Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation

APPLICATION OF DECOUPLE APPROACH FOR

HARMONIC POWER FLOW CALCULATION
Agus Ulinuha
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, W.A., Australia
Email: agus.ulinuha@postgrad.curtin.edu.au
ABSTRACT
Power flow calculation is backbone of power system analysis and design.
This is normally carried out by simply considering fundamental frequency.
Due to the extensive use of nonlinear loads that generate and inject
harmonics into power system, harmonic frequencies are present and need to
be also considered. nfortunately, unavoidable complexity and heavy
computation burden are often encountered by involving the nonlinear loads
into the already complicated power flow calculation. This paper proposes a
decouple approach to overcome the problem. This assumes that the
couplings between harmonics can be rationally disregarded and as a result,
the calculations can be separately performed for every harmonic order. This
will greatly reduce the level of complexity and computation charge. To
verify the accuracy of the proposed decoupled harmonic power flow
!D"P#$ algorithm, the simulation results are compared with those
generated by standard packages !e.g., "%&'#()* and +T%P$. The
distorted ,+++ -./bus system is used for simulation purposes, while the
nonlinear load involved in the system is modeled as harmonic current
sources. The comparisons exhibit that the proposed approach offers the
compromise between result accuracy and computation complexity.
Keywords: decouple, harmonic power flow, nonlinear load and power quality
INTROU!TION
Poer flo calculation is !ac"!one of
poer system analysis and design. #t
generates the results that are normally
re$uired for further calculations of analysis
and design. This is initially performed !y
formulating the netor" e$uation. %ode&
voltage method, hich is the most suita!le
form for many poer system analyses, is
commonly used. The calculation can !e
carried out !y solving the folloing
e$uation.
bus bus bus
0 1 ,
'()
Where ,
bus
and 0
bus
are vectors of !us
in*ection current and !us voltage,
respectively, hile 1
bus
is !us admittance
matri+. ,athematically, poer flo
pro!lem re$uires solution of simultaneous
nonlinear e$uations and normally employs
an iterative method, such as -auss&.eidel
and %eton&/aphson.
The aforementioned calculation is
typically carried out !y simple considering
fundamental fre$uency. The e+tensive and
ever increasing application of nonlinear
loads such as poer electronic devices
01
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0

result in e+istence of higher components
other than that of fundamental fre$uency,
called harmonics. The nonlinear voltage&
current relationship of these devices results
in harmonic currents that propagate
through the system and produce potentially
dangerous harmonic voltages. This
phenomenon has !ecome a ma*or concern
for poer $uality and therefore harmonics
need to !e included in the calculations to
predict their effects and to avoid possi!le
severe damages. 2oever, ta"ing
harmonics into account ill lead the
calculations !ecome very complicated.
This paper presents a decouple
approach for harmonic poer flo
calculation. This is aimed to include
harmonics ith a reasona!le computation
cost. To sho the accuracy of the
implemented decoupled harmonic poer
flo 'D2P3) algorithm, simulation results
for the distorted #EEE (0&!us distri!ution
system are compared ith those generated
!y 2A/,345W and ETAP. #t is shon
that the decoupled approach offers the
compromise !eteen result accuracy and
computation comple+ity.
"AR#ONI! $O%&R '(O%
2armonic poer flo as initially
introduced !y 6ia and 2eydt '6ia and
2eydt, (708) !y involving nonlinear loads
in poer flo calculation. Conventionally,
poer flo is formulated on the !asis that
poer sources are system generators and
poer 9sin"s: are loads. 2armonic poer
flo, on the other hand, is more general in
that loads may !e the 9source: of harmonic
energy '.emlyen and .hlash, 8;;;). The
ultimate source is system generator
system , !ut harmonic distortion that
occurs at !us containing nonlinear load
may !e considered as a source of harmonic
signal. #n addition to some results normally
generated !y poer flo, harmonic poer
flo also generates the other results that
can !e used to $uantify voltage distortion
and to determine hether dangerous
resonant pro!lem e+ists.
The nature of the harmonics 'e.g.,
orders, magnitudes and phases) strongly
depends on the nonlinear load involved.
Therefore, nonlinear load modeling has
!ecome an essential part of harmonic
poer flo calculation. %onlinear loads
can !e modeled in time and<or fre$uency
domain ',oreno 4ope= de .aa and Usaola
-arcia, 8;;1). Time domain modeling is
!ased on transient&state analysis hile
fre$uency domain modeling uses
fre$uency&scan process to calculate the
fre$uency response of a system. Domain
modeling re$uires time detailed
representation of the device that increases
the pro!lem comple+ity result in
prohi!itively long computation time.
Therefore, fre$uency domain methods are
commonly used for harmonic analysis to
reduce the computation time. 3or nonlinear
loads that can !e presented as voltage&
independent current sources, fre$uency
domain model can !e applied for harmonic
poer flo analysis '2ong, et al., 8;;;).
2armonic poer flo calculations
can generally !e classified into couple and
decouple methods. Couple approach solves
simultaneously the calculation for all of the
harmonic orders. This approach has good
accuracy !ut leads to a greater
computational cost as the pro!lem
!ecomes $uite complicated. #t also re$uires
e+act formulation of nonlinear loads that is
sometimes practically unavaila!le resulting
in limited applications 'Williams, et al.,
(771). 5n the other hand, decouple
approach assumes that the coupling
!eteen harmonic orders can !e rationally
disregarded and, as a result, the calculation
0>
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
can !e separately carried out for every
harmonic order. Therefore, this approach
re$uires less computational charge.
3urthermore, since nonlinear loads are
modeled ith harmonic current or voltage
sources, it is very easy to include them in
the calculations using the measurement
non&sinusoidal current and<or voltage
aveforms.
ecouple Approach for "armonic
$ower 'low
At the fundamental fre$uency, system
is modeled here the admittance of line
section !eteen !us i and !us i2( is
e+pressed !y the folloing e$uation.
( , ( ,
( ,
(
+ +
+
+

