CORRECTION METHOD FOR ELECTRICAL TESTS IN TRANSFORMERS DESIGNED FOR 50 Hz OF FREQUENCY TESTED AT 60 Hz

Jos Manuel Esteves Vicente ngelo Jos Junqueira Rezek Antnio Tadeu Lyrio de Almeida
UNIFEI/IEE/DET Federal University of Itajub P.O Box: 50 Zip Code: 37500-903 - Itajub, MG - Brazil Tel : +553536291174/1180 Fax: +553536291380/1187 e-mail: manuel@iee.efei.br; rezek@iee.efei.br Abstract. The paper proposes a simple tests correction method for transformers designed for 50 Hz tested at frequency of 60 Hz. This way, there is no necessity of using a motor-generator group to obtain the frequency of 50 Hz, in order to make the tests of the transformers designed for 50 Hz. Using the available frequency of 60 [Hz] of our electrical system the tests will be corrected for 50[Hz], using the methodology described in the paper. The obtained results are presented and discussed. Keywords: Transformers, Tests, Correction Method , Frequencies 50[Hz] and 60[Hz]

1. Introduction As the industry frequency of the electrical system in Brazil is of 60 Hz, the transformer manufacturers have developed their own projects and laboratories to operate at this frequency. With the burgeoning Mercosul, where several countries adopt 50 Hz as the industry frequency for the electrical system, the Brazilian transformer manufacturers who want their share in this market must suit their projects and test laboratories to operate also at this frequency. Once designed and built, the transformer must have no-load and short-circuit tests performed with voltages and currents with frequency of 50 Hz. If the laboratory has a dc motor-driven generator as a power source, or an induction motor with frequency inverter, it is relatively easy to make the generator operate both at 60 and 50 Hz. For this case, the manufacturer can test the 60 Hz transformers with frequency of 60 Hz and the 50 Hz ones with frequency of 50 Hz, without any correction being necessary. However, most manufacturers have in their laboratories, induction motor-driven generators, with conventional feeding and generator-coupled, either by pulley and belt; in this case the only form to alternate the frequency would be changing the pulleys rate. In other cases a voltage variator, generally motorized, is used as a power source. This way, it is impossible to make the output frequency to be different from the input frequency. For the reasons depicted it is interesting and cheap that the laboratory operates always at the original frequency of 60 Hz. For transformers designed to operate at 50 Hz, they must be tested at 60 Hz and the correction method outlined below must be applied. 2. Correction Method Proposed 2.1. No-Load Tests: 2.1.1. No-Load Losses So as to reach the same intensity of magnetic flow circulating in the transformer core designed for 50 Hz and tested at 60 Hz, it is necessary to increase the voltage in 20%, since the flow is inversely proportional to the frequency [1].

U = K f
(Expression of the flow as a function of the frequency and of the voltage). where: U - Voltage - Flow K - Proportionality constant f Frequency

(1)

However, some corrections must be made because the no-load losses obtained are larger than the ones that would be obtained at 50 Hz. That happens because the no-load losses vary with the frequency, according to the following expression:

Pnl = K (K h f + K f f 2 )
where: Kh = Hysteresis constant; Kf = Foucault constant. Pnl = No-load losses

(2)

The no-load losses are then made up by Hysteresis losses and by the Foucault losses, the first varying with the frequency and the latter varying with square of the frequency. In the method proposed, as it is difficult to know the proportion of these losses built in the no-load losses, a value of 50% is adopted for each. This way, the correction applied to the no-load losses for the test made with frequency of 60 Hz and voltage 20% higher is:

Pnl 50H z =

Pnl 60H z 50 Pnl 60H z x + 2 60 2

50 x 60

2.1.2. No-Load Current In practical terms, the no-load current obtained at the no-load test with 20% more voltage and frequency of 60 Hz, is practically the same that would be obtained with rated voltage and frequency of 60 Hz, because the magnetizing current iq, flow function, is the same and much larger than the ip parcel, no-load losses function. The precision of the method proposed can be increased, by also correcting the no-load current according to the phase diagram of figure 1.

