Referencing - The Harvard System Introduction As a student, it is important that you identify in your assessment when you are

using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of acknowledging the work of another author is to use a referencing system. Within the Business School you are required to use the Harvard referencing system. This guide therefore describes the Harvard referencing style, which
uses an alphabetical-by-author approach.

What is referencing? t is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search, and carried out appropriate reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledge ent that you have used the
ideas and written aterial belonging to other authors in your own work.

There are many styles that can !e used to reference. Why you should use a referencing system As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else"s ideas or words. #ailure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating !y claiming someone else"s work as your own. n the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. $lease remem!er that plagiarism is not %ust when you directly copy words from another student"s or e&pert"s work. $lagiarism also occurs when you re' word someone else"s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source. $lagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. f you are suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignment receives a grade of (ero. n e&treme or repeated cases, you may find that your enrolment at the Business School is reviewed. #or further information, please consult the )eneral Academic *egulations +)A*"s,. -n a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. .ou are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from e&pert authors. This lends credi!ility to your own work. Also, !y correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow'up your references and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accounta!ility. What should you reference? The following are e&amples of sources you might access and need to reference/

$rint and electronic !ooks0 $rint and electronic %ournal articles0 We! pages! 1mails0 232s, videos, films, 42'*-5s 6 audio tape recordings0 7ewspapers0 4onference papers0 $apers or data pu!lished in a repository0 $amphlets0 *adio8T38internet !roadcasts +you must check that your lecturer is happy for you to use this type of material in your assignment,0 $ersonal communication0 nterviews +if this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the interviewee !efore using such material,0 and, Theses and other unpu!lished work.
anage ent report, and the reference list.

With all referencing styles, there are two parts to referencing/ referencing
within your assign ent"

Writing the assessment: What do I need to reference? When you are writing your assessment, !e sure to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you reference all sources properly. Whenever you use someone else"s ideas or words, you must put in a reference. The only e&ception to this rule is when the information you have read somewhere is common knowledge or 9pu!lic domain" information. #or e&ample, you would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in 1li(a!ethan times. When, in your work, you use an idea from a !ook, %ournal article, etc., you must acknowledge this in your te&t. Referencing in the body of your text: When you insert a referencing using the Harvard syste
you ust always state the author"editor and the year of publication. #f the work has two authors"editors you ust include both na es.

.ou do not need to include the title, place of pu!lication, etc0 the full details of the work are written in your reference list. $. *eferencing one author A recent study investigated the effectiveness of )oogle Scholar in finding medical research +Henderson, :;;<, or Henderson %&''() has investigated
the effectiveness of *oogle +cholar in finding edical research.

&. *eferencing two authors *ecent research indicates that the num!er of duplicate papers !eing pu!lished is increasing +Arrami 6 )arner, :;;=,. ,. *eferencing three or
ore authors

f the work has three or more authors8editors the a!!reviation 9et al" should !e used after the first author"s name. Social acceptance of car!on capture and storage is necessary for the introduction of technologies +van Alphen et al, :;;>,. -. *eferencing works by the sa e author written in the sa e year f you referencing a new work which has the sa e author and was written in
the sa e year as an earlier citation, you date to differentiate between the two. ust use a lower case letter after the

4ommunication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate +)oldacre, :;;=a0 )oldacre, :;;=!,. (. 4iting from chapters written !y different authors Some !ooks may contain chapters written !y different authors. When citing work from such a !ook. the author who wrote the chapter should be
cited not the editor of the book.

/. Secondary referencing Secondary references are when an author refers to another author"s work and the primary source is not availa!le. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should !e used. According to 4ollu((i and $appagallo +:;;<, as cited !y Holding et al +:;;=, most patients given opiates do not !ecome addicted to such drugs. N.B. 0ou are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever
possible and you should always try to find the original work.

