Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
Denition Properties
1. Complex exponential
The exponential of a complex number z = x + iy is dened as exp(z ) = exp(x + iy ) = exp(x ) exp(iy ) = exp(x ) (cos(y ) + i sin(y )) . As for real numbers, the exponential function is equal to its derivative, i.e. d exp(z ) = exp(z ). (1) dz The exponential is therefore entire. You may also use the notation exp(z ) = e z .
Chapter 13: Complex Numbers
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
Denition Properties
cos2 (y ) + sin2 (y )
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
2. Trigonometric functions
The complex sine and cosine functions are dened in a way similar to their real counterparts, e iz + e iz cos(z ) = , 2 e iz e iz sin(z ) = . 2i (2)
The tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant are dened as usual. For instance, sin(z ) , tan(z ) = cos(z ) 1 sec(z ) = , cos(z ) etc.
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
The rules of dierentiation that you are familiar with still work. Example:
Use the denitions of cos(z ) and sin(z ), e iz + e iz cos(z ) = , 2 to nd (cos(z )) and (sin(z )) . e iz e iz sin(z ) = . 2i
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
3. Hyperbolic functions
The complex hyperbolic sine and cosine are dened in a way similar to their real counterparts, e z + e z cosh(z ) = , 2 e z e z sinh(z ) = . 2 (3)
The hyperbolic sine and cosine, as well as the sine and cosine, are entire. We have the following relations cosh(iz ) = cos(z ), cos(iz ) = cosh(z ), sinh(iz ) = i sin(z ), (4) sin(iz ) = i sinh(z ).
Chapter 13: Complex Numbers
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
4. Complex logarithm
The logarithm w of z = 0 is dened as ew = z. Since the exponential is 2 i -periodic, the complex logarithm is multi-valued. Solving the above equation for w = wr + iwi and z = re i gives e w = e wr e iwi = re i = e wr = r , wi = + 2p
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
p Z.
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
They are only true up to multiples of 2 i . For instance, if z1 = i = exp(i /2) and z2 = 1 = exp(i ), ln(z1 ) = i + 2p1 i , 2 and ln(z2 ) = i + 2p2 i , p1 , p2 Z,
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
However, every branch of the logarithm (i.e. each expression of ln(z ) with a given value of p Z) is analytic except at the branch point z = 0 and on the branch cut of ln(z ). In the domain of analyticity of ln(z ), d 1 (ln(z )) = . dz z
Chapter 13: Complex Numbers
(5)
Complex exponential Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions Complex logarithm Complex power function
Denition
For c C, this is again a multi-valued function, and we dene the principal value of z c as z c = exp (c Ln(z ))