SANTIAGO CALATRAVA L.L.C.

OUTSTANDING PROJECTS (2001-2010) BRIDGES

THREE SIGNATURE BRIDGES- REGGIO EMILIA ITALY SAMUEL BECKETT BRIDGE DUBLIN - IRELAND SERRERIA BRIDGE VALENCIA - SPAIN WOODALL RODGERS BRIDGE-DALLAS USA VENICE FOOTBRIDGE-ITALY JERUSALEM BRIDGE -ISRAEL

SKYSCRAPERS
TURNING TORSO. MALM. SUECIA CHICAGO SPIRE USA

LARGE ROOFS AND SINGULAR BUILDINGS

OAKA OLYMPIC STADIUM AND VELODROME ROOFS ATHENS 2004 WTC- PATH STATION. NEW YORK. USA CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE VALENCIA ESPAA HIGH SPEED TRAIN STATION. REGGIO EMILIA. ITALY HIGH SPEED TRAIN STATION. LISBON. PORTUGAL

SANTIAGO CALATRAVA L.L.C.

OUTSTANDING PROJECTS (2001-2010) by
MARIORANDOCAMPOS MScConstructionEngineering PROFESSIONALEXPERIENCE: Morethan20yearsasstructuralengineerandmanager
From2001toMarch2010:SANTIAGOCALATRAVALLC (Valencia) Director of the Civil and Structural Engineering Department at the Valenciaoffice. Selectedprojects: WorldTradeCenterTransportationHub(NewYork) Oriente Station. Initial project and renovation for high speed trains (Lisbon) Olympic Sport Complex for Athens 2004: Olympic Stadium Roof (304m span),VelodromeRoof,Agora,NationsWallandMainEntreances. TurningTorsohighrisebuilding(192mhigh)(Malm) City of Arts and Science: Opera House, Science Museum, Umbrculo, goraandSerreraBridge(Valencia) CableStayedBridgeWoodallRodgers(400mlength,200mspan) SamuelBeckettBridge(95mcantilever)(Dublin) ThethreeBridgesofReggioEmilia(220mspan)(Italy) HighSpeedTrainStationofReggioEmilia(Italy) From March 2010: SEED WORKSHOP LTD (Simbiosis y Equilibrio entre EcologiayDiseoS.L.) www.seedworkshop.com FounderandJointDirector

GAUTEMO MScStructuralEngineering PROFESSIONALEXPERIENCE: 7yearsasstructuralengineer

From2003to2007:NTNU (Trondheim),AadnesenAS(Oslo), Polytec.Univ.ofPanama (Pan.City),Price&MyersLLP (London) SelectedProjects: WhitechapelArtGallery(Price&MyersLLP,London) GjerseBridge(AadnesenAS,stfold) rumfjelletPedestrianBridge(AadnesenAS,stfold) From2007to2009:SANTIAGOCALATRAVALLC (Valencia) SelectedProjects: SamuelBeckettBridge(95mcantilever)(Dublin) WorldTradeCenterTransportationHub(NewYork) From2009:GAUTEMOAS www.gautemo.no SelectedProjects: SamuelBeckettBridge(95mcantilever)(Dublin) VollanPedestrianBridge(Hedmark) NebyPedestrianBridge(Hedmark) BarcodeProject(Multiconsult)(Oslo)

THREESIGNATUREBRIDGES.REGGIOEMILIA
SUMMARY The three bridges in Reggio Emilia are singular steelstructuresdesignedbySantiagoCalatrava to improve vehicular access and to provide an impressivenewentrancefromthenorth. These infrastructures are important links between the busy motorway A1, which links Milan to Bologna, passing the city of Reggio Emilia. The three bridges have played an importantroleintheurbanregeneration ofthe cityandwereinauguratedinOctober2007 The main structure is the central bridge than spans the motorway and the adjacent railway. There are also twin bridges across two roundaboutsnexttothemainbridge. . This work has obtained the 2009 European Steel Design Award given by the European ConventionforConstructionalSteelwork(ECCS) at the international congress in Barcelona..
.

THREESIGNATUREBRIDGES.REGGIOEMILIA
LOCATION

CENTRALTIEDARCHBRIDGE.MAINDATA
Client: T.A.V. SpA , Comune Reggio Emilia General Contractor: Rodano Consortile Scarl Steel Subcontractor: Cimolai S.p.A. Project Value: 18 Million euros Total Steel S355 Tonnage: 4000 Tons Total Concrete Volume poured: 11000m3 Height arch over deck 45m , Main Span 220 m

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION
StructuralLayout: Theprimarymemberinthestructuralschemeisthecentralarch(typeBowString with220mspan and45mhigh)subjecttodirectcompression. Thecentralbridgeisasinglespanstructurewithoneendfully fixedinthelongitudinaldirection.The otherendhasalongitudinallyslidingsupportwithashockabsorber. Thedeckisatrapezoidalsinglecellclosedboxgirderfromwhichcantileverribsspringevery3.5mto configureanoverall27mwidedeck.
.

