1. What is the difference between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer? A.

Those transformers installed at the receiving end of long high voltage transmission lines are the Power Transformers. The Distribution Transformers (generally pole mounted) are those installed in the location of the city to provide utilization voltage at the consumer terminals. Power Transformer Power Transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA. A Power Transformer usually has one primary and one secondary, and one input and output. Distribution Transformer Distribution Transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200 MVA. A Distribution Transformer may have one primary and one divided or "Tapped" secondary, or two or more secondary.

Power Transformers generally operate at However, a Distribution Transformer nearly full load. operates at light loads during major parts of the day. The performance of the Power Transformers The performance of a Distribution is generally judged from commercial Transformer is judged from all day efficiency. efficiency. The rating of a Power Transformer is many The rating of a Distribution Transformer is times greater than that of Distribution generally low. Transformer. In Power Transformer the flux density is higher. Power Transformer's primary winding always connected in star and secondary winding in delta. In the Substation end of the transmission line, the Power Transformer Connection is Star-Delta. (For the purpose of Step down the Voltage Level) In Distribution Transformer the flux density is low. In Distribution Transformer primary winding connected in delta and secondary in star. In the start up of the Transmission line (H-T), the connection of the Power Transformer is Delta Star (For the purpose of Step Up the Voltage Level) But in case of Distribution Transformer, But Generally it is used in there-phase Step down Distribution Transformer( Delta Star).

2. What is Form Factor and RMS Value? A. Form factor of an alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the RMS (Root Mean Square) value to the Absolute Average Value (also referred to as the Practical Average Value) of the waveform. In the case of a sinusoidal wave i.e., an analogue wave, the form factor is approximately 1.11 The form factor of an alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the RMS (Root Mean Square) value to the average value (mathematical mean of absolute values of all points on the waveform). The RMS value of a set of values (or a continuous-time waveform) is the square root of the arithmetic mean (average) of the squares of the original values (or the square of the function that defines the continuous waveform).
In the case of a set of formula: values , the RMS value is given by this

3. Why losses are minimum in HV Transmission? A. Electric energy is transported across the countryside with high-voltage lines because the line losses are much smaller than with low-voltage lines. All wires currently used have some resistance (the development of high-temperature superconductors will probably change this some day). Let's call the total resistance of the transmission line leading from a power station to your local substation R. Let's also say the local community demands a power P=IV from that substation. This means the current drawn by the substation is I=P/V and the higher the transmission line voltage, the smaller the current. The line loss is given by Ploss=IR, or, substituting for I,

Ploss = PR/V
Since P is fixed by community demand, and R is as small as you can make it (using big fat copper cable, for example), line loss decreases strongly with increasing voltage. The reason is simply that you want the smallest amount of current that you can use to deliver the power P. Another important note: the loss fraction

Ploss/P = PR/V

increases with increasing load P: power transmission is less efficient at times of higher demand. Again, this is because power is proportional to current but line loss is proportional to current squared. Line loss can be quite large over long distances, up to 30% or so. By the way, line loss power goes into heating the transmission line cable which, per meter length, isn't very much heat. Power loss due to wire resistance increases as the square of the current and therefore decreases as the square of the voltage at fixed total power. The loss fraction in a transmission line increases with demand.

4. Why the rating of a transformer is in KVA? A. A volt ampere is the product of the transformer's secondary rated voltage and its rated
current. It is not rated in watts, because the transformer designer has no idea what sort of load is to be applied to the transformer, and it is the load that determines the amount of

watts, and the power factor, not the transformer.

5. Why primary winding of transformer burns when operated on DC? A. A Transformer cannot be operated on the DC source or never connected to DC supply. If a rated dc voltage is applied to the primary of the transformer, the flux produced in the transformer core will not vary but remain constant in magnitude. So therefore no emf is induced in the secondary winding except during the moment of switching on the dc supply. As no induced emf is produced current cannot be delivered from the secondary side to the load. Also the flux flowing through the iron core from primary winding to secondary winding not only links the secondary winding but also primary winding. Due to this flux linkage self induced emf is produced in the primary winding. This self induced emf in the primary winding will oppose the applied voltage and hence it acts as back emf. This back emf limits the primary current flowing through the primary winding in normal operating condition (similar like dc machine armature current). When a dc supply is provided to the transformer primary no self induced emf will be generated (no back emf). Therefore heavy current will flow in the transformer primary winding which may result in burning down the transformer primary winding.

6. How to increase the efficiency of a Transformer? 3

A. The efficiency of a transformer can be increased by decreasing the losses taking place in it. a. By making the core losses equal to iron losses, the efficiency of transformer can be increased significantly. b. Use thick copper wires of low resistance. Use coolant to decrease the temperature of the transformer. c. Use a laminated iron core whereby each layer is insulated with enamel paint to prevent the flow of eddy currents. The high resistance between layers of the iron core decreases the prevalence of eddy currents and heat. d. Use a soft iron core that is easily magnetized and de-magnetized.