Marketing Communications Mix (promotional mix):

Companies must allocate the marketing communications budget over the eight major modes of communication-advertising, sales promotion, public relations and publicity, events and experiences, direct marketing, interactive marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, and the sales force. Advertising any paid form of non personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor Direct marketing communication directly with target customers to generate a response and/or transaction Interactive/Internet marketing communication through interactive media such as the Internet, CD-ROMS and kiosks. Sales promotion marketing activities that provide extra value or incentives to sales force, distributors, or consumers to stimulate immediate sales Publicity/Public Relations Publicity is a form of non-personal communication not directly paid for or run under identified sponsorship. Public relations is a management function which executes programs of action to earn public understanding and acceptance an enhance the image of the company. Personal Selling person-to-person communication between a seller and buyer Characteristics of the Marketing Communications Mix ADVERTISING Advertising reaches geographically dispersed buyers. It can build up a long-term image for a product (Coca-Cola ads) or trigger quick sales (a Sears ad for a weekend sale). Certain forms of advertising such as TV can require a large budget, whereas other forms such as newspaper do not. Just the presence of advertising might have an effect on sales: Consumers might believe that a heavily advertised brand must offer "good value."42 Because of the many forms and uses of advertising, it's difficult to make generalizations about it.43 Yet a few observations are worthwhile: Pervasiveness-Advertising permits the seller to repeat a message many times. It also allows the buyer to receive and compare the messages of various competitors. Large scale advertising says something positive about the seller's size, power, and success. Amplified expressiveness-Advertising provides opportunities for dramatizing the company and its products through the artful use of print, sound, and color. Impersonality---The audience does not feel obligated to pay attention or respond to advertising. Advertising is a monologue in front of, not a dialogue with, the audience.

SALES PROMOTION Companies use sales promotion tools-coupons, contests, premiums, and the like-to draw a stronger and quicker buyer response, including short-run effects such as highlighting product offers and boosting sagging sales. Sales promotion tools offer three distinctive benefits: Communication-They gain attention and may lead the consumer to the product. Incentive-They incorporate some concession, inducement, or contribution that gives value to the consumer. Invitation-They include a distinct invitation to engage in the transaction now. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND PUBLlCI1Y Marketers tend to underuse public relations, yet a well-thought-out program coordinated with the other communications-mix elements can be extremely effective, especially if a company needs to challenge consumers' misconceptions. The appeal of public relations and publicity is based on three distinctive qualities : High credibility-News stories and features are more authentic and credible to readers than ads. Ability to catch buyers off guard-Public relations can reach prospects who prefer to avoid salespeople and advertisements. Dramatization-Public relations have the potential for dramatizing a company or product.

EVENTS AN EXPERIENCE There are many advantages to events and experiences: 1. Relevant-A well-chosen event or experience can be seen as highly relevant because the consumer gets personally involved. 2. Involving Given their live, real-time quality, events and experiences are more actively engaging for consumers. 3. Implicit-Events are an indirect "soft sell." DIRECT AND INTERACTIVE MARKETING Direct and interactive marketing takes many forms-over the phone, online, or in person. They share three distinctive characteristics. Direct and interactive marketing messages are:
1.Customized-The

message can be prepared to appeal to the addressed individual. 2 Up-to-date-A message can be prepared very quickly. 3 Interactive-The message can be changed depending on the person's response.

WORDOFMOUTH'" MARKETlNG Word of mouth also takes many forms online or off-line. Three noteworthy characteristics are:.

1. Credible-Because people trust others they know and respect, word of mouth can be highly influential. 2. Personal-Word of mouth can be a very intimate dialogue that reflects personal facts, opinions, and experiences. 3. Timel~It occurs when people want it to and when they are most interested, and it often follows noteworthy or meaningful events or experiences. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is the most effective tool at later stages of the buying process, particularly in building up buyer preference, conviction, and action. Personal selling has three distinctive qualities: Personal interaction-Personal selling creates an immediate and interactive episode between two or more persons. Each party is able to observe the other's reactions. Cultivation-Personal selling also permits all kinds of relationships to spring up, ranging from a matter-of-fact selling relationship to a deep personal friendship. Response-The buyer may feel under some obligation for having listened to the sales talk.

Establish the Total Marketing Communications Budget

One of the most difficult marketing decisions is determining how much to spend on marketing communications or promotion. John Wanamaker, the department store magnate, once said, "I know that half of my advertising is wasted, but I don't know which half." Industries and companies vary considerably in how much they spend on marketing communications or promotion. Expenditures might be 40% to 45% of sales in the cosmetics industry and 5% to 10% in the industrial-equipment industry. Within a given industry, there are low-and high-spending companies. How do companies decide on the promotion budget? We will describe four common methods: the affordable method, the percentage-of-sales method, the competitive-parity method, and the objective-and-task method. AFFORDABLE METHOD Many companies set the promotion budget at what they think the company can afford. The affordable method completely ignores the role of promotion as an investment and the immediate impact of promotion on sales volume. It leads to an uncertain annual budget, which makes longrange planning difficult. PERCENTAGEOFSALES METHOD Many companies set promotion expenditures at a specified percentage of sales (either current or anticipated) or of the sales price. Automobile companies typically budget a fixed percentage for promotion based on the planned car price. Oil companies set the appropriation at a fraction of a cent for each gallon of gasoline sold under their own label. Supporters of the percentage-of-sales method see a number of advantages. First, promotion expenditures will vary with what the company can afford. This satisfies financial managers, who believe expenses should be closely related to the movement of corporate sales over the business cycle. Second, it encourages management to think of the relationship among promotion cost,

selling price, and profit per unit. Third, it encourages stability when competing firms spend approximately the same percentage of their sales on promotion. COMPARATIVE METHOD Some companies set their promotion budget to achieve share-of-voice parity with competitors. There are two supporting arguments. One is that competitors' expenditures represent the co11ective wisdom ofthe industry. The other is that maintaining competitive parity prevents promotion wars. Neither argument is valid. There are no grounds for believing that competitors know better. Company reputations, resources, opportunities, and objectives differ so much that promotion budgets are hardly a guide. And there is no evidence that budgets based on competitive parity discourage promotion wars. OBJECTIVE-AND-ASK METHOD The objective-and-task method calls upon marketers to develop promotion budgets by defining specific objectives, determining the tasks that must be performed to achieve these objectives, and estimating the costs of performing these tasks. The sum of these costs is the proposed promotion budget. Establish the market share goal Determine the percentage of the market that should be reached by advertising Determine the percentage of aware prospects that should be persuaded to try the brand Determine the number of advertising impressions per 1% trial rate Determine the number of gross rating points that would have to be purchased Determine the necessary advertising budget on the basis of the average cost of buying a gross rating possssint