220m

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CENTRALARCH
Themainarchistheprimarymemberinthestructuralschemesubjecttodirect compression.Many calculationsweredevelopedinordertostudythebucklingbehaviorduetotheslendernessofthearch, including2ndordernonlinearbucklinganalysisthatwasundertakenonatwostagebasis.Atfirststagea destabilizingloadwasappliedtothemodeltoinvokeanimperfectionatthecrownofthearchof270mm withinthegeometry.Atsecondstageanonlinearbucklinganalysiswascarriedoutusingthedeformed shapefromStage1asthestartingpointfortheanalysis. Inthistypeofstructurethecablesrestraintheinplanebucklingofthearchviathehungdeckwiththe outofplanebuckling normallymorerestrictive(seefigure).

CENTRALBRIDGE.ARCHSECTIONS
The arch consists of two 4 sided trapezoidal boxes with 1.02m distance between them. Both boxes are intermittently connected which contributes significantly to the behavior of the arch for lateral buckling. The inner face of each box is a truss andnotstandardplate.. the arch is easy for inspection and maintenance during the service life of the bridge. The plate thicknesses of the arch rangebetween30mmand65mm.

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CENTRALARCH
Thespringingofthearchisone ofthemoreparticularpartsof thebridgeasthebigoculus capturestheattentionofthe users.Thispartplaysan importantroleinthestructural schemebecauseistheelement whichcarriesalltheforcesfrom thearchtothedeck.The springingismainlyaboxmadeof thickplateswithinternal stiffeners inordertoavoidthe localbucklingofthewebs.

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.DECK
Thedeckisthetie ofthestructural schemeandassuchisthemember whichissubjectedmainlyunder tensionefforts. Thedeckworksalsolikeabeam supportedelasticallybyeachpairof cablesbecauseitisthememberof thebridgethatsupportsdirectlythe liveloads. Thedeckisatrapezoidalsinglecellclosedbox girder fromwhichcantileverribsspringevery 3.5mtoconfigureanoverall27mwidedeck (includinglateralparapets).Theboxgirderis madeofplatesof3060mmthickness.The runningsurfaceforthevehiclesisasteel orthotropicdeckmadeofa14mmplatewith openlongitudinalstiffenersof20mm

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CABLES
The50pairsof44mm diametercables ofthemain bridgearelockedcoilwith thefixedanchoragewithin thearchandtheactive anchorageinthecentralbox girder.Inthiswaythe torsional rigidityofthe structureispredominantly controlledbythetorsional stiffnessofthecentralbox girder.

CENTRALBRIDGE.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION
SUPPORTCONDITIONS Thecentralbridge,asatiedarch,isasingle spanstructurewithonesupportfullyfixed inthelongitudinaldirection.Theotherend hasalongitudinallyslidingsupportwitha 3500kNshockabsorber(LockUpDevice or LUD)providedinordertoallowthelow velocitydisplacementsprimarilyfrom temperatureandtorestrainthelongitudinal directionfortheseismicevent.Inthisway thehorizontalforcesfromtheseismic actionaredistributedatbothabutments. Thereare4potbearingsattheabutments. Theabutmentsaremadeofreinforced concrete andtheycarrythereactionsfrom thebridgetothegroundby36unitsof1.5m diameterspilesateachabutment.

STEELFABRICATION

CENTRAL BRIDGE. ERECTION. LAUNCHING

Thestructurewaserectedtakinginto accountthatthetrafficflowingalongthe motorwaybelowshouldbemaintained duringtheerection. Thecontractorproposedtolaunchfrom onesidethedeckwithlargesegments ofthearchonit.

CENTRAL BRIDGE. ERECTION.LIFTING ARCH SEGMENTS

.Thesegmentsofthearchwereliftbymeansofthree temporarytowersprovidedwithheavyliftingsystems

CENTRAL BRIDGE. ERECTION.LIFTING ARCH SEGMENTS

CENTRALBRIDGE.FINISHES

CENTRALBRIDGE.FINISHES

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION
Structural Layout: The twin bridges across the roundabouts are cable stayed bridges consisting of 1400tons of S355 steel for each one. The pylon is positioned in the transversal plane to the direction of the bridge (Figure) and divides the deck in two symmetrical spans of 90m
.

220m 90m

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CENTRALARCH
Themainbearingelementisthe centralsteelpylon,whichisa69m higharchandrises58moverthe platform Thepylonispositionedinthe transversalplanetothedirectionof thebridgeanddividesthedeckintwo symmetricalspansof90m.The transversalsectionofthepylonisa nonregular7sidedpolygonmadeof 38mmplates.

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CENTRALARCH

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.DECK
Theplatformis12.5mwideandis supportedby25pairsofcables.Itis dividedinonelaneperdirectionfor thevehiculartraffic.Theconceptof thedeckisidenticaltothatofthe centralbridge,acentralhollowbox fromwhichtwocantileverribsspring toformatotal14.6mwidedeck (includinglateralparapets).Theribs arespacedlongitudinallyat3.5m centers. Theboxgirderismadeof15and22 mmthickplatesandthefloorforthe vehiclesisasteelorthotropicdeck madeofa14mmplatewithopen longitudinalstiffenersof20mm

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION.CABLES
The25pairsof60mmdiameter cables ofeachtwinbridgeare lockedcoiltypeandtheyare anchoredfromthecenterofthe decktothepylonmakingavery originalpattern

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION

SUPPORTCONDITIONS Bothendsofthedeckareslidingsupported.Thecentralsupport ofthedeckatthemid spanconsistsonarigidconnectionwiththepylon.Thissupportisthepointwhich restrainsthedecklongitudinally. Duetothefactthatbothendsofthebridgeareslidingsupports,oneofthecritical loadconditionswastheunsymmetricalcaseofjustonespanloaded.Inthiscasethe cablesofthenonloadedspanplaytheroleofbackstays.Inthistypologyofbridge underthiseventtheresistingactionisthebendingandaxialstiffnessofthedeck.