1. *eferencing a direct quotation f a direct quote from a !ook, article, etc., is used you must/ ?se single quotation marks +dou!le quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech,0 and, State the page num!er. Simons et al state that the principle of effective stress is 9imperfectly known and understood !y many practising engineers" +:;;@/p.A,.

2uplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc., should !e treated as direct quotes in that the author+s, should !e acknowledged and page num!ers shown0 !oth in your te&t where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption you write for it. =. When you are researching, you may come across a situation where the same author has written two !ooks in the same year. To distinguish one title from another in your referencing, place a lower'case letter after the pu!lication date, with 9a" signalling the first reference, and 9!" signalling the second, and so on. 2. *eferencing fro
works with no obvious author

f you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an o!vious author, you should use what is called a 9corporate" author. #or e&ample, many online pu!lications will not have individually named authors, and in many cases the author will !e an organisation or company. The num!er of dementia sufferers in the ?B has !een recently estimated at <>; ;;; +2epartment of Health, :;;=,. f you are una!le to find either a named or corporate author, you can use 9Anon" as the author name. Be careful/ if you cannot find an author for online work, it is not a good idea to use this work as part of your research. t is essential that you know where a piece of work has originated, !ecause you need to !e sure of the quality and relia!ility of any information you use. $'. 4iting from multi'media works

42'*-5s +including electronic !ooks on 42'*-5,/ if there is not an o!vious author use the title of the 42'*-5 as the author. 23283ideo/ the series title should !e used as the author. $$. 4iting from an interview or personal communication

Always use the surname of the interviewee8practitioner as the author. $&. Tips on good quotation practice

Cuotations longer than two lines should !e inserted as a separate, indented paragraph. Smith +:;;A, summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy, stating that/ 95athematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for a!straction, generali(ation and synthesis. t is the language of

science and technology. t ena!les us to pro!e the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal e&pectations and standards of living." +p.@@, or A recent ?B report summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge economy, stating that/ 95athematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for a!straction, generali(ation and synthesis. t is the language of science and technology. t ena!les us to pro!e the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal e&pectations and standards of living." +Smith, :;;A/ p. @@, f you want to insert a long quotation +over two lines, !ut do not to want include all of the te&t, you can remove the unnecessary te&t and replace with 9 . . .". As summarised !y Smith +:;;A,/ 95athematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for a!straction, generali(ation and synthesis . . . t ena!les us to pro!e the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal e&pectations and standards of living." +p. @@, .ou should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph. When you use quotations within your te&t, sometimes you may want to insert one or two words in the quotation so that your complete sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate that you have inserted words into a quotation, these have to !e enclosed in square !rackets. Smith +:;;A, provides a num!er of reasons as to why mathematics is important, stating that it is 9a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for a!straction, generali(ation and synthesis . . . DandE ena!les us to pro!e the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal e&pectations and standards of living." +p. @@, N.B. Writing skills/ at your academic level you will !e e&pected to develop your writing skills, and this includes !eing a!le to discuss and demonstrate an understanding of other people"s work and ideas in your own words. This is called paraphrasing. t is much !etter to paraphrase than to use many quotations when you write.

How to write a reference list

This is your list of all the sources that have !een cited in the assignment. .ou should write one inclusive list showing !ooks, %ournals, etc., not separate lists according to source type.

The list should !e in alpha!etical order !y author8editor0 Books, paper or electronic %ournal articles, etc., are written in a particular format that must !e followed0 .our reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from0 and When you have used more than one piece of work !y the same author, in your reference list you should list the works in date order, !eginning with the most recently pu!lished work.

How to write references for your reference list and bibliography *eference Fist All of the sources you refer to in the main !ody of your assignment need to !e listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. n a reference list, you only need to list those sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased. #or e&ample, you do not have to list !ooks you used for !ackground reading purposes. Bi!liography There may !e items which you have consulted for your work, !ut not cited. These can !e listed at the end of your assignment in a 9!i!liography". These items should !e listed in alpha!etical order !y author and laid out in the same way as items in your reference list. f you can cite from every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list. f you wish to show to your reader +e&aminer, the unused research you carried out, the !i!liography will show your e&tra effort. Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, assignments, etc., to find out if you are e&pected to su!mit work with a reference list and a !i!liography. f in dou!t, ask your tutor. The e&amples on the following pages are in two parts/

the information you should collect a!out each piece of work you use0
and

how this information is presented when you write a full reference.

