Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical

Electrical Power Generation Using Nuclear Energy

Project (2) By
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Musaed AL Azemi St.No. 200530003 "'()*%& "#$%& ! +easa, A, Azemi St.No. 20052003.)/0%& 1$2' Mo3ammed AL 4atta5 St.No. 200530062 Under +upervision of 7r. Mo3ammed 8a9:ee; +u,mitted in partial fulfillment on the re-uirements for the degree of .achelor of Department of Electrical /an 0 1223
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Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical

Electrical Power Generation Using Nuclear Energy

In this project a design of simple Nuclear power station is introduced and the main component selection and calculations of fuel consumption is also presented +u,mitted in partial fulfillment on the re-uirements for the degree of .achelor of Department of Electrical /an 0 1223
<2<

4a,le of 5ontents
+u,6ect Pange No7 A=stract 3

5hapter8 9 :ntroduction to Nuclear Energy > 6.6 ?5troductio5 > 6.2 83e @istory o: Nuc,ear A5er4yB C 6.3 Deo4raE3y o: Nuc,ear Po9er 5hapter1 9 Nuclear ;eactors F 2.6 Basic G3aracteristics o: Heactor 8yEes I 2.2 8yEes o: Nuc,ear Heactors I 2.2.6 +ast<Breeder Heactors A5d Po9er E,a5ts 60 2.2.2 83e Das<Goo,ed Heactor (DGH) 66 2.2.3 83e Pressurized @eaJy<Kater Heactor (P@KH) 63 2.2.> 83e Boi,i54<Kater Heactor (BKH) 6> 2.2.5 Pressurized<Kater<Heactor (PKH) 6F 2.2.5.6 Mai5 GomEo5e5ts o: (PKH) 2> 2.3 Heactor Go5tro, 25hapter< 9 Nuclear power station Design 36 3.6 desi45 re;uireme5ts 36 3.2 Major GomEo5e5ts o: Nuc,ear Eo9er E,a5t<Eressurized 9ater reactor 32 3.3 Steam 8ur=i5e Po9er P,a5t 7esi45 33 3.3.6 83e mai5 Earts o: steam tur=i5e 33 3.> Ha5Li5e cyc,e ,ayout 3> 3.5 Go5de5ser 3C 3.C A,ectrica, De5erator 33.C.6 8yEe o: AG 4e5erators used i5 Po9er Statio5s 3F 3.C.2 Mai5 Earts o: sy5c3ro5ous 4e5erator 3I 3.C.3 83e Armature 9i5di54 ( Stator 9i5di54) 3I 3.C.> 83e Stator core >0 3.C.5 Hotor >6 3.- De5eratorM steE<uE 8ra5s:ormer >2 3.F De5eratorM steE<uE 8ra5s:ormer a5d S9itc3yard He,ayi54 >> 3.I Aco5omic co5sideratio5s >C 3.60 GomEariso5 9it3 Nt3er A5er4y Sources >I 5hapter= 9 Go5c,usio5 50 <3<

> ,stract
83e 5uc,ear e5er4y is t3e e5er4y o: t3e :uture. +ossi, oi, a5d ot3er :ossi, :ue,s 9i,, deE,eted o5 eart3 9it3i5 50 <600 years O t3e ot3er tyEe o: e5er4y ,iLe re5e9a=,e e5er4ies did 5ot Ero o: to =e t3e e5er4y o: t3e :uture =ecome o: t3e 3i43 cost a5d ,imited outEuts . Nuc,ear e5er4y is EroJe5 to =e t3e e5er4y t3at t3e ma5 9i,, re,y o5 i5 t3e :uture as

a,ter5atiJe e5er4y due to aJai,a=i,ity o: t3e 5uc,ear :ue,s a5d t3e ,o9 ru55i54 cost a5d its ,o54 ,i:e. ?5 t3is ErojectM t3e aim 9as to i5Jesti4ate Jarious tyEes o: 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts a5d to maLe simE,e desi45 o: -20MK A,ectric Eo9er a5d i5troduce its =asic ca,cu,atio5s a5d :ue, co5sumEtio5. A 3< dime5sio5 ErototyEe o: t3e Eo9er E,a5t is a,so co5structed i5 t3is Eroject.
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5hapter8
878 :ntroduction
Sources o: e5er4y ori4i5s o: t3e Eo9er used :or tra5sEortatio5M 3eat a5d ,i43t t3at 9e are dea,i54 it da,,y a5d :or 9orLi54 areasM ma5u:acture o: 4oods o: a,, Li5ds a5d ot3er aEE,icatio5s. 83e deJe,oEme5t o: scie5ce a5d ciJi,izatio5 is c,ose,y ,i5Led to t3e aJai,a=i,ity o: e5er4y i5 use:u, :orms. Moder5 society co5sumes Jast amou5ts o: e5er4y i5 a,, :ormsB ,i43tM 3eatM e,ectrica,M mec3a5ica,M c3emica,M a5d 5uc,ear. Ke ca5 4e5erate e5er4y :rom ma5y Li5dsM t3e A5er4y Hesources ca5 =e c,assi:ied i5 to t9o mai5 Earts t3e :irst o5e is No5 re5e9a=,e resource t3at i5c,ude Goa,M oi,M 5atura, 4as a5d Nuc,ear A5er4yM t3e seco5d tyEe is re5e9a=,e resources t3at i5c,ude so,ar e5er4y a5d 9i5d e5er4y. ?5 t3is Eroject 9e 9i,, discuss 5uc,ear Eo9er 4e5eratio5M t3ere is strate4ic as 9e,, as eco5omic 5ecessity :or 5uc,ear Eo9er i5 t3e most o: t3e 9or,d. 83e strate4ic imEorta5ce ,ies Erimari,y i5 t3e :act t3at o5e ,ar4e 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5t saJes more t3a5 50M000 =arre,s o: oi, Eer day. +or t3ose cou5tries t3at 5o9 re,y o5 =ut do 5ot 3aJe oi,M or must reduce t3e imEortatio5 o: :orei45 oi,M t3ese strate4ic a5d eco5omic adJa5ta4es are

o=Jious. +or t3ose cou5tries t3at are oi, ePEortersM 5uc,ear Eo9er reErese5ts a5 i5sura5ce a4ai5st t3e day 93e5 oi, is deE,eted. AdJa5ta4es o: 5uc,ear e5er4y are t3e u5it costs Eer Li,o9att 3our are 5o9 comEara=,e to or ,o9er t3e u5it costs :or coa, i5 most Earts o: t3e 9or,dM ,acL o: e5Jiro5me5ta, Ero=,ems t3at are associated 9it3 coa, or oi,<:ired Eo9er E,a5ts a5d t3e a=se5ce o: mi5e sa:ety issuesM ,a=or Ero=,ems a5d tra5sEortatio5 =ott,e<5ecLs. Natura, 4as is 4ood =ut it 3as some aJai,a=i,ity Ero=,emsM t3us 5uc,ear Eo9er is =ou5d to =ecome t3e socia, c3oice re,atiJe to ot3er societa, risLs a5d oJera,, 3ea,t3 a5d sa:ety risLs.
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8o EroJide t3e Eo9er a5 e,ectric 4e5eratorM 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts re,y o5 t3e Erocess o: 5uc,ear :issio5. ?5 t3is ErocessM t3e 5uc,eus o: a 3eaJy e,eme5tM suc3 as ura5iumM sE,its 93e5 =om=arded =y a :ree 5eutro5 i5 a 5uc,ear reactor. 83e :issio5 Erocess :or ura5ium atoms yie,ds t9o sma,,er atomsM o5e to t3ree :ree 5eutro5sM E,us a5 amou5t o: e5er4y. Because more :ree 5eutro5s are re,eased :rom a ura5ium :issio5 eJe5t t3a5 are re;uired to i5itiate t3e eJe5tM t3e reactio5 ca5 =ecome se,: sustai5i54<<a c3ai5 reactio5<<u5der co5tro,,ed co5ditio5sM t3us Eroduci54 a treme5dous amou5t o: e5er4y. Nuc,ear i5dustry is :aci54 ma5y di::icu,tiesM Erimari,y as a resu,t o: t3e 5e4atiJe imEact o: t3e issues o: 5uc,ear sa:etyM 9aste disEosa,M 9eaEo5s Ero,i:eratio5 a5d eco5omics o5 t3e Eu=,ic a5d 4oJer5me5t. 7esEite t3ese di::icu,tiesM t3e :uture o: e,ectric<e5er4y 4e5eratio5 i5c,udes 5uc,ear e5er4y as a ErimaryM i: 5ot t3e mai5 source.
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871 4he ?istory of Nuclear Energy9

83e :irst aEEroac3 9it3 t3e 5uc,ear e5er4y i5 t3e 9or,d 9as i5 7ecem=er 2M 6I>2M Ke mea5 =y t3e :irst aEEroac3 t3e :act t3at t3ere 9as someo5e 93o 9as a=,e to i5itiate a se,: sustai5i54 5uc,ear c3ai5 a5d co5tro, it. 83e ,eader o: t3is is t3e researc3 4rouE QArica +ermiQ i5 ?ta,y. 83e EroEerty o: t3e 5uc,ear Eo9er deEe5ds o5 t3e :issio5 o: t3e ura5ium 83e co5ceEt o: t3e atom 3as ePisted :or ma5y ce5turies. But 9e o5,y rece5t,y =e4a5 to u5dersta5d t3e e5ormous Eo9er co5tai5ed i5 t3e ti5y mass. ?5 t3e years just =e:ore a5d duri54 Kor,d Kar ??M 5uc,ear researc3 :ocused mai5,y o5 t3e deJe,oEme5t o: de:e5se 9eaEo5s. LaterM scie5tists co5ce5trated o5 Eeace:u, aEE,icatio5s o: 5uc,ear tec35o,o4y. A5 imEorta5t use o: 5uc,ear e5er4y is t3e 4e5eratio5 o: e,ectricity. A:ter years o: researc3M scie5tists 3aJe success:u,,y aEE,ied 5uc,ear tec35o,o4y to ma5y ot3er scie5ti:icM medica,M a5d i5dustria, EurEoses.
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87< Geography of Nuclear Power

Gurre5t,y a=out 500 5uc,ear Eo9er statio5s are oEerati54 i5 t3e 9or,d. K3ere t3ere are ma5y EeoE,e t3ere are usua,,y ma5y 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts. 83e :o,,o9i54 maEs are some ePamE,es o: cou5tries t3at 3aJe 3i43 EoEu,atio5 de5sitiesM a5d a,so a 4reat 5um=er o: 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts. 83is idea is ,o4ica,M =ecause a ,ar4e EoEu,atio5 mea5s t3at a 4reat amou5t o: e5er4y 9i,, =e used uE. 83e co5Jerse o: t3is idea is 5ot trueM t3ou43. ?5 some areas o: 3i43 EoEu,atio5M t3ere are 5o 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5tsM 93ic3 attest to t3e aJai,a=i,ity o: a,ter5atiJe e5er4y. K3ere o5e a,ter5atiJe :orm is 5ot EoEu,arM usua,,y a5ot3er ca5 taLe its E,ace. Some ePamE,es o: E,aces 93ere Jery :e9 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts

are ,ocated are a,so 4iJe5B

( RaEa5 ) ( +ra5ce )