TWINBRIDGES.STRUCTURALDESCRIPTION
Forthetorsional loadcases,thepotbearings(compressiononlysupports)aresuppliedwithacoupleof bars(tensiononlysupports)placedatbothedgesofthetransversalsection.Inthiswaythetorsional forcescanbeabsorbedbytakingadvantageoftheleverarmbetweenoneofthebarsandtheopposite potbearing.Benefitsinthecostofthebearingsarealsoimportantbecauseupliftresistingdevicesare notnecessaryandthepotbearingcanbestandard.Thebarsareanchoredtotheendoftheribwitha slottedpinwhichallowsthelongitudinalmovementsofthedeck. Theabutmentsaremadeofreinforcedconcreteandtheycarrythereactionsfromthebridgetothe groundby15unitsof1.5mdiameterspilesateachabutment.Thepylonissupportedbymeansoftwo pilescapsof42pilesof1.5mdiameter

TWINBRIDGES.ERECTION
Theerectionofthecable stayedbridgeswasmore conventionalbutnotless interesting.Theerection consistedonsupportingthe deckwithjusttwotemporary supports.ThePylonwas erectedinthreelargepieces (twostraightlegsandthetipof thearch)withoutanysupport. Thenthecableswereinstalled andputintensioninorderto removethetemporary supports

TWINBRIDGES.ERECTION

TWINBRIDGES.FINISHES

TWINBRIDGES.FINISHES

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE,DUBLIN
SUMMARY OpenedDecember2009 Landmark movable structure spanning the maritime gateway to the City, linking the outer orbitalroute. Located east of the Citys centre and within the newlydevelopedDocklands area. Forprivatecaruse,publictransport,cyclistsand pedestrians. Client&Engineer: DublinCityCouncil Engineerssupervision: DublinCityCouncil& Flint&Neill Designer: SantiagoCalatrava IndependentChecker: Roughan &ODonovan Contractor: GrahamHollandiaJV Projectcost: ConstructionPeriod: ca.60000000 Euros 30months

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE
GENERALDESCRIPTION 123mlongswingbalancecablestayedbridgewithaninclined and curved pylon, and with unequal spans. The bridge rotates 90 inthehorizontalplanetoallowships topass,withtheaxis ofrotationapproximately28mfromthesouthquay. Steeltonnage:Deck 1860t,Pylon373t,Cables 90t CounterBallasttonnage:Steel+HeavyConcrete2820t

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
STRUCTURALLAYOUTANDDESIGN AstheSamuelBeckettBridgeisaswingbridge,twomainconditionsneededtobedesigned for: 1. Openposition: Novehicularloadingandnosupportattheends. 2. Closedposition: Subjecttoliveloadingsandsupportattheembankments.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
STRUCTURALLAYOUTANDDESIGN AstheSamuelBeckettBridgeisaswingbridge,twomainconditionsneededtobedesigned for: 1. Openposition: Novehicularloadingandnosupportattheends. 2. Closedposition: Subjecttoliveloadingsandsupportattheembankments.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
STRUCTURALLAYOUTANDDESIGN AstheSamuelBeckettBridgeisaswingbridge,twomainconditionsneededtobedesigned for: 1. Openposition: Novehicularloadingandnosupportattheends. 2. Closedposition: Subjecttoliveloadingsandsupportattheembankments. ThebridgewasfirstdesignedfortheOpenposition. Balancebridge,i.e.obtainminimalnetmomentatcentralsupportbyprescribingthecounterbalance mass. Achieverequiredprofileofthestructureandalignmentatabutments:Byspecifyingtensionsinfore andbackstays. Designthestructurewithoutvehicularloading. Secondlythebalanced bridgewithcorrectshapewasdesignedfortheClosedposition. Designthestructurewithliveloads. Therefore,alltheelementsofthebridgeweredesignedaccordingtoanenvelopeofthetwoconditions.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
DECK The main fore deck structure, the front span, is a multicell box girder, made up from relatively thin (10 20mm) steel plates stiffened internally using a combination of longitudinal bulb flats, angle sections and trapezoidal stiffeners. Cantilevered from this main box section are the ribs and steel decking which form the pedestrianandcycletracks. The back span, which houses the counterbalance, is also a multicell box girder but, made up from unstiffened steel plates (2060mm). The cells in the back span were generally filled with a heavy, selfcompacting concrete, whichalsosupportsthesteelplates,preventingthemfrombucklinglocally.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
DECK The cross section of the deck consists of two pedestrian and cycle tracks and four lanes for car traffic, two of whichcanbeadaptedtoaccommodatetramsinthefuture. The top of the box at the front span consists of a 14 mm thick plate with 12 mm trapezoidal stiffeners. The 36 mmmasticasphaltlayerwastakenaccountofinthefatiguecheckforthisorthotropicdeck. The single, central, line of forestays supporting the front span from a curved pylon tends to lead to large torsional forces in the deck due to unbalanced live loadings either side of the line support. Therefore, an advantageofusingamulticellboxsectionisitsinherenttorsional rigidity.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
PYLON The pylonwas fabricatedfromshapedandweldedthicksteelplates(80120 mm),formingavariableboxsection. The25forestaysareattachedto thecurved, inclinedandslenderpylon.The pylon in turn transmits the applied cable reactions, via axial forces mainly, but also bending moments, to its base where it is fully connected to the main deck and the central lifting cylinder, and to its apex where it is restrainedbythesixinclinedbackstays. The pylon is restrained from buckling in the longitudinal direction by the forestays, but is slender in the transverse direction between the top and bottom where it is restrained by the backstays and deck structure. The bucklingfactor(forthefirstshapeofbuckling)wasfoundtobe3.6.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
CABLESTAYS Thecablestaysarealllockedcoilstrands,withtwentyfive60mmdiameterstrandssupportingthefrontspan andatotalofsix145mmdiameterstrandstowardstheback. BridonLockedCoilStrands: ForeStayDiameter: Min.BreakingLoad: Max.PermanentForce: Max.WorkingLoad: BackStayDiameter: Min.BreakingLoad: Max.PermanentForce: Max.WorkingLoad: 60mm 3590kN 961kN 1292kN 145mm 20100kN 9200kN 10050kN

