Circuits Syst Signal Process (2012) 31:12451255 DOI 10.

1007/s00034-011-9372-z S H O RT PA P E R

A New Design Method of 9-7 Biorthogonal Filter Banks Based on Odd Harmonic Function
Chen Jiazhong Gao Weixue Ju Zengwei Xia Tao Ling Hefei Chen Changnian Wang Xian

Received: 8 March 2011 / Revised: 20 October 2011 / Published online: 16 November 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Abstract The oating-point implementation of a CDF-9-7 wavelet transform with irrational coefcients on a resource limited hardware platform is a challenging task. This paper presents a new design method of 9-7 biorthogonal wavelet lter bank (FB) based on classical Fourier theory, the so-called odd harmonic function (OHF) analysis. Three types of binary rational 9-7 biorthogonal wavelet FBs have been derived, considering vanishing moments in addition to the rationality of lter coefcients.

C. Jiazhong ( ) College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan national Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Peoples Republic of China e-mail: jzchen@hust.edu.cn G. Weixue College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, Peoples Republic of China e-mail: gaoweixue@xxu.edu.cn J. Zengwei X. Tao L. Hefei C. Changnian College of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Peoples Republic of China J. Zengwei e-mail: jzw_2001@sina.com X. Tao e-mail: xiatao@gmail.com L. Hefei e-mail: lhefei@hust.edu.cn C. Changnian e-mail: nchangchen@gmail.com W. Xian China Mobile Hubei Branch, Wuhan 430023, Peoples Republic of China e-mail: wangxian@hb.chinamobile.com

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The extensive experiments for the implementation of the new design on the SPIHT (Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees) platform have been conducted and the results show that the performance of the proposed new biorthogonal FBs is equal to, or in several cases outperforms the, CDF-9-7 FB. Keywords Biorthogonal wavelets Filter banks Image coding

1 Introduction Several lter-based metrics are proposed to test the compression performance of over 4300 candidate FBs, and the CDF-9-7 FB, which was constructed by Cohen, Daubechies and Feauveau, has stood out to be one of the best FBs for its high performance in image compression [2]. So the CDF-9-7 FB was adopted in the FBI ngerprint compression standard [4] and JPEG 2000 coder [5]. If all the coefcients in the 9-7 FBs are binary fractions, then compared to CDF-9-7 FBs with irrational coefcients, they not only have advantage of easy computation but also are very suitable for implementation on VLSI hardware. However, since all the lter coefcients are irrational, one major disadvantage of CDF-9-7 FB for high-efcient implementation is that the computational complexity of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and inverse DWT (IDWT) is much higher than that of the biorthogonal spline wavelet lters [10], whose coefcients are all dyadic fractions. On the other hand, the compression performance of the spline wavelet lters is worse than that of CDF-9-7 FB. Therefore, in image coding applications, choosing a wavelet system seems a painful trade-off between compression performance and computational complexity. In this paper, rstly, a new method to design the coefcients of 9-7 biorthogonal wavelet FBs is proposed, which is based on classical Fourier analysis and is different from the methods in [2] and [1, 6, 9]. The main idea of coefcient design arises from an assumption that the product of the Fourier transforms h() and h() of low-pass lters is a sum of 1/2 and an odd harmonic function. By solving equations, the lter coefcients and are regarded as the free parameters on which other parameters , , and depend. These free parameters can be easily adjusted to meet the application requirements. Three design examples of 9-7 wavelet FBs referred as OHF-9-7-I, II, and III are then proposed for image compression. Not only can all the coefcients be made integer by multiplying with the common denominator, but also of the lter h all the coefcients of the lter h are rational. Extensive experimental results based on SPIHT [7] platform demonstrate that the new biorthogonal FBs exhibit performance comparable to the CDF-9-7 FB. The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, a design formula based OHF analysis is rstly given, and three types of 9-7 FBs are constructed. A comparison between the performances of the CDF-9-7 and OHF-9-7 on the SPIHT platform is presented in Sect. 3. The conclusions are given in Sect. 4.