@ >im of the pro6ect ?5 t3is Eroject a desi45 o: simE,e Nuc,ear Eo9er statio5 is i5troduced a5d t3e mai5 comEo5e5t se,ectio5 a5d ca,cu,atio5s o: :ue, co5sumEtio5 is a,so Erese5ted.
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5hapter1
Nuclear ;eactors
?5 t3is c3aEter t3e =asic tyEes a5d c3aracteristics o: t3e 5uc,ear reactors t3at are used i5 5uc,ear Eo9er statio5s are discussed a5d i5troduced t3ere are aEEroPimate,y -20MK 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts oEerati54 arou5d t3e 9or,d .c,ose to 300 oEerate Eressurized 9ater reactor (PKHS). More t3a5 600 are =ui,t 9it3 =oi,i54 9ater reactors (BKHS) M a=out 50 Jse 4as O coo,ed reactors M a5d t3e rest are 3eaJy O 9ater reactorsM a :e9 :ast =reeder reactor are i5 oEeratio5. 83ese reactors are =ui,t :or =etter uti,izatio5 o: ura5ium :ue,. 83e moder5 5uc,ear size Jaries :rom 600MK to 6200MK. 8a=,e <6 a5d 8a=,e <2 4iJe t3e 4e5era, c3aracteristics a5d tyEes o: t3e 5uc,ear reactors oEerati54 arou5d t3e 9or,d :or comEariso5s. ?5 t3e :o,,o9i54 su=sectio5sM =rie: discussio5s o: t3ese 5uc,ear reactors 9i,, =e 4iJe5.
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178 .asic 5haracteristics of ;eactor 4ypes

Nuc,ear reactors serJe t3ree 4e5era, EurEoses. GiJi,ia5 reactors are used to 4e5erate e5er4y :or e,ectricity a5d sometimes a,so steam :or district 3eati54S mi,itary reactors create materia,s t3at ca5 =e used i5 5uc,ear 9eaEo5sS a5d researc3 reactors are used to deJe,oE 9eaEo5s or e5er4y Eroductio5 tec35o,o4yM :or trai5i54 EurEosesM :or 5uc,ear E3ysics ePEerime5tatio5M a5d :or Eroduci54 radio<isotoEes :or medici5e a5d

researc3. 83e c3emica, comEositio5 o: t3e :ue,M t3e tyEe o: coo,a5tM a5d ot3er detai,s imEorta5t to reactor oEeratio5 deEe5d o5 reactor desi45. Most desi45s 3aJe some :,ePi=i,ity as to t3e tyEe o: :ue, t3at ca5 =e used. Some reactors are dua,< EurEose i5 t3at t3ey are used :or ciJi,ia5 Eo9er a5d mi,itary materia,s Eroductio5. 83is c3art 4iJes i5:ormatio5 a=out ciJi,ia5 a5d mi,itary reactors.

171 4ypes of Nuclear ;eactors

83e mai5 tyEes o: 5uc,ear reactors t3at are used i5 e,ectric Eo9er 4e5eratio5 areB :7 Fast ,reeder reactors ::7 4hermal ;eactors a. Das<Goo,ed<Heactor (DGH) =. @eaJy<Kater<Heactor (P@KH) c. Boi,i54<Kater<Heactor (BKH) d. Pressurized<Kater<Heactor (PKH)
< 60 <

17178 FastA.reeder ;eactors >nd Power plants

Dro9t3 o: 5uc,ear Eo9er i5 t3e 9or,dTs e,ectric uti,ity i5dustry to date 3as Erimari,y re,ied uEo5 9ater<coo,ed a5d 4as<coo,ed t3erma, 5eutro5 ratios. Kays o: co5serJi54 ura5ium reserJes a5d o: LeeEi54 :ue,<cyc,e costs do95 as :ue, costs 4o uE are t3ere:ore =ei54 sou43t. 83e ,o4ica, steE i5 t3at directio5 is t3e :ast<=reeder reactor. +ast reactors are t3ose 93ose 5eutro5 are 5ot s,o9ed do95 to t3erma, e5er4ies =y a moderatorM coo,a5t a5d ot3er reactor materia,sM moderate t3e 5eutro5s to a certai5 ePte5t i5 a :ast reactor so t3at
(+i4.2.6B

t3e 5eutro5 sEectrum ePte5ds :rom :issio5 e5er4ies t3at may =e as 3i43 as 6MeU do95 to a=out 0.05 or 0.6 MeU. A 3ard<sEectrum :ast reactor is o5e i5 93ic3 t3e 5eutro5 de5sity distri=utio5 ePte5ds oJer a 5arro9 ra54e 5earer t3e 3i43 e5d o: t3e e5er4y sEectrum. A so:t<sEectrum :ast reactor is o5e i5 93ic3 more moderatio5 72N occursM suc3 as ,i;uid sodium a5d oPide :ue,sM so t3e

distri=utio5 ePte5ds to ,o9er e5er4ies. A =reeder reactor is o5e i5 93ic3 more :issio5a=,e :ue, is Eroduced t3a5 is co5sumedM or o5e t3at 3as a co5Jersio5M or =reedi54 ratio 4reater t3a5 o5e. +ast reactors 3aJe =ee5 =ui,t i5 t3e V5ited StatesM t3e V5ited Wi54domM t3e SoJiet V5io5M +ra5ceM RaEa5 a5d Derma5y a5d ?ta,ia5 a5d ?5dia5 e::orts are u5der9ay. Some ear,y reactors 9ere coo,ed =y NAW or mercuryM =ut t3e majority are coo,ed =y Na. +ue,s Jaried :rom ura5ium a5d E,uto5ium i5 t3e :orm o: meta, a,,oysM oPides or car=ides. 83e majority 5o9 :aJor t3e miPed<oPide :ue,.
< 66 <

@ 8nuclear ;eactionsC 5onversion >nd .reeding A tyEica, 5eutro5<:,uP sEectrum i5 a ,i;uid<meta,<coo,ed :ast reactor is comEared 9it3 t3at i5 a 9ater<coo,ed t3erma, reactor. 83e o=jectiJe i5 t3e ,atter is to mai5tai5 a c3ai5 reactio5 9it3 t3erma, 5eutro5s 3aJi54 e5er4ies =e,o9 6 eU. ?5 a :ast =reeder reactorM t3e o=jectiJe is to mai5tai5 a c3ai5 reactio5 9it3 :ast 5eutro5s t3at 3aJe a5 aJera4e e5er4y o: a=out 6 MeU =y :issio5. ?t a,so must EroJide additio5a, :ast 5eutro5s su::icie5t to co5Jert V23F to Pu 23I. 8yEica, :issio5 reactio5s i5 :ast reactors are t3e same as t3ose i5 t3erma, o5es.

17171 4he GasA5ooled ;eactor DG5;B

Das<coo,ed reactors 3aJe receiJed 4reat atte5tio5M t3e attractiJe5ess o: 4as coo,i54 ,ies i5 t3e :act t3at 4ases are sa:eM easy to 3a5d,eM 3aJe ,o9 macroscoEic 5eutro5 cross sectio5sM are E,e5ti:u, a5d c3eaEM a5d may=e oEerated at 3i43 temEeratures 9it3out 3i43 Eressurizatio5. 83e mai5 disadJa5ta4es are t3e ,o9er 3eat tra5s:er
(+i4.2.2B

a5d 3eat<tra5sEort c3aracteristics o: 4asesM 93ic3 re;uire ,ar4e co5tact sur:aces a5d :,o9

Eassa4es 9it3i5 t3e reactor a5d 3eater ePc3a54ers a5d t3eir 3i43 EumEi54 re;uireme5ts. 8o oJercome t3e disadJa5ta4es o: 4as coo,a5ts a5d t3ere:ore o=tai5 attractiJe t3ermody5amic e::icie5ciesM it is 5ecessary to oEerate t3e :ue, e,eme5ts at as 3i43 temEeratures as Eossi=,e a5d Eermit a 3i43 4as temEerature rise i5 t3e reactor =y reduci54 t3e 4as mass<:,o9 rate a5d Eressurizi54 t3e 4as. Because 4as<coo,ed reactors are i53ere5t,y ,ar4eM t3ey are Earticu,ar,y suited to ,ar4e<caEacity Eo9er E,a5ts. 83e reactor itse,: may imEose structura, a5d :ou5datio5 Ero=,ems. 83e size o: t3e u5its ca5 =e reduced to a certai5 ePte5t =y :ue, e5ric3me5t
< 62 <

4he ?igh 4emperature GasA5ooled ;eactorD?4G;B ?5 t3e co5ceEt o: @8DHM 4raE3ite is used :or :ue, Eartic,e coati54M :ue, structura, materia,M moderatorM a5d coo,a5t c3a55e, 9a,,s. @e,ium is used as coo,a5t. 83e use o: a5d a,,<ceramic :ue, e,eme5t resu,ts i5 ,o9 Earasitic 5eutro5 caEture i5 t3e core a5d t3ere:ore 3i43 co5Jersio5 ratios a5d 4ood :ue,<cyc,e eco5omics. 83e coated<:ue,< Eartic,e desi45 resu,ts i5 3i43 sEeci:ic Eo9ers a5d 3i43 :ue, =ur5uEs. 83e desi45 o: a @8DH is =ased o5 a 3e,ium<coo,ed reactor. ?t i5c,udes t3e reactor core a5d re:,ectorM 3e,ium a5d 5uc,ear steam suEE,y systemsM decay<3eat remoJa, systemM co5tro, rods a5d t3eir driJes a5d :aci,ities. 83e reactor core a5d re:,ector are ,ocated i5 a Jertica, cy,i5drica, ce5ter caJity. 83at caJity is surrou5ded =y 5i5e ot3er caJities. A,, caJities are EroJided 9it3 ceramic t3erma, i5su,atio5M 4as<ti43t stee, ,i5ersM a5d ,i5er coo,i54 systems. 83e reactor core is made o: t3e 3ePa4o5a, 4raE3ite =,ocLs eac3 =,ocL 3as a ce5tra, EicLuE 3o,eM coo,a5t c3a55e,s a5d t3ree do9e, Ei5s :or EroEer Eositio5i54.

