2013 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.

American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences

http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS

Recycling Dumped Concrete for Making Concrete Paving Blocks

Boonsap Witchayangkoon
b
a

a*

, Monsinee Pattanasuwan ,
b

Pawarut Nakarin , and Panprapa Jampatong

b

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND Engineering and Business Management Program, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO
Article history: Received 03 April 2013 Received in revised form 23 May 2013 Accepted 14 June 2013 Available online 07 July 2013

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Recycled concrete; Coarse aggregate replacement; Thai Industrial Standard.

This study applies recycled concrete as a replacement of coarse aggregate to produce concrete paving blocks. The experiment is conducted to observe concrete strength of the specimen samples. The Thai Industrial Standard for concrete paving blocks (TIS 827-2531) has specified concrete samples at 28 days to have compressive strength surplus 350ksc. This study, recycled concrete has been used at various proportions, 50%, 70%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. The mix concrete uses water-cement ratio 0.47 with design slump 102.5cm. Average concrete strengths at 28days are 665 ksc, 456 ksc and 350 ksc. Thus, this work shows possibility that dumped concrete can be recycled with full 100% replacement of coarse aggregate in making concrete paving blocks. 2013 Am. Trans. Eng. Appl. Sci.

1. Introduction
Demolition concretes are found as waste material from various monolithic concrete construction and destruction processes as well as from experimental laboratories.
*Corresponding author (B.Witchayangkoon). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses: drboonsap@gmail.com. 2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 2 No. 3 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/247-252.pdf

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demolition concretes are normally taken to dumped sites. The problem is that number of dumped sites is greatly reduced. Also, the dumping cost is getting higher. Importantly, this dumping process is not quite environmentally friendly. Therefore, this work tries to find an experimental solution by applying recycled concrete to be used in non-critical non-structural parts. We

contemplate and test in using recycled concrete as coarse aggregate for making concrete paving blocks.

Figure 1: Concrete at dump site.

2. Literature Review
Utilization of waste concrete for new construction has long been proposed (Ravindrarajah, 1987). Attempts have been long made to recycle demolished concrete and masonry (Hansen, 1992). Shrinkage of concrete with replacement of aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) has been studied (Gmez, 2002). To promote the recycling of concrete, Shima et al., (2005) have developed a technology to produce high-quality recycled aggregate. As a technology to recycle the waste concrete has been improved, it was possible to evaluate the fundamental characteristics of concrete using RCA for structural concrete members, such as pavement structures (Park and Sim, 2006). More research on Compound Performance of Waste Concrete Pulverized Admixture and Slag Powder has also been experimented (Li and Da-xing, 2009). Seangatith (2001) gave cost evaluation guideline of using crushed concrete as coarse aggregate for concrete. Only cost of the material, cost of installation, and maintenance cost were considered. Seangatith (2001) also emphasized that recycled concrete with good gradation can be used in concrete while proper mechanical properties can be maintained in terms of compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and creep. This RCA concrete is equivalent to normal concrete, but having even less shrinkage. 248 B. Witchayangkoon, M. Pattanasuwan, P. Nakarin a , and P. Jampatong

3. Methodology
Detail of this study is as followed.

3.1 Crushing Dumped Concrete

Dumped concrete is randomly taken from experimental laboratory dump site, see Figure 1. Concrete is then crushed to have smaller varied sizes, with dimensions about one inch or smaller, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Crushed concrete, during the crushing process.

3.2 Sieve Analysis

Crushed concrete is put into the vertical vibrating sieving machine. The sieving result is shown in Table 1. The test follows ASTM-C136 (2006). Seive Size Table 1: Sieve analysis of crushed concrete. Weight Percentage Percentage recycled Weight Greater Concrete (Kg) 0.061 2.77 2.77 0.454 20.61 23.38 0.485 22.02 45.4 1.058 48.02 93.42 0.122 5.54 98.96 0.023 1.04 100 2.203

3/8 No.4 No.8 Pan Total.