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2 Design of 9-7 Biorthogonal Filter Coefcients Based on Odd Harmonic Function be the impulse responses of a pair of low-pass lters for synthesis and Let h and h analysis, respectively. For a two-band biorthogonal FB, the associated scaling func are recursively dened by the rene functions tions (t) and (t) 2 2 n ( = 2t n). (t) = hn (2t n), (t) h (1) 2 n= 2 n= The associated wavelets (t) and (t) are then dened as 2 n+1 (2t n), (1)n h (t) = 2 n= 2 2t n). (t) = (1)n hn+1 ( 2 n=

(2)

j n be the Fourier transforms Let h() = n h(n)ej n and h() = n h(n)e , respectively. Suppose that h()h () = 1/2 + O(), and O() is an odd of h and h ( + ) = 1/2 + harmonic and 2 -periodical function, then we have h( + )h () + h( + )h ( + ) = 1. That means the O( + ) = 1/2 O() and h()h perfect reconstruction condition for DWT/IDWT can be satised for an OHF-based . For 9-7 biorthogonal wavelets, whose coefcients are odd symmetric FB h and h n = h n . Then the FB can be expressed as sequences with hn = hn and h

h = {h3 , h2 , h1 , h0 , h1 , h2 , h3 }, 3 , h 2 , h 1 , h 0, h 1, h 2, h 3, h 4} = {h 4 , h h

(3)

are both odd symmetric sequences, the Fourier transforms of them are Since h and h the linear combination of functions cos n . Then we have () = h0 h 0 + 2h1 h 1 + 2h2 h 2 + 2h3 h 3 h()h 1 + h1 h 0 + h1 h 2 + h2 h 1 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 + h3 h 4 ) cos + 2(h0 h 2 + h1 h 1 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 0 + h2 h 4 + h3 h 1 ) cos 2 + 2(h0 h 3 + h1 h 2 + h1 h 4 + h2 h 1 + h3 h 0 ) cos 3 + 2(h0 h 4 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 2 + h3 h 1 ) cos 4 + 2(h0 h 4 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 ) cos 5 + 2(h1 h 4 + h3 h 3 ) cos 6 + 2(h2 h 4 cos 7. + 2h3 h (4) should match the criteria of Moreover, the Fourier transforms of sequences h and h h(0) = h(0) = 1 and h() = h() = 0 to obtain a good frequency response property,

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and this gives new equality constrains: h0 + 2h1 + 2h2 + 2h3 = 1, 1 + 2h 2 + 2h 3 + 2h 4 = 1, 0 + 2h h h0 + 2h2 = 2h1 + 2h3 , 2 + 2h 4 = 2h 1 + 2h 3. 0 + 2h h From the rst and third equations of (5) we can transfer all seven coefcients of the low-pass lter h in terms of two parameters, and : h = , , 1 1 1 , + 2, , , . 4 2 4 (6) (5)

() is treated as the sum of 1/2 and an odd harmonic As indicated before, h()h function. From (4), we can assume that 1 0 + 2h1 h 1 + 2h2 h 2 + 2h3 h 3, = h0 h 2 1 1 + h1 h 0 + h1 h 2 + h2 h 1 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 + h3 h 4 ), + A = 2(h0 h 2 2 + h1 h 1 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 0 + h2 h 4 + h3 h 1 ), 0 = 2(h0 h 3 + h1 h 2 + h1 h 4 + h2 h 1 + h3 h 0 ), B = 2(h0 h 4 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 2 + h3 h 1 ), 0 = 2(h0 h 4 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 ), C = 2(h1 h 4 + h3 h 3 ), 0 = 2(h2 h 4. D = 2h3 h To nd the solutions of (7) in a simple way, without loss of generality, let D = /2, (0) = 1, which C = 2 , A = and we get B = /2 for h(0)h means A + B + C + D = 0. Then (7) can be rewritten as 1 0 + 2h1 h 1 + 2h2 h 2 + 2h3 h 3, = h0 h 2 1 1 + h1 h 0 + h1 h 2 + h2 h 1 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 + h3 h 4 ), + = 2(h0 h 2 2 + h1 h 1 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 0 + h2 h 4 + h3 h 1 ), 0 = 2(h0 h 3 + h1 h 2 + h1 h 4 + h2 h 1 + h3 h 0 ), = 2(h0 h 2 4 + h1 h 3 + h2 h 2 + h3 h 1 ), 0 = 2(h0 h 4 + h2 h 3 + h3 h 2 ), 2 = 2(h1 h 4 + h3 h 3 ), 0 = 2(h2 h 4. = 2h3 h 2 (8) (7)

