Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1*25=25 Marks.
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
5. The ______________ which concerns with the question of how many items
are to be observed and how the information and data gathered are to be
analysed.
6. The ______________ which deals with the techniques by which the procedures
specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried
out.
7. Which research are those studies concerned with describing the characteristics
of a particular individual, or of a group.
a. Exploratory, b. Diagnostic, c. Descriptive, d. Experimental.
10. Exploratory research studies are also termed as ______ research studies.
a. Formulative, b. Bibliographical, c. Flexibility, d. Practical.
11. The Principle of Local Control is another important principle of ______ design.
a. Research, b. Diagnostic, c. Exploratory, d. Experimental.
12. Which involves only the principle of replication and the principle of
randomization of experimental design ?
a. R.B. design, b. L.S. design, c. C.R. design, d. After–only with control design.
TRUE OR FALSE:
14. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to
be confounded by an extraneous variable.
15. Experience survey means the survey of people who have had practical
experience with the problem to be studied.
ANSWERS:
Features:
1) It is plan that specify the sources and type of information relevant to the
research problem
2) It is a strategy specifying which approach will be used for gathering and
analyzing the data
3) Also includes the time and cost budgets since most studies are done
under these 2 constraints
Marital problem
Dependent variable:
Increase (Financial constraint considered)
Independent variable:
Decrease (Financial constraint not considered)
2) Research problem:
Based on Education
Dependent:
Personal knowledge
Commitment
Faculty
Resources
Stationery
Independent variable:
Friends
Food
Director
Parents
Environment
Research hyphothesis:
A research hypothesis is one that links an independent variable to a
dependant variable. It should generally contain one dependant and one
independent variable
Experimental design:
Three types:
a) Principle of replication
The experiment should be repeated more than once. By doing this the
statistical accuracy of the experiment is increased
For example: suppose we have to examine the effect of two varieties of life, for
this purpose – we may divide the field into 2 parts and grow one variety in one
part and other variety in other parts
We can compare the yield of the two parts and draw conclusion on that basis.
But if we have to apply the principle of replication to this experiment to this
experiment that we first divide the field into several parts grows one variety in
half of this part and the other variety in the remaining part. We can then collect
the data of yield on two varieties and draw conclusion on comparing the
same.
b) Principles of randomization
a. It indicates that we should design are plant experiment in such a
way that the variations caused by extraneous factors can all be
combined under the general heading of chance.
b. For example: one variety of rice, say in the first half of the parts of
the field and the other variety is grown in the other half, then it is
just possible that the soil fertility may be different in the first half
in comparison to the other half.
c. In this situation, we may apply randomization principle against
the effect of extraneous factors (soil fertility differences)
c) Principles of local control
a. The extraneous factor, known factor of variable is made
deliberately over as wider range as necessary. And this need to
be done in such a way that the variability it causes can be
measured and hence eliminated from the experimental error.
b. For example: we divide the field in to several homogenous parts
known as blocks. Then, each such block is divided into parts
equal to the number of treatments.
c. Then the experiments are conducted on these parts of blocks
d. It can eliminate the variability due to extraneous factors from the
experimental error.
Type1: Before and after without control design or One group pretest & post
test design:
In such a design, a single test group or area is selected and dependent
variable is measured before the introduction of the treatment.
The treatment is then used and the dependent variable is measured again after
the treatment has been used.
The effect of the treatment would be equal to the level of the phenomenon
after the treatment minus the level of the phenomenon before the treatment.
Test Area:
Formal:
Type 1:
The principals of replication and randomization are used. The essential
characteristics of design the subjects are randomly assigned to experimental
treatments, here one way ANOVA is used to analyze such a design. Even un –
equal replications can also work in the design. It provides maximum number
of degrees of freedom to error.
Two groups simple randomized design: the population is first defined and
from the population a sample is selected randomly. So this selected sample at
random is assigned to the experimental or the control groups.
The main feature of the randomized block design is that, in this each treatment
appears the same no of times in each block. The block can be analyzed by the
2way ANOVA.
It can be used, when the researcher fells that there is one major extraneous
variable that will experimental research.
Limitations:
Using this design 2 effects can be defined, he main effect and the interaction
The main effect refers to the average effect of the particular treatment on the
dependent variable regardless of extraneous variable. The interaction effect
refers to the
Latin square design: