Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Home Assignment
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Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration Wilsons vision of Public Administration
Introduction:
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Evolution of the discipline and its present status; New Public Administration Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management. Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation , Globalisation Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Webers bureaucratic model its critique and post-Weberian Developments Classical Theory, Dynamic Administration (Mary
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Parker Follett);
Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard) Simons decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor) Process and techniques of decisionmaking Communication Morale; Motivation Theories content, process and contemporary Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern Theories systems, contingency Ministries and Departments, Boards and Commissions Corporations, Companies, Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration Citizen and Administration;
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Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations ; Civil society Citizens Charters; Right to Information; Social audit Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law Delegated legislation Administrative Tribunals Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration Riggsian models and their critique Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; Anti-development thesis Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help group movement-1 October
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Development Dynamics
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Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion Pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations Grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics Models of policy-making and their critique Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations State theories and public policy formulation Organisation and methods Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms; ;
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Public Policy
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Financial Administration
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PAPER II
Kautilyas Arthashastra Mughal administration Legacy of British rule in politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration, local selfgovernment Salient features and value premises Constitutionalism; Political culture Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings Problems of autonomy, accountability and control Impact of liberalization and privatization Executive (Part - 1) Executive (Part - 2)
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Judiciary - structure Parliament, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental relations Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Ministers Office; Central Secretariat Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; Indicative planning Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates
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Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacitybuilding Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Political rights Staff associations; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions Reforms in financial management and human resource development;
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Civil Services
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Financial Management
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Problems of implementation
Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies Decentralization and Panchayati Raj;73rd Constitutional amendment Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration;
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Disaster management
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 4
Women and Empowerment Shanta Kohli Chandra Prime Ministers Office - We Cannot and Need Not do Without IT B.G. Deshmukh
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Chapter 5
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Role and Functioning of Election Commission of India M.S. Gill Central Vigilance Commission: A Profile P.K. Gopinath Galloping Corruption: Need for Effective Vigilance U.C. Agarwal
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 9
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Role of Comptroller and Auditor General in Click Here for India V.K. Shunglu Material Public Sector in Independent India Suresh Kumar Recent Initiatives for Administrative Reform in India P.S.A. Sundaram Reservation Policy in India: Theory and Practice S.R. Maheshwari
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Chapter 11
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Chapter 12
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Chapter 13
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Welfare Administration in India: A Critical Click Here for Evaluation R.K. Barik Material Administration of Urban Development M.N. Buch Natural Disaster Management in India Vinod K. Sharma
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Chapter 15
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Chapter 16
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Sociological Theory and Concepts in Public Click Here for Administration A.P. Barnadas Material Managing Natural Resources for disaster Reduction A.K. Kaushik and Rituraj
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Chapter 18
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Criminalisation of Polities beyond Vohra Committee P.R. Dubhashi Police ReformNew Imperatives T. Ananthachari Sustainable Development: Imperatives of Public Administration R. Rajamani Ethics in Public AdministrationMaladies and Remedies Bata K. Dey Right to Information Regime in India: A Critical Appraisal Sapna Chadah
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Chapter 20
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Chapter 21
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Chapter 22
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Chapter 23
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Public Services in India: Achievements and Click Here for Disappointments Material U.C. Agarwal Restructuring of Municipal Services in India Awadesh Kumar Singh Critique of Governance from the Grassroots Perspective P. Raghu Ram Efficiency in Administration: Measures Required to Enhance Efficiency in Administration R.D. Sharma
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Chapter 25
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Chapter 26
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Chapter 27
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Role of Information Technology and EGovernance in Effective Delivery of Public Click Here for ServiceInitiatives, Challenges and Material Prospects Inderjeet Singh Sodhi Globalisation Governance and the State Furoquan Ahmad and Akhtar Ali Public Private Partnership in India (Policy, Strategies and Operationalisation Issues) T.N. Dhar
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Chapter 29
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Chapter 30
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Chapter 31
Social Mobilisation for Empowering Rural Poor Through SHGs: A Study in Assam by T. Medhavati Devi and N. Upadhay Gender Budgeting to Gender Mainstreaming by Shalini Rajneesh
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Chapter 32
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Chapter 33
