BAB II

2.1 Measuring instrument A Measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity. In the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define the instrument's use, are the means by which these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty. Scientists, engineers and other humans use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These instruments may range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments. 2.2 Types Of mesurement Measuring instruments and gauges are used to measure various parameters such as clearance, diameter, depth, ovality, trueness etc. These are important engineering parameters which describes the condition of the working machinery. Types of mesurement are use in Mechanical engineering 1. Dial Gauge Dial Gauge is a measuring tools that usually use to measure trueness of shaft, run out and backlash. Its usually used with additional tools. Dial indicators typically measure ranges from 0.25mm to 300mm (0.015in to 12.0in), with graduations of 0.001mm to 0.01mm (metric) or 0.00005in to 0.001in (imperial).

2. Callipers They are normally of two types- inside and outside calliper. They are used to measure internal and external size (for e.g. diameter) of an object. It requires external scale to compare the measured value. Some callipers are provided with measuring scale. Other types are odd leg and divider calliper.

3. Venier caliper It is a precision tool used to measure a small distance with high accuracy. It has got two different jaws to measure outside and inside dimension of an object.It can be a scale, dial or digital type vernier caliper.

4. Micrometer It is a fine precision tool which is used to measure small distances and is more accurate than the venire calliper. Another type is a large micrometer calliper which is used to measure large outside diameter or distance.

5. Feeler gauge Feelers gauges are a bunch of fine thickened steel strips with marked thickness which are used to measure gap width or clearance between surface and bearings.

2.3 Micrometer and Vernier Caliper A. Micrometer 1. Introduction A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are similar in use to vernier calipers but are more precise although the modern digital caliper has blurred the distinction between them.

2. Type three types of micrometers: a. Outside micrometer (micrometer caliper), typically used to measure wires, spheres, shafts and blocks.

b. Inside micrometer, used to measure the diameter of holes.

c. Depth micrometer, measures depths of slots and steps.

3. Part Of micrometer

a. Frame : The Body of the isntrument. The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is thick because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the measurement. b. Anvil : Its to hold the workpiece together with the spindle. c. barrel / Sleeve : Contains the vernier and scales, also houses the spindle nut and thimble assembly. d. Lock / thimble lock : Used to lock the spindle when a measurement is achieved before removing the instrument from the workpiece. e. Spindle : Attached to the thimble and protrudes through the frame. Together with the opposite anvil the workpiece is measured between the spindle and anvil faces. f. Thimble : Houses the adjusting nut, ratchet and screws over the spindle nut. The thimble and sleeve assembly enables the actual opening and closing of the instrument over the work piece to enable measuring. g. vernier and scales : This is imprinted on the sleeve and spindle and is what gives the actual measurement. h. Ratchet stop : Used to close the micrometer over the workpiece to measure it. 4. Reading Micrometer The object to be measured is placed between the anvil face and the spindle face. The rachet is turned clockwise until the object is trapped between these two surfaces and the rachet makes a clicking noise. This means that the rachet cannot be tightened any more and the measurement can be read.

Tighten the Locking Lever to lock the reading if you have to remove the micrometer before reading. Three step to read: 1. Read the scale on the barrel / sleeve. The example clearly shows12 mm divisions. 2. Still reading the scale on the sleeve, a further mm (0.5) measurement can be seen on the bottom half of the scale. The measurement now reads 12.5mm. 3. Finally, the thimble scale shows 16 full divisions The final measurement is 12.5mm + 0.16mm = 12.66 For Example

5. Maintenance a) Always stop the work before you take a measurement. DO NOT measure moving parts because the micrometer may get caught in the rotating work and be severely damaged. b) Always open a micrometer by holding the frame with one hand and turning the knurled sleeve with the other hand. Never open a micrometer by twirling the frame, because such practice will put unnecessary strain on the instrument and cause excessive wear of the threads. c) Apply only moderate force to the knurled thimble when you take a measurement. Always use the friction slip ratchet if there is one on the instrument. Too much pressure on the knurled sleeve will not only result in an inaccurate reading, but also will cause the frame to spring and force the measuring surface out of line. d) When a micrometer is not in use, place it where it will not drop. Dropping a micrometer will cause the micrometer frame to spring. If you drop a micrometer, check it for accuracy before you take further readings. e) Before you store a micrometer, back the spindle away from the anvil, wipe all exterior surfaces with a clean, soft cloth, and coat the surfaces with a light oil. Do not reset the measuring surfaces to close contact because the protecting film of oil on these surfaces will be squeezed out.

B. Vernier caliper 1. Introduction Vernier calipers are measuring tools to give precise measurements of length, diameters, inner diameters, steps, and depths. The tool works very well when you need to measure objects, holes, spheres, and more. There are several kinds of vernier calipers in the market. a. Basic Vernier Caliper

The basic vernier caliper will have two sets of jaws and a depth blade. The large jaws are used to clamp an object to measure outer diameters and widths. At the top of the caliper are smaller jaws. These jaws face outwards to measure inner diameters of objects. At the end of the body is the depth blade that slides out to measure the depth of holes. b. Long Jaw Vernier Caliper

The long jaw vernier caliper is used when you need to measure hard to reach areas. c. Knife Edge Vernier Caliper

The knife edge vernier caliper have the large and small jaws made sharp like a knife. This kind of caliper is used when you need to measure objects with thin grooves. d. Chisel Edge Vernier Caliper

The chisel edge caliper has long jaws with a chiseled edge. This kind of caliper is used when you need to measure narrow grooves inside holes. e. Groove Vernier Caliper

This caliper has points on the jaws to measure inside grooves. It can measure the width, depth, and shape of the grooves. A caliper with the points facing inwards measures outside grooves.

2. Part of Vernier Caliper

a) b) c) d)

Outside jaws: used to measure external length Inside jaws: used to measure internal length Depth probe: used to measure depth Main scale : the divisions marked on the vernier to obtain fine measurements. (cm) e) Main scale : the divisions marked on the vernier to obtain fine measurements. (inch)

f) Vernier : Small graduated rule that slides along the ruler and is used to read very precise measurements. (cm) g) Vernier : Small graduated rule that slides along the ruler and is used to read very precise measurements. (inch) h) Retainer: used to block/release movable part

3. Reading the Vernier Caliper a. Read the centimeter mark on the fixed scale to the left of the 0-mark on the vernier scale. (10mm on the fixed caliper)

b. Find the millimeter mark on the fixed scale that is just to the left of the 0mark on the vernier scale. (6mm on the fixed caliper)

c. Look along the ten marks on the vernier scale and the millimeter marks on the adjacent fixed scale, until you find the two that most nearly line up. (0.25mm on the vernier scale)

d. To get the correct reading, simply add this found digit to your previous reading. (10mm + 6mm + 0.25mm= 16.25 mm)

4. Maintenance a) b) Clean vernier caliper after you use it, clean the surface with soft cloth, and coat the surfaces with a light oil.

Reference http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/proceduresmaintenance/different-types-ofmechanical-measuring-tools-and-gauges-used-on-ships/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument

http://vernier-caliper.com/

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_micrometer_caliper_and_their _functions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer http://www.physics.smu.edu/~scalise/apparatus/caliper/ http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/vernier3.htm http://www.verniercalipers.net/