83e co5tro, system co5sists o: 6>C co5tro, rods oEerated i5 Eairs. Aac3 Eair traJe,s i5 c3a55e,s i5 t3e ce5termost :ue, co,um5 o: eac3 o: t3e seJe5<co,um5 re4io5s. 83e rods are actuated =y e,ectric<motor driJes t3at are ,ocated i5 sta5dEiEes i5 t3e toE o: t3e PGHU =ut ca5 =e made to droE u5der 4raJity :or ;uicL s3utdo95. A =acLuE s3utdo95 system co5sists o: a 5eutro5<a=sor=i54 4ra5u,ar materia, t3at droEs i5to 3o,es i5 t3e same :ue, co,um5s.
< 63 <

1717< 4he PressuriEed ?eavyAFater ;eactor DP?F;B Po9er reactors t3at use 3eaJy 9ater at 3i43 temEerature mustM as t3ose usi54 ordi5ary 9aterM oEerate at 3i43 temEerature. @eaJy 9ater 3as di::ere5t 5uc,ear c3aracteristics. As a moderatorM it re;uires a 5eutro5 to traJe, a=out t9ice as :ar as ordi5ary 9ater i5 order to ,ose t3e same e5er4y :ractio5. N5 t3e ot3er 3a5dM 3eaJy 9ater a=sor=s Eractica,,y 5o 5eutro5sM 93ic3 is 5ot true :or ordi5ary 9ater.
(+i4.2.3B

Because o: 5ear zero 5eutro5 a=sorEtio5M 3eaJy 9ater ca5 =e used as coo,a5t moderator 9it3 5atura,<ura5ium :ue,s. @eaJy 9ater a,so resu,ts i5 4ood :ue, =ur5uEs a5d co5Jersio5 ratios. Aco5omic adJa5ta4es o: t3e P@KH are ,o9 cost 5atura, :ue, =ecause o: t3e a=se5ce o: t3e Jery cost,y e5ric3i54 Erocess a5d t3e a=se5ce o: critica,ity 3azard duri54 :ue, :a=ricatio5. 83e eco5omic i5ce5tiJes to deJe,oE 3eaJy 9ater reactors Jary i5 di::ere5t cou5tries a5d t3e eco5omics deEe5d o5 di::ere5t met3ods o: estimatio5s a5d Erojectio5s :or ePamE,eM i5 Ga5adaM it 3as =ee5 s3o95 t3at 5atura,<Vra5ium 3eaJy<9ater moderated reactors ca5 Eroduce Eo9er at a ,o9er cost t3a5 e5ric3ed< :ue, reactors a5d Ga5ada 3as co5ce5trated o5 deJe,oEi54 t3is tyEe o: reactor. Most studies i5dicate t3at

eJe5 i: 3eaJy 9ater is usedM Eo9er 9ou,d =e c3eaEer i: e5ric3ed :ue,s are used. 7ue to ,o54 5eutro5 Eat3s :or moderatio5M 3eaJy<9ater<moderated reactors re;uire ,ar4e moderator<to<:ue,<Jo,ume ratios. Suc3 reactors re;uire ,ar4e<diameter Eressure Jesse,s. Lar4e Eo9er reactors oEerati54 at 3i43 temEerature a5d Eressure re;uire ,ar4erM t3icLerM a5d cost,ier Eressure Jesse,s t3a5 ordi5ary 9ater reactors o: comEara=,e outEut. Some ot3er Ero=,ems associated 9it3 72N reactors are t3e ,oss =y ,eaLa4e o: t3e ePEe5siJe 72N a5d t3e 3i43 actiJity associated 9it3 t3e decay o: tritium :ormed i5 t3e reactor. Nt3er reactor tyEes o: i5terests t3at 3aJe see5 Jarious de4rees o: deJe,oEme5t are
< 6> <

t3e 72N moderatedM 4as coo,edM or4a5ic coo,edM a5d ordi5ary<9ater<coo,ed reactorsM a,, made Eossi=,e =y t3e Eressure tu=e co5ceEt. 1717= 4he .oilingAFater ;eactor D.F;B 83e =oi,er i5 t3e BKH 3as a :u5ctio5 c,ose,y resem=,i54 o: t3at i5 a co5Je5tio5a, :ossi,<:ue, steam Eo9er E,a5tM 93ere 3eat is tra5smitted :rom t3e :ur5ace to t3e 9ater i5direct,yM Eart,y =y radiatio5M Eart,y =y co5Jectio5M a5d Eart,y =y co5ductio5 9it com=ustio5 4ases used as a5 i5termediate a4e5t or coo,a5t. 83e coo,a5t i5 t3e =oi,i54 9ater reactor is i5
(+i4.2.>B

direct co5tact 9it3 t3e 3eat<Eroduci54 5uc,ear :ue, a5d =oi,s i5 t3e same comEartme5t i5 93ic3 t3e :ue, is ,ocated. ?5 its simE,est :ormM a =oi,i54 9ater reactor co5sists o: a reactorM a tur=i5e 4e5eratorM a co5de5ser a5d associated e;uiEme5t (air ejectorM coo,i54 systemM etc) a5d a :eed EumE. S,i43t,y su= coo,ed ,i;uid e5ters t3e reactor core at t3e =ottom 93e5 it receiJes se5si=,e 3eat to saturatio5 E,us some ,ate5t 3eat o: JaEorizatio5. K3e5 it reac3es t3e toE o: t3e coreM it 3as =ee5 co5Jerted i5to a Jery 9et miPture o: ,i;uid a5d JaEor.

83e saturated ,i;uid t3at seEarates :rom t3e JaEor at t3e toE o: t3e reactor or i5 a steam seEarator :,o9s do959ard Jia do95 comers 9it3i5 or outside t3e reactor a5d miPes 9it3 t3e retur5 co5de5sate. Moder5 ,ar4e =oi,i54 9ater reactors are o: t3e i5ter5a,M :orced recircu,atio5 tyEe. 83e ratio o: t3e recircu,atio5 ,i;uid to t3e saturated JaEor Eroduced is ca,,ed t3e recircu,atio5 ratio. ?t is a :u5ctio5 o: t3e core aJera4e ePit ;ua,ity. Boi,i54 9ater core ePit ;ua,ities are ,o9M =et9ee5 60 a5d 6> Eerce5tM so t3at recircu,atio5 ratios i5 t3e ra54e o: C to 60 are commo5. 83is is 5ecessary to aJoid ,ar4e Joid :ractio5s i5 t3e coreM 93ic3 9ou,d ,o9er t3e moderati54 Eo9ers o: t3e coo,a5t a5d Eossi=,y resu,t i5 ,o93eat tra5s:er coe::icie5ts or JaEor =,a5Leti54 a5d =ur5out. Boi,i54 9ater reactor system suEE,ies saturated JaEor direct,y to t3e tur=i5e. A:ter ePEa5sio5 t3rou43 t3e tur=i5eM t3e eP3aust 9et JaEor is co5de5sed a5d t3e co5de5sate is EumEed =acL to t3e reactor.
< 65 <

83e direct cyc,e 3as t3e adJa5ta4es o: simE,icity a5d o: re,atiJe,y ,o9 caEita, costs a5d due to t3e direct ,ooEM t3ere are 5o 3eat ePc3a54ers a5d =ecause o: t3e ,ar4e steam Jo,umeM 5o Eressurize is 5eeded. 83e state o: a::airs 3as =ee5 corrected =y o5e o: seJera, met3odsB =y<Eass co5tro,M a dua,Eressure cyc,eM a5 oJer moderated reactor i5 93ic3 Joidi54 resu,ts i5 a reduced ,oss o: 5eutro5s due to 9ater a=sorEtio5 a5d i5creased Eo9er a5d recircu,atio5 co5tro,. (+i4 2.>.6) steam a5d recircu,atio5 9ater :,o9 Eat3s o: BKH reactor.
< 6C <

.F; Goad Following 5ontrol 83e recircu,atio5 co5tro, met3od is =ased o5 a direct cyc,e =ut 9it3 Jaria=,e recircu,atio5 :,o9 i5 t3e do95 comer. 83e recircu,atio5 system co5sists o: t9o ePter5a,

recircu,atio5 EumE ,ooEs a5d 20 i5ter5a, jet EumEs ,ocated i5side t3e reactor Jesse,. 83e t9o ePter5a, recircu,atio5 EumEs are si54,e<sta4e Jertica, ce5tri:u4a, u5itsM 9it3 mec3a5ica, s3a:t sea,sM driJe5 =y Jaria=,e<:re;ue5cy motor 4e5erator sets. G3a54i54 t3e EumE sEeed c3a54es recircu,atio5 :,o9. K3ic3 i5 tur5 c3a54es reactor Eo9er. N5e t3ird o: t3e tota, reactor recircu,atio5 9ater is EumEed t3rou43 t3e t9o ePter5a, EumEs. 83is :,o9 ,eaJes t3e reactor Jesse, t3rou43 t9o out,et 5ozz,es a5d retur5s to t3e jet<EumE i5,et<riser EiEes to =ecome t3e driJi54 :,o9 :or t3e jet EumEs. 83is driJi54 :,o9 4oes t3rou43 t3e jet<EumE 5ozz,es a5d ac;uires 3i43 Je,ocity a5d mome5tum. By a Erocess o: mome5tum ePc3a54eM it e5trai5s t3e remai5der o: t3e recircu,atio5 :,o9M ca,,ed t3e suctio5 :,o9M 93ic3 is at ,o9er i5,et Eressure. 83e jet EumE desi45 3as t3e adJa5ta4es o: :e9er moJi54 EartsM ,o9er Ero=a=i,ities o: major ,i5e ruEturesM caEa=i,ity to re,oad t3e Jesse, i5 case o: suc3 ruEtureM imEroJed 5atura, circu,atio5 i5 t3e eJe5t o: Eo9er ,oss to t3e circu,atio5 EumEs a5d re,atiJe :reedom :rom caJitatio5M a Ero=,em t3at arises i5 EumEs 93ere t3e ,i;uid is 5ear saturatio5 co5ditio5s. 83e recircu,atio5 EumEs are driJe5 =y motor<4e5erator sets 9it3 adjusta=,e< sEeed couE,i54s t3at Jary t3e :re;ue5cy suEE,y to t3e EumE motors a5d 3e5ce t3eir sEeed. 8o c3a54e reactor Eo9erM a dema5d si45a, :rom t3e oEeratorM or a ,oad< :re;ue5cy error si45a, :rom t3e 4oJer5orM is suEE,ied to a master co5tro,,er a5d comEared 9it3 t3e actua, 4e5erator sEeed. A5 error si45a, is used to adjust t3e sEeed o: recircu,atio5 EumEs.
< 6- <

4he 5urrent .F; +ystem

Gurre5t BKH desi45s are o: t3e direct<cyc,eM :orced<i5ter5a,<recircu,atio5< tyEe. 83e reactor is a=out 26 :t ?7 a5d -3 :t 3i43 :or a 6000<MK E,a5t. 83e :ue, rods are simi,ar to t3ose o: a PKH. 83e co5tro, rods are cruci:orm i5 s3aEe a5d occuEy t3e sEace =et9ee5 > c3a55e,s. 83ey e5ter t3e reactor Jesse, :rom t3e =ottom. 83is is =ecause t3e JoidsM mai5,y i5 t3e toE Eart o: t3e coreM cause 5eutro5 EeaLi54 i5 t3e ,o9er Eart 93ere t3e co5tro, rods 9ou,d =e most e::ectiJe. 83e reactor a,so co5tai5s temEorary co5tro, curtai5s o: =orated stai5,ess stee, to suEE,eme5t t3e co5tro, rods :or t3e i5itia, core. 83e 9ater<steam miPture ,eaJes t3e toE o: t3e core a5d Easses t3rou43 steam seEarators a5d dryers ,ocated 9it3i5 t3e Eressure Jesse,. ?5 eac3 seEarator t3e miPture imEi54es o5 Ja5es t3at imEart a sEi5 to seEarate 9ater :rom steam. 83e seEarated 9ater e5ters a Eoo, surrou5di54 t3e sta5dEiEes. Steam :,o9s uE9ards a5d out9ard t3rou43 t3e dryersM 93ere moist is remoJed t3rou43 trou43s a5d tu=es to a Eoo, a5d =acL to t3e do95 comer. 83e dry steamM seEarated :rom t3e 9et steam =y s3roudsM :i5a,,y ,eaJes t3e reactor Jesse, t3rou43 out,et 5ozz,es.
< 6F <