Value based Capacity Building Through E- Click Here for Administration by Sangeeta Sharma Material The Working of Panchayati Raj: An Analysis by S.A. Palekar Peoples Empowerment by Arvind K. Sharma
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Chapter 34
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Chapter 35
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Chapter 36
Citizens CharterAn Instrument of Public Click Here for Accountability: Problems and Prospects in Material India by R.B. Jain Law and Order: A Precondition for Good Governance by O.P. Tandon Indian Judiciary and Challenges of 21st Century by A.S. Anand The Challenges of Globalisation for Civil Servants by P.R. Ramaswamy Zero Base Budgeting: Re-Emphasised in IndiaA Case of Research and Development Organisation by Nand Dhameja Role of All-India Services in Centre-State Relation by U.C. Agarwal Opening Government for Public Scrutiny: A Critique of Recent Efforts to Make Governance in India more Transparent and Accountable by R.B. Jain
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Chapter 37
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Chapter 38
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Chapter 39
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Chapter 40
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Chapter 41
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Chapter 42
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Chapter 43
Indian Federalism at Work: Role of Governor by Sudhanshu Tripathi Public Services in India: Issues of Neutrality vs. Commitment by Ahmad Shamshad Indian Party System towards Coalition Governance: Need for Introspection by R.K. Poonia, P.S. Malik and Saroj Malik Privatisation and Public Enterprises in India: Issues of Policy and Implementation by C.V. Raghavulu
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Chapter 44
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Chapter 45
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Chapter 46
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Chapter 47
Police and Good Governance: Promotion of Click Here for Human Rights by Ved Marwah Material Action Plan for an Effective and Responsive Government Corruption and Need to Curb IT by P.D. Malaviya Some Perspectives on Governance for Development by B.G. Deshmukh
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Chapter 49
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Chapter 50
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Chapter 51
Socio-Economic Development in India and Click Here for Five Decades of Planning by Ahmad Material Shamshad Voluntary Associations and Development: The Indian Experience by Bidyut Charkrabarty Peoples Participation in Governance by E. Vayunandan and Dolly Mathew
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Chapter 52
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Chapter 53
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Constitutional Head of State without Click Here for Constitutional SecurityThe Governor and Material his Removal by Priti Saxena Corruption and Need to Curb IT by P.D. Malaviya
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Chapter 55
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Chapter 56
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Chapter 57
Socio-Economic Development in India and Click Here for Five Decades of Planning by Ahmad Material Shamshad Voluntary Associations and Development: The Indian Experience by Bidyut Charkrabarty Peoples Participation in Governance by E. Vayunandan and Dolly Mathew
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Chapter 58
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Constitutional Head of State without Click Here for Constitutional SecurityThe Governor and Material his Removal by Priti Saxena
The term Public Administration has been differently defined by different scholars, which shows the variety of views about the meaning and nature of the subject. According to some, Public Administration is defined as the organisation and management of human and material resources to fulfil the objectives laid down by the government. But in its comprehensive sense government means and includes all of its three branches, i.e., the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Is Public Administration concerned with the work of all these or of only some? Both the views have been held by thinkers. To some of them, Public Administration is concerned with the whole range of governmental activity under all the three branches-Legislature, executive and judiciary; while to others it is concerned with activities of an executive nature wherever they may occur. According to some critics if wider and broader definition of Public Administration is taken it will mean making the scope of the subject unwieldy. Some well known definitions of Public Administration are: Public Administration is that part of the science of Administration which has to do with government and, thus, concerns itself, primarily with the executive branch, where the work of the government is done though there are, obviously, problems also in connection with the legislative and judicial branches. Luther Gullick Public Administration consists of doing the work of government whether it be running of Xray machine in a health laboratory or coining money in the mint. John M. Pfiffner By Public Administration is meant in common usage the activities of the executivebranches of the national, state and local governments. H. Simon Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of state. Waldo Public Administration is concerned with the what and the how of government. The what is the subject-matter, the technical knowledge of a field which enables an administrator to perform his tasks. The how is the techniques of management, the principles according to which cooperative programmes are carried through to success. Each is indispensable, together they form the synthesis called the Public Administration. Dimock Public Administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment of enforcement of public policy. L. D. White Public Administration is a detailed and systematic application of law. Every particular application of law is an act of administration. Woodrow Wilson Public Administration has come to signify primarily to organisation, personnel, practices and procedures essential to effective performance of the civilian function entrusted to the executive branch of government. Morstein Marx
Public Administration comprises all activities of persons or groups in governments of their agencies, whether these organisations are international, regional or local in their scopr, to fulfil the purpose of these governments or agencies. J. S. Hodgson The above definitions of public Administration make it clear that Public Administration is really government in action. It is clear from these definitions that the term Public Administration has been used in two senses wider and narrow. The wider view has been taken by L. D. White, Woodrow Wilson and Pfiffner while narrow view has been taken by Luther Gullick, H. Simon and others. L. D. White and Woodrow Wilson equate the sphere of activity of Public Administration with the implementation of public policy and law. Writers like Pfiffner lay more emphasis on the co-coordinating role of administration. According to him Public Administration consists of getting the work of government done by co-coordinating the efforts of the people so that they can work together to accomplish their set tasks. However, the definition given by F.A. Nigro is a more comprehensive by one and includes, besides the above mentioned aspects, the interaction between Public Administration and political process as well as its association with the community as a whole. Nigro summarized the meaning of Public Administration in these words.