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.DESIGN
CENTRALSUPPORT The main support in the river consists of eighteen 1200 mm diameter castinplace piles supporting a 15x15m pilecap, 3 m deep and a circular concrete pier of varying diameter housing the hydraulic turning and lifting equipment, and the horizontal and vertical bearings, which support the entire bridge while turning. The equivalent spring stiffness of the pier was found and applied as circular spring support in the FEmodel of the steelsuperstructure.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE
LOCKINGPIN&EXPANSIONJOINTSYSTEM At the ends of the bridge hydraulically controlled lockingpins attach the bridge structure to the housings cast into the abutments. The locking pins are designed as part of the bridge rotation mechanism and provide the finalalignmentofthebridge,verticallyandhorizontally.This isnecessaryduetotherangeofdeflectionsatthe bridgeendssuchastemperatureeffectsandcablesag. Anintelligenthydraulicallycontrolledexpansionjointsystemisinstalled.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
CENTRALSUPPORT Siteinvestigationrevealedthepossibilityofwaterpressurein therockexertinganupliftontheunderside of the clay, such that it could cause the base of the cofferdam to heave. Pressure relief wells were installed and the piezometers indicated that the pressure under the base remained at safe levels during construction. The top section of the pier was complex in its geometry with the outside surface curving in two planes. Bespokeformworkwasdesignedandassembledandtheconcretecastinquarters.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
CENTRALCYLINDER The central cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 m and has a plate thickness of 120mm. To reduce the friction moment resistance at the bottom, a 15 tonnesconeshapedcastitemwasweldedon.Atthelevelofthehorizontal bearings Iconel (austenitic nickelchromiumbased superalloy) was welded on and machined to create a hard and lowfriction surface. This cylinder transfers the entire weight of the bridge (5,850 tonnes) and any out of balancemomentwhenthebridgeisturningorinopenposition.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
ROTATIONMECHANISM

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
FABRICATION,ASSEMBLYANDTRANSPORT The deck was fabricated first in eight sections and the pylon in five. The size of the individual elements to was dictated by the facilities at Hollandias workshops (amount of handling necessary and their painting facility). Hollandia determined that the bridge deck should be made up of eight sections and that these, once painted, would be joined together on a prepared assembly area where the completed unit could be easily transferred ontoaseagoingbargefortransporttoDublin.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
WELDING A range of welding processes were used during fabrication with each method selected to suit the joint configuration and position. Automated processes such as submerged arc were used whenever possible but with manual methods, mainly flux core, also being used extensively. All butt welds and a proportion of fillet weldswereexaminedusingUTmethodsforburieddefectsandMPIforsurfacebreakingdefects. Allvisibleweldsweregroundflushduetoarchitecturalreasons.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
ASSEMBLY

