13

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER REVIEW
Blood vessels include arteries (and arterioles ) that take blood away from the heart; capillaries, where exchange of substances with the tissues occurs; and veins (and venules ) that take blood to the heart. The movement of blood in the cardiovascular system is dependent on the beat of the heart. During the cardiac cycle, the SA node ( pacemaker ) initiates the beat and causes the atria to contract. The AV node conveys the stimulus and initiates contraction of the ventricles. The heart sounds, lub-dup, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed by the closing of the semilunar valves. Blood pressure accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries, but because blood pressure drops off after the capillaries, it cannot cause blood flow in the veins. Skeletal muscle contraction pushes blood past a venous valve, which then shuts, preventing backward flow. The velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillaries, where exchange of nutrients and wastes takes place. The cardiovascular system is divided into the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. In the pulmonary circuit, two pulmonary arteries take blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, and four pulmonary veins return it to the left atrium. To trace the path of blood in the systemic circuit, start with the aorta from the left ventricle. Follow its path until it branches to an artery going to a specific organ. It can be assumed that the artery divides into arterioles and capillaries and that the capillaries lead to venules. The vein that takes blood to the vena cava most likely has the same name as the artery that delivered blood to the organ. In the adult systemic circuit, unlike the pulmonary circuit, the arteries carry oxygenated blood and the veins carry deoxygenated blood. Blood has two main parts: plasma and cells. Plasma contains mostly water (9092%) and proteins (78%), but it also contains nutrients and wastes. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin and function in oxygen transport. Defense against disease depends on the various types of white blood cells. Granular neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic. Agranular lymphocytes are involved in the development of immunity to disease. The platelets and two plasma proteins, prothrombin and fibrinogen, function in blood clotting, an enzymatic process that results in fibrin threads. When blood reaches a capillary, water moves out at the arterial end, due to blood pressure. At the venule end, water moves in, due to osmotic pressure. In between, nutrients diffuse out and wastes diffuse in. Hypertension and atherosclerosis are two cardiovascular disorders that lead to heart attack and to stroke. Medical and surgical procedures are available to control cardiovascular disease, but the best policy is prevention by following a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, maintaining a proper weight, and not smoking cigarettes.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

13.1 THE BLOOD VESSELS (P . 240)

A series of vessels delivers blood from the heart to the capillaries, where exchange of substances takes place, and then another series of vessels delivers blood from the capillaries back to the heart.

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1. Label the blood vessels in this diagram, using the alphabetized list of terms. arterioles artery capillaries heart vein venules

2. Match the vessel in the key to the statements that follow. Key artery vein capillary a. _______________________ Has the thickest walls. b. _______________________ Has valves. c. _______________________ Takes blood away from the heart. d. _______________________ Takes blood to the heart. e. _______________________ Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with tissues. f. _______________________ Nervous stimulation causes these to constrict during hemorrhaging; these also act as a blood reservoir. 3. Explain how it is possible to bypass capillary beds by shunting blood directly from arteriole to venule.

13.2 THE HEART (P . 242)

The human heart is a double pump; the right side pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps blood the the rest of the body. 4. Trace the path of blood through the heart from the vena cava to the lungs. from the lungs to the aorta.
b. a.

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5. Label the parts of the heart using the alphabetized list of terms. aorta aortic semilunar valve atrioventricular (mitral) valve atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve AV node chordae tendineae inferior vena cava left atrium left ventricle pulmonary artery right atrium right ventricle SA node septum superior vena cava

a. b. j. c. d. e. f. g. h. o. m. n. k l.

i.

6. How does the thickness of the walls of the ventricles relate to their functions? 7. Referring to Figure 13.6 in the text, fill in the following table with the words systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) to show what happens during the 0.85 seconds of one heartbeat.
time 0.15 sec 0.30 sec 0.40 sec a. b. c. Atria d. e. f. Ventricles

8. Heart sounds. When the atria contract, this forces blood through the a._______________ valves into the chambers called the b._______________. The closing of these valves is the lub sound. Next, the ventricles contract and force the blood into the arteries. Now the c._______________ valves close, making the dub sound. 9. Match the following phrases to this key. Key SA node AV node a. ___________________ pacemaker b. ___________________ contraction of ventricles c. ___________________ base of right atrium near the septum d. ___________________ Purkinje fibers 10. Electrocardiogram. Of what significance is each of the following? P wave _____________________________________
a.

