M.Tech. Microelectronics (M.Tech) COURSE STRUCTURE Sub.

.Code MA2184 EC2111 EC2112 EC2113 EC2114 *** *** EC2132 First Semester Title Of Subject L 4 Probability, Random Variables & Stochastic Processes Advanced Digital VLSI Design 4 Analog & RF VLSI Design 4 Processor architecture and 4 applications VLSI Process Technology 4 Research Methodology 1 Microelectronics Laboratory I 0 TOTAL 21

T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9

C 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 24

Sub. Code EC2211 EC2212 EC2 *** EC2 *** EC2 *** *** *** EC2232 EC2282

Second Semester Title Of The Subject L Low Power VLSI Design 4 CMOS Mixed Signal Design Program Elective I Program Elective II Program Elective III Open Elective Microelectronics Laboratory II Seminar TOTAL 4 4 4 4 3 0 0 23

T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 9

C 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 26

Year Sub.Code Title Of Subject II EC2383 Project Work

C 40

Program Electives Elective-I EC2250 Optical Fiber Communication EC2251 Microwave and Millimetre wave Antenna EC2252 Radar Systems EC2253 Data Compression EC2254 CAD Tools for VLSI EC2255 High Speed Digital Design EC2256 Time-Frequency & Wavelet Transforms EC2257 Semiconductor Device Physics Elective-II EC2258 System on Chip Design EC2259 Spread Spectrum Communication EC2260 Nonlinear Fiber Optics EC2261 Coding Theory EC2262 Digital Speech Processing EC2263 VLSI Testing & Testability EC2264 Embedded System design EC2265 Introduction to MEMS Technology EC2266 VLSI Physical Design and Verification COURSE CONTENT

Elective-III EC2267 Quantum Information Science EC2268 Digital Image Processing EC2269 Communication Networks and Protocols EC1270 Nanophotonics EC2271 Cryptography & Network Security EC2272 Large Area Micro Electronics EC2273 RF Microelectronics Chip Design EC2274 Analog VLSI for Signal Processing

Open Electives EC2290 Advance Microwave Antenna Technology EC2291 ARM Processor and Application EC2292 Nanoelectronics EC2293 Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic

MA2284 PROBABILITY, RANDOM VARIABLES AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES [4 0 0 4] Statistical Inference: Random Sampling, Sampling distributions, Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing, Regression, Correlation and Analysis of Variance Examples; Stochastic Processes: Static probabilities: review and prerequisites generating functions, difference equations; Dynamic probability: definition and description with examples; Markov chains, transition probabilities, Chapmen Kolmogrov equations; Classification of states, chains of Markov process; Stability of Markov systems, limiting behaviour, random walk; Poisson Processes: assumptions and derivations, related distributions, birth and death processes; Queuing System, general concepts, Model M/M/1 and M/M/S, steady state behvaour, transient behaviour. References: 1. Hogg & Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 4th Edn., MacMillan, (1975).

2. A. Papoulis & S.U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, McGraw Hill, 2002. 3. P. Z. Peebles Jr., Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles, McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore 2001. EC2111 ADVANCED DIGITAL VLSI DESIGN [4 0 0 4] MOS Transistor theory: Operation and characteristics, Threshold voltage, Body effect, Sub threshold conduction, Channel length modulation, mobility variation, Tunneling, Drain punch through and Hot electron effect;; Advantages of CMOS over NMOS, CMOS/SOI technology, CMOS/Bulk technology, latch up in bulk CMOS and its prevention; Principles of Digital VLSI Design using CMOS: Principles of circuit design using pass transistors and transmission gates;; Basic circuit concepts and performance estimation: Introduction, Resistance Estimation Capacitance Estimation and switching characteristics of CMOS gates; BiCMOS Logic circuits: Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) structure and operation, Dynamic behavior of BJTs; Dynamic CMOS logic and clocking: Introduction, static CMOS design, Pseudo-NMOS circuits, Domino CMOS structure and design, Erasable PROMs and flash memories; Chip input and output (I/O) circuits: ESD protection, Input circuits, Output circuits, L(di/dt) noise and VLSI Packaging technology; VLSI design methodologies: VLSI design flow, design hierarchy, Concepts of Regularity, Modularity and Locality, VLSI design styles, Design Quality and Computer Aided Design. References: 1. Neil Weste & K. Eshragian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: A System Perspective, Pearson Education, 2000. 2. Jan M, Rabaey, et al, Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective, Prentice Hall, 2003. 3. Wayne, Wolf, Modern VLSI design: System on Silicon, Pearson Education, 2005. 4. Sung, Mo Kang & Yosuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Analysis and Design, TMH, 2003 5. Douglas A Pucknell & Kamran Eshraghian, Basic VLSI Design, PHI, 2005.

EC2112 ANALOG & RF VLSI DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction to Analog Design: Design flow, Digital v/s Analog Design, MOS device physics, Long-channel and short-channel devices, Second-order effects-Channel length modulation, Bulk effect; Current sources and sinks: simple and cascode current mirror, Widlar current mirror, Wilson Current mirror, sensitivity analysis, High-performance wide-swing current mirrors; Active Loads & Voltage & current references; CMOS Amplifiers: CS, CD, CG with different active loads (diode-connected MOS load, current source/sink load, ideal current load etc); CMOS Operational Amplifier: Basic two-stage CMOS Op-amp design (with and without buffer), frequency response & compensation, Operational Transconductance Amplifiers(OTA; Analog Layout considerations: Review of CMOS layout and design rules, CMOS process errors due to lateral diffusion, oxide encroachement, over etching etc, antenna effect; CMOS RF Circuit Design: MOSFET models at RF frequencies, Noise Performance and limitations of devices. References: 1. B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,Tata McGraw-Hill, 2002.

