What is Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Intelligence is more than a score on a typical standardized pencil-end paper test used to predict success in school. Such traditional intelligence tests do not measure the ability of a chess player, an athlete, or a master violinist. Gardner (1999: 33-34) states that these individuals, as well as many others, exhibit intelligences that are not measured by these tests. He defines an intelligence as biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture. Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences uses aspects of cognitive and developmental psychology, anthropology, and sociology to explain the human intellect. Although Gardner had been working towards the concept of Multiple Intelligences for many years, the theory was introduced in 1983, with Gardner's book, Frames of Mind. Gardner's research consisted of brain research and interviews with stroke victims, prodigies, and individuals with autism. Based on his findings, Gardner established eight criteria for identifying the seven (he has subsequently added an eighth and is considering a ninth) separate intelligences. The eight criteria used by Gardner to identify the intelligences are listed below:

Isolation by brain damage/neurological evidence The existence of prodigies, idiot savants, and exceptional individuals Distinguishable set of core operations Developmental stages with an expert end state Evolutionary history and plausibility Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system Support from experimental psychological tasks Support from psychometric research

As may be suggested by the previous criteria, the theory of multiple intelligences emerged from previous psychological studies. However, it must be noted that none of those previous investigations were involved with Gardners construct of multiple intelligences. Gardner has been totally honest and forthright about the lack of experimental research on his theory. He notes, While Multiple Intelligences theory is consistent with much empirical evidence, it has not been subjected to strong experimental tests.

. . . Within the area of education, the applications of the theory are currently being examined in many projects. Our hunches will have to be revised many times in light of actual classroom experience (Gardner, 1993, p. 33). Nevertheless, even without the existence of a strong research base, there is much popular support for the concept of multiple intelligences.

Some strengths of the theory in relationship to the learning process are as follows: It serves as impetus of reform in our schools, leading to a reevaluation of those subjects typically taught in school, with increased emphasis placed on the arts, nature, physical culture, and other topics traditionally limited to the periphery of the curriculum (Armstrong,2003, p. 4).Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles 99. It is child centered and develops childrens innate potential rather than requiring them to master extraneous academic information. It encourages children to grow and to develop their potential as responsible human beings. It challenges educators to find ways that will work for this student learning this topic (Gardner, 1999, p. 154). As Gardner (1999: 9192) has written: I would happily send my children to a school that takes differences among children seriously, that shares knowledge among differences with children and parents, that encourages children to assume responsibility for their own learning, and that presents materials in such a way that each child has the maximum opportunity to master those materials and to show others and themselves what they have learned and understood. Table 1.Summary of the Eight Intelligences IntelligenceArea Strengths Preferences Learnsbestthrough Needs

Verbal / Linguistic

Write, read, tell stories, Writing, reading, talk, memorizing dates, memorize, thinking in words, work at telling stories solving puzzles Question, work with numbers, experiment,

Hearing and seeing words, speaking, reading, writing, discussing and debating

Books, tapes, paper diaries, writing tools, dialogue, discussion, debated, stories, etc.

Mathematical/ Math, logic, problem-solving, Logical reasoning,

Working with relationships and patterns, classifying, categorizing, working

Things to think about and explore, science materials, manipulative, trips

patterns

solve problems

with the abstract

to the planetarium and science museum, etc.

Maps, reading charts, drawing, Visual / Spatial mazes, puzzles, imagining things, visualization

Draw, build, design, create, daydream, look at pictures

LEGOs, video, movies, slides, art, Working with imagination games, pictures and colors, mazes, puzzles, visualizing, using the illustrated book, mind's eye, drawing trips to art museums, etc. Role-play, drama, things to build, movement, sports and physical games, tactile experiences, hands-on learning, etc. Sing-along time, trips to concerts, music playing at home and school, musical instruments, etc.

Bodily / Kinesthetic

Move around, Touching, moving, Athletics, dancing, touch and knowledge through crafts, using tools, talk, body bodily sensations, acting language processing

Musical

Picking up sounds, remembering melodies, rhythms, singing

Sing, play an Rhythm, singing, instrument, melody, listening to listen to music and melodies music, hum

Interpersonal

Leading, organizing, understanding people, communicating, resolving conflicts, selling

Friends, group games, social Talk to Comparing, relating, gatherings, people, have sharing, interviewing, community events, friends, join clubs, mentors/ cooperating groups apprenticeships, etc. Secret places, time alone, self-paced projects, choices, etc.