QRS wave b.____________________________________ T wave c.______________________________________

0.1 mV
P

.04 seconds

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11. Match the following actions to the divisions of the nervous system. Key parasympathetic system sympathetic system a. _______________________ normal body functions b. _______________________ active under times of stress c. _______________________ releases norepinephrine to speed up heart d. _______________________ slows heart rate 12. Does the hormone thyroxine from the thyroid speed or slow the heart rate? a.________________ Does the adrenal gland hormone, epinephrine, speed or slow the heart rate? b.___________________ Questions 1316 are based on this diagram.

pressure

total cross-sectional area of vessels

velocity

blood flow

arteries

capillaries arterioles venules

veins

13. What force accounts for blood flow in arteries? 14. Why does this force fluctuate? 15. What causes the pressure and velocity to drop off? 16. What force accounts for blood flow in the veins? 17. What keeps blood from flowing backwards in veins?

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13.3 VASCULAR PATHWAYS (P . 246)

The pulmonary arteries transport blood low in oxygen to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins return blood high in oxygen to the heart. The systemic circuit transports blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body and then returns it to the right atrium of the heart. 18. Trace the path of blood to the lungs: right ventricle
a.

from the legs: legs

c.

_________________________________ _________________________________

____________________________________ ____________________________________

lungs
b. d.

left atrium 19. Trace the path of blood from the aorta to the liver: aorta
a.

right atrium from the liver: liver

c.

__________________________ __________________________

_______________________________________

digestive tract
b.

vena cava

liver

13.4 BLOOD (P . 249)

Blood is composed of cells and a fluid containing proteins and various other molecules and ions. Blood clotting is a series of reactions that produces a clotfibrin threads in which red blood cells are trapped. 20. Plasma is mostly a.________________ and b.________________. 21. Place the correct plasma protein in the blank: fibrinogen, albumin, globulin, or all plasma proteins.
a. b. c. d.

___________________ transports cholesterol. ___________________ helps blood clot. ___________________ transports bilirubin. ___________________ helps maintain the pH and osmotic pressure of the blood.

22. The red blood cells, scientifically called a._______________, are made in the b._______________. Upon maturation, they are biconcave disks that lack a(n) c._______________ and contain d.__________________. After about 120 days, red blood cells are destroyed in the e._______________ and _________________. The condition of
f._______________ is characterized by an insufficient number of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin. 23. Circle the items that describe hemoglobin correctly: a. heme contains iron b. globin contains iron c. becomes oxyhemoglobin in the tissues d. becomes deoxyhemoglobin in the tissues e. makes red blood cells red f. makes eosinophils red

24. White blood cells, scientifically called a._________________, are made in the b._________________. 25. Name three differences between red blood cells and white blood cells. White blood cells are
a. c.

______________________ in size than red blood cells; they do have a b.________________; and they do not contain ________________.

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26. Place the name of the correct white blood cell (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, or monocyte) next to the proper description.
a.

___________________ An agranular cell with a large, round nucleus that occurs in two versions. The B lymphocytes ___________________ An abundant granular cell with a multilobed nucleus that phagocytizes pathogens.

produce antibodies and the T lymphocytes destroy cells that contain viruses.
b. c.

___________________ A large agranular cell that takes up residence in the tissues and differentiates into a voracious ___________________ A cell with blue-staining granules that takes up residence in the tissues; these become mast

macrophage.
d.

cells and release histamine.

e.

___________________ A cell with a bilobed nucleus and red-staining granules that becomes abundant during

allergies and parasitic infections. 27. A type of cancer called a.__________________ occurs when abnormally large numbers of immature
b.

________________ fill red bone marrow. The patient becomes both anemic and incapable of fighting disease organisms.

28. The following shows the reactions that occur as blood clots: platelets > prothrombin activator prothrombin > thrombin fibrinogen > fibrin threads Does the left-hand side or the right-hand side list substances that are always present in the blood? a._________________ Which substances function as enzymes? b._________________ Which substance is the actual clot? c._________________ 29. Several nutrients are necessary for clotting to occur. Vitamin a.______________ is needed for the production of prothrombin. The element b.______________ is needed for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Capillary Exchange (p.255) Exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid across capillary walls supplies cells with nutrients and removes wastes. 30. Label this diagram using these terms: arterial end of the capillary; blood pressure (two times); net pressure in; osmotic pressure (two times); water, oxygen, and nutrients; venous end of the capillary; water and wastes; tissue fluid.
protein a. 0 30 mmHg 21 mmHg 10 b. 20 9 30 c. j. e. f. red blood cell salt Venous end of the capillary 15 mmHg

d.

g.
6 h.

