< Engineering Physics -I >

<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

Introduction

What happened to the coin?

Learning Objectives
On completion of this topic you will be able to: 1. List 3 different ways of presenting ultrasonic pulse-echo data 2. Explain A-mode of data presentation 3. Explain B-mode of data presentation 4. Explain C-mode of data presentation

Introduction
Any discontinuity in the medium of propagation of an ultrasonic pulse gives rise to back-reflection which travels back to the input and is called the echo of the launched pulse. Ultrasonic pulse-echo data therefore comprises of (i) time elapsed between the launch of the pulse and the received echo and (ii) intensity /energy of the received echo. There are different ways in which this data can be presented for visualization/measurement. The three most common formats are known in the NDT(Non-Destructive Testing) world as A-scan, B-scan and C-scan presentations. Each presentation mode provides a different way of looking at and evaluating the region of material being inspected. Modern computerized ultrasonic scanning systems can display data in all three presentation forms simultaneously.

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<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

The A-mode
The A-mode or the Amplitude mode of data presentation displays the amount of received ultrasonic energy as a function of time. The amount of received energy is plotted along the vertical axis (Y-axis) and the elapsed time (which may be related to the sound energy travel time within the material) is displayed along the horizontal axis (X-axis). In the A-scan presentation,

the depth from which the

reflection is obtained can be determined by the position of the signal on the horizontal sweep. Let us look at the sample piece with discontinuities as indicated in the figure 1 given below at B And C. Let the piece have a different depth, A in the initial region when compared to the rest.

BW

Fig 1 Sample test piece

In the illustration of the A-scan presentation to the right, the initial pulse generated by the transducer is represented by the signal IP, which is near time zero. As the transducer is scanned along the surface of the part, four other signals are likely to appear at different times on the screen. When the transducer is in its far left position, only the IP signal and signal A, the sound energy reflecting from surface A, will be seen on the trace. As the transducer is scanned to the right, a signal from the backwall BW will appear later in time, showing that the sound has traveled farther to reach this surface. When the transducer is over flaw B, signal B will appear at a point on the time scale that is approximately halfway between the IP signal and the BW signal. Since the IP signal corresponds to the front surface of the material, this indicates that flaw B is about halfway between the front and back surfaces of the sample.

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<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

When the transducer is moved over flaw C, signal C will appear earlier in time since the sound travel path is shorter and signal B will disappear since sound will no longer be reflecting from it.

If the input pulse is of sufficiently high energy and the size of discontinuity in the direction of propagation is small, then along with the signal from B or C , we may be able to observe the echo from the backwall BW also.

B-Mode
In the B-mode or Brightness mode of display, the time-of-flight (travel time) of the sound energy is displayed along the vertical axis with zero of the time scale at the top left corner and the linear position of the transducer is displayed along the horizontal axis. This format reveals the depth of the discontinuity and its approximate linear dimensions in the scan direction. The B-scan presentation is hence like a profile (cross-sectional) view of the test specimen.

BW

The B-scan is typically produced by establishing a trigger gate on the A-scan. Whenever the signal intensity is great enough to trigger the gate, a point with appropriate brightness is produced on the Bscan. The gate is triggered by the sound reflecting from the backwall of the specimen and by smaller reflections from the discontinuities within the material. Thus each reflection is represented by a spot and the intensity or energy of the reflection in represented by the brightness of the spot.In the B-scan image above, line A is produced as the transducer is scanned over the reduced thickness portion of the specimen. When the transducer moves to the right of this section, the backwall line BW is produced. When the transducer is over flaws B and C, lines that are similar to the length of the flaws and at similar depths within the material are drawn on the B-scan. It should be noted that a limitation to this display technique is that discontinuities may be masked by larger reflections near the surface.

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<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

C-mode
The C-scan presentation provides a plan-type (2D) view of the location and size of test specimen features. The plane of the image is parallel to the scan pattern of the transducer. C-scan presentations are produced with an automated data acquisition system, such as a computer controlled immersion scanning system. Typically, a data collection gate is established on the A-scan and the amplitude or the time-of-flight of the signal is recorded at regular intervals as the transducer is scanned over the test piece. Planar images can be generated on flat parts by tracking data to X-Y position, or on cylindrical parts by tracking axial and angular position. For conventional ultrasound, a mechanical scanner with encoders is used to track the transducer's coordinates to the desired index resolution The relative signal amplitude or the time-of-flight is displayed as a shade of gray or a color (b-mode representation) for each of the positions where data was recorded. The C-scan presentation provides an image of the features that reflect and scatter the sound within and on the surfaces of the test piece. Let us consider that the test piece has a discontinuity as shown in figure given below. The top view of the piece showing the direction of movement of the transducer i.e the scan pattern and the image constructed by plotting the brightness of the reflections at each of those scan points is also shown.

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<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

Again , it is to be noted that if the pulse strength is high and the depth of the discontinuity is small, then a 3D view of the discontinuity can also be obtained. High resolution scans can produce very detailed images. Below are two ultrasonic C-scan images of a US quarter. Both images were produced using a pulse-echo technique with the transducer scanned over the head side in an immersion scanning system. For the C-scan image on the left, the gate was setup to capture the amplitude of the sound reflecting from the front surface of the quarter. Light areas in the image indicate areas that reflected a greater amount of energy back to the transducer. In the C-scan O reflecting from the back image on the right, the gate was moved to record the intensity of the sound surface of the coin. The details on the back surface are clearly visible but front surface features are also still visible since the sound energy is affected by these features as it travels through the front surface of the coin.

Check your understanding

Choose the right answer from the options given below: 1. In a B-scan representation, energy of the reflected pulse is gated and plotted on the a) horizontal axis b) vertical axis c) not represented d)none of the above 2. The mode of data representation used for displaying 2D views of a cylindrical test piece is a)A mode b)C mode c) )B-mode d) All of the above e) none of the above 3. Fill in the blank with the right answer. Setting a trigger gate on A-mode signal is useful for ____________________________. This implies examining features at or around a specific __________________.

Check the correct answers on page 6.

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<Ultrasonics A,B,C-Scans>

Summary
On completion of this topic you have learned that: 1. There are in general 3 modes of displaying the ulatrasound scan data the A-mode,B-mode and Cmode. 2. A-mode or amplitude mode refers to a display which plots time elapsed after launch of pulse in the horizontal axis (X-axis) and amplitude of reflected pulse on the vertical scale (Y-axis) 3. B-mode or brightness mode plots position of the transducer on the horizontal axis with time elapsed after launch of pulse on the vertical axis (zero starting at the top left ) . Each reflected signal is represented by a spot at appropriate time and position. The brightness of this spot indicates the amplitude/energy of the echo signal . 4. C-mode scan generates a 2D plan view of the test-piece. Image plane refers to the X-Y plane progressively scanned using the ultrasonic transducer. The data is plotted in B-mode.

Activity
1. What will be the display observed if an ultrasound scan is carried out on a test sample with a flaw of length 1cm within it which makes (i) 90 with the scan surface (ii) 45 with scan surface. 2. How do you estimate the depth at which a flaw that runs parallel to the surface of the test-piece if the velocity of propagation of ultrasound through the piece is not known. 3. Which display mode is used for (i) an ultrasound scan for kidney stones and (ii) echocardiogram and explain how it is done

Suggested Reading
1. Engineering Physics-I by P.K.Palaniswamy 2. Web resources

Answers to CYU.
1.d 2.b 3.choosing a range of signal strength for the echo , thickness or depth

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