Cu 2: Nhng cch thc dn tc tn ti qua 10 TK Bc thuc?

? T Bc thuc ch thi k VN b t di quyn cai tr ca cc triu nh TQ thuc a ca TQ, giai on hn 1000 nm k t khi Triu thn tnh u Lc (179 TCN) n khi Khc Tha D ginh li quyn t ch t nh ng (905). Mc tiu ca chnh quyn h phng Bc l chim ly nc ta ng ha, xa tn VN ra khi bn TG bng chnh sch h lc rn, lc mm nhng mc ch ni trn th khng thay i.Tuy nhin, tri qua thi gian hn 1000 nm, t tin chng ta ko nh mt i bn sc vn ha c o ca mnh, thm ch cn tip thu v chuyn bin nhng tp tc ngi phng bc a vo bin thnh mt phn ca vn ha VN. V t chc, cai tr: + Sau khi chim c Lc Vit, nh Hn t b my h cht ch cp chu, huyn song chnh quyn h vn khng nm c cc huyn v cp huyn vn theo ch lc tng cha truyn con ni ca ngi Vit. ng cp qu tc ca ngi Vit vn nm c tng tc m cai qun dn Vit. + Sau khi lt chnh quyn ca Hai B Trng, nh Hn thit lp chnh quyn h nc ta cht ch hn ng thi th hin r nt hn s u tranh gia 2 mt i lp ca ch qun huyn vi kt cu xm lng. Ta c lng x nng thn l n v hnh chnh c ngha trong i sng ngi Vit, l ni p ng y nhu cu vt cht. K th t b my cai tr qun huyn. Mc tiu ng ha khng thc hin c v ng lc pht trin ca XH cui cng vn l ND, nhng lc lng sx ln ln ngay trong s thng tr ca PK nc ngoi.Tinh thn t lc, t cng chng li s ng ha v gi vng c tnh ca ND ta rt mnh.Nhn t ch yu to nn sc mnh l s on kt ca ND ta, s h tuy h khc, tn nhn nhng vn k ti c c s bn di cp huyn. V vn ha: ra sc bo tn vn ha, ting ni, ct cch dn tc ng thi tip thu v Vit ha nhng yu t tch cc ca Kinh t - Vn ha TQ lm nn tng lu di. Khi PK phng Bc h nc ta vi mc ch ng ha bin ngi Vit tr thnh ngi Hn thng qua ngn ng, cch n mc. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny gp phi s phn i gay gt ca c dn Lc Vit. + Tiu biu cho qu trnh ng ha l qu trnh lai to gen, ngi Hn nc ta ch trng ly v ngi Vit trn c s ng ha, tuy nhin lc by gi nc ta vn cn nh hng ca ch mu h nn nhng ngi con mang dng mu Hn li suy ngh v hnh ng nh ngi Vit. + nh hng th 2 v mt VH l cch n mc, c x: dn ta mnh m chng li s ng ha. Ta vn gi c cc tc l (tc v nt thuyn, n tru, nhum rng en, tc, bnh chng bnh giy,), tn ngng dn gian (th cng t tin, th cng ng thing ling, th cng vn vt)