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
ASSEMBLY As the deck deck sections came out of the paint shop they were positioned at the correct position and height at the assembly area, and welded to the adjacent section, finally forming one bridge deck. The pylon base section was prefabricated and fitted to the bridge deck and the remaining four sections were welded together, lifted positioned and temporarily supported whilst the final circumferential welds were laid.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
LOADOUT Thebridgewasnoreadytobetransferredontothebarge.Trailerswaspositionedunderneaththebridge anddroveofftheassemblyareaandontothebargeinaslowand controlledmanner.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
SEATRANSPORT The Contractor investigated the sea route from Hollandias fabrication yard in Rotterdam to Dublin. The East Link Bridge in Dublin was found to be the limiting width restriction and the Konigshaven Bridge in Rotterdam giving the height limit. A detailed follow up investigation identified that if some railings and street furniture could be temporarily removed from the East Link Bridge it would be possible for the complete bridge superstructure,includingpylonandstays,topassthroughonasuitabletidelevel.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
SEATRANSPORT The superstructure was shipped to Dublin in May 2009. The journey from Rotterdam to Dublin was carefully monitored throughout the 628 mile journey. This took eight days to complete as the shipment was forced to shelterfromhighwindsforaperiodbeforetraversingtheIrish Sea.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
SEATRANSPORT The sea transport and the sudden appearance of a land mark structure received a lot of positive publicity in localandinternationalmedia. TheSamuelBeckettBridgethroughEastLinkBridgewhenarriving inDublin.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
C.O.G.ANDSKIDDING Following arrival in Dublin, with the bridge still supported on the barge and now moored to the quay wall, it was necessary to ballast the back span using heavy concrete and steel blocks to ensure the centre of gravity was located centrally within the support zone. The structure was then skidded along the sea going barge to a positionthatallowedthebackspan tobesupportedon a second barge, hence leaving the bridge support area free above the river. The bridge lifting cylinder had been positioned within the main support pier and would laterbeweldedtothemainstructure.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
LOADTRANSFER With the bridge now balanced and supported on two barges, at high tide the barges were moved so as to position the bridge support area directly above the pier that had been cast in the river. As the tide level continued to reduce, the barges could be moved away from the bridge leaving the structure balanced and supportedontherimbearing.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
FIRSTROTATION/CLOSINGOFBRIDGE Once in position, the final welded connection of the bridge lifting cylinder was made and the hydraulic system connectedandtemporarilyactivatedtorotatethebridgetospan theriverforthefirsttime.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
COUNTERBALLAST Someofthecellsarefilledwithacombinationofsteelblocksandconcrete.Inordertoachievethefinalbridge balancetheamountofsteelballastplacedonsiteduringconstructioninthesecellswasadjustable.Thisallows for the addition or removal of mass in order to balance any future changes made to the superimposed dead loadsonthebridge. The final balancing was carried out by removing the horizontal bearings at the central support, leaving only three vertical supports. If any of the two supports at the bridge ends did or did not not have any weight on itself,thecounterballasthadtobeadjusted untilbothhadapproximately noreaction.Duringthisprocessone could easily calculate what the outofbalance moment was knowing reaction, measured with loadcells and armofcantilever.

SAMUELBECKETTBRIDGE.CONSTRUCTION
GEOMETRYCONTROL AstheContractorreportedactualdeadloadsanddeflectionsasignificantamountofreanalysiswas requiredtoachieveagoodbalancebetweenfinalcableforcesandbridgedeformations.Wherecable forceswerechangedtoamendthedeformationoftheendsofthedeck,stressesinthebridge structurechangedaccordinglyandhadtobechecked.Thebackspanofthebridgeisextremelystiff, whilstthepylonandfrontspandeformrelativelyeasily.Thisresultedinacomplexequationwith numerousvariables,whichwasfinallysolvedbyamendinglevelsattheabutments,ballastquantities andcableforces.

SERRERIA BRIDGE VALENCIA (2005-2008)

Cablestayedbridge.Span155m.Deckwidth38m Inclinedcurvedpylon height125m

SERRERIA BRIDGE - VALENCIA

Client:CACSA(PublicentityoftheValenciaRegionalGovern) GeneralContractor:Jointventure:FCCandPavasal SteelSubcontractor:HORTACoslada,LaCorua,Spain ProjectValue:40Millioneuros ProjectCompletionProgramme:3years TotalSteelTonnage:5055Tons TotalConcreteVolumepoured:21160m3 Heightpylon125m,MainSpan155m,totalLength350m

ErectionofPylonunit.Boltconnectedandwelded

JERUSALEM BRIDGE ISRAEL

Period of Construction: April 2006 to August 2008 (without the track bed)
Transportthefuturelightrailsystemandpedestriansoveramajorintersectionandplaza Curveddeckplanview.Cablestayedbridge.Themastformsanangle

JERUSALEM BRIDGE ISRAEL

GeneralContractor:

RAMET

SteelFabricator: KOORMetals (CIMOLAI SPAassubcontractor) Span=160m HeightofPylon=118m SteelTonnage: Deck=2720tons Footbridge=48tons Pylon=1241tons Concrete: 5500cubicmeter

VENICEFOOTBRIDGE.ITALY
20052008
Staticscheme:DepressedArch.Span81m.Rise4.8mRise/Spanratio1/16 Weightsteelstructure408tons Specialprecaution:Horizontalreactionscontrolofsettlements

VENICEFOOTBRIDGE.ITALY
20052008

OLYMPICGAMESATHENS2004 OLYMPICSTADIUMANDVELODROMEROOFS

INTRODUCTION
Santiago Calatrava : Project of aesthetic unification of OAKA area for the 2004 OlympicGames Twosingularstructures: OlympicStadiumRoof VelodromeRoof

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
Goal: Provide a new roof for the existing stadium compatible with the renovation works.. Main Challenges: Tight schedule (18 months for fabrication, erection and finishes). Special Structural Tipology (tied arches large span). Analysis difficulties (non-linearity, cables, seismic loads). Description: The roof will be composed of a pair of bent leaves, which will cover a surface of some 25,000 m2. The two halves are simmetrical and connected only at two points. Each half-roof is 250 m long and has a variable width between 45 and 75 m and is suspended by cables connected to the main arch. The roof is covered with policarbonat pannels, instead of the laminated glass pannels designed in the project, replaced due to time limitations . The bearing structure is made of steel withe painted..