1717H PressuriEedAFaterA;eactor DPF;B ?5 a PKHM t3e coo,a5t temEerature is 3i43er t3a5 t3e saturatio5 Eressure corresEo5di54 to t3e maPimum coo,a5t temEerature i5 t3e reactorM so t3at 5o coo,a5t =oi,i54 taLes E,ace. A PKH Eo9er E,a5t is comEosed o: t9o ,ooEs i5 seriesM t3e coo,a5t ,ooE ca,,ed t3e Erimary ,ooEM a5d t3e 9ater<steam or 9orLi54<:,uid ,ooE as s3o95 i5 (+i4.2.5B. 83e coo,a5t EicLs uE reactor 3eat a5d tra5s:ers it to t3e 9orLi54 :,uid i5 t3e steam 4e5erator. 83e steam is t3e5 used i5 a Ha5Li5<tyEe cyc,e to 4e5erate e,ectricity. (+i4.2.5B 83e reactor core i5 a tyEica, PKH co5tai5s 626 :ue, assem=,ies o: 93ic3 33 co5tai5

co5tro,<rod c,usters a5d u5,iLe t3e BKHM t3e core is oEe5 tyEeM i.e.M t3e :ue, assem=,ies are 5ot e5c,osed i5 i5diJidua, c3a55e,s. 83e :ue, e,eme5ts are Xirca,oy<c,ad rods. 83e c,addi54 tu=e is sea,ed at =ot3 e5ds =y a E,u4 9e,ded to it. Su::icie5t Joid is ,e:t at t3e toE to accommodate =ot3 4aseous :issio5 Eroducts a5d :ue, t3erma, ePEa5sio5. A,, :ue, su=assem=,ies are a=out 63.5 :t ,o54 9it3 a 62 :eet actiJe :ue, ,e54t3 comEosed o: 6> P 6> array o: :ue, rods a5d ,ocated o5 a s;uare Eitc3. Aac3 su=assem=,y is suEEorted =y seJe5 ?5co5e, sEri54 c,iE 4rids a5d =ottom a5d toE 5ozz,es. 83e :ue, is ,oaded i5 t3ree aEEroPimate,y e;ua,<Jo,ume co5ce5tric re4io5s i5 t3e core o: >0 a5d >6 :ue, assem=,ies 9it3 :irst<core :ue, e5ric3me5t i5 t3e outerM i5termediate a5d i55er re4io5s.
< 6I <

Aac3 co5tro,<rod c,uster is comEosed o: 6C co5tro, rods t3at are i5serted direct,y i5to 6C 4uide t3im=,es 9e,ded to t3e 4rids a5d toE a5d =ottom 5ozz,es o: t3e :ue, su=assem=,ies. 83ese rods are :a=ricated o: a si,Jer<i5dium<cadmium a,,oy a5d are c,ad i5 stai5,ess stee,. Some co5tro,<rod c,ustersM ca,,ed t3e co5tro,<4rouEM are used to comEe5sate :or reactiJity c3a54es caused =y Jariatio5s i5 reactor oEerati54 co5ditio5s. 83e rest o: t3e co5tro,<rod c,ustersM ca,,ed t3e s3ut<do95 4rouEM are used to s3ut do95 t3e reactor i5 a5 emer4e5cy. 83e core is surrou5ded =y a :orm<:itti54 =a::,e t3at restricts t3e =u,L o: uE9ard coo,a5t :,o9 to t3e :ue,. 83e =a::,e is surrou5ded =y t3e core =arre,. A sma,, amou5t o: coo,a5t is a,,o9ed to :,o9 =et9ee5 =a::,e a5d =arre,. A t3erma, s3ie,d suEEorted =y t3e core =arre, is EroJided to i5terceEt core radiatio5s a5d Erotect t3e Eressure Jesse,.

83e Erimary coo,a5t e5ters t3e reactor Jesse, Jia a 5um=er o: i5,et 5ozz,es a5d :,o9s do959ard t3rou43 t3e a55u,us =et9ee5 t3e =arre, a5d reactor Jesse, coo,i54 t3e s3ie,d o5 =ot3 sidesM t3e5 e5ters a E,e5um at t3e =ottom o: t3e Jesse,M reJerses directio5 a5d 4oes uE9ards 93ere it EicLs uE :issio5 3eat a5d ,eaJes t3rou43 a5 e;ua, 5um=er o: ePit 5ozz,es at a=out 36FY G.
< 20 < (+i4.2.CB

@ 4he PF; Primary Goop 83e Erimary ,ooE a,so ca,,ed t3e 5uc,ear steam suEE,y system (NSSS)M co5sists o: t3e reactor a5d a 5um=er o: ,ooEsM deEe5di54 uEo5 reactor Eo9erM oEerati54 i5 Eara,,e,. Aac3 ,ooE co5sists o: a steam 4e5erator a5d a Erimary or mai5 coo,a5t EumE. 83ere is o5e EressurizeM co55ected to o5e o: t3e ,ooEs.
< 26 <

83e coo,a5t ,eaJi54 t3e reactor e5ters t3e steam 4e5erators 93ere it imEarts its 3eat to t3e 9orLi54 :,uid a5d ,eaJes t3e steam 4e5erators to t3e mai5 EumEs 93ere it is EumEed =acL to t3e reactor. Steam 4e5erators ca5 =e o: t9o commo5 desi45sM s3e,,< a5d<tu=eM 9it3 V<tu=e =u5d,es or o5ce<t3rou43. A tyEica, V<tu=e steam 4e5erator 3as a caEacity o: oJer 250M000 LK is a=out C- :t 3i43 a5d 6> :t i5 diameter a5d 9ei43s a=out 330 to5s. N5 t3e s3e,, sideM it co5sists o: a5 eJaEorator sectio5 a5d a5 uEEer seEarator sectio5. ?5 t3e o5ce<t3rou43 steam 4e5eratorM t3e Erimary coo,a5t e5ters at toEM :,o9s do959ard t3rou43 t3e tu=es a5d ePits at =ottom to t3e mai5 EumEs. +eed 9ater is o5 t3e s3e,,<side moJi54 to t3e Erimary 9ater. Because o: t3e o5ce<t3rou43 :eature o: t3is tyEeM a dry or ,o9 de4ree suEer3eat steam is Eossi=,e a5d 5o seEarators are re;uired.

N5ce<t3rou43 4e5erators resu,t i5 some93at =etter tur=i5e e::icie5cyM =ut 3aJe t3e disadJa5ta4e o: co5tai5i54 a ,o9 9ater Jo,ume a5d t3ere:oreM a reduced reserJe i5 case o: a reactor accide5t. @ 4he PressuriEer Because ,i;uids are Eractica,,y i5comEressi=,eM sma,, c3a54es o: Jo,ume< caused =y c3a54es i5 coo,a5t temEeratures =ecause o: 5orma, ,oad c3a54es or accide5ta, 5uc,ear reactiJity i5sertio5s or caused =y u5:oresee5 ePEa5sio5s or co5tractio5s i5 t3e ,ooE comEo5e5ts O cause seJere Eressure c3a54es. 83ese may =e ;uite u5sa:e 93e5 t3ey are EositiJeM 93e5 t3e Eressures i5crease. 83ey cause :,as3i54 i5to steam a5d co5se;ue5t disruEtio5 o: t3e reactor 5uc,ear c3aracteristics. 83ey a,so cause caJitatio5 93e5 t3ey are 5e4atiJe t3at is 93e5 t3e Eressures decrease. +or t3ese reaso5sM it is 5ecessary to EroJide a sur4e c3am=er t3at 9i,, accommodate coo,a5t Jo,ume c3a54es 93i,e mai5tai5i54 Eressure 9it3i5 acceEta=,e ,imits. Suc3 a c3am=er is ca,,ed a Eressurize. 83ere are t9o tyEes o: Eressurizes i5 commo5 useB JaEor Eressurizes a5d 4as Eressurizes. A JaEor Eressurize is esse5tia,,y a sma,, =oi,er i5 93ic3 ,i;uid is mai5tai5ed =y co5tro,,ed e,ectrica, 3eati54 at a co5sta5t temEerature a5d co5se;ue5t,y a co5sta5t JaEor Eressure a=oJe its :u,, sur:ace. 83is Eressure is t3e same as t3at o: t3e Erimary coo,a5t at t3e ju5ctio5 =et9ee5 t3e Eressurize a5d t3e 3ot ,e4 o: t3e Erimary ,ooE. 83us t3e
< 22 <

Eressurize temEerature is 3i43er t3a5 t3e Erimary<coo,a5t temEerature =ecause t3e ,atter is su= coo,ed. A 4as Eressurize is simE,y a ,ar4e Jo,ume o: 4as situated a=oJe t3e Erimary coo,a5t t3at

comEresses or ePEa5ds 93e5eJer t3e Erimary coo,a5t ePEa5d or co5tracts. 83e 4asM 5ot misci=,e 9it3 t3e coo,a5tM acts as a cus3io5 to ,imit Eressure c3a54es i5 t3e Erimary systemM =ecause o: t3e a=se5ce o: co5de5si54 or JaEorizi54 o: t3e 4asM as occurs 9it3 t3e steam i5 a JaEor EressurizeM a 4as Eressurize is usua,,y ,ar4e i5 Jo,ume. ?t is ,imited i5 use to ,o9<Eressure systems suc3 as t3e ,i;uid meta, :ast =reeder reactors. 4he Electric PF; Power plant 83e seco5dary or 9orLi54<:,uid system o: a t9i5 reactorM usua,,y Eroduced 5ear,y 6000 O MK (tota,) Po9er E,a5t is comEosed o5 t3e s3e,, side o: t3e steam 4e5eratorsM a tur=i5e<4e5eratorM co5de5serM t9o co5de5sate EumEsM :iJe sta4es o: :eed 9ater 3eati54M t9o :eed 9ater EumEs a5d auPi,iary e;uiEme5t. ?5 t3is system t3e tur=i5e< 4e5erator system is desi45ed to Eroduce a 4uara5teed maPimum o: 502.F>6<MK 4ross a5d a5 ePEected maPimum o: a=out 523.-<MK 4ross. 83ere are :our com=i5atio5 moisture seEarator<re3eat or assem=,ies =et9ee5 t3e 3i43 a5d ,o9<Eressure u5its. Ket steam :rom t3e eP3aust o t3e 3i43<Eressure e,eme5ts e5ters eac3 assem=,y at o5e e5dM is distri=uted =y i5ter5a, ma5i:o,ds a5d rises t3rou43 a 9ire mes3 93ere t3e moisture is remoJed. 83e AG 4e5eratorM 9it3 rotati54 recti:ier<ePciterM is mou5ted o5 t3e tur=i5e s3a:t. 83e 4e5erator is rated at 5F2M000 LUA a5d is 3ydro4e5<coo,ed.
< 23 <

8ur=i5e eP3aust steam :rom :our ma5i:o,ds e5ters a radia,<:,o9<tyEe co5de5ser. 83e co5de5ser 3as a desecrati54 3ot 9e,, 9it3 su::icie5t stora4e :or 3 mi5 oEeratio5 a5d a5 e;ua, :ree Jo,ume :or sur4e :,o9. A steam<jet air ejector is EroJided. Go5de5sate :rom t3e co5de5ser 3ot 9e,, is EumEed =y t9o co5de5sate EumEs t3e5

5orma,,y Eassed t3rou43 3ydro4e5 coo,ersM air ejectorsM a 4,a5d steam co5de5serM t3e5 t3rou43 t3e :irst :our :eed 9ater<3eater sta4es. A5 auPi,iary :eed 9ater EumE driJe5 =y a steam tur=i5e is EroJided :or decay<3eat remoJa, i5 case o: ,oss o: Eo9er. A,, :eed 9ater 3eaters are o: t3e c,osed tyEe a5d are t9i5 u5its oEerati54 i5 Eara,,e,. Steam :or t3e 3eaters is o=tai5ed :rom :iJe ePtractio5 Eoi5tsM o5e :rom t3e 3i43<Eressure tur=i5eM o5e :rom t3e 3i43<Eressure eP3aust a5d t3ree :rom t3e ,o9<Eressure tur=i5es. 7rai5s :rom t3e 3i43<Eressure 3eater cascade to t3e seco5d<sta4e 3eater a5d t3e5 to a drai5 ta5L. @eater drai5 EumEs :orce 9ater :rom t3e t3ree ,o9est Eressure 3eaters to cascade to t3e co5de5ser. 83e mai5 comEo5e5ts o: a PKH are as discussed i5 t3e :o,,o9i54 sectio5.
< 2> <

1717H78 Iain 5omponents of PF;9 83e comEo5e5ts are descri=ed as :o,,o9.