21 mmHg

mmHg

i.

31. Explain the diagram.________________________________________________________________________ 32. Why is there excess tissue fluid and what happens to it? ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 106

13.5 CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (P . 256)

Although the cardiovascular system is very efficient, it is still subject to degenerative disorders. 33. Match the items in the key to the statements that follow. Key artificial pacemaker needed dietary restriction of salt and/or cholesterol coronary bypass Clearing clogged arteries was unsuccessful. Blood pressure is 200/140. Heartbeat is irregular.
c. b. a.

donor heart transplant

Congestive heart failure is present. d. 34. Match the items in the key to the phrases that follow. Key thrombus and embolus atherosclerosis and hypertension stroke and heart attack weakened valves
c. d. a. b.

varicose veins

hemorrhoids

varicose veins in rectum

blood vessels narrowed by plague

CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. ____ 1. Which type of blood vessel allows the exchange of material between the blood and the tissues? a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins e. venules ____ 2. Arteries a. carry blood away from the heart. b. carry blood toward the heart. c. have valves. d. Both a and b are correct. ____ 3. Which of these vessels have the thinnest walls? a. arteries b. veins c. Both are the same. ____ 4. The venae cavae a. carry blood to the right atrium. b. carry blood away from the right atrium. c. join with the aorta. d. have a high blood pressure. ____ 5. The coronary arteries carry blood a. from the aorta to the heart tissues. b. from the heart to the brain. c. directly to the heart from the pulmonary circuit. d. from the lungs directly to the left atrium. ____ 6. Which of these chambers has the thickest walls? a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle ____7. The SA node a. works only when it receives a nerve impulse. b. is located in the left atrium. c. initiates the heartbeat. d. All of these are correct. ____ 8. What is the function of the heart valves? a. to push blood b. to prevent backflow c. to stimulate the heart d. to give support to the heart ____9. The first wave (the P wave) of an ECG is due to a. atrial contraction. b. ventricular contraction. c. ventricular relaxation. d. atrial relaxation. ____10. The heart sounds are due to a. blood flowing. b. the closing of the valves. c. the heart muscle contracting. d. blood pressure in the aorta. ____11. Blood flows in veins because of a. contraction of valves. b. arterial blood pressure. c. capillary blood pressure. d. skeletal muscle contraction.

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____12. Systole refers to the contraction of the a. major arteries. b. SA node. c. atria and ventricles. d. major veins. ____13. Blood pressure falls off drastically in the capillaries because the capillaries a. contain valves. b. become veins. c. have a large cross-sectional area. d. All of these are correct. ____14. The major portion of the cardiovascular system is called the a. systemic circuit. b. pulmonary circuit. c. hepatic portal circuit. d. coronary circuit. ____15. Blood flowing to the lungs leaves the heart via the _______________ and returns to the heart via the _______________. a. aorta; superior vena cava b. superior vena cava; aorta c. pulmonary arteries; pulmonary veins d. aorta; pulmonary veins 16. A heart attack is due to a blocked a. pulmonary artery. b. coronary artery. c. aorta. d. vena cava. 17. Hemoglobin a. transports O 2 . b. transports CO 2 . c. picks up hydrogen ions. d. all of these 18. Carbon monoxide is poisonous due to the fact that it a. combines more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen does. b. destroys red blood cells. c. destroys the bodys tissues. d. destroys oxygen. 19. Which of the following characterizes anemia? a. low red blood cell count, low hemoglobin, or both b. viral infection c. congenital disease d. All of these are correct. 20. Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the a. red bone marrow. b. lungs. c. lymph nodes. d. spleen and liver.

21. Which of the following white blood cells has granules and is phagocytic? a. lymphocyte b. basophil c. monocyte d. neutrophil 22. Which of these is not a valid contrast between red blood cells and white blood cells? red white a. erythrocyteleukocyte b. phagocyticmotile c. lacks nucleushas nucleus d. numerousless numerous 23. Choose the best description of neutrophils. a. multilobed nuclei, phagocytic, do not take up stain b. U -shaped nucleus, dark blue after staining, turn into mast cells c. bilobed nucleus, red after staining, present with allergies d. kidney-shaped nucleus, phagocytic, turn into macrophages 24. Choose the best description of basophils. a. lobed nuclei, phagocytic, do not take up stain b. U -shaped nucleus, dark blue after staining, related to mast cells c. bilobed nucleus, red after staining, present with allergies d. kidney-shaped nucleus, phagocytic, turn into macrophages 25. Plasma transports a. nutrients. b. CO 2 . c. hormones. d. All of these are correct. 26. Which plasma protein becomes the threads of a clot? a. prothrombin b. thrombin c. prothrombin activator d. fibrinogen 27. Which of these is not a normal function of plasma proteins? a. maintaining osmotic pressure b. a widely used source of nutrition for the body c. fighting infection d. contributing to blood clotting 28. Plasma is a. the same as tissue fluid. b. the liquid remaining after blood clots. c. the liquid portion of the blood. d. All of these are correct.