+ Cc triu i PK truyn b Nho gio vo nc ta, bt ND phi thay i phong tc theo ngi Hn. Nhiu Nho s quan li ngi Hn c cp t u Lc thc hin chnh sch ni trn v m cc lp dy ch Nho.Tuy nhin di thi Bc thuc Nho gio ch nh hng n 1 s vng trung tm qun, chu. Trn mt trn VH l s u tranh gia 2 mt i lp ca Bc thuc v chng Bc thuc; gia qu trnh Vit ha v Hn ha. Ta khng b ng ha v VH cn th dn tc cn. S khc nhau gia quc gia ny v quc gia khc chnh l s khc nhau v VH. Bo v dn tc vn ha. V KT, th CN: Tip thu tinh hoa phng Bc nh k thut c ng, luyn kim nhng vn gi vng c cc lng ngh truyn thng ca dn tc vi nhiu loi sn phm thu tinh c nhiu mu, tinh xo. Qu trnh tip xc vn ho Hoa - Vit lu di em n nhng thay i quan trng trong ngnh th CN. Bn cnh nhng ngh truyn thng, ngi Vit pht trin nhng ngh th cng hc t ngi Hn nh rn st, lm gm, lm gch ngi, lm ng, lm giy, ch to thy tinh, sn xut m ngh, thuc da, sn then Trong tng ngh, ngi Vit tip thu khng ch k thut m c phong cch ngh thut Hn. gm lm ra trong thi k ny thy xut hin nhiu loi hoa vn Hn rt c th. Ngi Vit t sn xut cc loi gm th tin ti lm ra cc sn phm gm trng men. Ngh lm vt liu xy dng c bit pht trin nhm phc v nhu cu xy dng cc cng trnh kin trc thnh quch, cha thp, m tng ca chnh quyn cai tr. Ngh lm giy hc c t TQ cng c nhng tin b ng k; ngh ch to thy tinh cng t nhiu thnh tu quan trng V qun s: Kht vng c lp lun chy bng trong dn tc Vit, h lun sn sang ng ln u tranh khi ngha khi c thi c. Cc cuc khi ngha din ra lin tc m u l cuc ni dy oanh lit ca nhng ngi ph n: khi ngha HBT nm 40-43 (M Linh, Vnh Phc), sau 10 TK: khi ngha Chu t (17), Lng Long (178-179), Khu Lien (192) thnh lp nc Lm p (Champa), B Triu (248), Lng Thc (319-323), L B (542-548), Triu Quang Phc (548-571), Mai Thc Loan (722), Phng Hng (766-791). Lm lung lay ch, chnh quyn ca k th, l s u tranh ca 2 mt i lp chin tranh xm lc v chin tranh gii phong dn tc, chin tranh phi ngha v chin tranh chnh ngha.

Cu 3: Nhng ni dung ch yu ca nn vn minh i Vit? Nn vn minh i Vit ko di t 905-1858 => ND ta xy dng 1 nn vn minh c tnh cht phong ph v ton din trn cc phng din KT, C.Tr, GD, VH & NT. 1. V chnh tr: S nghip t cng ca h Khc (905-930) v tip l chin thng Bch ng ca Ng Quyn a V vo thi k xy dng quc gia c lp. 939, NQ xng Vng v ng C Loa. 968, BL dp lon 12 s qun, t xng l Hong , kinh Hoa L, t tn nc l i C Vit => bt u xy dng triu chnh, bc u thng nht t nc. 981, L Hon tha k quc gia ca nh inh lp ra Tin L. a. T chc nh nc: nh nc gm 2 phn TW v a phng. + Trung ng: Vua ng u, nm mi quyn lc ch yu ca t nc, c quyn thm nh ti cao c v KT, CT, VH, tn gio ln lp php v hnh php, nm trong tay quyn sinh st v tr thnh biu tng ca quc gia, Vua thng tr theo ch cha truyn con ni. Bn cnh vua cn c mt h thng i thn gip vic: t hu tng quc (t tng) & tam thi, tam thiu, tam t. Khi c vic i s, Vua thng bn bc vi hng ng i thn quyt nh. Ngoi ra cn c c 1 h thng c quan, quan li cao cp khc, mi c quan chu trch nhim v 1 mt ca nh nc. Vo XV, b my NN c phn thnh 6 b v mt s i, vin ph trch vic giy t v thanh tra quan li. + a phng: mc d lng x vn l c s nhng bn trn c 1 h thng hnh chnh ln nh khc nhau, t l, ph, chu n huyn. Mi n v u c 1 nhm quan li &Qcai qun. Cui XV, cc ti ph trch o tha tuyn ( ti, Tha ti v Hin ti) thay cho l thi trc. X khng cn l nhng t bo c lp m t u thi Trn c NN qun l (h tch, rung t cc x u phi k khai v gi ln quan huyn NN nm c). Sang thi L, NN tng cng thm 1 bc qun l x thn (thng qua c/sch qun in, NN bt quan li cp thng phi khai s inh, s rung). NN cn quy nh c s x trng i vi x ln, va v nh, cc th l bu x trng. n XV, V tr thnh 1 khi thng nht c t chc v trt t do NN qun l => h thng CQ PK tp trung cao , th hin sc mnh chi phi ca triu nh TW xung cc a phng v quyn chuyn ch tuyt i ca nh Vua. b. Lut php Thi k u tin ca quc gia c lp: Khc, Ng, inh, Tin L cha c lut php nn NN thng x ti theo Vua, cho n thi Tin L php lut v cn ty tin. 1002, L Hon bt u inh lut l. 1003, nhng ngi lm phn b ti chm bu u. Thi L hot ng lp php ca NN bt u pht trin.1040, L Thi Tng xung chiu t nay v sau ND trong nc ai c vic kin tng th giao cho Thi t xt x trc khi