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from (5) In the following steps, we will obtain the coefcients of the low-pass lter h and (8). By the last equation of (8) we have 4 = h
2

2h3

(9)

then by the last second equation of (8) we have 3 = h2 h4 = 4 = h h3 42 by the last third equation of (8) we have
2 2 = + h 4 162 43

(10)

(11)

by the second and last equations of (5) we have 1 + h 3 ) = 1, 4(h

2 1 = and h 42

(12)

by the rst and last equations of (5) we have

2 0 + 4h 2 + 4h 4 = 1, and h 0 = 1 2 + 2h 2 82 23

(13)

in terms of four paramthen we can write all nine coefcients of the low-pass lter h eters, , , , and : = h 2 2 1 2 2 , 2, + + , , , 4 4 4 162 2 43 42 82 23 2 2 , + , , 4 162 42 43 42 4 (14)

The rst and fth equations of (8) are the keys to get parameter . By them, can be formulated as = 22 (4 2 ) , (1 + 2)2 + 2 3 or = 22 ( + 8 8 + 48 + 42 ) (15) 4 2 + 4 48 3 + 242

The two equations in (15) yield =

8 42 2 + 4 2 + (1+2)2 +2 3 424 3 +242 (8+48) (1+2)4 2 +2 3 4 2 +424 3 +242

(16)

Hence, can be obtained by any equation in (15) and can be calculated by (16) in (14) can be derived. To be noted, if and are decided. Then all coefcients of h since only acts as a balancing factor of the second and fourth equations of (8) and

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is not an indispensable parameter of (14), it is unnecessary to compute the parameter for designing the 9-7 biorthogonal FBs. In summary, though ve parameters are involved in (5) and (8), only two parameters, and , are needed to represent all . coefcients of h and h Another key problem is to nd a selection criterion of parameters and . This problem also can be mainly solved by classical Fourier theory. Since h is an odd symmetric sequence and its Fourier transform h() = n h(n)ej n , we have h() = h0 + 2h1 cos + 2h2 cos 2 + 2h3 cos 3, and h () = 2h1 sin 4h2 sin 2 6h3 sin 3 Substituting = /2 into (17) we have h 2 = h0 2h2 , and h 2 = 2h1 + 6h3 (18) (17)

By (6), (18) can be rewritten as h 2 = 1 + 4 , and h 2 2 1 = + 8 2 (19)

As illustrated in Fig. 1, since h is a low-pass lter, h (/2) should be negative and h() approximates to a straight line h () + at = /2, where is an intercept. Moreover, since h (/2) = 0.5 for the 5-3 biorthogonal FB, we can suppose h (/2) 0.5 for the longer support 9-7 ones to get a better low-pass frequency spectrum property. For example, if we set h (/2) = 0.875 or h (/2) = 0.9, then we have = 3/64 or = 1/20. In addition, since h(/2) = 0.5 for the 5-3 biorthogonal FB, we also can suppose h(/2) 0.5 for the longer support 9-7 ones for the same reason. Similarly, if we set h(/2) = 0.625, h(/2) = 0.6, or h(/2) = 0.59375, then we have = 1/32, = 1/40, or = 3/128. Moreover, observe from (19), if dyadic or rational values are chosen for h (/2) and h(/2), the values of and must be dyadic or rational.
Fig. 1 Numerical properties of h() at = /2