3.3 Mix Concrete

There are nine moulds available for producing concrete paving block specimens. Each moulds dimensions are 10cm x 10cm x 6cm. Each mix batch for nine specimens is 0.006m3,
*Corresponding author (B.Witchayangkoon). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses: drboonsap@gmail.com. 2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 2 No. 3 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/247-252.pdf

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including 10% spare (see Table 2). Water cement ratio is 0.47, with design slump 102.5cm for easily flow of mix concrete into the block moulds. Table 2: Mix Concrete Design. Trial Batch Mix for volume 0.006 cu.m. Material 50% 70% 100% (kg) Replacement Replacement Replacement 2.52Kg Cement Type 1 1.20Kg Water 5.18Kg Dry Fine Agg 1.98Kg 0Kg Dry Coarse Agg 3.30Kg 4.62Kg 6.60Kg Recycled Concrete 3.30Kg

3.4 Specimen Curing

After hardened, concrete paving block specimens are cured by covering with plastic sheet to maintain continued hydration process in concrete. The curing lasts 28 days. Sample specimens after curing are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Concrete paving block specimens after curing.

Figure 4: The testing in progress.

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B. Witchayangkoon, M. Pattanasuwan, P. Nakarin a , and P. Jampatong

3.1 Compression Test

The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is used for compression test of all concrete paving block specimens. The test follows ASTM C 31 and C39. Figure 4 shows the testing in progress.

4. Result and Discussion

Average test results of specimens for each batch of different replacement are given in Table 3 together with standard deviation. It is found that for 100% replacement of coarse aggregate the average test result gives 350 kg/cm2 (ksc). This test result is equal the suggested TIS827-2531 value of 350ksc. Table 3: Average test result with standard deviation for varied replacement of coarse aggregates. Compression 50% 70% 100% test Replacement Replacement Replacement mean 665.1+13.3 ksc 474.7+14.3 ksc 350.1+9.9 ksc

5. Conclusion
We experiment recycled concrete as a replacement of coarse aggregate to produce concrete paving blocks. The observed concrete strength of the specimen samples, with various

proportions, 50%, 70%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. The Thai Industrial Standard for concrete paving blocks (TIS 827-2531) has specified concrete samples at 28 days to have compressive strength surplus 350ksc. Average concrete strengths at 28days are 665 ksc, 456 ksc and 350 ksc, are all higher than the specified standard. Thus, this work shows possibility that dumped concrete can be recycled with full 100% replacement of coarse aggregate in making concrete paving blocks.

6. References
Gmez Sobern, J. M. V. (2002, January). Shrinkage of concrete with replacement of aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate. In SP-209: ACI Fifth Int Conf on Innovation in Design with Emphasis on Seismic, Wind and Environmental Loading, Quality Control, and Innovation in Materials/Hot Weather Concreting. VM Malhotra. Hansen, T. C. (Ed.). (1992). Recycling of demolished concrete and masonry (Vol. 6). Taylor &
*Corresponding author (B.Witchayangkoon). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3101. E-mail addresses: drboonsap@gmail.com. 2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 2 No. 3 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/247-252.pdf

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Francis. Li, S. U. N., and Da-xing, Q. I. A. N. (2009). Research on Compound Performance of Waste Concrete Pulverized Admixture and Slag Powder [J]. Journal of Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2, 004. Park, C., & Sim, J. (2006). Fundamental properties of concrete using recycled concrete aggregate produced through advanced recycling process. In Transportation Research Board 85th Annual Meeting (No. 06-0810). Ravindrarajah, R. S. (1987). Utilization of waste concrete for new construction. CONSERV. RECYCLING., 10(2), 69-74. Seangatith, S. (2001). Cost Evaluation Guideline of Using Crushed Concrete as Coarse Aggregate for Concrete. Suranaree J. Sci Technol. 8:50-54. Shima, H., Tateyashiki, H., Matsuhashi, R., & Yoshida, Y. (2005). An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability assessment through input-output analysis. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 3(1), 53-67.

Dr. B. Witchayangkoon is an Associate Professor of Department of Civil Engineering at Thammasat University. He received his B.Eng. from King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi with Honors. He continued his PhD study at University of Maine, USA, where he obtained his PhD in Spatial Information Science & Engineering. Dr. Witchayangkoon current interests involve applications of emerging technologies to engineering. Monsinee Pattanasuwan is a student in the Engineering and Business Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND. She is interested in applications of technology in construction and management.

Panprapa Jampatong is a student in the Engineering and Business Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND. Her interests involve the areas of technology applied to construction and management.

Pawarut Nakarin is a student in the Engineering and Business Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND. His interests are in the areas of construction technology and management.

Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication according to the guidelines given at the journals website.

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B. Witchayangkoon, M. Pattanasuwan, P. Nakarin a , and P. Jampatong