2. D. A.Johns, Ken Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Johns Wiley & Sons, 2002. 3. R. J. Baker, Harry W.Li & David E.Boyce, CMOS circuit design, Layout, and Simulation, IEEE Press, PHI Pvt Ltd, 1998. 4. P. E. Allen & Douglas R. Holberg , CMOS Analog Circuit Design,Second edition, Oxford University Press,2004. 5. T. H.Lee, Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University, 2004. EC2113 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE & APPLICATIONS [4 0 0 4] Processor Datapath and control: Building a Datapath, A simple implementation scheme, A Multicycle Implementation; Pipelining: Pipelining Basics, Pipeline Hazards, Pipelined Datapath, Pipelined Control, Data Hazards & Forwarding; I/O interface: Programmed I/O, Interrupt I/O, DMA; Instruction-Level Parallelism: Concepts & Challenges, Basic Compiler techniques, Branch Prediction, Dynamic Scheduling; Multiprocessors :Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures, Symmetric Shared-Memory Architectures; MSP430 Microcontroller Architecture & Applications; Architecture of Digital Signal Processors: Need for special DSPs, Special features of Digital Signal Processors, finite word length effects, quantization errors; DSP development tools: introduction to ccs studio & Simulink; Applications using Digital Signal Processors: Digital filtering, Speech and image processing etc. References : 1. J.L.Hennessy & D. A.Patterson, Computer Architecture-A Quantitative Approach, Fourth Edition, Elsevier,2007 2. P. Lapsley, DSP Processor Fundamentals, IEEE Press, 1997 3. S. M. Kuo & W. S. Gan, Digital Signal Processors, Pearson, 2005 EC2114 VLSI PROCESS TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4] Material Properties: Physical properties, Crystal structure, Miller indices, Packing Density, Defects, Dislocation; Crystal Growth: Silicon Crystal Growth - Czochralski and Float Zone Technique, Distribution of dopants, Segregation/Distribution coefficient; Silicon Oxidation: Thermal Oxidation process- Kinetics of Growth, Deal-Grove Model, Impurity Distribution, Masking properties; Photolithography: Photo resists, Lift Off technique, Optical Lithography, Next generation lithography; Diffusion: Basic diffusion process- Ficks first and second law, Pre-deposition and drive-in diffusion; Ion Implantation: Range, straggle, ion stopping, ion Channeling, RTA Etching: Wet and dry etching- Plasma fundamentals; Film Deposition: PECVD, and Epitaxy. References: 1. S.K. Gandhi, VLSI Fabrication Principles, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 2. S. M. Sze, VLSI Technology, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 1988. 3. S. A. Campbell, The Science & Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005. 4. G. S. May & S. M. Sze, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication, Wiley Student edition, 2004. 5. D. A. Pucknell & Kamran Eshraghian, Basic VLSI Design, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1994. *** ***
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TECHNICAL PRESENTATION [1 0 3 2]

Mechanics of Research Methodology: Types of research, Significance of research, Research framework, Case study method, Experimental method, Sources of data, Data collection using questionnaire, Interviewing, and experimentation; Research formulation: Components, selection and formulation of a research problem, Objectives of formulation, and Criteria of a good research problem; Research hypothesis: Criterion for hypothesis construction, Nature of hypothesis, Need for having a working hypothesis, Characteristics and Types of hypothesis, Procedure for hypothesis testing; Sampling Methods- Introduction to various sampling methods and their applications; Data Analysis: Sources of data, Collection of data, Measurement and scaling technique, and Different techniques of Data analysis; Thesis Writing and Journal Publication: Writing thesis, Writing journal and conference papers, IEEE and Harvard styles of referencing, Effective presentation, Copyrights, and avoiding plagiarism. References: 1. Dr R. Kumar, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE, 2005. 2. G. R. Marczyk, D. DeMatteo & D. Festinger, Essentials of Research Design and Methodology, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. 3. J.W. Creswel , Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE, 2004 4. S. C. Sinha & A.K. Dhiman, Research Methodology (2 Vols-Set), Vedam Books, 2006. 6. C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age International Publisher, 2008.

EC2211 LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction: Need for Low Power VLSI chips, Sources of power dissipation in Digital Integrated circuits. Emerging low power approaches, Hierarchical Low Power Design Methodologies; Device & Technology Impact on Low Power: Physics of power dissipation in CMOS devices; Dynamic and static power dissipation, Transistor sizing & gate oxide thickness; Impact of technology Scaling and Device innovation; Probabilistic Power Analysis: Random logic signals, probability and frequency, probabilistic power analysis techniques, signal entropy; Power estimation, Simulation and Power analysis: SPICE circuit simulators, gate level logic simulation, capacitive power estimation, static state power, gate level capacitance estimation, architecture level analysis, data correlation analysis in DSP systems, Monte Carlo simulation; Circuit level Power reduction techniques: Power consumption in circuits; Low power Architecture and Systems: Power and performance management, switching activity reduction, parallel architecture with voltage reduction, flow graph transformation, Low power Clock Distribution: Power dissipation in clock distribution, Single driver versus Distributed buffers, Zero skew versus Tolerable skew, chip and package co design of clock network; Algorithm and Architectural level Methodologies: Introduction, design flow. References: 1. G. K. Yeap, Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design, KAP, 2002. 2. Rabaey, Pedram, Low power design methodologies, Kluwer Academic, 1997. 3. K. Roy, S. Prasad, Low Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design, Wiley, 2000. 4. Kiat, Samir S, R. S. Yeo, W. L. Goh, CMOS/BiCMOS ULSI Low Voltage Low Power, Pearson, 2002.