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT Mainbearingsystem:2paralellarches typeBowString 304mspan,80m heightandlocated141.4mapart.

Transmissionofhorizontalloads Externalside:diagonalelements Internalside:diagonalsand vierendeelbeamatthreelastribs.

4bearingpoints NorthSide:Fullyrestrained movementsandrotations SouthSide:Fullyrestrainedbut longitudinaldisplacements.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION Mainbearingsystem: Mainarch( 3.25m) PrimarymemberinCompression. Torsiontube( 3.6m) Tieofthestructuralschemeand mainsupportfortheribsoftheroof,capableofcarryingthe torsionaleffortsduetounbalanceloads.
Connections Bothtubesarefullyfixedatthesupports

andlinkedbymeansof8pairsofcablesdiameter90mm and104mm. Weightbalance: Thecenterofgravityofeachhalfroofis locatedat2mfromthearchplanetowardsinside.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION
Roof structural elements:

TransverseRibs: 54ribsperhalfroofevery5m.The ribscarrytheloadofthepannelstothemainbearing system.

Secondarycables: Theribsarefullyconnectedto

thetorsiontubeandsuspendedbymeansofapair ofcableshangingfromthearch. Otherelementsattheroofplanes: Edgetubes. Upperandloweranchortubes. Diagonals. ProfilesRHS. PurlinsUPN.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS ARCH ERECTION

MAINDECISIONS Erectionofthetwohalfroofsseparatedfromthestadium Preassemblyandweldingongroundoflargeelements:4 piecesof70m. Onehalfroofstarted3weeksbefore

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS ARCH ERECTION FirstStage PartialRemovalofshoringtowersofarches:
Desapeo Desapeo 250mm 250mm Desapeo

Lowering250mmattemporarytowers spanand removingrestoftemporarytowers. Thisprocesstransfers1850tononthedefinitive supports42%ofthefinalweight. Benefits: 1.Usingtheelementsofthecentraltowerforthe secondarytowers. 2.Reductionofforcesinotherelementsduetoarches selfweight.

Reductionupto30%bending momentstransverseribs.

Reductionupto30%axialeffortat diagonalsandlongitudinalelements.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONSERECTION OF HALF-ROOFS

SecondStageErectionHalf Roofs: Stressingsecondarycables,removalof secondarytowers,andfinallyremoving shoringtowersunderarches. Themainstructure(archtorsiontube)is bearingonfinalsupports9000ton. Thelongestribshadtobereinforcedwith temporarytrussesuntilbothroofswere connected.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS SKIDDING OF HALF-ROOFS Equipment: 1. Finalroofsupportsequipedwith temporarysteelbeamsmountedon skiddshoesbearingonconcretewalls. 2. SteelskiddshoesonPTFElayerslidingon stainlesssteeltracks. 3. Hidraulicjacksformovement. 4. Lateraldampersmountedatnorthside. Slidingdata: 1. Speed:1.4mm/seg 2. Mximumaceleration:7.2mm/seg2 3. Frictioncoeficient:2.6%
Temporary beams Finalsupports Temporarysteelbeams andskiddshoes

Concretewall andlateral guiding

Lateraldampers

Hidraulicjacks

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS SKIDDING OF HALF-ROOFS

Finalpositionaftersliding: Theconnectionjointofthetwohalf roofswereintentionallyleft separated160mmaserection tolerance.Thegapisfilledwithsteel plates.

.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONSFINAL SUPPORTS FIXED TO FOUNDATIONS

SupportsNorthSide:Fullyrestrainedallthemovements.

SupportsSouthSide:Fullyrestrained,butlongitudinalmovement

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Mostimportantissues: 1.Archesstability. 2.Constructionstagestakedintoaccountintheanalysis. 3.Cablesmodelling. 4.Modellingofvariabledepthribs,incluidinglateralbuckling analysis. 5.Nongeometriclinearity Precambersincludedinthe analysis. 6.Acctions: 6.1Wind:Windtunneltestsforload estimation. 6.2Seismicactions,twodifferentanalysis: Responsespectrumlineardynamicanalysisandnonlinear analysiswithequivalentstaticloads.

OLYMPICSTADIUMROOF.ATHENS
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN DATA
PROJECT: OLYMPIC STADIUM ROOF. OAKA-ATHENS 2004 CLIENT: ARQUITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN: GENERAL CONTRACTOR: STEEL SUB-CONTRACTOR: CABLE SUPPLIER: SKIDDING EQUIPMENT: ROOF PANNELS TOTAL SURFACE COVERED: STEEL QUANTITY: EYDE / GREEK MINISTRY OF CULTURE SANTIAGO CALATRAVA AKTOR CIMOLAI TENSO-TECCI ENERPAC GALLOP 24000 m2 17950 ton ( 185 ton cables)

OLYMPICVELODROMEROOF.ATHENS
DESCRIPTION
The wooden ring of the existing Velodrome had to be covered with a roof that is woodclad on the interior (for acoustical purposes) and metal-clad on the exterior, with a central area of sun-protected laminated glass. The bearing structure is a pair of double bowstring-tied arches made of tubular steel. With dimensions of 145 m long by 100 m wide and rising to a height of 45 m. The roof will shield the athletes from potentially disruptive winds. To improve conditions for athletes and spectators, the interior of the Velodrome will also be completely renovated.

