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GRAMMATICAL NOTATIONS
DEFINITIONS OF THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES 1. The Active Voice represents the action as being accomplished by the subject of the verb: rti

ginsk ek mrous, tte d epignsomai, kaths ka epegnsthn, "now I know in part; but then

shall I know even as also I am known" (1 Cor 13:12). In Greek it is to be distinguished from the Middle Voice (50) and Passive Voice (60). See also 95.

2. The Adjective (aj) is a word which modifies a noun by describing certain properties or qualities of the noun. An adjective can be attributive: pn dndron agathn karpos kalos poie, "every good tree bringeth forth good fruit" (Matt 7:17). It can also be predicative, following an explicit or implied verb of being: di' hs emarturth enai dkaios, "by which he obtained witness that he was righteous" (Heb 11:4). See also 77. 3. The Adjectival Noun (ajn) is an adjective used as a noun: tn hlion auto anatllei ep ponros ka agathos, "he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good" (Matt 5:45). See also 2, 51.

4. The Adverb (ad) is a word which qualifies the meaning of a verb by indicating the time, place, or manner in which its action is accomplished: eke estarsan autn, "there they crucified him" (Luke 23:33). An adverb can also be used to qualify the meaning of an adjective or another adverb: echrsan charn megln sphdra, "they rejoiced with exceeding great joy" (Matt 2:10). 5. Anarthrous (an) refers to a word or group of words which appear without a definite article (ho, he, t [3588], the). Greek has no indefinite article, "a" or "an" in English. Sometimes it is best to translate an anarthrous word by supplying "a" or "an" before it. In fact, due to reasons of English style or Greek idiom, the word "the" is even an appropriate translation in some cases. However, there are many times when supplying an article would be incorrect. Anarthrous constructions are most often intended to point out the quality of something: Toigaron ka hmes, tosoton chontes perikemenon hemn nphos martrn, "Wherefore, seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses" (Heb 12:1). See also 24. 6. The Aorist Tense is used for simple, undefined action. In the indicative mood, the aorist tense can indicate punctiliar action (action that happens at a specific point in time) in the past. It must be distinguished from the Imperfect Tense (44) which denotes continuous action in the past. With few exceptions, whenever the aorist tense is used in any mood other than the indicative, the verb does not have any temporal significance. In other

words, it refers only to the reality of an event or action, not to the time when it took place. See also 95. AORIST IMPERATIVE The aorist imperative denotes a command, request, or entreaty. Unlike the Present Imperative (80, 81), it does not involve a command or entreaty for continuous or repetitive action. Instead, it is often used for general exhortations and for things that must be begun at that very moment. See also 6, 43. 7. The Aorist Imperative Active (aima): npsate, grgorsate, "Be sober, be vigilant" (1 Peter 5:8). See also 1. 8. The Aorist Imperative Middle (aipm): ep te ho

thyself, and bind on thy sandals" (Acts 12:8). See Also 50. 9. The Aorist Imperative Passive (aipp): gentht t thlm sou, "Thy will be done" (Matt 6:10). See also 60. AORIST INDICATIVE The aorist indicative expresses action that is not continuous. It does not specify the relative time of the action to the time of speaking. See also 6, 45. 10. The Aorist Indicative Active (aina): t chrsma h elbete ap' auto, "the anointing which ye have received of him" (1 John 2:27). See also 1. 11. The Aorist Indicative Middle (ainm/aom): eis hn eboulesanto, "into the which they were minded" (Acts 27:39). See also 50.

ggelos prs autn, Perzsai ka hupdsai t sandli sou. "And the angel said unto him, Gird

