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TITLE

Determination of Optimum Coagulant Concentration Using Jar Test 2.0 OBJECTIVE

To determine optimum concentration of coagulant to be added to the source of water 3.0 INTRODUCTION

Coagulation and flocculation is the process of binding small particles in the water together into larger, heavier clumps which settle out relatively quickly sedimentation basin, removing the ma"ority of the water#s turbidity $n many plants, changing water characteristics require the operator to ad"ust coagulant dosages at intervals to achieve optimal coagulation Different dosages of coagulants are tested using a "ar test, which mimics the conditions found in the treatment plant The first step of the "ar test involves adding coagulant to the source water and mi%ing the water rapidly &as it would be mi%ed in the flash mi% chamber' to completely dissolves the coagulant in the water Then the water is mi%ed more slowly for a longer time period, mimicking the flocculation basin conditions and allowing the forming floc particles to cluster together (inally, the mi%er is stopped and the floc is allowed to settle out, as it would in the sedimentation basin The type of source water will have a large impact on how often "ar tests are performed !lants which treat groundwater may have very little turbidity to remove are unlikely to be affected by weather)related changes in water conditions *s a result, groundwater plants may perform "ar tests seldom, if at all, although they can have problems with removing the more difficult small suspended particles typically found in groundwater +urface water plants, in contrast, tend to treat water with a high turbidity which is susceptible to sudden changes in water quality Operators at these plants will The larger particles are known as floc !roperly formed floc will settle out of water quickly in the

perform "ar tests frequently, especially after rains, to ad"ust the coagulant dosage and deal with the changing source water turbidity 4.0 MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

J*, *pparatus -olumetric flask, . / *nalytical balance Coagulants &aluminum sulfate' 0eakers, . /, 12 m/ !ipettes, .2 m/ 3easuring cylinder, 12 m/ Turbidimeter 3agnetic stirrer . !repare a stock solution of aluminum sulfate &alum' i ii iii iv 5 6 ; 1 < beakers 3easure p7 and turbidity for each sample 8*lum is most effective between p7 ranges of 1 2 9 : 1 !lace beakers in the stirring machine 4ith a measuring pipette, add the correct dosage of alum solution to each beaker as rapidly as possible 4ith the stirring paddles lowered into the beakers, start the stirring machine and operate it for . minute at a speed of =2 ,!3 84hile the stirrer operates, record the appearance of the water in each beaker >ote the presence or absence of floc, the cloudy or clear appearance of water, and 4eigh . g of alum using the analytical balance !ut alum into the . / volumetric flask !our distilled water until it reach . / mark Dissolve alum by mi%ing the solution with magnetic stirrer

3easure . / of raw water and place in a beaker ,epeat for the remaining five

the color of the water and floc : ,educe the stirring speed to 52 ,!3 and continue stirring for 62 minutes ,ecord a description of the floc in each beaker .2, 52 and 62 minutes after addition of the chemicals = +top the stirring apparatus and allow the samples in the beakers to settle for 62 minutes ,ecord a description of the floc in each beaker after .1 minutes of settling and again after 62 minutes of settling ? .2 3easure the turbidity for each sample using a turbidimeter Use a pipette to draw a portion from the top of each beaker without disturbing the sample !lot a graph of turbidity &before and after alum is added' versus coagulant dose Determine the most effective dose of coagulant that gives the least turbid results 5.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS Table . Dosages
Dosages Jar . &control' -olume of raw water, / p7 *lum dose, mg@/ ) .2 .1 52 51 62 . Jar 5 . Jar 6 . Jar ; . Jar 1 . Jar < .

Table 5 *ppearance of (loc in Jars during (ast +tir

*ppearance of (loc in Jars During (ast +tir Times after alum addition (irst appearance Jar . &control' Jar 5 Jar 6 Jar ; Jar 1 Jar <

Table 6 *ppearance of (loc in Jars during +low +tir

*ppearance of (loc in Jars During +low +tir Times after alum addition, min .2 Jar . &control' Jar 5 Jar 6 Jar ; Jar 1 Jar <

52

62

Table ; *ppearance of (loc on Jars during +ettling

*ppearance of (loc on Jars During +ettling Times after stirring ends, min .1 62 Jar . &control' Jar 5 Jar 6 Jar ; Jar 1 Jar <

Table 1 Turbidity
Turbidity, >TU Jar . &control' 0efore *fter settling Jar 5 Jar 6 Jar ; Jar 1 Jar <

Aou discussion may include the following questionsB . 4hy must the beaker be stirred at high rate after adding the coagulantC

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D%plain the mechanism of coagulation and flocculation Coagulation and flocculation are sensitive to many variables /ist the variables and e%plain its influence in the treatment

6.0

REFFERENCES

7oward, + ! , Donald, , , E Feorge, T .?=1 Dnvironmental Dngineering 3cFraw) 7ill +ingapore Gasmawati, 3 E /ee, G G 522: 3ethods of *nalysis for 4ater and 4astewater UiT3 +hah *lam