OLYMPICVELODROMEROOF.ATHENS

Longitudinal Elevation

Plan View

OLYMPICVELODROMEROOF.ATHENS
ERECTION PROCESS - Sliding
Erection of the roof separated 140m from its final position .

OLYMPICVELODROMEROOF.ATHENS

Main data
Steel in structure Cables Total surface covered Concrete poured Piles lenght 3380 tons 80 tons 11900m2 700 m3 720 m

Participants
Client Arquitectural and Structural design General Contractor Steel Subcontractor Sliding system EYDE. Greek Ministry of Culture Santiago Calatrava L.L.C. AKTOR. Greece METKA. Greece ALE-LASTRA. Spain

TURNINGTORSO.MALM
SUMMARY
The Turning Torso Tower is a highrise building for offices and dwelling designed by Santiago Calatrava in the city of Malm. The shape of the tower is based on a sculpture called Twisting Torso, by Santiago Calatrava, which is inspiredonahumanbodyinatwistingmotion. The Tower has 55 floors and is composed by nine geometrically equal cubes, each of one consisting of six floors.Thetotalheightis190m.

The floors have a pentagonal shape with a surface of 420 m2. Each level rotate 1,62 with respect to the floor below. The total rotation between the lower plan and the top of thebuildingis90. The main load bearing structural element is a central concrete core with an internal diameter of 10,5m and variablethicknessbetween2,5mto0,40m. Another carachteristic element is the external steel truss thatstiffenedthetoweragainsthorizontalloads.

TURNINGTORSO.MALM
LOCATION
HSB Turning Torso is located in Malm ( Sweden ) at the Western Harbour area, near the sea and close to the city center. The intention of the owner HSB Malm was to createalandmarkforthecity.

FOUNDATION
Main tower foundation
ThefoundationoftheTurningTorsoconsistsofacylindricalboxwithadiameterof30mandadepthof15m.Thefoundationslabrestsonthe limestonebedrockidentifiedintheGeotechnicalSiteInvestigationandhasadepthof7minordertocounteracttheeffectsofthewateruplift and to guarantee the required maximum excentricity of the resultant of the ground reaction force on the slab and to minimize the required reinforcementamount.

CONCRETESTRUCTURE

Vertical Structural Elements

CentralCore The main load bearing structural element for vertical andhorizontalloadsisthecentralconcretecore,which has an internal diameter of 10,5m and variable thickness between 2,5m in the basement to 0,40 m at thetopofthetower. Inside this core there is the elevator and staircases secondarycore.

ConcreteColumn There is a continuous reinforced concrete column (aproximate dimensions 1.5x1.5 m) located at the corneroftheplans.

CONCRETESTRUCTURE

Conical slab: 90-40 cm thickness Deck level : Diagonals and Horizontals anchorages Standard Floors: 27 cm thickness

Conical slab: 90-40 cm thickness

CONCRETESTRUCTURE
StandardSlabs Each cube is composed of 6 rc slabs. The upper 5 are standard slabs 27 cm thick, fully fixed to the concrete core and supported by means of steel columns at the perimeter thattransfertheloadtothelowerconicalslab. Decklevels:Diagonalsanchorage Theupperslabofeachcubeordecklevel iswherethediagonalsand horizontalsareconnected.Theseslabsarethickerattheanchoragearea

STANDARD SLAB

DECK LEVEL

STEELSTRUCTURE
Main Elements

STEELSTRUCTURE

Exterior exoskeleton
The exterior steel truss or exoskeleton provides additionalhorizontalstiffnesstothebuilding. It is formed by the main column or spine (900 mm diameter pipe), which is connected to the diagonals and horizontals elements (variable diameter from 700mmto300mm) The main spine is braced at every level to the concrete floors by means of stabilizers, and has a pin joint at every cube in order to avoid large hyperstaticalforces.

STEELSTRUCTURE

STRUCTURALLOADS
Wind
The wind effects were studied carefully at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, Ontario, Canada (Alan G. Davenport Wind Engineering Group). The determination of the overall structural loads and responses was made conducting forcebalance tests and pressure tests on a rigid model . The resonant response of the building due to dynamic amplification of the buffeting response at the natural frequencies of the building were determined analytically through the measurement of force spectra and the dynamic properties of the building. Together with the statistical wind climate model of wind speed and direction, predicted values of loads and responses were determined for various return periods. The studies showed also that the peak acceleration at the top levels for a 100 year return period was 0,02 g, well below the allowedlimitsforresidentialbuildings.