Circuits Syst Signal Process (2012) 31:12451255 Table 1 Coefcients of OHF-9-7 FBs Types Parameters n 0 1 2 3 4 OHF-9-7-I = 1/32, = 3/64 n h hn 9/16 19/64 1/32 3/64 0 190/320 86/320 24/320 6/320 9/320 OHF-9-7-II = 1/40, = 1/20 n h hn 22/40 12/40 1/40 2/40 0 44/72 19/72 6/72 1/72 2/72 OHF-9-7-III

1251

= 3/128, = 3/64 n h hn 35/64 19/64 3/128 3/64 0 753/1216 1279/4864 13/152 63/4864 63/2432

It is worth noting that the coefcients of CDF-9-7 FB can be obtained when 0.028771 and 0.045635. Compared to the methods presented in [2] and [9], the proposed method only solves simple and quadratic equations. Therefore, it would be exible to design the coefcients only by adjusting dyadic or rational parameters and . Considering the vanishing moments besides the rationality of coefcients, we get the FBs of OHF-9-7-I, II, and III, as listed in Table 1. We nd that for OHF are rational. For OHF-9-7-II and III, the coefcients 9-7-I, all coefcients of h and h one integer division is needed for of h are rational, while for the coefcients of h scaling the gain of the lters. For OHF-9-7-I and III, the coefcients of the h can be expressed in dyadic rational numbers. Moreover, compared to the construction method via lifting scheme in [6] and [1], the proposed method can derive rational FB hn more directly and exibly. In order to obtain wavelets with reasonable smoothness, Cohen et al. assigned a number of vanishing moments on the two wavelets and determined the coefcients of the corresponding lters by factorizing trigonometric polynomials [2]. Here we have N vanishing moments, which can be dened as assume that the h and h

(1)n np hn = 0,
n= n=

n = 0, (1)n np h

p = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.

(20)

Figure 2 shows the corresponding scaling functions and wavelets of the CDF-9-7 and OHF-9-7 pairs containing low-pass (LP) and high-pass (HP) lters, and they all have similar smoothness. Additionally, for OHF-9-7-I, II and III, the vanishing moments are all of N = 2, while for CDF-9-7 the vanishing moment of h is N = 4. For of h OHF-9-7-I, III and CDF-9-7, the vanishing moments of h are all of N = 4, while for OHF-9-7-II the vanishing moment of h is N = 2. Filter regularity is widely accepted as a key factor for wavelet compression of images. Figure 3 shows the frequency responses of the OHF-9-7-I, II, and III lter pairs and the CDF-9-7 lter pair. The responses of the OHF-9-7 pairs are very similar to that of the CDF-9-7 pair. For the CDF-9-7 pair, the lters h() and h() each have four zeros at = . For the OHF-9-7-I pair, lter h() has four zeros, while h() lter has two zeros. For the OHF-9-7-II and III pairs, lters h() and h() both have two zeros. On the other hand, the lifting scheme has proven to be a popular tool in the area of DWT implementation, which provides reduction of computational complexity, and

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Fig. 2 Scaling functions and wavelets generated from the 9-7 lter pairs

Fig. 3 Frequency responses of the 9-7 lter pairs

in-place computation to decrease the memory space assignment and access [8]. For example, the polyphase P(z) of 9-7 biorthogonal wavelet decomposition can be factorized in lifting steps as in (21). Fortunately, by the method proposed in [3], the

Circuits Syst Signal Process (2012) 31:12451255 Table 2 Lifting coefcients of OHF-9-7 lters Lifting coefcients 3/2 1/16 4/5 15/32 4/5 2 1/30 5/4 2/5 5/6 2 1/32 24/19 OHF-9-7-I OHF-9-7-II

1253 OHF-9-7-III

399/1024 16/19

Fig. 4 Comparative coding results of Barbara image at 0. 5 bpp: (a) original, (b) by CDF-9-7, (c) by OHF-9-7-I, and (d) by OHF-9-7-II

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according lifting coefcients for the proposed three 9-7 FBs also can be derived as listed in Table 2. P(z) = 1 (1 + z1 ) 0 1 0 0 1/ 1 (1 + z) 0 1 1 0 (1 + z1 ) 1 1 (1 + z) 0 1 (21)

