CONFUSIOBlack'sLawDictionary(8thed.2004),Page908,909 confusio(k<<schwa>>nfyoozheeoh),n.[fr.Latinconfunderetopourtogether] 1.Romanlaw. Aninseparablemixtureofliquidpropertybelongingtodifferentowners. Cf.COMMIXTIO. 2.Romanlaw. Theextinctionofarightordutythatoccurswhentherolesofcreditoranddebtorbecomeunited inoneperson. 3.Scotslaw. Adoctrinewherebyalesserrightisabsorbedintoagreaterrightandisthusextinguished. Forexample,ifadebtoracquiredtherightsofacreditor,thedebtwouldbecomemeaningless. Whentherightsofbothcreditoranddebtorcometobevestedintheoneperson,inthesame legalcapacity,asbysuccession,giftorpurchase,theobligationisextinguished,unlessthe creditorhasaninteresttomaintaintheobligationinbeingortheintentionappearsthatconfusio wasnottooperate.

Obligationsarenotnecessarilyextinguishedconfusionewherethereisa legalrelationship,independentofthepecuniaryintereststhereof,capableofrevivalbya subsequentseparationofinterests,asinthecaseofsuperiorandvassal,anddominantand serienttenementsinrelationtoservitude. 2DavidM.Walker,PrinciplesofScottishPrivateLaw:LawofObligations170(1988). CONFUSIOBONORUM confusiobonorum(k<<schwa>>nfyoozheeohb<<schwa>>nor<<schwa>>m). SeeCONFUSIONOFGOODS. CONFUSION confusion. 1.CONFUSIONOFGOODS. 2.MERGER(9). Confusionistheinterminglingoftwoormorepiecesofpersonalpropertysothattheproperty rightsineachcannolongerbedistinguished.Thereafter,nospecificidentificationorseparation oftheformerlyseparatechattelispossible.Suchaninterminglingoccursmostoftenwith fungiblegoodslikegas,oil,grain,mineralore,orunmarkedtimber. BarlowBurke,PersonalPropertyinaNutshell379(2ded.1993). 3.Trademarks. Aconsumer'smistakenbeliefabouttheoriginofgoodsorservices.

SeeLIKELIHOODOFCONFUSIONTEST. directconfusion.Seeforwardconfusion. forwardconfusion. Confusionoccurringwhenconsumersarelikelytobelievemistakenlythattheinfringing company'sproductsarefromthesamesourceasthetrademarkowner's. Inforwardconfusioncases,theinfringingcompanyisusu.smallerthantheowner.Thus, consumersmaybelievetheinfringertobeanaffiliateoftheowner.Alsotermeddirect confusion. reverseconfusion. Confusionoccurringwhenconsumersarelikelytobelievemistakenlyusu.through widespreadadvertisingandpromotionbytheinfringingcompanythatthetrademarkowner's productsareactuallythoseoftheinfringer. Reverseconfusionofteninjurestheowner'sreputationandgoodwill.Inanactionforreverse confusion,thetrademarkowneristypicallythesmallercompany. CONFUSIONOFBOUNDARIES confusionofboundaries. Thebranchofequitythatdealswiththesettlementofdisputedoruncertainrealproperty boundaries. [Cases:Boundaries26.C.J.S.Boundaries106,109.] CONFUSIONOFDEBTS confusionofdebts.SeeMERGER(9). CONFUSIONOFGOODS confusionofgoods. Themixtureofthingsofthesamenaturebutbelongingtodifferentownerssothatthe identificationofthethingsisnolongerpossible. Ifthisoccursbycommonconsentoftheowners,theyareownersincommon,butifthe mixtureisdonewillfullybyonepersonalone,thatpersonlosesallrightinthepropertyunless (1)thegoodscanbedistinguishedandseparatedamongowners,or (2)themixingperson'sgoodsareequalinvaluetothegoodswithwhichtheywereintermingled.

Confusionofgoodscombinesthecivillawconceptsofconfusio(amixtureofliquids)and commixtio(amixtureofdryitems). Alsotermedintermixtureofgoodsconfusiobonorum. [Cases:ConfusionofGoods15.C.J.S.ConfusionofGoods17,13.] CONFUSIONOFRIGHTS confusionofrights.SeeMERGER(9). CONFUSIONOFTITLES confusionoftitles. Civillaw.Themergeroftwotitlestothesamelandinthesameperson. Cf.MERGER(9). CONGAME congame.SeeCONFIDENCEGAME. CONGEABLE congeable(konjee<<schwa>>b<<schwa>>l),adj.[fr.Frenchcongpermission]Hist. Lawfulpermissible. CONGD'ACCORDER congd'accorder(kawnzhaydakorday).[LawFrench]Hist.Leavetoaccord. Courtsusedthisphraseinfictitiouslandtitlelawsuitstograntthedefendantpermissionto agreewiththeplaintiff'sallegations.SeeFINE(1). CONGD'EMPARLER congd'emparler(kawnzhaydawmpahrlay).[French]Hist.Leavetoimparl. Thisphrasewasformerlyusedbyadefendanttorequestleaveofcourtforadditionaltimeto filearesponsivepleading.SeeIMPARLANCE.