@. 3ooks. print Author81ditor +if it is an editor always put +ed., after the name, +.ear of pu!lication, Title +this should !e in italics, Series title and num!er +if part of a series, 1dition +if not the first edition,

$lace of pu!lication +if there is more than one place listed, use the first named, $u!lisher Simons, 7. 1., 5en(ies, B. 6 5atthews, 5. +:;;@, A Short 4ourse in Soil and *ock Slope 1ngineering. Fondon, Thomas Telford $u!lishing. :. Books/ electronic Author81ditor +if it is an editor always put +ed., after the name, +.ear of pu!lication, Title +this should !e in italics, 1dition +if not the first edition, De'!ookE $lace of pu!lication +if there is more than one place listed, use the first named, $u!lisher Availa!le from/ ?*F D2ate of accessE Simons, 7. 1., 5en(ies, B. 6 5atthews, 5. +:;;@, A Short 4ourse in Soil and *ock Slope 1ngineering. De'!ookE Fondon, Thomas Telford $u!lishing. Availa!le from/ http/88www.myili!rary.comG 2HIJIA@ DAccessed @=th Kune :;;=E. J. Books/ chapter in an edited !ook Author of the chapter +.ear of pu!lication, Title of chapter followed !y n/ 1ditor +always put +ed., after the name, Title +this should !e in italics, Series title and num!er +if part of a series, 1dition +if not the first edition, $lace of pu!lication +if there is more than one place listed, use the first named, $u!lisher $age num!ers +use 9p." !efore a single page num!er and 9pp." where there are multiple pages, 5oran, 5.K. +:;;<, 1ngineering thermodynamics. n/ Breith, #. 6 )oswami, 2. .. +eds., The 4*4 hand!ook of mechanical engineering. :nd edition. Boca *aton, #F, 4*4 $ress. pp. :':':'=@. A. Kournal articles/ print Author +.ear of pu!lication, Title of %ournal article Title of %ournal +this should !e in italics,

3olume num!er ssue num!er $age num!ers of the article +do not use 9p". !efore the page num!ers, 4hhi!!er, $. B. 6 5a%umdar, S. B. +@III, #oreign ownership and profita!ility/ $roperty rights, control, and the performance of firms in ndian industry. Kournal of Faw 6 1conomics, A: +@,, :;I':J=. <. Kournal articles/ electronic f an electronic %ournal article has a 2- +digital o!%ect identifier,, you can use this instead of the ?*F. The 2- is a permanent identifier provided !y pu!lishers so that the article can always !e found online. Author +.ear of pu!lication, Title of %ournal article Title of %ournal +this should !e in italics, D-nlineE 3olume num!er ssue num!er $age num!ers of the article +do not use 9p". !efore the page num!ers, Availa!le from/ ?*F or 2D2ate of accessE Arrami, 5. 6 )arner, H. +:;;=, A tale of two citations. 7ature. D-nlineE A<@ +>@>>,, JI>'JII. Availa!le from/ http/88www.nature.com8nature8%ournal8vA<@8n>@>>8full8A<@JI>a.html DAccessed :;th Kanuary :;;=E. or Wang, #., 5aidment, )., 5issenden, K. 6 To(er, *. +:;;>, The novel use of phase change materials in refrigeration plant. $art @/ 1&perimental investigation. Applied Thermal 1ngineering. D-nlineE :> +@>'@=,, :=IJ' :I;@. Availa!le from/ doi/@;.@;@L8%.applthermaleng.:;;<.;L.;@@ DAccessed @<th Kuly :;;=E. L. 7ewspaper articles/ print Author +if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper, +2ay, month and year of pu!lication, Title of article Title of newspaper +this should !e in italics, $age num!ers of the article +use 9p." !efore a single page num!er and 9pp." where there are multiple pages, 5acalister, T. +Wednesday : Kuly :;;=, )reen energy is the modern gold rush. The )uardian. p. :>.

