the that because the rest is needed for basic cellular functions. The amount of ATP stored in the body is no a large amount. CP stores are up to 4-6 times higher that ATP (which is still a low value). ADP + CP + creatine kinase reaction is used to rapidly resupply the muscle with energy. Type 2 muscle fibers have higher levels of CP and that Type 1. Individuals with a higher percentage of Type 2 muscle fibers may be able to replenish ATP through the phosphagen system more quicker the individual with a higher percentage of Type 1 muscle fibers. Fatigue during exercises seams to be related to a decrease in phosphagen. Phosphagen reserves are depleted more rapidly during high intensity exercises than during low intensity exercises. CP levels can decrease by 50-70% after a high intensity bout of exercises and can be completely depleted after very intense exercise. Post exercise repletion can occur in a relatively short period of time. Complete ATP recovery can occur in aprox. 3-5 min., while complete CP repletion can occur within 8 min. Total CP content of a muscle can be enlarger after a sprint and high intensity short term R.T sessions. Glycolysis the breakdown of carbs into either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose in the blood, to form ATP. ATP resynthesize during glycolysis is not as fast as during phosphagen system , however the capacity is much higher due to a large supply of glycogen and glucose that CP. Pyruvate is the end result of glycolysis and is processed in 2 ways : 1. Pyruvate can be converted to lactate (ATP resynthesize takes place more rapidly shorter timealso known as fast glycolysis or anaerobic glycolysis) 2. Pyruvate can the shuttled into the mitochondria (ATP resynthesize takes place more slowlylonger time, also known as slow glycolysis or aerobic glycolysis ) Pyruvate is ultimately controlled by the energy demand of the exercise. If the is a rapid demand of energy the anaerobic glycolysis will be the primary energy source if the energy demand is at a slower rate then the prime energy source will come from aerobic glycolysis. Anaerobic glycolysis during this process pyruvate will be converted to lactate. The end result of this reaction will be the formation of anion lactate plus hydrogen. Sometimes, mistakenly the end result of this reaction is said to be acid lactic, but because of the drop in Ph (near 7), lactic acid molecule cannot exist. Although fatigue is often associated with high levels of lactate, lactate is not the cause of fatigue, Hydrogen accumulation as a result of lactate formation reduces intracellular ph, inhibits glycolysis

reactions, interferes with muscle excitation-contraction coupling. The process that of decrease in ph is called metabolic acidosis, and is the cause for fatigue that occurs during exercises. Recent evidence have showed that lactate actually fight metabolic acidosis and is used as a energy source for the formation on ATP by type 1 muscle fibers, form noncarbohydrate sources. An increase in H accumulation can be caused by the simple hydrolysis of ATP. The are a small concentration of lactate in the blood stream and the normal range is around 0.5 2.2 mmol/L. Complete fatigue appears around the levels of 20-25mmol/L. Production of lactate is dependent on muscle fiber type, type 2 muscle fibers produce more lactate that type 1 muscle fibers. Blood lactate production reflects lactate production but it can also reflect the athletes clearance rate (ability to recover). Lactate can be oxidized in the muscle that has produced it, or it can be transported to the liver to be converted to glucose(a process known as the Cori cycle). Lactate levels returns to normal levels with 1h after production and light activity has been found to increase lactate clearance rates. The net reaction from glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate may by summarized as fallowed : Glucose + 2P + 2ADP 2Lactate + 2ATP + H2O

Lactate Threshold and the Onset of Blood Lactate There are specific breaking points in the lactate accumulation curve. The exercises intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate beyond normal resting values is called LACTATE THRESHOLD (anaerobic energy production) Typically it begins at around 70-80% of VO2MAX in trained individual and around 50-60% in untrained individuals. The second breaking point in the lactate accumulation curve is called Onset of Blood Lactate (OBLA) and occurs at concentrations of 4mmol/L of lactate. These breaking points correspond to the points at which high threshold motor units are recruited. Muscles recruited during these intensities are type 2 muscle fibers. Training at these intensities also result in an increase capacity of the body to tolerate lactate and lactate production actually occurs at a higher level of intensity, which actually result in an increase in VO2MAX, a result of increased mitochondrial density associated with higher levels of blood lactate tolerance. Aerobic Glycolysis If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities in the mitochondria (specialized organelles that produce aerobic energy), the pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA (conezyme). Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle for further resynthesize of ATP. Also transported to the mitochondria are tow reduced molecule of nicotinamede adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Reduced means adding Hydrogen The net reaction for aerobic glycolysis is Glucose + 2P + 2ADP + 2NAD 2Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H20