+team Generator 83e Jertica, Steam De5erator as s3o95 3as oJer 3000 tu=es. 83e tu=es are i5 a5 uEside do95 V s3aEe. Heactor coo,a5t :rom t3e 3ot ,e4 comes i5 t3e =ottomM Easses t3rou43 t3e i5side o: t3e tu=es. 83e reactor coo,a5t 9ater coo,s :rom a=out 5I0<C00+ to 520<530+. 83e 3eat Easses t3rou43 t3e tu=es to t3e Qseco5dary sideQ 93ere 9ater suEE,ied :rom t3e :eed 9ater system is 3eated :rom a=out >25+ to a=out 560+. 83is 9ater is co5Jerted to steam. ?5 t3e uEEer Eart o: t3e steam 4e5erator are moisture<seEarators 93ic3 remoJe t3e 9ater i5 t3e steam a5d diJert it =acL i5to t3e ,o9er Eart o: t3e steam 4e5erator. PressuriEe 83e Pressurize i5 a Pressurized Kater Heactor desi45 mai5tai5s t3e Eressure t3rou43 3eaters mou5ted i5 t3e =ottom a5d a sEray 5ozz,e mou5ted i5 t3e uEEer Eart o: t3e Jesse,. A,so i5c,uded are sa:ety Ja,Jes 93ic3 ,i:t i: Eressure is too 3i43 a5d automatic re,ie: Ja,Jes (a,so ca,,ed Po9er NEerated He,ie: Ua,Jes) desi45ed to ,i:t =e:ore t3e sa:ety Ja,Jes ,i:t. Pressure is 5orma,,y mai5tai5ed i5 a ra54e o: 2200 to 2250 Eou5d Eer s;uare i5c3. 83is corresEo5ds to a temEerature o: a=out C50+. ;eactor 5oolant Pump 83e Heactor Goo,a5t PumE circu,ates t3e 9ater t3rou43 t3e Heactor Goo,a5t System. 83ese EumEs 4e5era,,y EumE at a rate o: a,most

600M000 4a,,o5s Eer mi5ute. ;eactor 83e Heactor is i5te5ded to Eroduce 3eat i5 a,, reactor desi45s. Kater usua,,y is suEE,ied to t3e reactor at a=out mid<3ei43tM t3e5 :,o9s do959ardM t3e5 tur5s at t3e =ottom 93ere it is directed uE9ardsM Eassi54 East t3e :ue, assem=,iesM a5d remoJi54 3eat as t3e 9ater Easses =y. < 25 <

4ypes of Nuclear ;eactors 4a,le 8

Gight Fater ;eactor DGF;B ;eactor 4ype a7 .oiling Fater ;eactor ,7 PressuriEed Fater ;eactor DPF;B ?eavy Fater ;eactor D?F;B Purpose 8 A,ectricity e,ectricityS 5uc,ear Eo9ered s3iEs (V.S.) e,ectricityS E,uto5ium Eroductio5 5oolant 4ype Kater (@2N) Kater 3eaJy 9ater (deuterium oPideM 72N) Ioderator 4ype Kater Kater 3eaJy 9ater Fuel AA 5hemical 5omposition 1 ura5ium<dioPide (VN2) Vra5ium<dioPide Vra5ium<dioPide or meta, Fuel A Enrichment Gevel < ,o9<e5ric3ed ,o9<e5ric3ed 5atura, ura5ium (5ot e5ric3ed) 5omments steam 4e5erated i5side t3e reactor 4oes direct,y to t3e tur=i5e steam is 4e5erated outside t3e reactor i5 a seco5dary 3eat tra5s:er ,ooE used i5 Ga5adaB ca,,ed QGAN7VQ < QGa5adia5 7euterium Vra5iumSQ A,so used i5 SaJa55a3 HiJer Site reactors (meta, :ue, at SHS) < 2C < Graphite Ioderated ;eactor

;eactor 4ype a7 Gas 5ooled ,7 Fater 5ooled Fast .reeder ;eactor DF.;B Li;uid Meta, (LM+BH) (most commo5 tyEe o: =reeder) Purpose 8 e,ectricityS E,uto5ium Eroductio5 e,ectricityS E,uto5ium Eroductio5 e,ectricityS E,uto5ium Eroductio5 5oolant 4ype 4as (car=o5 dioPide or 3e,ium) Kater mo,te5M ,i;uid sodium Ioderator 4ype DraE3ite DraE3ite Not re;uired Fuel AA 5hemical 5omposition 1 ura5ium dicar=ide (VG2) or ura5ium meta, ura5ium dioPide (HBMW) or meta, (N<reactor) E,uto5ium dioPide a5d ura5ium dioPide i5 Jarious arra54eme5ts Fuel A Enrichment Gevel< s,i43t,y<e5ric3edM 5atura, ura5ium s,i43t,y<e5ric3ed Jarious miPtures o: E,uto5ium<23I a5d ura5ium<235 5omments used i5 Britai5M a5d +ra5ce (e.4.B ADHM MADNNZ) used i5 :ormer SoJiet V5io5M e.4. G3er5o=y, (HBMW)S N<reactor at @a5:ord. =reeder reactors are desi45ed to Eroduce more :issi,e materia, t3a5 t3ey co5sume. Mo5juS P3e5iP

4ypes of Nuclear ;eactors 4a,le 1

< 2- <

17< 4he ;eactor 5ontrol

83ere are seJera, met3ods to co5tro, a 5uc,ear reactorS t3e most commo5 is t3e use o: co5tro, rods. 83ese may =e s3aEed ,iLe t3e :ue, rods a5d are i5tersEersed t3rou43out t3e core. 83ey co5tai5 a 5eutro5 a=sor=erM a,so ca,,ed Eoiso5 suc3 as =oro5M cadmium or i5dium. 83ese co5tro, rods are desi45ed 9it3 su::icie5t a=sor=er to c3a54e t3e 5eutro5 =a,a5ce i5 t3e core so t3at ,ess t3a5 o5e 5eutro5 is ,e:t :or :issio5 :oe eac3 5eutro5 e54a4ed i5 :issio5. 83e rods are oEerated =y co5tro,<rod driJes t3at ca5 moJe t3em i5 a5d out o: t3e core arou5d a Eo9er e;ui,i=rium Eositio5 a5d are moJed out to i5crease Eo9er at a Erescri=ed sa:e rate or are moJed i5 to decrease Eo9er. 83e rods ca5 a,so =e used to adjust Eo9er ,eJe,s se,ectiJe,y 9it3i5 t3e core to 3e,E eJe5 out t3e radia, Eo9er distri=utio5. Go5tro, rods ca5 =e sudde5,y a5d comE,ete,y i5serted i5 t3e core to s3ut do95 i5 case o: emer4e5cy 93ic3 is ca,,ed scram. A 5um=er o: rods may =e =ui,t i5to t3e system 93ic3 are :u,,y 9it3dra95 :rom t3e core duri54 5orma, oEeratio5 a5d 3aJe t3e so,e :u5ctio5 o: s3utdo95 =ecomi54 :u,,y i5serted uEo5 dema5d. 83e rods are said to Eossess a reactiJity 9ort3 t3at s3ou,d =e ade;uate to coJer oEeratio5a, co5tro, duri54 t3e ,i:e o: t3e coreM :ue, deE,etio5M sa:ety s3utdo95 a5d ot3er e::ects. A5ot3er met3od o: co5tro, i5 Eressurized 9ater reactors ca,,ed c3emica, s3im is used i5 additio5 to co5tro, rodsM 93ic3 is t3e use o: a so,u=,e a=sor=erM usua,,y =oric acidM i5 t3e moderator coo,a5t. Go5ce5tratio5 o: t3is a=sor=er is decreased s,o9,y duri54 t3e core ,i:etime to oJercome t3e e::ect o: :ue, deE,etio5. Boi,i54< 9ater reactors do 5ot use c3emica, s3imM a5d t3e core o: a BKH ca5 =e e;ui,i=rium at seJera, Eositio5s o: t3e co5tro, rods due to t3e stro54 e::ect o: t3e steam Joids o5 reactiJityM

A5ot3er co5tro, system is t3e use o: re:,ectors. 83ese are mec3a5ica,,y oEerated deJices outside t3e core t3at co5tai5 materia, t3at re:,ects some o: t3e 5eutro5s escaEi54 t3e core =acL i5to it. A5ot3er met3od o: co5tro, o: ,esser use is t3e use o: some moJea=,e :ue, rods. 83ese are 9it3dra95 :rom t3e core to decrease Eo9er a5d i5serted to i5crease it.
< 2F <

4he Fuel >ssem,ly system is shown in the following figures9

< 2I < (+i4.2.-B . +ue, Assem=,y System GomEo5e5ts o: Pressurized Kater Heactors. < 30 < (+i4.2.FB

83e cross sectio5 o: a :ue, assem=,y is s3o95 i5 +i4ure 2<F. Aac3 assem=,y 3as >I :ue, rods i5 s;uare (-P-) array. 2- o: t3ese >I rods 3aJe a reduced V<235 e5ric3me5t :or a5 eJe5 Eo9er 4e5eratio5 M Ai43t :ue, rods are t3readed i5to t3e =ottom tie E,ate a5d attac3ed to t3e uEEer tie E,ate =y 5uts. 83e remai5i54 rods 3aJe e5d E,u4s t3at are 9e,ded i5to t3e suEEort E,ates.
< 36 <

5?>P4E; <
Nuclear power station Design
?5 t3is c3aEter .t3e desi45 re;uireme5t a5d met3ods o: ca,cu,atio5s o: a simE,e 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5 is i5troduced. A,t3ou43 t3ere is a ,imited re:ere5ces a5d scie5ti:ic resources :or t3is su=jectM a5 attemEt is do5e to u5dersta5d t3e mai5 comEo5e5ts a5d deJices :or a5uc,ear Eo9er statio5. 83e desi45 Erocedure i5c,udedB 6<Nomi5ati54 t3e caEacity o: t3e Eo9er E,a5t i5 me4a9att e,ectric Eo9er. 2< G3oosi54 t3e tyEe o: t3e 5uc,ear reactor. 3< G3oosi54 t3e tyEe o: t3e Erime O moJers. >< G3oosi54 t3e tyEe o: t3e 4e5erators.

<78 Design ;e-uirements

83e Eo9er E,a5t u5der co5sideratio5 as t3e :o,,o9i54 desi45 re;uireme5tB 6< Po9er E,a5t caEacity is -20MK.

