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Translation-Definitions

Nida and Taber: Translation is the reproduction in the receptor language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style. (M) 1969; 210. Steiner: Translation is the interpretation of verbal signs in one language by means of verbal signs in another. (S) 1975; 414. Rabin: Translation is a process by which a spoken or written utterance taken place in one language which is intended and presumed to convey the same meaning as previously existing utterance in another language. It thus involves two distinct factors, a meaning or reference to some slice of reality. (M) 1958; 123. Catford: Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another (TL). (M) 1965; 20. Savory: Translation, the surmounting of the obstacle, is made possible by an equivalence of thought which lies behind the different verbal expressions of thought. (M) 1957; 11. Jacobson: Intra-lingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of the other signs of the same language. Inter-lingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. Inter-semiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. (S) 1959; 233. Frawley: Translation means re-codification. (S) 1984; 159. Firth: The basis of any total translation must be found in the linguistic analysisat the grammatical, lexical, collocational, and situational levels. (M) 1968; 76. De Beaugrande: Translation should not be studied as a comparing and contrasting of two texts, but as a process of interaction between author, translator, and the reader of the translation. (S or M) 1978: 13 Tytler: Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be the same character with that of the original. Translation should have all the ease of the original. (M) 1979: 9 Ross: The most natural view is that translation preserves the meaning of the original in another language or form. Translation is not a restatement, where differences are minimized, but highlights certain equivalences in the context of important dissimilarities. (M) 1981; 9. Bennani: Translation is always an interpretation. 1981; 135. Diaz-Diocretz: Translation will be understood as the final product of problem solving and sign production of a receptor-text (RT) functionally equivalent to a source text (ST), by a human being in a given language for a given group of text receivers.(S) 1985; 8. Newmark: Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. (M) 1988; 5.

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