i i i i
i i
j3 &
y
'8)
Where ( , + i i
&
and ( , + i i
3
are the
respective resistance and inductance of line
section !eteen !us i and i2(. The
magnitude and phase angle of !us voltage
is then calculated using the folloing
mismatch e$uations '?agh=ou= and ..
Ertem, (77;@ Chin, (77A@ B. ?agh=ou=,
(77().
; ) cos'
( ( ( (
(
(
( (

+

ji j i i
i
i j
j ji i
0 0 1 P
'1)
; ) sin'
( ( ( (
(
(
( (

+

ji j i i
i
i j
j ji i
0 0 1 4
'>)
Where

'

+ +


+
i j if y y y
i j if y
1 1
ci i i i i
ji
ji ji ji
,
,
( (
, (
(
, (
(
( ( (

'A)
(
i
0 and
(
ci
y are the respective
fundamental voltage and admittance of
shunt capacitor at !us i, hile P
i
and 4
i
are
the respective total 'linear and nonlinear)
active and reactive poer at !us i. The
poer loss in the line section !eteen
!uses i and i2- may then !e calculated !y
the folloing e$uation.
( )
8
(
( ,
( (
( , ( ,
(
) ( , ' + + + +

i i i i i i i i i loss
y 0 0 & P
'C)
At harmonic fre$uencies, poer
system is modeled as com!ination of
passive elements and current source 'Chin,
(77A). The generali=ed model is suggested
for a linear load, hich is composed !y a
resistance in parallel ith an inductance to
account for the respective active and
reactive loads at fundamental fre$uency.
%onlinear loads, in general, are considered
as ideal harmonic current sources that
generate harmonic currents and in*ect them
into the system 'Bu, et al., 8;;>). The
admittance&matri+&!ased harmonic poer
flo is the idest used method as it is
!ased on the fre$uency&scan process 'Teng
and Chang, 8;;1). #n this approach,
admittance of system components ill
vary ith the harmonic order. #f s"in effect
is ignored at higher fre$uencies, the
resulting n
th
harmonic fre$uency load
admittance, shunt capacitor admittance and
feeder admittance are respectively given
!y the folloing e$uations '?agh=ou= and
.. Ertem, (77;@ Chin, (77A@ Chung and
4eung, (777@ -hose and -osami, 8;;1@
,asoum, et al., 8;;>a@ ,asoum, et al.,
8;;>!@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
8
(
8
(
i
li
i
li n
li
0 n
4
j
0
P
y
'D)
n
ci
n
ci
ny y '0)
( , ( ,
( ,
(
+ +
+
+

i i i i
n
i i
jn3 &
y
'7)
Where
li li
4 P and
are the respective
active and reactive linear loads at !us i.
The n
th
harmonic current in*ected at !us i
0A
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0

introduced !y the nonlinear load is derived
as follosE
F G < ) H'
( (
i ni ni i
0 j4 P , +
'(;)
(
) '
i
n
i
, n 5 , '(()
Where
(
i
, is the fundamental current and
n
i
, is the n
th
harmonic current determined
!y 5!n$, hich is the ratio of the n
th
harmonic to the fundamental current. 5!n$
can !e o!tained !y field test and 3ourier
analysis for all customers along the
distri!ution feeder 'Chin, (77A@ Chung and
4eung, (777@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
3or decouple harmonic poer flo
calculation, loop e$uations are ritten at
each harmonic fre$uency of interest. Each
loop is formed including the source nodes.
After modifying admittance matri+ and the
associated harmonic current, the harmonic
load flo pro!lem can then !e calculated
!y the folloing e$uation 'Chung and
4eung, (777@ -hose and -osami, 8;;1@
Teng and Chang, 8;;1).
)
n
V
n
I I
n
'(8)
At any !us i, the rms voltage is defined !yE
8 < (
(
8