2< Nuc,ear reactor tyEe is a Eressurized 9ater reactor. 3< Heactor 9ater temEerature a:ter 3eati54 is aEEroPimate,y C50+o >< Pressure i5side t3e reactor a=out 2235 Esi t3is Eressure is mai5tai5ed =y t3e Eressurizer. 5< +ue, e,eme5ts are zirca,oy Oc,ad rods :i,,ed 9it3 V2N Ee,,ets. C< 83e co5tro, rods are c3ose5 to =e made o: cadmium. -< S3ut do95 o: t3e reactor is =y t3e co5tro, rods o: t3e reactor. F< Amer4e5cy s3ut do95 o: t3e reactor is a,so a ac3ieJed =y t3e co5tro, rods. I< Goo,i54 a4e5t is ordi5ary 9ater. 60< t3e Erime O moJer c3ose5 is a steam tur=i5e. Kit3 5et e::icie5cy o: >0[. 66< t3e 4e5erator is a 3 OE3ase a,ter5ator >< Eo,eM 50 @z M 66LU M 620MK outEut at 0.F P.+ ,a44i54.
< 32 <

<71 Ia6or 5omponents of Nuclear power plantApressuriEed water reactor (+i4.3.6B 83e sLetc3 =e,o9 i,,ustrates t3e Heactor Goo,a5t SystemTs major comEo5e5ts< Heactor Uesse,M Steam De5eratorsM (Heactor) Goo,a5t PumEM a5d Pressurize. 6. reactor =,ocL 2. coo,i54 to9er 3. reactor >. co5tro, rod 5. suEEort :or Eressure C. steam 4e5erator -. :ue, e,eme5t F. tur=i5e I. 4e5erator 60.tra5s:ormer 66.co5de5ser 62.4aseous 63.,i;uid 6>.air 65.air (3umid) 6C.riJer 6-.coo,i54<9ater circu,atio5

6F.Erimary circuit 6I.seco5dary circuit 20.9ater JaEor 26.EumE Pressurized Kater Heactor (PKH). 83is statio5 co5sist o: C u5its a5d eac3 u5it Eroduce 620MKM t3at t3e summatio5 o: Eroductio5 is -20MK
< 33 <

<7< +team 4ur,ine Power Plant Design

(+i4.3.2B Steam tur=i5e

83e steam 4e5erated =y t3e steam 4e5erators driJes a set o: tur=i5es. 83e steam driJes t3ree 3i43 Eressure steam tur=i5e a5d t3ree ,o9 Eressure tur=i5es sat t3e rate o: 6500 rEm. 83e tur=i5es are co55ected to a 4e5eratorM Aac3 4e5erator ca5 Eroduce a maPimum o: 620 MK o: e,ectricity. 83e com=i5ed outEut o: t3e siP u5its Eroduce (-20 MK).

<7<784he main parts of steam tur,ine

Mai5 Earts o: steam tur=i5es areB 6 8ur=i5e rotor \ casi54 2 Mai5 stoE Ja,Jes 3 Go5tro, Ja,Jes > Go5tro, system ( Mec3a5ica, 3ydrau,ic or A,ectrica, 3ydrau,ic) 5 D,a5d steam system C Lu=ricati54 oi, system - Go5de5ser F Go5de5ser Jacuum system
< 3> <

<7= ;anJine cycle layout

P3ysica, ,ayout o: t3e :our mai5 deJices used i5 t3e Ha5Li5e cyc,e A Ha5Li5e cyc,e descri=es a mode, o: t3e oEeratio5 o: steam 3eat e54i5es most commo5,y :ou5d i5 Eo9er 4e5eratio5 E,a5ts. Gommo5 3eat sources :or Eo9er E,a5ts usi54 t3e Ha5Li5e cyc,e are coa,M 5atura, 4asM oi,M a5d 5uc,ear. 83e Ha5Li5e cyc,e is sometimes re:erred to as a Eractica, Gar5ot cyc,e asM 93e5 a5 e::icie5t tur=i5e is usedM t3e 8S dia4ram 9i,, =e4i5 to resem=,e t3e Gar5ot

(+i4.3.3B cyc,e. 83e mai5 di::ere5ce is t3at a EumE is used to Eressurize ,i;uid i5stead o: 4as. 83is re;uires a=out 600 times ,ess e5er4y t3a5 t3at comEressi54 a 4as i5 a comEressor (as i5 t3e Gar5ot cyc,e). 83e e::icie5cy o: a Ha5Li5e cyc,e is usua,,y ,imited =y t3e 9orLi54 :,uid. Kit3out t3e Eressure 4oi54 suEer critica, t3e temEerature ra54e t3e cyc,e ca5 oEerate oJer is ;uite sma,,M tur=i5e e5try temEeratures are tyEica,,y 5C5]G (t3e creeE ,imit o: stai5,ess stee,) a5d co5de5ser temEeratures are arou5d 30]G. 83is 4iJes a t3eoretica, Gar5ot e::icie5cy o: arou5d C3[ comEared 9it3 a5 actua, e::icie5cy o: >2[ :or a moder5 coa,<:ired Eo9er statio5. 83is ,o9 tur=i5e e5try temEerature (comEared 9it3 a 4as tur=i5e) is 93y t3e Ha5Li5e cyc,e is o:te5 used as a =ottomi54 cyc,e i5 com=i5ed cyc,e 4as tur=i5e Eo9er statio5s.
< 35 <

83e 9orLi54 :,uid i5 a Ha5Li5e cyc,e :o,,o9s a c,osed ,ooE a5d is re<used co5sta5t,y. 83e 9ater JaEor o:te5 see5 =i,,o9i54 :rom Eo9er statio5s is 4e5erated =y t3e coo,i54 systems (5ot :rom t3e c,osed ,ooE Ha5Li5e Eo9er cyc,e) a5d reErese5ts t3e 9aste 3eat t3at cou,d 5ot =e co5Jerted to use:u, 9orL. Note t3at steam is i5Jisi=,e u5ti, it comes i5 co5tact 9it3 coo,M saturated airM at 93ic3 Eoi5t it co5de5ses a5d :orms t3e 93ite =i,,o9y c,ouds see5 ,eaJi54 coo,i54 to9ers. K3i,e ma5y su=sta5ces cou,d =e used i5 t3e Ha5Li5e cyc,eM 9ater is usua,,y t3e :,uid o: c3oice due to its :aJora=,e EroEertiesM suc3 as 5o5toPic a5d u5reactiJe c3emistryM a=u5da5ceM a5d ,o9 costM as 9e,, as its t3ermody5amic EroEerties. N5e o: t3e Eri5ciEa, adJa5ta4es it 3o,ds oJer ot3er cyc,es is t3at duri54 t3e comEressio5

sta4e re,atiJe,y ,itt,e 9orL is re;uired to driJe t3e EumEM due to t3e 9orLi54 :,uid =ei54 i5 its ,i;uid E3ase at t3is Eoi5t. By co5de5si54 t3e :,uid to ,i;uidM t3e 9orL re;uired =y t3e EumE 9i,, o5,y co5sume aEEroPimate,y 6[ to 3[ o: t3e tur=i5e Eo9er a5d so 4iJe a muc3 3i43er e::icie5cy :or a rea, cyc,e. 83e =e5e:it o: t3is is ,ost some93at due to t3e ,o9er 3eat additio5 temEerature. Das tur=i5esM :or i5sta5ceM 3aJe tur=i5e e5try temEeratures aEEroac3i54 6500]G. No5et3e,essM t3e e::icie5cies o: steam cyc,es a5d 4as tur=i5es are :air,y 9e,, matc3ed.
< 3C <

<7H 5ondenser
A co5de5ser i5Jo,Jes t3e tra5s:ormatio5 o: 9ater JaEor to ,i;uid =y mec3a5ica, mea5s. A,t3ou43 9ater is o5e o: t3e most o: Jersati,e ,i;uids o5 eart3M it ca5 =e di::icu,t to iso,ate 9ater 4oi54 :rom o5e E3ase to a5ot3er. 83usM co5de5sers are deJices i5Jo,Jed i5 t3e de3umidi:icatio5 o: air. 83ere are 4e5era,,y t3ree met3ods to de3umidi:y airS a=sorEtio5 o: 9ater JaEor =y a ,i;uid so,utio5M adsor=e5t materia,s (si,ica 4e, or actiJated a,umi5a)M a5d s3e,, a5d tu=e co5Jectio5. +or t3e desa,i5atio5 desi45 i5 t3is ?PHNM co5Jectio5 9i,, =e ePami5ed as a mea5s :or co5de5satio5.
(+i4.3.>B ?5 t3e i5itia, assessme5t o: co5de5ser desi45M it =ecame c,ear t3at t3e most EoEu,ar tyEe o: co5de5ser used is a simE,e s3e,, a5d tu=e co5de5ser. 83ere:ore t3e i5itia, start Eoi5t :or t3e desi45 9as a mu,tiEass cross :,o9 co5de5ser. 83is desi45 3o9eJer ,acLs su::icie5t sur:ace area co5tact 9it3 t3e i5comi54 9ater JaEorM esEecia,,y :or t3e EurEoses o: t3is Eroject. LooLi54 at ot3er oEtio5s ,ed to t3e co5ceEt o: a sEray co5de5ser. < 3- <

<7K Electrical Generator

(+i4.3.5B

t3e seJera, L5o95 met3ods to Eroduce e,ectricityM =y :ar t3e most Eractica, :or ,ar4e sca,e Eroductio5 a5d distri=utio5 i5Jo,Jes t3e use o: a5 ^e,ectrica, 4e5erator._ ?5 a5 e,ectrica, 4e5eratorM a ma45et (rotor) reJo,Jes i5side a coi, o: 9ire (stator)M creati54 a :,o9 o: e,ectro5s i5side t3e 9ire. 83is :,o9 o: e,ectro5s is ca,,ed e,ectricity. Some mec3a5ica, deJice (9i5d tur=i5eM 9ater tur=i5eM steam tur=i5eM diese, e54i5eM etc.) must =e aJai,a=,e to EroJide t3e motiJe :orce :or t3e rotor.
< 3F <

<7K78 4ype of >5 generators used in Power +tations

A,, De5erators 93ic3 are co55ected to uti,ity =us are o: sy5c3ro5ous tyEeM t3is is =ecauseB A. Sy5c3ro5ous 4e5erator 3as t3e a=i,ity to ru5 Eara,,e, 9it3 ot3er 4e5erators i5 order to s3are its ,oad (,oads 3ari54) =ecause o: its co5sta5t sEeed c3aracteristics ( it 3as co5sta5t sEeed :rom 5o ,oad to :u,, ,oad) . B. ?t EroJides ePce,,e5t HeactiJe Eo9er co5tro, \ 3e5ceM Eo9er :actor ca5 =e Jaryi54 as Eer re;uireme5ts. So i5 t3is courseM 9e 9i,, :ocus o5 t3e sy5c3ro5ous 4e5erator o5,y. A5d t3e disadJa5ta4es o: Sy5c3ro5ous (De5erator) A< 83ey are 5ot se,: started. B< 83ey 5eed a seEarate source o: 7G curre5t :or APcitatio5. G< Sy5c3ro5ous Motors ca55ot =e used :or Jaria=,e sEeed aEE,icatio5. 7< 83ey 3aJe 4reat te5de5cy to 3u5t. A< 83e starti54 tor;ue o: Sy5c3ro5ous Motors is 5i, \ 3e5ce t3ey ca55ot start u5der ,oad. Lar4e mac3i5es are usua,,y made 9it3 :ie,d 9i5di54s.
< 3I <