EC2212 CMOS MIXED SIGNAL DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction to Mixed-Signal Design (MSD): Continuous-time and sampled-data signal processing, Issues in mixed-signal-design,noise immunity,harmonic distortion,Electro migration; Basic building blocks: data converters, transconductors, transresistors, integrators, current scaling amplifier; Non-linear Analog Circuits: CMOS voltage comparator, Source follower, Adaptive Biasing, Dynamic Analog Circuits: Transmission gate, Charge injection, Capacitive feedthrough, kT/C noise, Sample and Hold(S/H) circuits; Discrete-time Filters: Basic building blocks- fully-differential Op-amp, capacitors, switches, Non-overlapping clocks; Continuoustime(CT) Filters: OTA-C and gm-C based integrators, differential transconductance amplifier, fully-differential integrators, high-frequency transconductors, first-order and second-order filters; Implementing data-converters: DAC architectures-Current-mode R-2R Ladder Networks; Mixed Signal Layout Issues:Power-supply and grounding issues, Fully-differential design,. References: 1. R. J. Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, volume II, Wiley, 2002. 2. R.v.de Plassche, CMOS Integrated Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters, Springer, 2003. 3. P.V.A.Mohan, Current-mode VLSI Analog Filters: Design and Applications, Birkhauser, 2003. 4. T Deliyanis, Y Sun & J K Fidler, Continuous-Time Active Filter Design, CRC Press, 1999. EC2250 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION [4 0 0 4] Eigen value equation and its solution for planar waveguides; Modes supported by a planar waveguide; Power associated with modes; Dispersion: Intermodal and intramodal dispersion, Material and waveguide dispersion, Polarization mode dispersion, Dispersion compensation techniques; Theory of optical amplification; Energy levels in EDFA; Pump threshold condition; Applications of EDFA; Review of semiconductor theory; Semiconductor sources and detectors for optical fiber communication,; Attenuation and dispersion measurements in an optical fiber; OTDR; Concept of RMS pulse and spectral width. References: 1. G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communication, McGraw Hill, 2010. 2. M. S. Kumar, Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communication, Prentice Hall of India, 2009. 3. J. Senior & M. Y. Jamro, Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, Pearson, 2009. 4. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics, Cambridge University Press, 1998 5. A. Yariv & P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, Oxford University Press, 2007 EC2251 MICROWAVE & MILLIMETER ANTENNAS [4 0 0 4] Types of pure mode horns; design of pyramidal horns, wide band range loaded horns, multi mode horns, corrugated and their radiation characteristics; Analysis and radiation characteristics of symmetrical paraboloidal reflector antennas; Different types of dual reflector antennas and their characteristics, offset reflector antennas; Basic lens antenna operation, lens shape design; Basic configuration and advantages, radiation mechanism, Basic characteristics, feeding

techniques,;Antenna types: active antenna characteristics and measurements; Beam forming antennas, satellite antennas, antennas for medical applications, antenna for radiometry and remote sensing; Outdoor and compact range measurement arrangements, anechoic chamber, pattern measurement, gain measurement, polarization measurement. References: 1. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, John Wiley and Sons. Inc., 2010 2. J. Kraus, Antenna and wave Propagation, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010 3. W. L. Stutzman & G. A. Thiele, Antennas Theory and Design, John Wiley and sons, 2009 4. P. S. Neelakanta & R. Chatterjee, Antennas for Information Super Skyways-An Exposition to Outdoor and Indoor Wireless Antennas, Prentice Hall of India, 2008 EC2252 RADAR SYSTEMS [4 0 0 4] Introduction to Radar Systems :Radar block diagram, Radar Equation, Target echo information extraction; Receivers: special design considerations, low noise receivers, Duplexer, Indicators and Displays; Radar Antennas: Forms of antennas, side lobe suppression techniques, Electronically Steered Phased Array Antennas; Tracking Radar : Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar: Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse; Target Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy; Detection of radar signals in noise: Matched filter receiver, correlation detection, detection criteria, Noyman-Pearson observer; Extraction of information from radar signals :Phase and amplitude measurements, statistical estimation of parameters, likelihood function, theoretical accuracy of range and Doppler, velocity measurements; High Resolution Radar: Synthetic Aperture Radar, Bistatic Radar, comparison of bistatic and monostatic radar, Fundamentals of bistatic synthetic aperture Radar(BSAR). References: 1. M.I.Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, 2003. 2. P. Z. Peebles Jr., Radar Principles, John Wiley, 2004. 3. E. Byron, Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications, Prentice- Hall education ,2004. 4. D. Barton , Radar system analyses and Modeling, Artech house, 2005. 5. M. Antonio, Bistatic radar emerging technology, John Wiley, 2008.

EC2253 DATA COMPRESSION [4 0 0 4] Compression techniques; modeling and coding; Introduction to information theory, models, coding Algorithm, Adaptive Huffman coding; Quantizes: uniform quantizer, adaptive quantizer, non uniform quantizer, entropy-coded quantization; Advantages, the Linde-Buzo-Gray algorithm, tree-structured vector quantizers, structured vector quantizers, variations on the theme, Trellis-coded quantization; Algorithm, prediction in DPCM, adaptive DPCM, Delta modulation, speech coding; Vector spaces, Fourier series, Fourier Transforms, Sampling, DFT, Z-transform; The Transform, types, quantization and coding of transform coefficients, Applications to image compression and audio compression Filters, the basic sub band coding algorithms, bit allocation, application to speech coding and audio coding, Application to image compression; Wavelets, multi resolution analysis and the scaling function, implementation using filters, image compression, JPEG 2000.