12. The Aorist Indicative Passive (ainp/aop): ka parachrma anrthth, "and immediately she was made straight" (Luke 13:13). See also 60. AORIST INFINITIVE The aorist infinitive refers to punctiliar action, and not continuous action (as with the Present Infinitive). Furthermore, it does not signify the time of action. See also 6, 46. 13. The Aorist Infinitive Active (ainf): xesti tos sbbasin, agathopoisai kakopoisai, "Is it lawful on the sabbath days to do good or to do evil" (Luke 6:9). See also 1. 14. The Aorist Infinitive Middle (aifm): apthesthai hums . . . tn palain nthrpon, "That ye put off . . . the old man" (Eph 4:22). See also 50. 15. The Aorist Infinitive Passive (aifp): ka apenechthnai autn hup tn aggln, "and was carried by the angels" (Luke 16:22). See also 60. 16. The Aorist Middle (aom/ainm) represents noncontinuous action by the subject as acting upon himself or concerning himself: anechrse, ka apelthn apgxato, "and departed, and went and hanged himself" (Matt 27:5). See also 6, 50. AORIST PARTICIPLE The aorist participle expresses simple action, as opposed to continuous action which would be expressed by the Present Active Participle (58). It does not in itself indicate the time of the action. However, when its relationship to the main verb is temporal, it usually signifies action prior to that of the main verb. See also 6, 57.

17. The Aorist Participle Active (apta): eipn d

tata, ka labn rton, eucharstse t the enpion pntn, "And when he had thus spoken, he took
bread, and gave thanks to God in presence of them all" (Acts 27:35). See also 1.

18. The Aorist Participle Middle (aptm): all

"but taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia" (2 Cor 2:13). See also 50. 19. The Aorist Participle Passive (aptp): oud eneken to adikthntos, "nor for his cause that suffered wrong" (2 Cor 7:12). See also 60. AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE This tense in the three voices differs from the Present Subjunctive (psa) and the Present Subjunctive Middle/Passive (psmp) by referring to simple, undefined action, as opposed to continuous or repeated action. See also 6, 94. 20. The Aorist Subjunctive used as an Imperative (aosi) usually forbids an action which is not in progress, and thus commands that it not be started: ka m eisengks hms eis peirasmn, "And lead us not into temptation" (Luke 11:4). For the command to stop something already in progress, see the Present Imperative (80). See also 1, 6, 94. 21. The Aorist Subjunctive Active (asba): hna agnssin heautos, "to purify themselves" (John 11:55). See also 1. 22. The Aorist Subjunctive Middle (asbm): en m pugm npsntai ts cheras, "except they wash their hands oft" (Mark 7:3). See also 50.

apotaxmenos autos exlthon eis Makedonan,

23. The Aorist Subjunctive Passive (asbp): ho nikn ou m adikth ek to thantou to deutrou, "He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death" (Rev 2:11). See also 60. 24. The Definite Article (art) in Greek is sometimes translated with the English definite article "the." However, the function of the two is quite different. In English, the definite article serves merely to particularize, to refer to a particular object. In Greek, however, it serves to emphasize, in some way, the person or thing it modifies. Hence, in most cases, the definite article in Greek serves to identify: di' hupomons trechmen tn prokemenon hmin agna, "and let us run with patience the race that is set before us" (Heb 12:1). The term "articular" refers to a word or group of words which appear with a definite article (ho, he, t [3588], the). There is perhaps no other part of Greek grammar where the Greek idiom differs so greatly from the English. For instance, an English grammarian would never place the definite article before a proper noun (e.g., the "Thomas"), though in Greek it is very common. Recognizing the significance of the presence or absence of the definite article requires the most intimate knowledge of the Greek language. Contrast the use of articular constructions with anarthous constructions which refers to quality. See also 5. 25. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition di (aid) is used with the accusative article to denote cause: di t enai auto phlon, "because he is his friend" (Luke 11:8). See also 24, 46, 78.

26. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition eis (aies) is used with the accusative article and usually denotes purpose: eis t thanatsai autn "[in order] to put him to death" (Mark 14:55). See also 24, 46, 78. 27. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition en (aie) is used with the dative article and usually expresses the time at which something occurs. It is usually translated with the English words "while" or "when": en d t hupgein autn, "But as [while] he went the people thronged him" (Luke 8:42). See also 24, 46, 78. 28. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition met (aime) is used with the accusative article and indicates subsequent action. It is often translated with the English word "after": met d t paradothnai tn Innn, "Now after that John was put in prison" (Mark 1:14). See also 24, 46, 78. 29. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition pro (aip) is used with the genitive article and indicates antecedent action. It is translated with the English word "before": t dx h echon pr to tn ksmon enai par so, "the glory which I had with thee before the world was" (John 17:5). See also 24, 46, 47, 78. 30. The Articular Infinitive with the Preposition pros (aipr) is used with the accusative article and usually denotes purpose: prs t dnasthai hums, "[in order] that ye may be able" (Eph 6:11). See also 24, 46, 78.