<7K71 Iain parts of synchronous generator

A Armature 9i5di54s (Stator 9i5di54s) B Stator Gore G Hotor 7 S,iE Hi54

A Beari54s + D,a5d Sea,i54 D Nuter Gasi54 @ APciter V5it

<7K7< 4he >rmature winding D+tator windingB

Armature 9i5di54 is t3e :iP Eart o: t3e 4e5erator i5 93ic3 t3e curre5t cari54 co5ductors ( 9i5di54s) are ,ocated. ?5 ,ar4e 4e5erators t3e 9i5di54s are :itted i5 aPia, s,ots arou5d t3e i55er sur:ace o: t3e 3o,,o9 cy,i5drica, stee, core. 83e core EroJides a5 easy Eat3 :or t3e ma45etic :,uP. ?5 Eractice t3ree seEarate coi,s ( or E3ase 9i5di54s) are :itted to t3e core suc3 t3at eac3 occuEies a t3ird o: t3e tota, s,ots a5d are sEaced 620 de4rees out o: E3ase :rom eac3 ot3er. 83e Jo,ta4e i5duced i5 eac3 o: t3e t3ree E3ase 9i5di54s is a5 A. G. Jo,ta4e t3at 3as t3e same ma45itude i5 eac3M =ut as t3e 9i5di54s are sEaced arou5d t3e stator core 620 ] :rom eac3 ot3erM t3ey 9i,, 5ot ac3ieJe t3eir maPimum Jo,ta4e Ja,ues at t3e same time. ?5deed eac3 E3ase 9i5di54 9i,, 3aJe its maPimum Jo,ta4e i5duced i5 it 620 ] a:ter t3e EreJious o5e. a5d 9e use Armature 9i5di54s to Eroduce \ tra5smit t3e ,oad curre5t ( t3e Eo9er outEut) .
< >0 <

<7K7= 4he +tator core

83e stator core co5sists =asica,,y o: a 3o,,o9 stee, coreM t3e core =ei54 ,ami5ated to reduce eddy curre5t ,ossesM t3e ,ayers o: Stator core is circu,ar s3eets 93ic3 are trimmed \ sticL to4et3er 9it3 Joids =et9ee5 t3em to EroJide 4aEs :or coo,i54. 83e armature 9i5di54 9ou5d aPia,,y a5d :itted i5 s,ots 93ic3 are EroJided a,o54 t3e i55er sur:ace o: t3e core. 83e e5ds o: t3e coi,s are co55ected to t3e ePter5a, ,oad a5d t3ere:ore EroJide t3e 4e5erator outEut co55ectio5s
(+i4.3.CB

( L5o95 as 4e5erator termi5a,s) . ?5 ,ar4e 4e5erators t3e coi,

is :itted i5 aPia, s,ots arou5d t3e i55er sur:ace o: t3e 3o,,o9 cy,i5drica, stee, core. 83e core EroJides a5 easy Eat3 :or t3e ma45etic :,uP. ?5 Eractice t3ree seEarate coi,s ( E3ase 9i5di54s) are :itted to t3e core suc3 t3at eac3 occuEies a t3ird o: t3e s,ots a5d are sEaced 620 de4rees out o: E3ase :rom eac3 ot3er.
< >6 <

<7K7H ;otor
A< 83e rotor co5sists =asica,,y o: a cy,i5drica, so,id :or4ed stee, =odyM 9it3 a coi, 9ou5d aPia,,y a5d :itted i5 s,ots mac3i5ed i5 t3e sur:ace o: t3e stee, =ody. 83e EurEose o: t3e rotor coi,s ( or 9i5di54s) is to co55ect t3e 7G curre5t :rom t3e ePciter to t3e rotor =ody i5 order to 4e5erate ma45etic :ie,d ( just ,iLe a coi, 9raEEed arou5d a Ei5) . B< 83e t9o e5ds o: t3e coi,ed are co55ected to t9o s,iE ri54s 93ic3 are :itted to t3e rotor s3a:t =ut are e,ectrica,,y i5su,ated :rom it. 83is t9o e5ds ( ` Je \ Je) are co55ected to t3e ePcitatio5 u5it Jia car=o5 =rus3es :iPed i5 t3e s,iE ri54. G< V5,iLe t3e statorM t3e rotor is 5ot ,ami5ated ( 5ot Eossi=,e =ecause t3e rotor is reJo,Ji54 9it3 3i43 sEeed) it is ma5u:actured as a si54,e :or4i54 a5d t3e rotor
(+i4.3.-B

83e rotor EroJides t3e ma45etic :ie,d 5ecessary :or Eo9er 4e5eratio5. ?t is reErese5t t3e +ie,d source. Gutti54 9i5di54 s,ots i5 a rotor Hotor e5d 9i5di54s =e:ore :itti54 retai5i54 ri54
< >2 <

<7L Generator and stepAup transformer

83e setuE tra5s:ormer 9i,, =e i5 accorda5ce 9it3 ?AG Sta5dard a5d 9i,, i5c,ude t3e

:o,,o9i54 oEtio5a, :eatures. a7 ;ating7 (6) 83e 4e5erator steE<uE tra5s:ormer LUA rati54 :or =oi,er<tur=i5e< 4e5erator ^u5it tyEe_ Eo9er E,a5ts 9i,, deEe5d uEo5 t3e 4e5erator LUA rati54 93ic3M i5 tur5M is deEe5de5t uEo5 t3e Erime moJer rati54s. ?5 a5y eJe5tM t3e tra5s:ormer LUA rati54 9i,, =e se,ected so t3at it is 5ot t3e ,imiti54 :actor :or statio5 outEut. (2) As a ru,e o: t3um=M t3e toE LUA rati54 9i,, =e se,ected to =e aEEroPimate,y 665<620 Eerce5t o: t3e WUA rati54 o: t3e 4e5erator. Si5ce t3e 4e5erator u5it auPi,iary tra5s:ormer ,oad is taEEed o:: =et9ee5 t3e 4e5erator a5d steE<uE tra5s:ormer a5d 9i,, amou5t to a=out C Eerce5t o: t3e 4e5erator rati54M t3e oEerati54 mar4i5 :or t3e steE<uE tra5s:ormer 9i,, =e o5 t3e order o: 20<25 Eerce5t. 83is 9i,, Eermit maLi54 :u,, use o: t3e mar4i5 t3e tur=i5e 4e5erator ma5u:acturer must =ui,d i5M i5 order to meet 3is 4uara5tees.
< >3 <

(3) ?: t3e ,oad serJed is ePEected to =e ;uite co5sta5t a5d t3e 4e5erator 9i,, =e oEerati54 at a 3i43 ,oad :actorM it s3ou,d =e cost e::ectiJe to o=tai5 a5 N+A+ (oi, aair coo,ed a:orced) tra5s:ormer. PumEs a5d :a5s are o5 93e5eJer t3e tra5s:ormer is e5er4ized. ?:M o5 t3e ot3er 3a5dM a 9ide,y Jaryi54 ,oad is ePEectedM it may =e cost e::ectiJe to o=tai5 a dua, rated tra5s:ormer NAa+AM or eJe5 triE,e rated NNaAN 3aJi54 t9o i5creme5ts o: :a5 coo,i54 as 9e,, as a se,:<coo,ed rati54. 83e toE rati54 9ou,d coordi5ate 9it3 t3e 4e5erator rati54 =ut :a5s 9ou,d s3ut do95 93e5 t3e u5it is oEerati54 at Eartia, ,oad. 83e resu,ti54 rati54 o: t3e tur=i5eM 4e5erator a5d steE<uE tra5s:ormer :or tyEica, u5it mi43t =e De5erator 66LU at 0.F P+

(>) Uo,ta4e o: t3e 3i43 side 9i,, matc3 t3e 5omi5a, oEerati54 Jo,ta4e desired :or t3e distri=utio5 systemM suc3 as a5d :or t3e ,o9 side 9i,, matc3 t3e 4e5erator Jo,ta4eM suc3 as 66 LU. @i43 Jo,ta4e side 9i,, 3aJe t9o (2 .5) Eerce5t :u,, caEacity taEs a=oJe a5d ^=e,o9 rated Jo,ta4e. ,7 5ontrol7 Bot3 t3e :a5 a5d EumE systems 9i,, oEerate o5 2>0 Jo,tsM 50 @zM si54,e E3ase. 83e co5tro, system 9i,, EroJide automatic t3ro9 oJer :rom dua, 2>0 Jo,t sources 9it3 o5e =ei54 Ere:erred a5d t3e ot3er a,ter5ateS eit3er may =e se,ected as Ere:erred Jia a se,ector s9itc3. Sources 9i,, =e ru5 :rom seEarate
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<7M GeneratorC stepAup 4ransformer and +witchyard ;elaying

83e De5era, a5d De5erator re,ayi54 i5c,ude t3e :o,,o9i54 oEtio5a, :eatures A. De5era,. Se,ectio5 o: re,ays a5d coordi5atio5 o: t3eir setti54s so t3at t3e correct circuit =reaLer triEs 93e5 it is suEEosed toM a5d does 5ot triE 93e5 it is 5ot suEEosed to is a su=ject too =road to =e coJered 3erei5. +or t3e EurEose o: t3is docume5t t3e ,isti54s =e,o9 9i,, set :ort3 t3ose ErotectiJe re,ay tyEes 93ic3 9i,, =e co5sidered. B. De5erator re,ayi54. Aac3 4e5erator 9i,, =e EroJided 9it3 t3e :o,,o9i54 ErotectiJe re,aysB O83ree O De5erator di::ere5tia, re,ays (ANS? 7eJice F-) ON5e O LocLout re,ayM e,ectrica, triEM 3a5d reset (ANS? 7eJice FC) ON5e O Loss o: :ie,d re,ay (ANS? 7eJice >0) ON5e O Ne4atiJe se;ue5ce re,ay (ANS? 7eJice >C) ON5e O HeJerse Eo9er re,ay (ANS? 7eJice 32) ON5e O De5erator :ie,d 4rou5d re,ay (ANS? 7eJice C>) O83ree O P3ase time oJer curre5t re,aysM Jo,ta4e restrai5ed (ANS? 7eJice 56U) bN5e O Drou5d oJer curre5t re,ay i5 t3e 4e5erator 5eutra, (ANS? 7eJice 5 ,D) A,t3ou43 5ot a Eart o: t3e ANS? deJice ide5ti:icatio5 systemM 4e5erator re,ay 5um=ers

are :re;ue5t,y Su::iPed 9it3 a ,etter<5um=er se;ue5ce suc3 as cD6_. +or i5sta5ceM di::ere5tia, re,ays :or 4e5erator 6 9ou,d =e F-D 6 a5d :or 4e5erator 2 9ou,d =e F-D2.
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<73 Economic considerations

Gost a5a,ysis Nuc,ear Eo9er E,a5t ,i:etimes areM :or t3e most EartM driJe5 =y cost a5d reJe5ue co5sideratio5. ?5 most casesM t3e decisio5 to co5ti5ue oEerati54 a5 ePisti54 E,a5t is =ased uEo5 its mar4i5a, 4e5eratio5 costM i.e.M oEeratio5M mai5te5a5ce a5d :ue, cyc,e costM a5d amortisatio5 o: t3e i5Jestme5t re;uired :or ,i:etime ePte5sio5 i: aEE,ica=,eM as comEared 9it3 t3e mar4i5a, 4e5eratio5 costs o: ot3er oEtio5s. 83e mar4i5a, cost is ,o9er :or ePisti54 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5ts t3a5 :or most a,ter5atiJes. 83ere:oreM ,i:etime ePte5sio5 4e5era,,y is a5 attractiJe oEtio5 :rom a5 eco5omic Jie9Eoi5t. 7ere4u,atio5 o: e,ectricity marLet is i5creasi54 comEetitio5 a5d e,imi5ati54 mo5oEo,ies a5d 4uara5teed sa,es at :iPed rates. 83ere:oreM 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5t o95ers e5deaJour to reduce t3e cost o: E,a5t ,i:e ma5a4eme5t. 83e c3oice =et9ee5 E,a5t ,i:e ma5a4eme5t a5d =ui,di54 a 5e9 Eo9er E,a5tM :ossi,<:ue,,ed or 5uc,earM is i5:,ue5ced a,so =y t3e size o: t3e i5Jestme5t 93ic3 is sma,,er :or re:ur=is3me5t t3a5 :or a 5e9 co5structio5. 83e re:ur=is3me5t cost o: major comEo5e5ts (steam 4e5eratorsM etc.) are i5 t3e order o: te5s to a :e9 3u5dred mi,,io5 VS do,,ars Eer 5et DKA caEacity (N7GM 6III) =ut t3ese costs are re,atiJe,y sma,, comEared to 5e9 E,a5t i5Jestme5t.