References: 1. K. Sayood, Introduction to Data Compression, Addison Wesley. 2000. 2. Jayanth, Peter, Noll, Digital Coding & Waveforms, Prentice Hall, 1984. 3. D. Salomon, Data Compression, 2nd Edn., Springer,2000. 4. T. Berger, Rate Distortion Theory: A Mathematical Basis for Data Compression, Prentice Hall, 1971. 5. T. M. Cover, Joy A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1991.

EC2254 CAD TOOLS FOR VLSI [4 0 0 4] Semiconductor device fabrication techniques: NMOS, PMOS and CMOS; Stick diagram and Design rules for MOS Circuits; Basic of Graph Theory: Types of graph; Graph optimization problems and Algorithms; Introduction to PLDs, Types, Boolean logic implementation, Classification of FPGA, Switching technology; Cell-library binding: Subject graph, Pattern Graph and simple library design; Architectural synthesis: strategies for architectural optimizations, Area/ Latency, Cycle-time/Latency and Cycle-time/Area optimizations; Model for scheduling problems, scheduling with resource and without resource constraints; Two level combinational logic synthesis and optimization: Exact and Heuristic method, Sequential logic Optimization.;Fault simulation techniques, automatic test pattern generation method (ATPG), Fault collapsing Technique, design for testability (DFT) techniques. References: 1. D.A Pucknell, K. Eshraghian , Basic VLSI design, PHI publication, New Delhi,2004. 2. G. De Michelli , Synthesis and Optimisation of Digital Circuits, Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi,1994. 3. G. D. Hachtel, F. Somenzi , Logic Synthesis and Verification Algorithm, Kluwer Application Specific ICs Academic Publication, Boston,2002. 4. A. Anand Kumar, Switching Theory and Logic Design, PHI publication, New Delhi, 2009. 5. Charles Roth & Lizy John, Principles of Digital System Design, Cengage Learning ,2009. EC2255 HIGH SPEED DIGITAL DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction to high speed digital design: Frequency, time and distance issues in digital VLSI design; Power distribution and Noise: Power supply network, local power regulation, IR drops, area bonding; On-chip bypass capacitors and symbiotic bypass capacitors; Power supply isolation; Signaling convention and circuits: Signaling modes for transmission lines, signaling over lumped transmission media, signaling over RC interconnect, driving lossy LC lines,; Terminations and vias: Types of terminations; AC biasing for end terminations, resistor selection, crosstalk in terminators, properties of vias, capacitance of vias, inductance of vias, return current and its relation to vias; Timing convention and synchronisation: Timing fundamentals. References: 1. W.S. Dally & J. W. Poulton, Digital Systems Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

2. H.Johnson & M. Graham, High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic, Prentice Hall PTR, 1993. 3. M. Shoji, High Speed Digital Circuits, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1996. 4. J. M, Rabaey, et al, Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective, Pearson, 2003. EC2256 TIME-FREQUENCY AN WAVELET TRANSFORMS [4 0 0 4] Time-frequency analysis and wavelet transforms; Stationary and non-stationary signals; Shorttime Fourier transform (STFT); Continuous wavelet transform: Energy spectrum of a wavelet, energy of Mexican hat wavelet, wavelet manipulations, Relation between scale and (pseudo) frequency, CWT coefficients; Discrete wavelet transform: Frames and orthogonal wavelet bases, dyadic grid scaling and orthonormal wavelet transforms, Scaling function and multiresolution representation; Coefficients from coefficients : fast wavelet transform, Discerete input signals of finite length, Multi-resolution algorithm;Designing orthogonal wavelet systems: Refinement relation for orthogonal wavelet systems, restrictions on filter coefficients, Designing Daubechies orthogonal wavelet system wavelets; Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and relation to filter banks: Signal decomposition (analysis), relation with filter banks. References: 1. P. S Addison, The illustrated Wavelet transform Handbook, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2002. 2. C S Burrus, A Gopinath, & Haitao Guo, Introduction to wavelets and wavelet transforms, Prentice-Hall, 1998. 3. K P Soman & K. I. Ramachandran, Insight into Wavelets from theory to practice, Prentice-Hall of India, 2005. EC2257 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PHYSICS [ 4 0 0 4] Basic physics: Review of quantum mechanics: Electrons in periodic lattices, E-k diagrams, Quasi particles in semiconductors, electrons, holes and phonons ,Wave particle Duality, Schrdinger Wave equation, Crystalline Solids and Energy Bands: Bonding of atoms, crystalline state, Lattice Vibrations, Phonons, Energy band of Metal and Insulator; Fundamentals of semiconductors: Semiconductor Materials and their properties, Semi conducting Materials, Energy Band Model; Carrier Transport in Semiconductors: Boltzmann transport equation and solution in the presence of low electric and magnetic fields - mobility and diffusivity; Carrier statistics; Continuity equation, Poisson's equation and their solution, trap rate, Finite difference formulation of these equations in 1D; Junction and interfaces: PN junction: Description of p-n junctions , Abrupt junction, Linearly graded junction, Diffused junction; MOS Transistors: Semiconductor Surfaces , C-V characteristic of the MOS capacitors , Effects of oxide charges, defects and interface states; Characterization of MOS capacitors; Semiconductor measurements: Conductivity type, Resistivity, Hall Effect Measurements, Drift Mobility, Minority Carrier Lifetime, Diffusion Length, CVs for dopant profile characterization; Capacitance transients and DLTS. References: 1. M.S.Tyagi , Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices, John Wiley and Sons , 2004. 2. S. Selberherr, Analysis and Simulation of Semiconductor Devices, Springer-Verlag, 1984

3. J. P. McKelvey, Introduction to Solid State and Semiconductor Physics, Harper and Row and John Weathe Hill, 1966. 4. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices,John Wiley, 1981. 5. C. T. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization Sah, Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronic Devices, Allied Publishers and World Scientific, 1991. 6. M. Shur, Physics of Semiconductor devices, PHI, 2008.