,
_

6
n
n
i i
0 0 '(1)
Where 6 is the ma+imum harmonic order
considered. The total harmonic distortion
at !us i 'T2D
vi
) is e+pressed !y the
folloing e$uation.
J (;; 'J)
(
8 < (
(
8

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

i
6
n
n
i
vi
0
0
T"D
'(>)
At the n
th
harmonic fre$uency, real
poer loss in the line section !eteen !us
i and i2( is e+pressed !elo '?agh=ou=
and .. Ertem, (77;@ Chung and 4eung,
(777@ B. ?agh=ou=, (77().
( )
8
( , ( , ( , ) ( , '
n
i i
n
i
n
i i i i
n
i i loss
y 0 0 & P
+ + + +

'(A)
The total poer loss of the system for all
harmonics is therefore given !y the
folloing e$uation.

+

,
_

6
n
m
i
n
i i loss
n
loss
P P
(
(
;
) ( , '
'(C)
Where m is the total num!er of !us. The
computation procedure of the proposed
approach is given !y 3igure (.
'igure *+ ecouple "armonic $ower 'low
!alculation
R&,U(T AN I,!U,,ION
The #EEE (0&!us distorted
distri!ution system '-rady, et al., (778) as
shon in 3igure 8 is simulated using the
proposed decoupled harmonic poer flo
'D2P3). This system includes a 1 ,W C&
pulse converter as nonlinear load, hich is
modeled as current sources. The non&
sinusoidal current aveform in*ected !y
0C
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
this nonlinear load is shon in 3igure 1
and its harmonic contents are presented in
the Appendi+. The proposed approach is
coded using ,AT4A? version D.;.( /(>
and is run in a des"top PC ith Pentium >
#ntel 1.; -2= processor and A(8 ,?
/A,.
'igure -+ The simulated I&&& *./0us
distorted distri0ution system
'igure 1+ The non/sinusoidal current
wa2eform of nonlinear load used in this
paper
The generated results of the proposed
D2P3 including fundamental voltage
'K
fund
), rms voltage 'Krms), and T2D of
voltage 'T2Dv) are shon in Ta!le (. 3or
verification of accuracy, these results are
compared ith those generated !y standard
softare pac"ages '2A/,345W and
ETAP). The main reason of the
comparison is to demonstrate its accuracy.
Ta0le *+ ,imulation results of the "armonic
$ower 'low
3us 4fund 5p+u+6 4rms 5p+u+6 T"2 576
( (.;A>A (.;AA; 8.D7
8 (.;A(( (.;A(C 1.(1
1 (.;>AC (.;>C8 1.>7
> (.;>8A (.;>18 1.CD
A (.;1A7 (.;1C0 >.81
C (.;1>0 (.;1A0 >.1(
D (.;18C (.;11C >.A8
0 (.;8C0 (.;8D0 >.A8
7 (.;>7C (.;A;( 1.(1
8; (.;A;A (.;A;0 8.C7
8( (.;>7C (.;A;8 1.>>
88 (.;>D7 (.;>0A 1.>>
81 (.;>A( (.;>CA A.88
8> (.;>0A (.;A;C C.1;
8A (.;>(7 (.;>1D A.71
8C (.;>(A (.;>11 A.71
A; (.;A;( (.;A;( ;.8C
A( (.;A;; (.;A;> ;.8C
!omparison with "AR#'(O%
The deviations of results generated !y
the proposed D2P3 from those generated
!y 2A/,345W are indicated in Ta!le 8.
The ma+imum and average deviation is
also provided in Ta!le 1. #n addition,
figures > and A respectively illustrate the
deviation of Krms and T2Dv. Ta!les 8&1
and 3igures >&A indicate that, in general,
the results generated !y the proposed
approach are fairly close to the results
generated !y 2A/,345W. As e+pected,
there are some slight differences at some
!uses due to the neglected harmonic
coupling !y the proposed D2P3. As the
0D
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T 5T/2 3T 7T/2 4T
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
t = period
c u r
r e
n t
( x
1 0
0
% )
"o#$%r&'o( o) r#' Volt%*e bet+ee( ,, %(- .AR/0LO1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.06
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
r # ' V o l t % * e 6 $ 5 7
,, .AR/0LO1
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0