3 Experimental Results Some experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed OHF-9-7 FBs in comparison to CDF-9-7 and other FBs. After ve levels of DWT decomposition, the SPIHT algorithm followed by entropy coding is used to quantize and encode the wavelet coefcients. All tests in the experiment are carried out on the Celeron E1200 1.6 GHz with 2048 MB RAM and the OS is Microsoft Windows XP. All test images are sized 512 512. As listed in Table 3, for images Lena, Barbara, Baboon, Pepper, Boat, and Aerial, the average PSNR improvements of the proposed OHF9-7-I, II, and III in comparison to CDF-9-7 scalar wavelets are 0.002, 0.005, and 0.005 dB, respectively. Moreover, compared to the rational 9-7 FB proposed in [9] and [6], the OHFs outperform it more than 0.11.5 dB at different compression ratios on the same level of time cost. Figure 4 shows the reconstructions of Barbara for a visual comparison. There are no obvious artifacts caused by the presented FBs with the reconstructed images.
Table 3 PSNR comparison of several 9-7 biorthogonal wavelets for common test images Wavelet types PSNR (dB) 1.0 bpp 0.5 bpp 0.25 bpp 1.0 bpp 0.5 bpp 0.25 bpp 1.0 bpp 0.5 bpp 0.25 bpp Lena image (512 512) CDF 9-7 OHF-9-7 I OHF-9-7 II 9-7 [9] 9-7 [6] 40.44 40.44 40.45 38.92 40.10 37.21 37.21 37.24 37.23 36.41 36.80 34.11 34.08 34.18 34.13 33.65 33.55 Barbara image (512 512) 36.41 36.47 36.49 36.43 35.63 36.46 31.40 31.42 31.45 31.39 31.07 31.47 27.58 27.64 27.56 27.52 27.41 27.74 Baboon image (512 512) 29.39 29.41 29.37 29.36 29.24 29.08 25.82 25.83 25.79 25.79 25.71 25.50 23.47 23.51 23.45 23.47 23.41 23.17

OHF-9-7 III 40.44

Pepper image (512 512) CDF 9-7 OHF-9-7 I OHF-9-7 II 9-7 [9] 9-7 [6] 38.92 38.93 38.89 37.52 38.77 36.36 36.36 36.34 36.35 35.55 36.15 33.84 33.83 33.83 33.83 33.37 33.45

Boat image (512 512) 38.74 38.73 38.73 38.75 37.57 38.76 34.02 33.98 34.02 34.01 33.48 34.06 30.48 30.47 30.48 30.58 30.17 30.39

Aerial image (512512) 31.92 31.89 31.95 31.96 31.61 31.63 27.59 27.58 27.60 27.61 27.43 27.33 24.61 24.60 24.60 24.62 24.54 24.30

OHF-9-7 III 38.89

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We have also tested the time cost for different 9-7 FBs. To strengthen pertinence, only the time cost related to image decomposition procedure is tested. The time cost of OHF-9-7-I, II, and III are much lower than of CDF-9-7. To decompose an image, the average time costs are 62, 24, 25, and 25 ms by CDF-9-7, OHF-9-7-I, II, and III, respectively.

4 Conclusions We present a novel method to design a new class of biorthogonal wavelet systems OHF system, based on classical Fourier analysis. In other words, this paper extends the wavelet analysis into traditional Fourier theory and includes it in the same theory frame. Especially, since this method is so simple and directional, it would be adopted by engineering developers to nd diverse property FBs. In this work, rstly, we hy pothesize that the product of the Fourier transforms h() and h() of low-pass lters is a sum of 1/2 and an odd harmonic function. Secondly, we give the parameter rep by nding the solutions of simple and quadratic equations. resentations of h and h Thirdly, we give the parameter selection criterion for parameters and also based on classical Fourier theory. Moreover, the property analysis with the vanishing moments and the lifting formation is presented. In particular, three representative FBs in this system have shown comparable PSNR performance with the CDF-9-7 FB in image compression.

References
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