EC2258 SYSTEM ON CHIP DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction to Processor Design; Processor architecture and organization, Abstraction in hardware design, Processor design trade-offs, Design for low power consumption, Architecture for low power; Subsystem design principles: pipelining, Data paths, Combinational shifters, Adders, ALUs, Multipliers, High density memory, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, Programmable Logic Arrays; Floor planning: Floor planning methods, Off- chip connections, Architecture Design, Register Transfer Design, High level synthesis, System on chips Embedded CPUs, Architecture Testing, Chip design, Design Methodologies, Microprocessor Data path, Hardware/ Software Co Design. References: 1. S. Furber, ARM System-on- Chip Architecture, Second Edition , Pearson,2000 2. W. Wolf, Modern VLSI Design , System on- Chip Design, Pearson, 2005 3. F.Balarin, Hardware-software co-design of embedded systems, Kluwer academic publishers, 1997

EC2259 SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION [4 0 0 4] Review of digital communication concepts; direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum systems; Hybrid direct sequence/frequency hop spread spectrum; Complex envelop representation of spread spectrum signals; Sequence generator fundamentals, Maximum length sequences; Gold and Kasami codes, Nonlinear Code generators; Spread spectrum communication system model: Performance of spread spectrum signals in jamming environments, Performance of spread spectrum communication systems with and without forward error correction; Diversity reception in fading channels, Cellular radio concept, CDMA cellular systems: Examples of CDMA cellular systems, Multicarrier CDMA systems, CDMA standards. References: 1. R. L. Peterson, R. E. Zeimer & D. E. Borth, Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications, Pearson, 1995. 2. J. D. Proakis & M. Salehi, Digital Communication, McGraw Hill, 2008. 3. A. J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications, Addision Wesley, 1995. EC2260 NONLINEAR FIBER OPTICS [4 0 0 4] Physical origin of nonlinear optical effects in crystals; Review of fiber modes, Pulse propagation through optical fibers; Nonlinear Schrodinger equation; Group velocity dispersion; Different propagation regimes: Dispersion induced pulse broadening, Third order dispersion, Dispersion management, Self phase modulation; SPM induced spectral broadening, Effect of group velocity

dispersion; Higher order nonlinear effects; Optical Solitons, modulation instability, fiber solitons; Nonlinear birefringence, Nonlinear phase shift; Cross phase modulation; XPM: XPM induced nonlinear coupling, XPM induced modulation instability, Applications of XPM. References: 1. G. P. Agarwal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press, 2007 2. A. Yariv & P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, Oxford University Press, 2007 3. G. P. Agarwal, Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press 2008. 4. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Academic Press 2008 EC2261 CODING THEORY [4 0 0 4] Information and Entropy: Sources of information, DMS and Markov; Properties of Entropy, Entropy of information sources, Extension of a DMS; Information channels, probability relations in a channel, A Priori; Algebra: Groups, rings and fields, properties of finite fields, Galois field arithmetic and its realization, Vector spaces, Matrices; Channel Coding: Block codes, Minimum distance of a block code, Singleton bound; Performance of Codes; Hamming codes; Cyclic codes, Golay Codes BCH codes, R-S codes; Convolutional codes; Viterbi Algorithm; LDPC Codes. References: 1. S. Lin & D. J. Costello Jr, Error Control Coding, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. 2. T. K. Moon, Error Correction Coding: Mathematical Methods and Algorithms, Student Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2005. 3. R. M. Roth, Introduction to Coding Theory, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 4. F. MacWilliams & N. Sloane, The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, North-Holland, 1988.

EC2262 DIGITAL SPEECH PROCESSING [4 0 0 4] Anatomy and Physiology of speech production: Categorization of speech sounds, Acoustic theory of speech production, Uniform lossless tube model, Effects of losses in the vocal tract, Digital models for speech signals; Time-dependent processing of speech, Short time energy and Average magnitude; Feature Extraction: LPC, Cepstral Coefficients, MFCC, Pattern Matching by Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Artificial Neural Networks for speech recognition. References: 1. R. L.R & R.W Schaffer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2007. 2. T. F. Quatieri, Discrete-time Speech Signal ProcessingPrinciples and Practice, Pearson Education Inc, 2004. 3. D. O' Shaughnessy, Speech Communications: Human and Machine Reading, AddisonWesley. 1987. 4. D.J.R, Proakis G.J & Hansen J.H.L, Discrete Time Processing of Speech Signals, IEEE Press. 2000. 5. R. L.R & Jaung, Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, Prentice Hall. 1993.