31. The Comparative Degree (cd) is used, with adjectives and adverbs, only when two items are being compared. There are four different degrees: positive (e.g., good); comparative (e.g., better); superlative (e.g., best); and emphatic superlative (e.g., very best). The positive degree is used of one thing without relation to any other. The superlative degree is used when three or more things are being compared. There is no Greek form for the superlative degree with relative meaning. However, in the Greek New Testament there is a tendency for each degree to be used in the place of the next higher degree. Hence, the positive degree can be used with the comparative meaning, the comparative with the superlative meaning, and the superlative with the emphatic superlative meaning. Thus, in 1 Cor 13:13, the construction mezn d totn h agp, should be translated "the greatest of these is charity," since three items are being compared. 32. The Demonstrative Pronoun (depro) is used to distinguish one object or person from other objects or persons. There are two demonstrative pronouns used in the New Testament. The first of these pronouns, most often translated "this, this one" (hotos, aut, toto), is used to point out objects or persons nearby in space or time: hots estin ho huis mou ho agapts, "This is my beloved son" (Matt 17:5). The other pronoun, most often translated "that, that one" (ekenos, ekene, ekeno), is used in connection with more remote objects or persons: ka en eken t nukt epasan

oudn, "and that night they caught nothing" (John

21:3). See also 72. 33. The Emphatic Future Negative (efn) is indicated by the negative particles ou, "not," and m, "not," which are used together to emphasize the negation. It is normally used with the aorist subjunctive, but sometimes it accompanies a future indicative to indicate strong future negation: ka ou m eislth eis autn pn koinon, "And there shall in no wise enter into it anything that defileth" (Rev 21:27). 34. The Emphatic Personal Pronoun (epn) is used when emphasis is being placed on a person, and is especially useful when the subject of a verb is being emphasized. Since the verb endings in Greek indicate person and number, a personal pronoun is usually not expressed as a separate word. Hence, when a pronoun is used, it calls special attention to the subject: eg d lg humn, "But, I [myself] say to you" (Matt 5:22). See also 72. FUTURE TENSE Though on occasion the future tense may refer to linear action, it almost always refers to punctiliar action. However, the emphasis is always on the fact that the action will take place in the future, not what kind of action is represented. See also 95. 35. The Future Active (ft): tte hoi dkaioi eklmpsousin hs ho hlios, "Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun" (Matt 13:43). See also 1. 36. The Future Middle (fm): ka t airsomai ou gnrz, "what I shall choose I wot not" (Phil 1:22). See also 50.

37. The Future Passive (fp): ho d agapn me, agapthsetai hup to patrs mou, "he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father" (John 14:21). See also 60. FUTURE INFINITIVE The future infinitive refers to a simple, undefined action expected to occur in the future. See also 35, 46. 38. The Future Infinitive Active (finf): m eiselesesthai eis tn katpausin, "they should not enter into his rest" (Heb 3:18). See also 1. 39. The Future Infinitive Middle (fifm): ther hti met hbres . . . mllein sesthai tn plon, "I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt . . ." (Acts 27:10). See also 50. FUTURE PARTICIPLE The participial mood does not in itself indicate the time of action. The future participle is used to denote an action that is subsequent to that of the main verb in the sentence. See also 35, 57. 40. The Future Participle Active (fpta): dmen ei rchetai las ssn autn, "let us see whether Elijah will come to save him" (Matt 27:49). See also 1. 41. The Future Participle Middle (fptm): ou t sma t gensmenon spereis, "thou sowest not that body that shall be" (1 Cor 15:37). See also 50. 42. The Future Participle Passive (fptp): eis martrion tn lalthsomnn, "for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken after" (Heb 3:5). See also 60.