STRUCTURALLOADS
CONCRETE COLUMN:

Cube 1

Shrinkage(m/m) -2.910 -2.910

-4 -4

Creep(m/m) -3.910 0
-4

Total(m/m) -6.810 -2.910

-4 -4

Equivalent Temp (C) -68 -29

Shinkrage and Creep

Due to the fact that two different materials were used for the vertical bearing structures, concrete at the core and column and steel at exterior truss, the effects of shinkrage and creep are important as they will provoke internal forces of compression at the steel elementsandtensionattheconcreteones.

9 NOTES:

1.- Linear interpolation for the intermediate cubes 2.- The assumed thermal factor of the concrete is c=10-5 (C)-1

STRUCTURAL CORE:

Cube Shrink

Horizontal Direction Creep Total Thermal factor m/m m/m 0 0 m/m -310-4 -310-4 c,h (C) 10-5 10-5
-1

Vertical Direction Shrink Creep Total Thermal factor m/m -310-4 -310-4 m/m -1.8510-4 -0.210-4 m/m -4.8510-4 -3.210-4 c,v (C)-1 1.6210-5 1.0710-5

1 9

-310-4 -310-4

NOTES: 1.- Linear interpolation for the intermediate cubes 2.- A constant variation of temperature has been applied to the whole core = -30 C

STRUCTURALANALYSIS
Global Model
Thestructural analysis of the building was made with a global finite element model with the sofware SAP 2000. The model simulates all the concrete and steel elements as well as the foundationsslabsandpiles.

Deck level Standardlevel

ShearWalls (radialand perimetral)

Perimetercolumns

Conicalslab

STRUCTURALANALYSIS
Verification of Concrete elements. Reinforcement area. Due to the important hyperstatical forces and the interaction between the different elements (core, cloumn, slabs and shear walls ) it is not possible to analyzed each element isolated but to extract the forces from the global FEM model. After the analysis of the model the output results of the shell elements of the core, slabs and shear walls, and for all load combinations were processed with a postprocessing program in order to obtain the necessary reinforcement in both local directions and bothfacesoftheelementforthepredominantcase,consideringallforcesandmomentsandthematerialfeatures.

STRUCTURALANALYSIS
Analysis of displacements
The displacements for serviceability Limit State were calculated at the top of the buiding for the worst wind actions for a 100yearreturnperiod. The maximum drift (lateral deflection) corresponds to south winds and the value was 360 mm . This magnitude is f/H=1/528, which is within the limits of totalbuildingdriftforthisreturnperiod.

ERECTIONPROCESS
Erection Method

After finishing the foundations started the constructionoftheconcretecore.Thecore wascastina sliding form, which means that the form is suspended between vertical beamsandcanslideupwards,one floor at a time,bywayofjacks. The walls around staircase and lifts were poured in forms suspended underneath the sliding form. The walls were poured in connection with the casting of the core. Once the concrete had hardened to a pre determineddegree,thecoreformaswellas the forms for the staircase and lift shafts couldthenclimbupwardstothenextfloor. The next step in the pouring cycle was to form and pour the structural slab around the core before the cycle could be repeated with the core and lift shafts. Most of the reinforcement was prefabricated at shop in order to form large steel cages and then erected to its final position where can be overlapped. .

ERECTIONPROCESS

During the pouring of each slab the temporary supports were kept at least7levelsbelow. The core, lift shafts and structural slabs were poured with vibrated concretewhilethetransversalbracing walls under each cube were made with socalled selfcompacting concrete.Becauseofitsflow capacity, this type of concrete does not need vibrating. This method was used because the transversal walls were made after the structural slab above and below them were finished, making it impossible to insert vibration rods down into the concrete. Theformsforthefloorswererotated approx. 1.6 degrees for each floor in order to create the characteristic twist of the building. The time table dictated that a new floor tier was pouredevery10thdayontheaverage formorethanayear

ERECTIONPROCESS

The erection of the exterior exoskeleton started when the construction of the concrete structure had reached the 5th cube and was completed few weekslaterthantheconcrete. Finally the faade and interior finisheswerecompleted.

MAINDATA
Quantities
Heightofbuilding: 192m.

Numberoffloorsaboveground:55 Totalsurface: 31,900m2

Apartamentstotalsurface(cubes3to9):16,500m2 Officestotalusefulsurface(cubos1y2):4,500m2 Concrete: 25,000m3

Reinforcementsteel: 4,400Tons. SteelstructureExteriorexoesqueleton:820Tons. Faadesurface: 20,000m2 Glasssurface: Elevators:3forapartaments,2foroffices. 5,500m2

PARTICIPANTS

Client Construction Manager Architecture and Structural Design Interior Design Geotechnical Advisor Geotechnical Investigation Structural Checker

HSB Malm Ek Fr HSB Malm and NCC Construction Malm Santiago Calatrava SA, Zrich/Valencia Samark Arkitektur & Design AB, Malm Dr. Vollenweider, Zrich SWECO, Malm SWECO, Stockholm

Concrete 1 (Underground concrete structure) PEAB AB Concrete 2 (Concrete Structure above ground) NCC Construction AB Faade fabrication Steel Fabricator Steel Erector Elevators Grupo Folcr Edificacin SA, Espaa Emesa, Espaa Promecon, Dinamarca KONE AB

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