EC2263 VLSI TESTING & TESTABILITY [4 0 0 4] Introduction to testing and testability: Need for testing, digital and analog testing, Controllability and observability, Design-for-test (DFT), Test process and ATE, Test economics; Fault modeling: Introduction to faults in digital circuits, Fault models - Stuck-at faults, Bridging faults, Iddq faults; Algebraic algorithms :Boolean difference method; Structural algorithms: D-algorithm, FAN, PODEM algorithm, SOCRATES, Recursive learning; Pseudorandom test pattern generation; Testability Techniques: Need for enhancing controllability and observability through the addition of DFT hardware; Testing of sequential circuits: Test pattern generation for sequential circuits, Exhaustive, non-exhaustive and pseudorandom test pattern generation; Signatures and self test: Testing with random patterns; LFSRs; Analog testing: DSP based analog test and model based analog test; Testing techniques for Filters, A/D Converters. References: 1. M. Abramovici, M. A. Breuer, & A.D. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design, Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press, 1994. 2. M. L. Bushnell & V. D. Agrawal, Essentials of testing for digital, memory and mixedsignal VLSI circuits, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. 3. Miczo, Digital Logic Testing and simulation, New York: Harper & Row, 1986. 4. P.K. Lala, Fault Tolerant & Fault Testable hardware Design, BS Publications, 1998 5. S. L. Hurst, VLSI Testing: digital and mixed analogue digital techniques, Pub:Inspec/IEE, 1999. EC2264 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Embedded Systems: Classification and major application areas of embedded System, design issues, characteristics and quality attributes, design cycle in the development phase, and Embedded Product Development Life Cycle; Real Time Operating System: Types of operating systems, Tasks, Process and Threads, Semaphores and shared Data, task scheduling, multiprocessing and multitasking, Operating system Services :Message queues: Timer Function, Events, Memory Management, device drivers, design Using RTOS; Networks for Embedded Systems: I2C, CAN, SHARC, Ethernet, Myrinet, Internet; Introduction to Blue tooth: Specification, Core Protocol, Cable replacement protocol, IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG); Testability: Boundary Scan Architecture; Processor trends in embedded system, development language trends; Overview of PIC and AVR family of microcontrollers and ARM processors. References: 1. Raj Kamal , Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming and Design, TMH, Second edition, 2008 2. K.J. Ayala, D. V. Gadre, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, CENGAGE Learning,2010 3. Shibu K.V, Introduction to Embedded sytems, McGraw Hill, 2009 4. Sam Siewert, Real time embedded systems and components, CENGAGE Learning,2007 5. F. Vahid & T. Givargis Embedded Systems, Wiley India Edition, 2002 EC2265 INTRODUCTION TO MEMS TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4] Historical Background of MEMS, Bulk Micromachining: Isotropic Etching and Anisotropic Etching, Wafer Bonding, High Aspect-Ratio Processes (LIGA); Surface Micromachining: Sacrificial layer etching issues, stiction; Micro cantilevers as test structures, sensors and actuators; Design of MEMS pressure sensors, accelerometer, gyroscope; RF MEMS Devices

Biosensors; MEMS device packaging. References: 1. S. D. Senturia, Microsystem Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. 2. M. Madou, Fundamentals of Microfabrication, CRC Press, 1997. 3. H. Bao, Micromechanical Transducers: Pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes, Elsevier, New York, 2000. 4. W. Wang & Steven A. Soper, Bio-MEMS Technologies and Applications, CRC Press. 6. G. M. Rebeiz, RF MEMS Theory, Design, and Technology, Wiley Inter science. 6. S. Y.Yurish & Maria Teresa S.R. Gomes, Smart Sensors and MEMS, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 7. V. K. Varadan, K.J. Vinoy & K.A. Jose, RF MEMS and Their Application, Wiley Eastern. EC2266 VLSI PHYSICAL DESIGN & VERIFICATION [3104] ASIC: Types of ASICs, ASIC/FPGA design flow, Programmable ASICs, Programmable ASIC Interconnect, ASIC economics; Transistor as resistors, Transistor as parasitic capacitance, Logic Effort, library cell design; FSM Synthesis, Timing Analysis-Static Timing Analysis, Clock tree Synthesis, clock skew analysis and power grid analysis; Introduction to Physical design, Physical design cycle, Partitioning, Floor planning, Placement and Routing; Algorithms for physical design automation; Layout compaction. References: 1. M.J.S.Smith, Application Specific ICs, Pearson, 1997. 2. Nigel Horspool and Peter Gorman, The ASIC Handbook , Prentice Hall, 2001. 3. Sabin H. Gerez, Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation, John Wiley & Sons,1999. 4. Naveed Sherwani, Algorithm for VLSI Physical Design Automation, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998. 5. Paul Wilcox, Professional Verification a guide to advanced functional verification, Springer India, 2004. 6. S. Sait, H. Youssef, VLSI Physical Design Automation: Theory and Practice, World Scientific, 1999. EC2267 QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE [4 0 0 4] Finite dimensional vector space, inner-product, complex numbers, linear adjoints, unitary maps, projectors, tensor product of Hilbert spaces, bit, qubit, entanglement, no-cloning, quantum circuits, quantum gates, Shor's algorithm; Quantum Fourier transform and phase estimation algorithms, order-finding and factoring, Quantum search algorithms, quantum counting; Grover's algorithm, quantum teleportation, quantum key-exchange, Generalized measurements, distance measurements for quantum information, Teleportation and measurement based quantum computing; Decoherence, quantum error-correction, Shor code, quantum Hamming bound, Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes, stabilizer codes; Mixed states, quantum information, Quantum information theory, Holevo theorem, quantum data compression. References: 1. Gruska, J, Quantum Computing, McGraw-Hill,1999 2. Nielsen, M. & Chuang, I. L, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