Intrapersonal

Recognizing Working alone, strengths and Work alone, having space, weaknesses, reflect pursue reflecting, doing selfsetting goals, interests paced projects understanding self Understanding nature, making distinctions, identifying flora Be involved with nature, make distinctions Working in nature, exploring living things, learning about plants and natural

Naturalistic

Order, same/different, connections to real life and science

and fauna

events

issues, patterns

On the other hand Disney's website entitled Tapping into Multiple Intelligences suggests two approaches for implementing Multiple Intelligences theory in the classroom. One is a teacher-centered approach, in which the instructor incorporates materials, resources, and activities into the lesson that teach to the different intelligences. The other is a student-centered approach in which students actually create a variety of different materials that demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter. The student-centered approach allows students to actively use their varied forms of intelligence. In a teacher-centered lesson, the number of intelligences explored should be limited to two or three. To teach less than two is nearly impossible since the use of speech will always require the use of one's Verbal/Linguistic intelligence. In a student-centered lesson, the instructor may incorporate aspects of project-based learning, collaborative learning, or other inquiry-based models. In such a case, activities involving all nine intelligences may be presented as options for the class, but each student participates in only one or two of the tasks. Table 2.Multiple Intelligences: Classroom Application (Table added by Brandy Bellamy and Camille Baker, 2005) Teacher Centered

Student Centered Student Presents Material Students read content and prepare a presentation for his/her classmates Students debate over an issue Students categorize information in logical sequences for organization. Students create graphs or charts to explain written info. Students participate in web quests associated with the content

Present content verbally Ask questions aloud and look for student feedback Interviews

Verbal/Linguistic

Logical/Mathematical

Provide brain teasers or challenging questions to begin lessons. Make logical connections between the subject matter and authentic situations to answer the question "why?"

Bodily/Kinesthetic

Use props during lecture Provide tangible items pertaining to content for students to examine Review using sports related examples (throw a ball to someone to answer a question)

Students use computers to research subject matter. Students create props of their own explaining subject matter (shadow boxes, mobiles, etc...) Students createre viewgames. Have students work individually or in groups to create visuals pertaining to the information: Posters; timelines; models; PowerPoint slides; maps; illustrations, charts; concept mapping Create a song or melody with the content embedded for memory Use well known songs to memorize formulas, skills, or test content Encourage collaboration among peers Groupwork strengthens interpersonal connections Peer feedback and peer tutoring Students present to the class Encourage group editing

PowerPoint Slides, Charts, Graphs, cartoons, videos, overheads, smart boards Visual/Spatial

Play music in the classroom during reflection periods Show examples or create musical rhythms for students to remember things

Musical

Be aware of body language and facial expressions Offer assistance when ever needed Encourageclassroom discussion

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Encourage journaling as a positive outlet for expression Introduce web logging (blogs) Make individual questions welcome Create a positive environment.

Journaling Individual research on content Students create personal portfolios of work

Naturalistic

Take students outside to enjoy nature while in learning process (lecture) Compare authentic subject matter to natural occurrences. Relate subject matter to stages that occur in nature (plants, weather, etc)

Students organize thoughts using natural cycles Students make relationships among content and the natural environment (how has nature had an impact?) Students perform community service

Since different cultures value different types of intelligences, culture and ones cultural context play large roles in the formation of intelligence. The cultural value placed upon ones ability to perform certain tasks provides the motivation to acquire skills in those areas. Therefore, while certain intelligences might be highly evolved in people of one culture, those same intelligences might not be as developed in the individuals of another. All of the intelligences are important. Gardner (1993) stated, If we can mobilize the full range of human intelligences and ally them to an ethical sense, we can help to increase the likelihood of our survival on this planet, and perhaps even contribute to our thriving (p. 12). If correlations are found, then the research would suggest that by using a variety of teaching styles that are sensitive to the learning styles of students, then Howard Gardners dream might be fulfilled.