43. The Imperative Mood is used to give a command: hpage, seautn dexon t hiere, "go thy way, show thyself to the priest" (Mark 1:44); an exhortation: poisate on karpos axous ts metanoas, "Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance" (Matt 3:8); or an entreaty: tn rton

(Luke 11:3). See also 7-9, 20, 62, 80, 81, 95. 44. The Imperfect Tense (ipf) is only used in the indicative mood and refers to continuous or linear action in past time. It is distinguished from the aorist indicative which conceives of an action in past time as simply having taken place, without further defining it: ka hoi chloi eztoun autn, "and the people sought [i.e., were continuously seeking] him" (Luke 4:42). See also 45, 95. 45. The Indicative Mood makes an assertion of fact and is used with all six Greek tenses. It is the only mood in which distinctions can regularly be made about the time when an action occurs: all' egenthmen pioi en ms humn, "But we were gentle among you" (1 Thess 2:7). See also 95. 46. The Infinitive (inf) is a verbal noun. In Greek it has many more uses than it does in English, most of which are idiomatic and difficult to translate properly. In many instances, the infinitive is translated using the English word "to": ka lthomen proskunsai aut, "and are come to worship him" (Matt 2:2). See also 13-15, 25-30, 38, 39, 47, 66-68, 85-87.

hmn tn epiosion ddou h mn t kath' hmran, "Give us day by day our daily bread"

47. The Infinitive with a Genitive Article (infg) frequently denotes purpose. Hence, it is translated like the Articular Infinitive with the Preposition eis (26) and the Articular Infinitive with the Preposition pros (30), but unlike them does not have a preceding preposition: zten t paidon to apolsai aut, " will seek the young child [in order] to destroy him" (Matt 2:13). See also 24, 46. 48. The Indefinite Pronoun (idpro) is simply a pronoun that does not refer to any specific person or persons. It corresponds to the English indefinite pronoun: ps lgousi tines en humn hti anstasis nekrn ouk stin, "how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead?" (1 Cor 15:12). See also 72. 49. The Interrogative Pronoun (inpro), translated by English interrogative pronouns "who" or "which": ts ra mezn estn en t basilea tn ourann, "Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?" (Matt 18:1). See also 72. 50. The Middle Voice represents the subject as acting in some way upon himself or concerning himself. Since English does not have a middle voice, it is usually difficult to translate the middle voice into English: rti ginsk ek mrous tte d epignsomai, kaths ka epegnsthn, "now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known" (1 Cor 13:12). See also 95. 51. A noun (nn) is the name of a person, place, or thing. Greek nouns have cases and declensions which indicate their function in a sentence. A

noun in the nominative case is the subject or subject complement of the verb: Ouk ep' rt mn zsetai nthrpos, "Man shall not live by bread alone" (Matt 4:4); the genitive case primarily indicates possession, source, or separation and often includes the English word "of" in its translation: ou gr thelmati anthrpou nchth pot prophtea, "For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man" (2 Peter 1:21); the dative case is primarily the case of the indirect object: tte lgei t anthrp, Then saith he to the man (Matt 12:13); A noun in the accusative case is usually the direct object of the verb: hs basanisms skorpou, htan pas nthrpon, "as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man" (Rev 9:5); the vocative case is the case of direct address: epen aut, nthrpe, aphntai soi hai hamartai sou, "he said unto him, Man, thy sins are forgiven thee" (Luke 5:20). While these are the normal functions of each case, there are exceptions and other uses for each. For instance, the meaning of some prepositions is greatly affected by the case of the noun or pronoun that is their object (see 78). 52. A Cardinal Number (nu) is a number used to express quantity, not order, and may serve as a noun, pronoun, adjective, or, in Greek, an adverb (54) : ka s en trisn hemrais egeres autn, "and wilt thou rear it up in three days" (John 2:20). 53. An Ordinal Number used as an Adjective (nu,aj) is a number used to express order rather than quantity: en t prt mou apologa oudes moi

with me" (2 Tim 4:16). See also 2.

sumparegneto, "At my first answer no man stood

54. A Cardinal Number used as an Adverb (nu,ad) denotes frequency. Whereas English has separate forms for numbers that serve as adverbs, Greek uses the cardinal number: prn ds alktora phnsai, trs aparns me, "before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice" (Mark 14:30). See also 4. 55. An Ordinal Number used as an Adjectival Noun (nu,ajn) is a number used to express order rather than quantity, used as a noun or pronoun: ka stsan do, "And they appointed two" (Acts 1:23). See also 2, 51. 56. The Optative Mood (opt) is rare in the Greek New Testament. This mood is used in two ways. It may be used to express a wish: ho thes . . . d humn pnema sophas ka apokalpses, "God . . . may give unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation." (Eph 1:17). It can also introduce an indirect question: ka dielogzeto potaps e ho aspasms hotos, "and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be" (Luke 1:29). See also 95. 57. The Participle is a verbal adjective. As such, the participle may function as a verb, noun, or adjective in the sentence. It has a wide range of possible meanings, some of which can only be inferred from the context: ho agathopoin ek to theo estn, "He that doeth good is of God" (3 John 11).