EC2268 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING [4 0 0 4] Digital Image fundamentals: Image Acquisition System, Image Sampling and Quantization Point Processing, Spatial operations, gray level transformation, Histogram Processing, Image enhancement, Smoothing and sharpening spatial filters; 2D DFT, Cosine and Hadamard Transform, Transform Operations, Smoothing and sharpening using frequency domain filters, Homomorphic Filtering; Image Degradation / Restoration Process, noise models and filter types, Geometric Transformation; Color fundamentals: Color Models, Pseudo and Full-Color Image processing, Color Transformations, smoothing & sharpening; Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary detection, Boundary extraction, Region based segmentation, Classification Technique; Image Compression and standards, Interframe coding Image reconstruction from projection: Radon transform, Back projection operator, Projection theorem; Wavelets and its applications in Image Processing; Image processing applications in Character Recognition, Biomedical Imaging, Remote sensing, Digital Broadcasting and multimedia. References: 1. R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson, 2008. 2. A. K Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Pearson, 2001 3. W. K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, Wiley 2010 EC2269 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS & PROTOCOLS [4 0 0 4] Computer Networks: Uses of computer networks, types of networks, network hardware, network software, network design issues, network design tools, ISO-OSI reference model, TCP/IP reference model, examples networks, network standardization; Components of a data communication Data flow Network criteria ; Types of Connections: Point to point multipoint; Topologies; Transmission & switching, frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, switch mode, integrated services digital network (ISDN) :ISDN services, evolution of ISDN, ISDN interface, ISDN system architecture, the digital PBX signaling, perspective on ISDN, terminal handling, applications for global ISDN and future trends; Introduction, error detection and correction, elementary data link protocol, sliding window protocols, protocol performance, protocol specification and verification, data link layer; HDLC standard; Types of errors : detection versus correction CRC Hardware implementation - parity check and checksum Hamming code; Introduction: channel allocation, multiple access protocol, IEEE standards, fibre optic networks, satellite networks; 802.3, 802.4, 802.5; Introduction: design issues, routing algorithms, congestion control algorithm, internetworking, network layer in internet, internet control protocols, limitations of IPv4 , Introduction to IPV6 Protocol; Introduction: the transport services, elements of transport protocols, simple transport protocols, the internet transport protocol TCP and UDP, performance issues, connection management (Handshaking); Frame format Advanatges and disadvantages of FDDI, Network Security. References: 1. W. Stallings, Data & Computer communication, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall of India, 1996. 2. A.S. Tanenbaum , Computer Networks , 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India, 1998. 4. W. Stallings , Local area network, Prentice Hall, 2000. 5. Gallager , Data networks, Prentice Hall of India,2002.

EC2270 NANOPHOTONICS [4 0 0 4] Introduction: nanophotonics at a glance; Foundations for nanophtonics , wave equations, dispersion, material models, evanescent fields; Optics of inhomogeneous medium: Basics; matrix formulation; 1-D periodic structures and introduction to forbidden bands; Photonic crystal (PhC), theoretical modelling of photonic crystals Features of photonic crystals; phase, group and energy velocity; defect mode; Plasmonics: Plasmonic fundamentals and sensors, local field enhancement, Plasmonic waveguiding Super-resolution imaging; Metamaterials. References: 1. L. Novotny & B. Hecht, Principles of Nano-optics, Cambridge, 2006. 2. M. Born & E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, Cambridge, 1999 3. M. Fox, Optical Properties of Solids, Oxford, 2001. 4. S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007 6. J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, & Robert D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, Princeton University Press, 2008. 7. P. N. Prasad, Nanophotonics, John Wiley &Sons, 2004. EC2271 CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY [4 0 0 4] Network Security trends: The OSI security architecture, security attacks, services and mechanism, model for network security; Classical encryption techniques, Block cipher and data encryption standard, finite field, advanced encryption standard, string ciphers, confidentiality using symmetric encryption; Public key encryption, Chinese reminder theorem, RSA algorithm, Key management, Elliptic curve cryptography, Message authentication and hash functions, Digital signatures and authentication protocol; Authentication applications, Electronic mail security, IP security, WEB security, System security, intruders, malicious software firewalls. References: 1. W. Stalling, Cryptography and Network Security , Pearson Education, 2010. 2. Forouzan & Mukhopadhyay , Cryptography and Network security, TMH, 2007. 3. B. Menezes, Network Security and Cryptography, Cengage Learning 2010. 4. N. Krawetz, Introduction to Network Security, Thomson, Delmar Learning 2007. 5. R. K Nichols, P. C Lekkas, Wireless Security- Models, Threats and Solutions, TMH, 2007 EC2272 LARGE AREA MICRO-ELECTRONICS [4 0 0 4] Introduction: Growth of amorphous and micro /nano crystalline hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) and its alloys, doping in amorphous semiconductors, defect densities, electron transport , optoelectronic properties , contact, interfaces, multilayers; P-I-N devices, Thin film transistors, LEDs, Memory Switches, Novel Processing Technology for Macroelectronics, Amorphous silicon Solar cells, TFT based LCD displays;Introduction to organic semiconductors: structure and properties, device configurations, Applications: Optoelectronics devices ,Solar cells, Photodiodes, LEDs ,Active Matrix displays , Organic Thin film transistors, Device structure and characteristics , Circuit systems based on organic devices, Organic Lasers; Displays - LCD, Plasma, Electroluminescent, Electrophoretic (Electronic paper), and Field emission displays; Introduction to Flexible Electronics. References: 1. R.A.Street, Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon, Cambridge University Press,1991