>. 7ewspaper articles/ online Author +if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper, +2ay, month and year of pu!lication, Title of article Title of newspaper +this should !e in italics, D-nlineE $age num!ers of the article if given +use 9p." !efore a single page num!er and 9pp." where there are multiple pages, Availa!le from/ ?*F D2ate of accessE $agnamenta, *. +:A 5ay :;;=, 1nergy adviser puts forward powerful case for hydrogen. The Times. D-nlineE Availa!le from/ http/88!usiness.timesonline.co.uk8tol8!usiness8industryMsectors8naturalM resources8 articleJIIA<IA.ece DAccessed :nd Kuly :;;=E. =. White and )reen papers +)overnment consultation papers to inform the de!ate on new policy and laws., )overnment department +.ear of pu!lication, Title +this should !e in italics, $aper num!er $lace of pu!lication $u!lisher 2epartment of Health. +:;;A, 4hoosing Health/ making healthier choices easier. 45LJ>A. Fondon, Stationery -ffice. I. Statutory nstruments+2ocuments detailing the rules written !y the civil service under powers delegated from parliament., Title +this should !e in italics, +.ear of pu!lication, S followed !y the num!er of the Statutory nstrument $lace of pu!lication $u!lisher The $u!lic 4ontract *egulations :;;L. +:;;L, S :;;L8<. Fondon, TS-. @;. Standards 7ame of Standard Body8 nstitution +.ear of pu!lication, Standard num!er Title +this should !e in italics, $lace of pu!lication $u!lisher

British Standards nstitution +:;;J, BS <I<;'=/:;;J. Structural use of steelwork in !uilding/ code of practice for fire resistant design. Fondon, BS . @@. *eports Author81ditor +if it is an editor always put +ed., after the name, +.ear of pu!lication, Title +this should !e in italics, -rganisation *eport num!er/ followed !y the num!er of the report Featherwood, S. +:;;@, Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western 7orth Atlantic. ?.S. 2ept. of 4ommerce. *eport num!er/ LJ . @:. We! pages and we!sites Author81ditor +use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named, +.ear of pu!lication, +if availa!le0 if there is no date, use the a!!reviation n.d., Title +this should !e in italics, D-nlineE Availa!le from/ ?*F D2ate of accessE 1uropean Space Agency +:;;=, 1SA/ 5issions, 1arth -!servation/ 173 SAT. D-nlineE. Availa!le from/ http/88envisat.esa.int8 DAccessed Jrd Kuly :;;=E. @J. $odcasts Title +this should !e in italics, +.ear of pu!lication, $odcast D-nlineE Availa!le from/ ?*F D2ate of accessE 7ature $odcast. +:;;=, $odcast. D-nlineE Availa!le from/ http/88www.nature.com8nature8podcast8inde&.html DAccessed @>th Kuly :;;=E. @A.Blogs Author +.ear of pu!lication, Title of !log post +if applica!le, Title of !log +this should !e in italics, We!log D-nlineE