PRESENT PARTICIPLE The present participle expresses continuous or repeated action. Since in Greek the time of the action represented by participles is relative to the main verb, the present participle is used to signify action that is contemporaneous with the leading verb, whether that action occurs in the past, present, or future. See also 57, 79. 58. The Present Active Participle (pap):

spoudzontes tren tn hentta to Pnematos,

"Endeavoring to keep the unity of the Spirit" (Eph 4:3). See also 1, 57.

59. The Present Passive/Middle Participle (ppmp):

auxanmenoi eis tn epgnsin to Theo,

"increasing in the knowledge of God" (Col 1:10). See also 50, 57, 60. 60. The Passive Voice represents the subject as receiving the action of the verb. In English, it usually takes a form of the verb "to be" to express the passive: rti ginsk ek mrous, tte d epignsomai kaths ka epegnsthn, "now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known" (1 Cor 13:12). See also 1, 50, 95. 61. The Perfect Tense describes an action, or more correctly a process, that took place in the past, the results of which have continued to the present. It has no exact equivalent in English, but is usually translated by using the auxiliary verbs "has" or "have": Thgater, h pstis sou ssk se, "Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole" (Mark 5:34). See also 95. 62. The Perfect Imperative Middle (pfimm) is used to express a strong command or exhortation,

representing the action as already completed, and as remaining in the state of completion: ka epe t thalss, Sipa, pephmso, "And said unto the sea, Peace, be still" (Mark 4:39). See also 43, 50, 61. PERFECT INDICATIVE It is in the indicative mood that the special meaning and temporal significance of the perfect tense is at its height. However, the context of the Greek may emphasize either the completeness of the action or the finished results. See also 1, 45, 61. 63. The Perfect Indicative Active (pfi): ka ho ouk akkasi, sunsousi, "and they that have not heard shall understand" (Rom 15:21). See also 1, 45, 61. 64. The Perfect Indicative Middle (pfim): ka bbltai eis tn thlassan, "and he were cast [lit. "cast himself"] into the sea" (Mark 9:42). See also 45, 50, 61. 65. The Perfect Indicative Passive (pfip): Gnai, apollusai ts astheneas so, "Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity" (Luke 13:12). See also 45, 60, 61. PERFECT INFINITIVE The Perfect infinitive is used almost exclusively in the New Testament in indirect discourse. See also 46, 61. 66. The Perfect Infinitive Active (pfin): kretton gr

to have known the way of righteousness" (2 Peter 2:21). See also 1, 46, 61.

n autos m epegnknai tn hodn ts dikaiosns, "For it had been better for them not

67. The Perfect Infinitive Middle (pfinm): t bolma tn ethnn kateirgsthai (UBS), "to have carried out the desire of the Gentiles," (1 Peter 4:3, NASB). To the best of our knowledge this is the only place the perfect infinitive middle occurs. See also 46, 60, 61. 68. The Perfect Infinitive Passive (pfinp):

Apolelsthai ednato ho nthrpos hotos, "This

man might have been set at liberty" (Acts 26:32). See also 46, 60, 61.

PERFECT PARTICIPLE The perfect participle stresses the state brought about by the finished results of the action. See also 57, 61. 69. The Perfect Participle Active (pfp): pnta heraktes h eposen, "having seen all the things that he did" (John 4:45). See also 1, 6, 57, 61. 70. The Perfect Participle Middle (pfmp): all'

hupodedemnous sandlia; ka m endsasthai do chitnas, "but be shod with sandals; and not put on
two coats" (Mark 6:9). See also 50, 57, 61.