Public Administration:
a. is co-operative group effort in public setting; b. covers all there branches executive, legislative and judicial and their interrelationship c. has an important role in the formulation of public policy and is thus a part of the political process; d. is more important than and also different in significant ways from private administration; e. as a field of study and practice has been much influenced in recent years by the human relations approach; f. is closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in providing services to the community."
1. Integral View
What we come to analyse the nature of administration, we find ourselves confronted with two broad views, which may conveniently be called the integral and the managerial views. According to integral view, Public Administration is a sum-total of all the activities undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfilment of public policy. These activities include not only managerial and technical but also manual and clerical. Thus, the activities of all persons working in an organisation from top to bottom constitute administration although they are of varying significance to the running of administrative machinery. It means that from a peon to the top level Seceratary, all employees are parts of administration. Henry Fayol and L.D. White seem to share the integral view of administration. According to Henry Fayol, "Every employee in an undertaking workman, shopmanager, head of division, head of department, manager and if it is a stake enterprise, the series extends to the minister or head of the statetakes a larger of smaller share in the work of administration." While sharing this view L.D. White says that Public Administration "consists of all those operatioins having for their purpose the fulfilment or enforcement of public policy."
2. Managerial View
Herbert Simon, Smithburg and Thompson and Luther Gullick on the other hand subscribe to the managerial view of Public Administration. The managerial view postulates and use of men and materials in the pursuit of common objectives. It, thus, does not include all the activities of an organisation into its include all the activities of an organisation into its ambit but takes out only those activities for its study which involve the techniques of management and are, therefore, common to all sorts of organisations. Administration is the specialized vocation of mangers (executives) who have skills of organizing and directing men and materials just as definitely as an engineer has the skills of building structures of a doctor has the skills of understanding human ailments. As Ordway Tead puts its, Administration is conceived as the necessary activates of individuals (executives) in an organisation who are charged with ordering, forwarding and facilitating the associated efforts of a group of individuals brought together to realise certain defined purposes. Luther Gullick is of the view that administration is to the identified with managerial techniques, he sums up those techniques in the word POSDCORB each letter of which describes one techniques namely Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting.
it denotes the operations of the administrative branch only. According to broader point of view, Public Administration is cnceiveed in a comprehensive sense to include all the activities of the government whether failing in the shphere of the legislative, executive or judicial branch of government.
4. POSDCORB View
Luther Gullick defines these techniques by the letters of teh word: POSDCORB. This word is made up of initials and indicates the following activities. The POSDCORB activities are common to all large-scale organisations. They are the common problems of management, which are found in the different agencies, regardless of the peculiar nature of the work they do. These common activities are performed by Public Administration irrespective of the fact whether it is involved in military or in civil administration or in the administration of central of state government or in the administration of local bodies.
3. The role of Public Administration in Social Change: Books Adams advocated that the chief function of Public Administration should be to facilitate social change, or paradoxical as it may seem, to assure social stability for facilitating social change. 4. Pubic Administration as the key to modern society: According to Charles A. Bread the modern society is a Great Society. It consists of many different groups woven together in a complicated process of production. Every enterprise in the Great Society, as well as the Great Society itself, rests upon administration The state in the Great Society, like the private corporation, also rests upon administration. So whatever may be the future, the science of administration will be an essential instrument of human welfare. 5. Public Administration as a mechanism for promoting culture of the society: Public Administration has a very important place not only as an instrument of government but also as an important mechanism for preserving and promoting the culture of the society. 6. Public Administrationa fourth branch of government: The era of the laissez faire state has come to an end. Instead, a positivistinterventionist welfare state has emerged steadily. This has enhanced the importance and role of Public Administration. 7. Increasing role of Public Administration in policy making: Public Administration plays its role in policy making in various ways. It helps the executive in indentifying major policy areas, preparing major policy proposals, analyzing various alternatives and solution, dividing the major policies into subpolicies, determining programmes of action and suggesting modification in the existing policy on the basis of its experience on the implementation front. 8. Public Administrationas an agency for development: Development is the centre of politics of the so-called third world countries and government play a key role in national development. Public Administration in considered an important mechanism in this development process. Government use its administrative machinery to achieve national development task by formulating, organizing and implementing large-scale action programmes.
Wilsons 1887 article on The Science of Administration, which is regarded as the founding essay for the field, was written at3 a time (in the late ninetieth century) when the field of public administration was established as a profession and an academic study. The crying need was to eliminate corruption, improve efficiency 1880s reformers reacted sharply against abuse at all levels: the city state and national governments. One of the voices of reform was Woodrow Wilson. A lawyer trained at the University of Virginia, Wilson went on to study political economy at johns Hopkins University