Nuc,ear Eo9er E,a5t ,i:e ma5a4eme5t =ri54s additio5a, =e5e:its i5 term o: e,ectricity costM a5d EriceM sta=i,ity si5ce :ue, cyc,e costs reErese5t o5,y a sma,, s3are (tyEica,,y arou5d 20[) o: tota, 4e5eratio5 costsM a5d are 5ot as Jo,ati,e as 4as Erices :or ePamE,e.
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@ 5alculation of uranium fuel consumption9

?5 order to estimate t3e ;ua5tity o: ura5ium V235 re;uited to oEerate a 620MK ?5 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5t 9it3 t3erma, (PKH) reactor assume F0[ o: 5eutro5s are a=sor=ed =y V235 cause :issio5 a5d rest are Eroduci54 Vra5ium isotoEes t3e5 t3e :ue, co5sumEtio5 o: V235M Eer 3our to Eroduce -20MK o: Eo9er. No9 eac3 :issio5 o: V235yie,ds 6I0MeU o: use:u, e5er4yM t3e5 6I0MeJ e5er4y i5 terms o: Rou,e d 6I0 e 60C e 6.C e 60<6I d 3.0>e60<66 R Num=er o: :issio5 re;uired to Eroduce o5e jou,e o: e5er4y is.
60

3.2I e60 3.03e60 6= 83e 5um=er o: 5uc,ei =ur5t duri54 6 3our Eer MK o: Eo9er is
66 20 C 60

6.>F02Ce60 0.F0 60 e3.2Ie60 e3C00 = a=sorEtio5 a3r Mass o: V235 co5sumed to Eroduce 6<MK Eo9er is
g hr AVOGADRO SCONSTANT 0.05--555 a T (C.023e60 ) 6.>F02Ce60 e 235
23 20

83ere:oreM :ue, co5sumEtio5 o: V235 to Eroduce -20MK Ki,, =e >6.5F3IC L4a3r eF-C0 d 3C>.2-5 L4ayear dIIF 4aday 83e ura5ium i5f 200- a60g (h -5M 3CaMKday) IIFe-20d-6F.C 4aday

-5M 3Ce-6F.Cd5>656.5 haday -6F.Ce3C0d6IM>I>M5>0 hayear

< >F <

:f the same power plant use fossil fuel liJe ?FN the uses heavy fuel oil9 A-20MK steam Eo9er statio5 uses 3eaJy :ue, oi, (@+N) o: ca,ori:ic Ja,ue 60500L ca,s aL4 t3e oJera,, e::icie5cy o: t3e E,a5t is 2-.C[. V5its 4e5erated Eer 3our at :u,, rated outEut d -20e6000eL93doutEut i5 L93 (6<L93 d FC0L ca,) ?5 Eut or 3eat Eroduced Eer 3our B

k cals efficiency output in heat units 22>3 .>- e60 C 0.2-C -20 e6000 e FC0 = =
Ni, co5sumEtio5 Eer 3our B

= Ga,ori:ic Ja,ue o: oi, 3eat Eroduced Eer 3our

3 C

kg

263.CCe60 60500 22>3.>- e60 = a3

6 8o5d 6000L4 263.CC

6000 263.CC e603 = to5a3

Per yeard 263.CC e603 e F-C0 d 6F-6.CC6Ce60Ca6000 d6.F-6CC6Ce60C 8o5ayear SEeci:ic 4raJity d 0.I6 L4a, 6 ,iter :ue, d 0.I6L4 .T. 6 L4 o: :ue, d 6a0.I6d 6.0IF ,iter Liter o: :ue,B 263.CCe603 e 6.0IF d 23>.5IFCFe603 ,iter ha3r B 23>.5IFCFe603 e 0.6-C62 d >6.36-56I52 e603 ha3r hayear B >6.36-56I52 e603 e F-C0d 3C6.I>6>-6e60C hayear
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<782 5omparison with Nther Energy +ources

83e :ue, re;uireme5ts :or 5uc,ear E,a5ts are si45i:ica5t,y sma,,er t3a5 :or E,a5ts usi54 ot3er :ue,s or sources o: e5er4y. 83is is s3o95 i5 t3e :o,,o9i54 ta=,e :or a5 ePamE,e city. AJera4e NEerati54 APEe5se o: A,ectricity De5eratio5 :or Major V.S. ?5Jestor<N95ed A,ectric Vti,itiesM 2002<200CM ?5 Ge5ts Per Wi,o9att @our
iear Nuc,ear +ossi, Steam @ydroe,ectric Das 8ur=i5e 2002 6.F2j 2.63j 0.F-j 3.CIj 2003 6.F-j 2.2Cj 0.-5j >.FIj 200> 6.F3j 2.3Ij 0.F-j 5.06j 2005 6.F2j 2.--j 0.FIj 5.FIj 200C 6.I5j 2.ICj 0.F5j 5.-Fj < 50 <

5hapter=
5onclusion
Nuc,ear e5er4y is EroJe5 to =e t3e e5er4y t3at t3e ma5 9i,, re,y o5 i5 t3e :uture as a,ter5atiJe e5er4y due to aJai,a=i,ity o: t3e 5uc,ear :ue,s a5d t3e ,o9 ru55i54 cost a5d its ,o54 ,i:e. 83e :uture 5eed :or e,ectrica, Eo9er is i5creasi54 4reat,yM a5d t3e i5crease i5 9or,d EoEu,atio5 is risi54 esEecia,,y i5 u5derdeJe,oEed cou5tries. ?t is Eossi=,e t3at 5uc,ear e5er4y E,ays a Jita, ro,e i5 t3e co5ti5uity o: deJe,oEme5tM EreJe5ti54 c,imate c3a54eM co5tri=ute i5 :i,,i54 t3e 9or,d 5eed :or e5er4y. A,soM it is Eossi=,e to i5crease 5uc,ear :ue, stocL =y usi54 reactors Eroduci54 5uc,ear :ue,. ?: 3uma5s ca5 oJercome t3e tec35ica, Ero=,ems :aced i5 oEerati54 5uc,ear reactors t3e5 9e mi43t :i5d a5 i5:i5itiJe source o: e5er4y. Ke s3ou,d i5 t3e mea5 time deJe,oE ot3er aJai,a=,e Eo9er sources suc3 as so,ar e5er4y to =,ocL some o: t3e 5eed :or Eo9er. t3ere is strate4ic as 9e,, as eco5omic 5ecessity :or 5uc,ear Eo9er i5 t3e most o: t3e

9or,d. 83e strate4ic imEorta5ce ,ies Erimari,y i5 t3e :act t3at o5e ,ar4e 5uc,ear Eo9er E,a5t saJes more t3a5 50M000 =arre,s o: oi, Eer day. +or t3ose cou5tries t3at 5o9 re,y o5 =ut do 5ot 3aJe oi,M or must reduce t3e imEortatio5 o: :orei45 oi,M t3ese strate4ic a5d eco5omic adJa5ta4es are o=Jious. +or t3ose cou5tries t3at are oi, ePEortersM 5uc,ear Eo9er reErese5ts a5 i5sura5ce a4ai5st t3e day 93e5 oi, is deE,eted.
< 56 <

;eferences
6.Po9er P,a5t System 7esi45. 2. Nuc,ear He4u,atory Gommissio5M NVHAD 6350M 6IIF editio5. 3. Roi5t 7NA<APH? Strate4ic Hesearc3 a5d 7eJe,oEme5t P,a5 to NEtimize V.S. Nuc,ear Po9er P,a5tsM Marc3 6IIF. >.A.H.+oster a5d H.L Kri43t Rr M Bassic Nuc,ear A54i5eeri54 M seco5d editio5Ma,,y5 a5d =aco5M6I-3. 5. Ba,timore Das a5d A,ectric GomEa5yM Ga,Jert G,i::s Nuc,ear Po9er P,a5t V5its 6 a5d2 7ocLet No. 5I<36- \ 50<36F AEE,icatio5 :or Lice5se He5e9a,M AEri, FM 6IIF. C.H.8. je5Li5s a5d 7.S. RoyM QKie5 Automatic System P,a55i54 EacLa4e (KASP). A5 A,ectric Vti,ity APEa5sio5 P,a55i54 GodeMQNaL Hid4e Natio5a, La=oratory. Ru,y 6I->. -.A,ectric Eo9er Hesarc3 ?5stitute MQA,ectric De5eratio5 APEa5sio5 A5a,ysis System Qa5 APH? Pu=,icatio5M 6IF2. F +.D. Bai,y M W.G. Gotto5 a5d H.G SEe5cerMQPredicti54 t3e Per:orma5ce o: Lar4e Steam 8ur=i5e< 4e5erators NEerati54 9it3 Saturated a5d Lo9 SuEer3eat steam Go5ditio5s QProceedi54s o: America5 Po9er co5:ere5ceM 6IC-. I.V.S.Nuc,ear He4u,atory Gommissio5M TT Heactor Sa:ety Study<A5 Assessme5t o:

Aeeide5t HisLs i5 V.S. Gommercia, Nuc,ear Eo9er E,a5tQ(t3e Hasmusse5 HeEort) NoJem=er 6I-5. 60.A.+. @e5ryMNuc,ear Heator A5a,ysisM 83e M?8 PressM 6I-5. 66.Nort3er5 States Po9er GomEa5yM Q+i5a, Sa:ety A5a,ysis HeEort :or t3e Mo5tice,,o Nuc,ear De5erati54 P,a5t TT6I-6. 62.Nort3er5 States Po9er GomEa5yM TT+i5a, Sa:ety A5a,ysis HeEort :or Prairie ?s,a5d Nuc,ear De5erati54 P,a5t . 6I-3. 63.3ttEBaa999.e5er4y;uest.ca.4oJ 6>. 3ttEBaa999.so,com3ouse.coma5uc,ear.3tm 65. 3ttEBaa999.a5imatedso:t9are.coma3ot9ordsa5uc,earkreactora5uc,earkreacto r.3tm 6C< A,<KaLi, Po9er P,a5t 8ec35o,o4y