T2D values are calculated in percentages
of the fundamental voltage, their
deviations values are relatively large.
Ta0le -+ e2iation of results from those
generated 0y "AR#'(O%
3
u
s
e2iation 576 of
4fund 4rms T"2
( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.111;0
8 ;.;;7A ;.;;;; ;.;A07;
1 ;.;;7C ;.;(7( ;.C;;(7
> ;.;;7C ;.;800 ;.01A(;
A ;.;;7D ;.;CDA (.80(1D
C ;.;;7D ;.;CDC (.1(717
D ;.;;7D ;.;DD> (.>(CAD
0 ;.;;7D ;.;DD0 (.>8>D1
7 ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.;A0D7
8; ;.;;7A ;.;;;; ;.;;0;0
8( ;.;;7A ;.;;7A ;.808D>
88 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.801>D
81 ;.;;;; ;.;80C ;.>7>>(
8> ;.;;;; ;.;10; ;.>7D7>
8A ;.;;7C ;.;80D ;.A(0A(
8C ;.;;7C ;.;101 ;.A(7;0
A; ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.(8C>C
A( ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.8>>D8
Ta0le 1+ The #a8imum and A2erage
e2iations of Ta0le -
Deviation 'J) 4fund 4rms T"2
,a+imun ;.;;7D ;.;DD0 (.>8>D1
Average ;.;;A7 ;.;8D0 ;.AD8>8
'igure 9+ !omparison of 4rms 2alues
computed 0y "$' and "AR#'(O%
'igure :+ !omparison of T" 2alues
computed 0y "$' and "AR#'(O%
!omparison with &TA$
Comparison of the simulation results
ith those generated !y ETAP is shon in
Ta!le >.
Ta0le 9+ e2iation of results from those
generated 0y &TA$
3
u
s
e2iation 576 in
4fund 4rms T"2
( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(817;
8 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(071;
1 ;.;;;; ;.;80D ;.CC(C;
> ;.;;;; ;.;101 ;.0D8C;
A ;.;;;; ;.;AD7 (.1;87;
C ;.;;;; ;.;AD7 (.18;A;
D ;.;;;; ;.;DD> (.1DA>;
0 ;.;;;; ;.;C0( (.1DC;;
7 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(071;
8; ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.;7C1;
8( ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.8>17;
88 ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.8>1A;
81 ;.;;;; ;.;(7( ;.8CA0;
8> ;.;;;; ;.;;7A ;.(0;C;
8A ;.;;;; ;.;;7C ;.8(C7;
00
"o#$%r&'o( o) T.8 bet+ee( ,, %(- .AR/0LO1
0
2
2
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
T . 8 o ) V o l t % * e 6 9 7
,, .AR/0LO1
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
8C ;.;10> ;.;(78 ;.8(CD;
A; ;.;;;; ;.;;;; ;.;>>0;
A( ;.;;;; ;.;10( ;.;DA8;
The ma+imum and average deviation
are summari=ed in Ta!le A, indicating fine
agreements !eteen the results and
*ustifying the accuracy of the proposed
approach for harmonic poer flo
calculations. 5n the other hand, 3igures C
and D illustrate these verifications.
Ta0le :+ The #a8imum and A2erage
e2iations of Ta0le 9
Deviation 'J) 4fund 4rms T"2
,a+imum ;.;10> ;.;DD> (.1DC;
Average ;.;;8( ;.;8CD ;.>77D
'igure ;+ !omparison of 4rms 2alues
computed 0y "$' and &TA$
"o#$%r&'o( o) T.8bet+ee( ,,%(- ETA,
0
2
2
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
T
.
8

o
)