71. The Perfect Participle Passive (pfpp): hna ka auto sin hgiasmnoi en althea, "that they also might be sanctified through the truth" (John 17:19). See also 57, 60, 61. 72. The Pronoun is used in place of a noun. In Greek, there are eight categories of pronouns: the Demonstrative Pronoun (32), the Emphatic Personal Pronoun (34), the Indefinite Pronoun (48), the Interrogative Pronoun (49), the Personal Pronoun (73), the Possessive Pronoun

(76), the Reciprocal Pronoun (90), the Reflexive Pronoun (91), and the Relative Pronoun (92). 73. The Personal Pronoun (ppro) is found in three persons: eg emi t phs to ksmou, "I am the light of the world" (John 8:12); S e ho huis to theo, "Thou art the Son of God" (Mark 3:11); auts gr egnske t n en t anthrop; "For he knew what was in man." (John 2:25). The third person is found in three genders, exactly as in English: auts, aut, ato; he, she, it. See also 72. 74. The Pluperfect Tense (plpf) is like the Perfect Tense (61), except that the result of the action is also in the past. Even though the English auxiliary verb "had" is most often used to translate a Greek word in the aorist tense, it is also used to translate the pluperfect tense: hs ellthei proskunsn eis Ierousalm, "(who) had come to Jerusalem for to worship" (Acts 8:27). See also 95. 75. The Plural (pl) number in the Greek New Testament, as in English, refers to two or more persons or objects: ll d energmata dunmen, "to another the working of miracles" (1 Cor 12:10). See also 93. 76. The Possessive Pronoun (popro) in English is not a separate class of pronouns, but simply one of the three cases of a pronoun (nominative and objective being the other two). A similar sense of possession can be obtained in Greek by using the personal pronoun in the genitive case. However, in Greek there are also separate possessive pronoun forms, which are used for greater emphasis. These possessive pronouns occur only in the first and

second persons. H basilea h em ouk stin ek to ksmou totou, "My kingdom is not of this world" (John 18:36). See also 72. 77. The Predicate Nominative and Adjective (pr) are those parts of a sentence that makes an assertion about the subject: Humes este t phs to ksmou, "Ye are the light of the world" (Matt 5:14, which uses the predicate nominative). In these cases, the predicate is usually that part of the sentence which follows a form of the verb "to be," eim, which is often omitted in the Greek: Pnema ho Thes, "God is a Spirit" (John 4:24). Likewise the predicate adjective omits the verb, Makrioi hoi katharo t karda, "Blessed are the pure in heart" (Matt 5:8). 78. The Preposition (pre) is a word used to relate a noun or pronoun with some other word in the sentence: Christs hupr hmn apthane, "Christ died for us" (Rom 5:8); Ho . . . pisten t

pmpsant me . . . metabbken ek to thantou eis tn zn, "He that . . . believeth on him that sent
me . . . is passed from death unto life" (John 5:24).

There are several special uses of the preposition, such as the various types of the articular infinitives (see 25-30). Prepositions are also used in the formation of compound words: tte d epi gnsomai (from ep and ginsk) kaths ka epignsthn, "then shall I know even as also I am known" (1 Cor 13:12). In this particular case the addition of the preposition ep to the original verb

serves to intensify its meaning. There are some prepositions that occur only with nouns of one case: mden kakn ant kako [genitive] apodidntes, "Recompense to no man evil for evil" (Rom 12:17). Other prepositions can have objects in two or more cases, with each case encompassing different meanings of the preposition: ka n met tn thrn [genitive], "and was with the wild beasts" (Mark 1:13); met do hmras [accusative] t pscha gnetai, "after two days is the feast of the passover" (Matt 26:2). 79. The Present Tense in the Indicative Mood (45) represents contemporaneous action, as opposed to action in the past or the future. In moods other than in the indicative mood, it refers only to continuous or repeated action. See also 95. PRESENT IMPERATIVE The present imperative occurs only in the active and middle voices in the New Testament. In the active voice, it may indicate a command to do something in the future which involves continuous or repeated action or, when it is negated, a command to stop doing something. See also 43, 79. 80. The Present Imperative Active (pim): t

wherewith Christ hath made us free" (Gal 5:1); ka es ek tn presbutrn lgei moi, M klae, "And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not" (Rev 5:5), indicating that the subject had been weeping. See verse four. See also 1, 43.

eleuthera on h Christs hms leuthrse, stkete, "Stand fast therefore in the liberty