2. R. A. Street , Technology and Applications of Amorphous Silicon,. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC Series: Series in Materials Science, 2004. 3. A.Madan & M.P.Shaw , The Physics and Technology of Amorphous silicon, Elsevier Science & Technology books,1988. 4. R. Zallen, The Physics of Amorphous solids, Wiley,1998. EC2273 RF MICROELECTRONICS CHIP DESIGN [4 0 0 4] Introduction to RF design: Frequency spectrum, RF design, complexity and choice of technology, application areas; Passive RF components: RF behavior of passive components, High Frequency Resistors, High Frequency Capacitors, High frequency inductors, chip components, surface mount inductors; Active RF components: RF diodes, BJT and RF FieldEffect Transistors, diode models-transistor models; RF transistor amplifier design: characteristics of amplifiers, classes of operation and biasing networks; filter Types: LP, HP, BP and BS filters, insertion loss; Other complex RF blocks: RF oscillators-basic topologies, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), quadrature and single sideband generators, design of mixers at GHz frequency range; RF synthesizers: PLLS, various architectures and frequency dividers, mobile RF communication, down conversion blocks-heterodyne and homodyne, RF receiver and transmitter architectures. References: 1. T. H. Lee Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University press, 2003. 2. B. Razavi ,RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall, 1998. 3. W. Alan Davis, Krishna K. Agarwal , Radio Frequency Circuit Design ,John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001. 4. C. W. Sayre, Complete Wireless Design, McGraw-Hill, 2008. 5. J. M. W. Rogers, John W. M. Rogers, & Calvin Plett, Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design, Artech House Publishers,2010. EC2274 ANALOG VLSI FOR SIGNAL PROCESSING [4 0 0 4] Introduction to Analog Signal Processing (ASP): Sampled data signal processing, switched current filtering, Continuous-time signal processing, merits and demerits. signal conditioning, signal normalization, Anti-aliasing filter; Current trends: Current-mode signal processing (CMSP), Low-power/Low-voltage signal processing,; Introduction to Current-mode signal processing: Current-mode versus voltage-mode, Active elements for CMSP like Operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), Current-mode circuits: current integrators, current amplifier, current normaliser, current-mode Winner-Take-All(WTA) circuits, current correlator, current bump circuits; VLSI implementation of analog signal processing circuits: programmable transconductors; Applications: High-frequency analog signal processing circuits for GSM, Analog signal processor for RF ID applications. References: 1. C.Toumazou, F.J.Lidgey & D.G.Haigh, Analogue IC Design :the current-mode approach, Peter Peregrinus, London, 1990. 2. M. Ismail , Analog VLSI : Signal and Information Processing, McGraw-Hill companies ,1994. 3. R.Schaumann, M.S.Ghausi, K. R Laker, Design of Analog Filters Passive, Active RC, and Switched Capacitor, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995.

4. T Deliyanis, Y.Sun & J.K.Fidler , Continuous-Time Active Filter Design, CRC Press, 1999. EC2290 Advance Microwave Antenna Technology [3 0 0 3] Introduction: Basic antenna parameters, Patterns, Radiation Intensity, efficiency, Directivity and gain, antenna field Zones, Front-to-back ratio; Near field & far field Patterns, Far field due to dielectric diagonal Horn antenna, Near field due to dielectric diagonal Horn Antenna, E- Plane Pattern, H- Plane Pattern; Horn, E-plane Horn, H-plane Horn, pyramidal Horn, Diagonal Horn, Corrugated Horn; Introduction: Basic Concepts, Near Field and Far field, Measurement ranges, Anechoic Chambers and Absorbing Materials; Introduction to communication, Frequency bands, noise. References: 1. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, John Wile & Sons, INC, U.K. 2005 2. J. D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. 3. R.E Collin The Receiving Antennas, MCGraw-Hill Book Co,1969.

EC2291 ARM PROCESSOR AND APPLICATIONS [3 0 0 3] ARM System: ARM embedded systems, RISC design philosophy, ARM processor fundamentals, Programmers model, pipeline, ARM processor families; ARM instruction set: Data processing, branch, load-store instructions; Software interrupt instruction, program status register instructions, Manipulating bits and bit patterns, Arithmetic operations; Input and output, semihosting, serial IO, Input from switches and external events, timing of IO actions; ARM Hardware, ARM modes, Exceptions, Exception handlers, program structures and testing; Introduction to THUMB instruction set: Thumb register usage, ARM thumb interworking; Memory hierarchy and cache, memory protection units, protected regions, memory management units; Details of ARM MMU; Embedded ARM Applications, VLSI Ruby II Advanced communication processor, VLSI ISDN Subscriber processor, Ericsson-Bluetooth baseband controller; ARM7100, SA-1100. References: 1. S. Furber, ARM System-on- Chip Architecture, Second Edition , Pearson Education, 2000 2. J.R.Gibson, ARM Assembly Language-an Introduction, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool, 2007 3. A. N.Sloss, D. Symes, & C. Wright, ARM System Developers Guid, Elsevier,2004 EC2292 NANOELECTRONICS [3 0 0 3] Introduction to Nanomaterials: nanoscale and nanotechnology, Consequences of nanoscale for technology. Beyond Moores Law; Introduction to Nanostructured materials, Atoms, clusters and nanomaterials, Influence on properties by "nano-structure induced effects"; Low-dimensional structures: Quantum wells, alloys and oxides: GMR, TMR, SPT, relaxation process and static and dynamic studies; Single electron devices. Some present and future applications of nanomaterials; Preparation/Synthesis of nanomaterials: Methods for creating nanostructures, Top-down versus bottom-up assembly; Nanotechnology: Quantum well and quantum dot lasers,

ultra-fast switching devices; Nanoscale Manufacturing: Nanomanipulation, Nanolithography; Applications in energy, informatics, medicine. References: 1. J. H. Fendler, Nanoparticles and nanostructured films: preparation, characterization and applications, Wiley, 1998 2. K. J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 3. Z. L. Wang, Characterization of nanophase materials, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 2000 EC2293 NEURAL NETWORKS & FUZZY LOGIC [3 0 0 3] Biological neurons, Mc-culloch Pitts model, Feed forward and Feedback network, Supervised and unsupervised learning; learning rules; Design Classifiers: Design of Linear classifiers, multi layer feedforward classifiers, error back propagation training, applications Discrete time and gradient type Hopfield networks;Fuzzy Logic: Different types of fuzzy systems, membership functions, Brief comparison of classical sets and fuzzy sets, Basic operation on fuzzy sets; Fuzzy relations. References: 1. J. M Zurada, Introduction to artificial Neural Systems, Jaico publication. 2006. 2. S. Haykin, Neural Networks and Learning Machines ,Third edition, PHI edition private Limited,New Delhi, 2009 3. Li Xin Wang, Introduction to fuzzy systems and control, Prentice Hall publication, 1997 4. T. J Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, Intl. Edition, McGraw Hill publication, 2008.