V
o
l
t
%
*
e

6
9
7
,, ETA,
'igure <+ !omparison of T" 2alues
computed 0y "$' and &TA$
The a!ovementioned comparisons
confirm that the results generated !y the
decouple approach is fairly accurate. The
proposed D2P3 has also !een employed to
simulate an #EEE 7&!us distorted
distri!ution system 'B. ?agh=ou=, (77(@
Bu, et al., 8;;>) and fairly accurate results
ere generated.
&fficiency of the proposed "$'
#n the proposed D2P3 algorithm,
calculations are separately performed for
every harmonic order. Therefore, this
approach is very simple compared ith the
couple harmonic poer flo algorithm and
can !e used to simulate large distorted
distri!ution systems ithout any
convergence difficulties. The algorithm
as also used to simulate a 1;;&!us
distorted system. ,ost harmonic poer
flo algorithms are not capa!le of
simulating large systems 'e.g., ith
hundreds of !us). D2P3 is therefore
suita!le for simulating large distorted
distri!ution systems
The nonlinear load modeling is
another advantage of the proposed
approach. This approach simply estimates
nonlinear loads as harmonic current
sources that can !e o!tained easily from
measurements. #n contrast, the couple
approach re$uires e+act models for
nonlinear loads that are not usually
availa!le.
Computation time is another aspect
that needs to !e considered. D2P3 has less
computation !urden and therefore re$uires
less computation time compared ith that
re$uired !y couple harmoncic poer flo.
!ON!(U,ION
The application of decouple approach
for harmonic poer flo is presented.
07
"o#$%r&'o( o) r#' Volt%*e bet+ee( ,, %(- ETA,
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.06
1 2 3 2 3 6 7 8 ! 20 21 22 23 22 23 26 30 31
45' (5#ber
r # ' V o l t % * e 6 $ . 5 . 7
,, ETA,
JURNAL TEKNIK GELAGAR Vol. 17, No. 02, Oktober 2006 : 83 !0

Comparisons of the generated results ith
those calculated !y standard softare
pac"ages are presented and discussed.
,ain conclusions areE
(. The formulation and
nonlinear load modeling of the
decouple approach leads the calculation
to !e simple.
8. 3rom the comparisons, the
decouple approach offers a compromise
!eteen the result accuracy and
calculation comple+ity.
1. The decouple approach can
!e e+tensively applied due to its simple
nonlinear load modeling and is more
practical as it can handle large systems.
Appendi8: "armonic #odel of ;/pulse
!on2erter
%onlinear loads are modeled as
decoupled harmonic current sources. Ta!le
A gives the current magnitudes 'as
percentages of the fundamental current)
used to model C&pulse converter loads.
2armonic phase angles are assumed to !e
=ero.
Ta0le A+ #agnitude 576 of harmonic
currents for ;/pulse con2erter
5rder ,ag. 5rder ,ag. 5rder ,ag.
( (;; (7 A.1 1D 8.D
A 8; 81 >.1 >( 8.>
D (>.1 8A > >1 8.1
(( 7.( 87 1.> >D 8.(
(1 D.D 1( 1.8 >7 8
(D A.7 1A 8.0
A!KNO%(&=#&NT
The Author ould li"e to gratefully
ac"noledge that this doctoral research is
sponsored !y .P,U&TP.DP Universitas
,uhammadiyah .ura"arta under contract
num!erE ;88<.D&TL<.P,U&U,.<K#<;>.
R&'&R&N!&,
?agh=ou= B, .. Ertem. (77;. 7hunt capacitor si8ing for radial distribution feeders with
distorted substation voltage. #EEE Trans. on Poer Delivery A'8)ECA;&CAD.
Chin 2&C. (77A. )ptimal shunt capacitor allocation by fu88y dynamic programming.
+lectric Power 7ystems &esearch 1A'8)E(11&(17.
Chung T., 4eung 2C. (777. % genetic algorithm approach in optimal capacitor
selection with harmonic distortion considerations. #nternational Mournal of Electrical
Poer N Energy .ystems 8('0)EAC(&AC7.
-hose T, -osami .L. 8;;1. +ffects of unbalances and harmonics on optimal capacitor
placement in distribution system. Electric Poer .ystems /esearch C0'8)E(CD&(D1.
-rady W,, .amoty* ,M, %oyola A2. (778. The application of network objective
functions for actively minimi8ing the impact of voltage harmonics in power systems.
#EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery D'1)E(1D7&(10C.
2ong B&B, 4in M&., 4iu C&2. #u88y harmonic power flow analyses@ 8;;;. p (8(&(8A.
,asoum ,A., Mafarian A, 4ad*evardi ,, 3uchs E3, -rady W,. 8;;>a. #u88y approach
for optimal placement and si8ing of capacitor banks in the presence of harmonics.
#EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery (7'8)E088 & 087.
,asoum ,A., 4ad*evardi ,, Mafarian A, 3uchs E3. 8;;>!. )ptimal Placement,
&eplacement and 7i8ing of 5apacitor 9anks in Distorted Distribution 6etworks by
:enetic %lgorithms. #EEE Transactions on Poer Delivery (7'>)E(D7>&(0;(.
7;
Agus Ulinuha, Application of Decouple Approach For Harmonic Power Flow Calculation
7(