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Mechanics: the science which seeks an explanation for the motion of bodies based upon models grounded in well defined axioms. Static: the force analysis on a fixed body. Kinematics: a description of the motion of a body. Dynamics: the study of a bodys motion and its causing forces.
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What is a Fluid?
A matter phase that cannot withstand any tendency for applied forces to deform it in such a way that volume is left unchanged. A substance that deforms continuously when subject to a shear stress of any magnitude.
Simply: Gases and liquids are fluids.
Fluid mechanics: the science that concern with the behavior of fluids (liquids or gases) at rest or in motion. Classification of fluid mechanics:
o Hydrodynamics: flow of liquids. o Gas dynamics: flow of gases. o Aerodynamics: flow of air.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece; Archimedes' Principle.
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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous; each term in the equation must have the same dimension, e.g. V=Vo+at.
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Fluid as a continuum
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase. Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a continuum. In this course we will limit our consideration to substances that can be modeled as a continuum.
FLUID PROPERTIES
Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
Specific gravity: The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature. For liquids, water at 4oC r =1000kg/m3. For gases, air r =1.205kg/m3.
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Temperature: A measure of the internal energy level of a fluid. Celsius scale: SI unit systems temperature scale. Kelvin scale: A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of any substance.
The reference point in the Kelvin scale was changed from the ice point, 273.15 K, to a much more precisely reproducible point, the triple point, 273.16 K.
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area; the compression stress at a point in a static fluid.
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
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State equation: : Any equation that relates the thermodynamic properties of a substance to each other. e.g. ideal gas law: , .
Specific heat: The energy required to raise a unit mass of a substance one degree. For gasses, it is cp if the process occur at constant pressure, or cv if the process occur at constant volume.
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. =
For gases, the relation between pressure and density is Bulk modulus of elasticity:
As a consequence of compressibility, disturbances in the fluid propagate at a finite velocity. Speed of sound: The rate of propagation of a sound wave through a fluid; (i.e. acoustic velocity).
.
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Viscosity: The property which determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing force due to the interaction between fluid molecules. It describes the fluidity of the fluid, i.e. how easily it flows.
. .
, and
where
No slip condition: The velocity of fluid is zero at the stationary boundary. The magnitude of depends on: The cohesive force between molecules (dominant for liquid). The momentum interchange between colliding molecules (dominant for gases).
As the temperature increase, the viscosity of a gas increases and viscosity of a liquid decreases. For liquids, Andrade Eq.:
.
. .
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Velocity Distribution: Since depends on the velocity distribution, is the key for fluid dynamics finding problems.
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Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluid Fluids are classified based on the relation between the applied shear stress and the deformation rate.
Vapor pressure ( Pv ) : The pressure at which a liquid boils and is in equilibrium with its own vapor. If P drops below Pv, liquid is locally vaporized, creating cavities of vapor and bubbles. Collapse of cavities is a violent process which can damage machinery, CAVITATION.
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Surface Tension ( ): the magnitude of tension exerted by liquid surface on a unit area of the objects that are in contact with the surface. Liquid molecules near the surfaces have a greater attraction (stronger intermolecular forces) to each other. The balance between intermolecular cohesive forces and the fluid-solid adhesion forces. The curved free surface in the tube is call the meniscus. Water meniscus curves up ( 0 ); Mercury meniscus curves down up ( 130 ).
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