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Position Vector
In the multi-dimension, the position of an object can be given by the position vector
r xi y j zk
(3.1)
v vx i v y j vz k a a x i a y j az k
Projectile Motion
The projectile motion is one of the most common type of multi-dimensional motion, for general projectile motion, there is no acceleration in horizon (since we ignore the air resistance), and the vertical acceleration is the gravitational acceleration, hence the equations for general projectile motion become x x0 v0 x t (3.5) v x v0 x (3.6)
y y0 v0 y t 1 2 gt 2
v y v0 y gt
2 v2 y v0 y 2 g ( y y 0 )
And in the projectile motion there are some thing we need to know
acceleration g
ttot
2v0 y g
(3.10)
And since at the maximum height, the velocity will be zero, hence the change of velocity is negative of the initial velocity, thus, the time needed for the object to reach its maximum height is
v0 y g
(3.11)
Since the change of velocity is half of the total trip, the time traveled is also the half of it.
x x0
2 v0 x v0 y g
Where the initial x-velocity and y-velocity can be expressed as v0 x v0 cos v y v sin
0 0
v02 sin 2 x x0 g
We can see that the distance is determined by the angle between the initial velocity and the horizontal, and has the maximum value at 45o
v02 g
(3.12)
x x0 v0 x
Now, substitute it into Eq.(3.7) and setting x0 to be zero, the equation can be reduced to the form
y y0
v0 y v0 x
1 g 2 x 2 v02x
y Ax 2 Bx
Just the equation of open-down parabola.
Circular Motion
Circular motion is another case of multi-dimensional motions, circular motion is the motion that the object moves in a circle, can be classified into two kinds, uniform and non-uniform, in former, the object move with the same speed but the direction will change, in latter, neither the speed nor the direction is constant.
r , as
v,
s v t
And since
v will be
point to the centered of the circle, finally, the acceleration can be given by
v2 (r) r
(3.13)
and the period of one cycle is given by the total path length in one cycle over the speed.
T
(3.14)
Where the direction of the second term is the direction of velocity, hence, the acceleration is given by
a
(3.15)
Relative Motion
A man walk with velocity 1 m/s on a moving train with velocity 20 m/s, what is the velocity of the man relative to the ground? The mans velocity 1 m/s is relative to the train, denoted by vmt ,the velocity of the train is relative to the ground, denoted by vtg , the velocity of the man relative to the ground can be given by vac vab vbc (3.16) hence, the velocity of the man relative to the ground will be 21 m/s.