Figure 1. No load phase diagram. Initially, the no-load current Io60Hz is decomposed in the parcels Ip60Hz (active parcel) and Iq60Hz (reactive parcel); next, the current Ip50Hz is obtained the same way it was done for the active power and finally, the no-load current Io50Hz is calculated, that is:

Ip 60 Hz = Io60 Hz cos Iq 60 Hz = Io60 Hz sen Ip50 Hz

60 Hz

(3) (4)
2

60 Hz

Ip 50 Ip 60 Hz 50 = 60 Hz + 2 60 2 60

(5)

Iq50 Hz = Iq60 Hz
2 2 Io50 Hz = Ip50 Hz + Iq 50 Hz

(6) (7)

2.2. Short-Circuit Tests 2.2.1. Short-Circuit Power The short-circuit power obtained by the short-circuit test is made up by the Joule loss parcels and by the additional losses. Only the additional losses vary with the frequency and they must be corrected by the expression:

50 Pad 50 Hz = Pad 60 Hz 60
where: Pad Additional losses

(8)

The losses by Joule effect (PJ), are calculated in function of R.I2 of the windings irrespective to the frequency:

PJ = Rhv Ihv 2 + Rlv Ilv 2

where: Rhv = High voltage winding resistance per phase; Rlv = Low voltage winding resistance per phase; Ihv = High voltage winding current; Ilv = Low voltage winding current. This way, we have the following expressions:

(9)

Psc 60 Hz = PJ + Pad 60 Hz
Pad 60 Hz = Pcc 60 Hz PJ 50 Pad 50 Hz = Pad 60 Hz 60 Psc 50 Hz = PJ + Pa 50 Hz
Where: Psc Short circuit losses 2.2.2. Short-Circuit Voltage
2

(10) (11) (12) (13)

The short-circuit voltage obtained in test at 60 Hz is higher than the one that would be obtained at 50 Hz, because as the percent reactance varies with frequency, the short-circuit voltage will also be directly proportional to it. The correction applied to the short-circuit voltage is:

 50 Vsc 50 Hz = Vsc 60 Hz 60
where: Vsc Short circuit voltage 2.3. Calculating Other Parameters

(14)

The other parameters R%, Z%, X%, Total losses, etc., are calculated by using their original expressions, but with their terms replaced by the corrected terms. 2.3.1. Application Example Dada for the three-phase transformer: HV: 13200 [V] Temperature Class: 75 oC LV: 400 [V] S = 160 [KVA] Angle shift: Dy11 Frequency = 50 [Hz] Table 1 below shows the test results: Po [W] Io [A] Psc [W] Vsc [V] Ptotal75oC [W] Z% 75oC Table 1 Test results where: Psc - Short-circuit losses Po No-load losses Ptotal - Total losses Vsc - Short-circuit voltage Z% - Percent impedance 3. Conclusions 50 Hz 405 4,18 1945 535 2703 4,12 60 Hz 403 4,18 1947 533 2701 4,10 ERROR -0,5 [%] +0,1 [%] -0,4 [%] -0,1 [%] -0,5 [%]

The tests performed by the method proposed present typical errors of 0.5% which are compatible with the precision of the instruments used in most laboratories. This methodology has been implemented in the software for transformer tests called TRANS4, which was developed at UNIFEI-Brazil and is used by most of national transformer manufacturers. 4. References

Oliveira, Jos Carlos de; Cogo, Joo Roberto; Abreu, Jos Policarpo G. Transformers theory and tests (In Portuguese) Ed. Edgard Blcher Ltda., 1998; Fitzgerald, A. E; Kingsley Jr. C.; Kusko, A Electrical machines (In portuguese). Ed. McGraw-Hill do Brasil Ltda. 1977. 5. Copyright Notice The author is the only responsible for the printed material included in his paper.