81. The Present Imperative Middle (pimm): In the middle voice, the present imperative is used to give a command for something which concerns particularly the recipient of the command: adialepts prosechesthe, "Pray without ceasing" (1 Thess 5:17). See also 43, 50, 79. PRESENT INDICATIVE The present indicative asserts something which is occurring while the speaker is making the statement. See also 45, 79. 82. The Present Indicative Active (pin): pn dndron agathn karpos kalos poie, "every good tree bringeth forth good fruit" (Matt 7:17). See also 1. 83. The Present Indicative Middle (pinm): ka en kair peirasmo aphstantai, "and in time of temptation fall away" (Luke 8:13). See also 45, 50, 79. 84. The Present Indicative Passive (pinp): htton agapmai, "the less I be loved" (2 Cor 12:15). See also 45, 60, 79. PRESENT INFINITIVE The present infinitive pertains to continuous or repeated action, without any implications as to when the action takes place. See also 46. 85. The Present Infinitive Active (pinf): hste tn tuphln ka kphn ka lalen ka blpein, "insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw" (Matt 12:22). See also 1. 86. The Present Infinitive Middle (pifm): ka rxanto dialogzesthai hoi grammates ka hoi Pharisaoi, "And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason" (Luke 5:21). See also 46, 50.

87. The Present Infinitive Passive (pifp): htis, archn labosa lalesthai di to Kurou, "which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord" (Heb 2:3). See also 46, 60. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE This tense refers to continuous or repeated action, regardless of when the action took place. The subjunctive mood suggests that the action is subject to some condition. The present subjunctive can be used to give exhortation: charmen ka agallimetha, "Let us be glad and rejoice" (Rev 19:7). See also 79, 94. 88. The Present Subjunctive Active (psa): htan d diksin hums, "But when they persecute you" (Matt 10:23). See also 1. 89. The Present Subjunctive Middle/Passive (psmp): h en boltai ho huis apokalpsai, "to whomsoever the Son will reveal him" (Matt 11:27). See also 50, 60. 90. The Reciprocal Pronoun (rcpro) is used in reciprocal constructions, constructions where a plural subject is represented as being influenced by an interchange of the action or idea conveyed by the verb: hti esmn allln ml, "for we are members one of another" (Eph 4:25). It is declined only in the genitive plural, and is found in the New Testament only in the masculine gender. See also 72. 91. The Reflexive Pronoun (rxpro) is used when the action indicated by the verb reflects back upon the subject. Thus the subject of the verb and the pronoun refer to the same person or thing: ka emphans aut emautn, "and will manifest myself to him" (John 14:21). See also 72.

92. The Relative Pronoun (repro) replaces a substantive mentioned in a previous main clause (known as the antecedent). The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but not necessarily in case; the latter depends on the particular function assigned to the relative pronoun: hs estn eikn to theo to aortou, "Who is the image of the invisible God" (Col 1:15). See also 72. 93. The Singular (sg) number in Greek, as in English, denotes that there is one of something. Though there is no indefinite article in Greek, an English translation of a singular noun often requires that one be added: chn zugn en t cheir auto, "had a pair of balances in his hand" (Rev 6:5). See also 75. 94. The Subjunctive Mood makes an assertion about which there is some doubt, uncertainty, or indefiniteness: en epmen hti hamartan ouk chomen, heautos planmen, "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves" (1 John 1:8). It is closely related to the future tense, which helps to explain the fact that often the uncertainty arises only because the action has not yet occurred: hna lutrstai h ms ap pss anomas, "that he might redeem us from all iniquity" (Titus 2:14). Compare the Emphatic Future Negative (33). See also 95. 95. The Verb in Greek has at least five distinct features: Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, and Number. Tense: There are six tenses in Greek-the Aorist

Tense (6), the Future Tense (35), the Imperfect Tense (44), the Perfect Tense (61), the Pluperfect Tense (74), and the Present Tense (79). Voice: There are three voices in Greek-the Active Voice (1), the Middle Voice (50), and the Passive Voice (60). In English, there are only two voices: active and passive. Mood: There are four moods in Greek-The Indicative Mood (45) is used with a statement of fact or a question; the Subjunctive Mood (94) is connected with some supposed or desired action; the Imperative Mood (43) indicates a command, request, or entreaty; and the Optative Mood (56), rare in the New Testament, usually expresses a wish or introduces an indirect quotation. Person and Number are the same as in English.