Availa!le from/ ?*F D2ate of accessE )oldacre, B. +:;;=, Trivial 2isputes. Bad Science. We!log. D-nlineE Availa!le from/ http/88www.!adscience. net8:;;=8;:8trivial'disputes':8 DAccessed @Ith Kune :;;=E. @<. 1mails Sender +Sender"s email address, +2ate of email, Su!%ect of message +this should !e in italics, 1mail to/ *ecipient"s name +*ecipient"s email address, Horn!lower, H. +h.horn!lowerNH5S.*enown.uk, +@Lth 5ay :;;:, Treaty of Funeville. 1mail to/ $ellew, 4. +c.pellewNH5S.Kustinian.uk,. @L. 5ulti'media formats With the following types of work, you would usually use the title of the T3 programme or video recording, or title of the film +whether on 232 or video, as the author. f the title is used as the author, this should !e written in italics/ see the 232 e&ample !elow. .ou should also include the type of format in the reference, such as 3ideo/ 3HS, 232, Audio cassette, 42'*-5 and so on. 3ideo recordings/ from the T3 World in Action. +@II<, All work and no play. D3ideo/ 3HSE Fondon, T3, :@st Kanuary @IIL. 3ideo recordings/ commercial #ragile 1arth, <. +@I=:, South American Wetland/ $antanal. D3ideo/ 3HSE Henley, Watchword 3ideo. 232s Fife on 4ampus. +:;;L, D232E Fondon, mperial 4ollege Fondon. Audio cassettes British 2ia!etic Association. +:;;:, )uidelines on 7utrition. DAudio 4assetteE Fondon, B2A. 42'*-5s Author81ditor +use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named,

+.ear of pu!lication, 42'*-5 title +this should !e in italics, D42'*-5E $lace of pu!lication $u!lisher 1ncyclopaedia Britannica +:;;J, Britannica :;;J. D42'*-5E 4hicago, 1ncyclopaedia Britannica. @>. #ilms Title of film +this should !e in italics, +.ear of production, D#ilmE 2irected !y/ 2irector"s name $lace of production 7ame of production company Harry $otter and the 4ham!er of Secrets. +:;;:, D#ilmE 2irected !y/ 4hris 4olum!us. ?SA, Warner Brothers. @=. nterviews/ !roadcast 7ame of person interviewed nterviewed !y/ 7ame of interviewer Title of interview +if any, Title of programme +this should !e in italics, +2ate and time of !roadcast, $roduction information Birk, T. nterviewed !y/ $icard, K. 7ews 7ight Five. +:Ath Kune :;;@, @;pm, 4hannel L. @I. nterviews/ personal 7ame of person interviewed nterviewed !y/ 7ame of interviewer +2ate of interview, $otter, H. nterviewed !y/ Snape, S. +:Ath Kune :;;<,. :;. $ersonal communication 7ame of practitioner -ccupation +$ersonal communication, followed !y the date when the information was provided, Faw, Kames. 1ngineering consultant. +$ersonal communication, :Lth April :;;A,.

:@. $resentations8lectures 7ame of presenter8lecturer +.ear of presentation8lecture, Title of presentation8lecture $resented at the conference8meeting title +this should !e in italics, 4onference8meeting location .oda, 5. +:;;<, 4ode of 1thics for the Kedi/ are they outdatedG $resented at the Annual Kedi 4onference. 4oruscant. onclusion t is e&tremely important that you correctly reference all paraphrasing and direct quotations. While there are many referencing rules and conventions under the Harvard system, in most cases it is generally important in the te&t of an assignment to show the reader the author"s name, date of pu!lication and page num!ers of the original source. n the reference list, it is important that the author"s name, the year of pu!lication, relevant titles, and other access information is faithfully reproduced. At first, the referencing system may seem time'consuming and fussy !ut it will soon !ecome second nature to you and will !ecome part of the long list of skills you will have gained as a higher education student. The author would like to acknowledge that certain citation and reference e&amples were taken from the following pu!lications and that these pu!lications influenced that way in which the author arranged the document. ?niversity of 1&eter 2epartment of Fifelong Fearning +:;;@, Referencing The Harvard System, D-nlineE, Availa!le/ http/88education.e&eter.ac.uk8dll8studyskills8harvardMreferencing.htm D@< Aug :;;IE mperial 4ollege Fondon/ Citing & Referencing Guide: Harvard Style, D-nlineE http/88www.imperial.ac.uk8Fi!rary8pdf8HarvardMreferencing.pdf D@< Aug :;;IE