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29. At a capillary a. oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. b. glucose is exchanged for amino acids. c. water is exchanged for proteins. d. waste material carried in blood is deposited into tissues.

30. Water reenters capillaries at their venous ends because of a. active transport from interstitial fluid. b. osmotic pressure of blood drawing fluid from tissues.

THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 31. How do you think lower osmotic pressure would affect capillary exchange?

32. What do you think would happen to the heartbeat if the SA node did not stimulate the AV node?

Test Results: _______ number correct 32 = _________ 100 = _______%

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ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. heart b. artery c. arterioles d. capillaries e. venules f. vein 2. a. artery b. vein c. artery d. vein e. capillary f. vein 3. The shunting of blood around capillary beds is possible because each bed has a thoroughfare channel that allows blood to flow directly from arteriole to venule. Sphincter muscles prevent blood from flowing into the capillaries. 4. a. vena cava, right atrium, atrioventricular valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs b. lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta 5. a. aorta b. superior vena cava c. SA node d. AV node e. right atrium f. atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve g. chordae tendineae h. right ventricle i. inferior vena cava j. pulmonary artery k. aortic semilunar valve l. left atrium m. atrioventricular (mitral) valve n. septum o. left ventricle 6. The left ventricle is thicker-walled than the right ventricle because the left one must pump blood the greater distance to the entire body. The right ventricle only pumps the shorter distance to the lungs. 7. a. systole b. diastole c. diastole d. diastole e. systole f. diastole 8. a. atrioventricular b. ventricles c. semilunar 9. a. SA node b. AV node c. AV node d. AV node 10. a. associated with atrial systole b. associated with ventricular systole c. associated with ventricular recovery 11. a. parasympathetic system b. sympathetic system c. sympathetic system d. parasympathetic system 12. a. speeds b. speeds 13. blood pressure 14. systole and diastole of the left ventricle of the heart 15. distance from heart and increase in cross-sectional area of blood vessels 16. skeletal muscle contraction 17. valves 18. a. pulmonary arteries b. pulmonary veins c. iliac vein d. inferior vena cava 19. a. mesenteric arteries b. hepatic portal vein c. hepatic vein 20. a. water b. plasma proteins 21. a. globulin b. fibrinogen c. albumin d. all plasma proteins 22. a. erythrocytes b. red bone marrow c. nucleus d. hemoglobin e. liver and spleen f. anemia 23. a, d, e, 24. a. leukocytes b. red bone marrow 25. a. larger b. nucleus c. hemoglobin 26. a. lymphocyte b. neutrophil c. monocyte d. basophil e. eosinophil 27 a. leukemia b. white blood cells (leukocytes) 28. a. lefthand side b. prothrombin activator and thrombin c. fibrin threads 29. a. K b. calcium 30. a. arterial end of capillary b. blood pressure c. net pressure out d. osmotic pressure e. water, oxygen, and nutrients f. water and wastes g. blood pressure h. net pressure in i. osmotic pressure j. tissue fluid. 31. At the arterial end of a capillary, blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure. Therefore water, nutrients, and oxygen leave a capillary. At the venous end of a capillary, osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure; therefore water and wastes enter a capillary. In this way tissue fluid is refreshed. 32. This system never retrieves all the water that leaves capillaries, and excess tissue fluid is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream. 33. a. coronary bypass b. dietary restriction of salt and/or cholesterol c. artificial pacemaker needed d. donor heart transplant 34. a. thrombus and embolus b. hemorrhoids c. varicose veins d. atherosclerosis and hypertension

CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. b 11. d 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. a 19. a 20. d 21. d 22. b 23. a 24. b 25. d 26. d 27. b 28. c 29. a 30. b 31. Tissue fluid would not be returned as efficiently to the venous end of the capillary. It would remain in the tissue spaces, and edema would result. 32. The ventricles would not be signaled to contract. Therefore, ventricular systole would not take place, and oxygenated blood would not effectively flow to the bodys tissues.

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