Energy yield from glycolysis : 1. Substrate level phosphorylation resinthesys of ATP directly from ADP. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation resynthesis of ATP in the eletron transport chain Phosphorylation - is the process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule. The gross number of ATP that result from substrate level phosphorylation is 4. But for this reaction to occur in the first place it requires the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. There are 2 possible sources of glucose glucose inside the blood stream, and muscle glycogen. When blood glucose enters the muscle cell it muscle be phosphorylated to remain the muscle cell which requires the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. If muscle glycogen is used, the it has already phosphorylated so the is no need to breakdown another molecule of ATP. If blood glucose is used to form ATP through substrate level phosphorylation the gross result will be 4 ATP, because the process consumed 2 ATP the net result will be 2 ATP. When muscle glycogen is used then the gross ATP resulted will be 4, but this process required only one molecule of ATP, so the net gain is 3 ATP. Control of Glycolysis Glycolysis is stimulated during intense muscle actions by high concentrations of ADP, P , ammonia, and by slight decreases of pH and AMP . Glycolysis is inhibited by lower pH, ATP, CP, citrate and fatty acids. Aprox. 300-400gr. Of glycogen is stored in the muscles and about 70-100gr in the liver. These concentrations can be influenced by training and dietary manipulation. Both anaerobic training, R.T. and aerobic training (smaller proportions) can increase resting concentrations of glycogen. The rate of glycogen depletion is related to the exercises intensity . Muscle glycogen stores is a more important energy source that liver glycogen during moderate and high intensity exercises. At intensities of exercises above 60% of VO2max, muscle glycogen becomes the primary energy source and limiting factor. At relatively low constant exercises intensity below 50% of VO2max, glucose levels remain constant, but as the duration of the exercises increases beyond 90 min. blood glucose concentration decrease. Also intensities over 50% of Vo2max and relatively long duration blood glucose also decrease. Exhaustion is cause by a decrease in blood glucose levels under 2.5mmol/l of blood. Repletion of muscle glycogen is dependent upon post exercises carbohydrates ingestion. Replation appears to be optimal if 0.7 to 3.0 gr/kg of carbs are ingested every 2h for the first 6h. Muscle glycogen may be completely replenished within 24h if sufficient carbs are ingested. The oxidative system is the primary source of ATP during low intensity activities and at rest. Uses primarily carbohydrates and fats, proteins are not normally used for ATP synthesis except during long bouts of exercises over 90min. and after long starvation. At rest, aprox. 70% of ATP is produced from fats and 30% from carbs. If the exercises intensity increases there is a shift from fats to carbs.

Glucose and Glycogen oxidation if oxygen is present in sufficient quantities then pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria where it undergoes the Krebs cycle (a series of reactions that produces ATP). During the Krebs cycle 2 ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose, and also produced 6 molecules NADH and 2 molecule reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH). These molecule are transported to the ETC (electron transport chain ) where the hydrogen atoms are used to reproduce ATP from ADP. One molecule of NADH can produce 3 ATP and one molecule of FADH can produce 2 ATP. Depending on the molecules that is used in the ETC the number of ATP produced can vary. If the ETC starts with one molecule of muscle glycogen the result is 39 ATP, and if the process starts with one molecule of blood glucose the result will be 38 ATP. FAT AXIDATION triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids, which are transported to the mitochondria to undergo beta oxidation , a series of reaction in which the end result will be the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons, which will be used by the ETC to produce ATP in large quantities. ATP is produce at a much slower rate during beta oxidation but the number of ATP that is produced is much larger then any energy system. 1 Fatty acid will result in the production of 147 ATP. 147 ATP X 3 fatty acids from one triglyceride will result in 441 ATP with the breakdown of one molecule triglyceride. Protein oxidation proteins are not usually used as a energy source. Proteins are broke down into amino acids which are either converted to glucose, pyruvate or various Krebs cycle enzymes and used to form ATP. The utilization of amino acids to form ATP is minimal 3% during high intensity activities and 18% during prolonged low intensities activities. The major amino acids used to replenish ATP are the branch chained amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) To simplify things the phosphagen system is used primarily for short term supplies of ATP, high intensity activities with high power and short duration (ex.100m), the glycolytic system for moderate to short-duration of high intensity activities (ex. 400m) and the oxidative system is used for low intensity long duration activities (ex. Marathon) At no time there is a single energy system that provides all of the energy neither at rest or during activity. The degree to which a particular energy system is used to primarily reproduce ATP is dependent at first by the exercise intensity and secondarily by the exercise duration. Most sports require a high intensity bout of power interested with short rest periods. In these sports the required exercises intensity (power) must be meet during each exercise bout is much greater then the max aerobic power . Increasing aerobic power while simultaneously compromising anaerobic power training will be of little advantage for these athletes.

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