trnh ln Vua kt n. 1042, L Thi Tng sai Trung th sa i v lm thnh quyn Hnh th: gm 3 quyn => l b lut thnh vn u tin ca nc ta, nh du mc quan trng trong LS php quyn VN. n thi Trn, 1230 Trn Thi Tng cho son Quc triu hnh lut.1244 Vua cho inh li lut 1 ln na, v ND cng ging lut thi L bo v nn thng tr v quyn li ca vua quan, qu tc, cng c quyn lc ca NN TW tp quyn, c bit l Vua. 1483 Lut Hng c => lut php tr thnh 1 h thng chun mc nhm duy tr v bo v trt t an ninh XH, phn nh nhng li ch ca tng lp thng tr v thc t XH V ng thi, nhng quan h XH c lut php ha. T XVI n XVII l thi k LS t nc c nhiu bin ng, cc triu i thay th nhau tr v t nc v chia nhau khu vc thng tr. C ng trong v ng ngoi vn p dng lut Hng c bn cnh c b sung thm 1 s iu v KT, Ti chnh.. Sang XIX di thi Nguyn, t 1811 Gia Long sai nh thn son 1 b ly tn l Hong triu lut l hay b Lut Gia Long.(da trn c s tham kho b lut ca nh Thanh v Lut H thi L Thnh Tng) =>cng c thm tnh cht th cu, lc hu ca ch chnh tr lm mt bn dn scdn tc. 1. Kinh t, khoa hc k thut a. i sng kinh t Nng nghip: c t sm, tri qua thi k Bc thuc sang thi k PK c lp t ch nn NN ngy cng pht trin, li cy st thay th dn cho li cy ng. Cc vua nh Tin L, nh L lun lun chm lo n sx NN: u ma xun Vua thng c l cy tch in (khuyn khch ND trong vic nng trang), cm git tru b, gim thu khi ma mng tht thu. Nh nc t ra chc H s, Khuyn nng s: chuyn trng coi vic p & sx NN. Thi L s (XV), nh nc ban hnh php qun in, thng nht quy tc chia rung cy lng x, t thi L Trn ND bit sd k thut thm canh trong lm rung, 2-3 v/nm. NN rt quan tm n cng tc tr thy, p : 1077 nh L cho p sng Nh Nguyt (s.Cu), 1108 p C X dc s.Hng, 1248 nh Trn t chc vic p trn quy m ln nhiu l - ph => ng bng s.Hng 1 nm la chn 4 ln. Na sau TK XV, vua L cho p chy sut t NB n nam HP. ND, qu tc, quan li hp lc khai ph hoang, xd lng xm m rng rung ng, S rung t ngy cng m rng, k thut sx la c c kt trn kinh nghim thc hin 4 khu: nc, phn, cn, ging. Bng cch nhn ging la, TK VXIII c ng trong v ng ngoi trng c nhiu ging la khc nhau.Cui XVIII ng, cao lng, k, khoai, sn c du nhp. Vic trng cy n qu cng pht trin, tru cau c trng khp ni, nhum rng n tru l tc l

ph bin. V tr thnh quc gia cng thnh nht NA vo XV v gi c nn c lp quc gia XVIII. Th CN: c nhng bc tin ng k, cc ngh th cng truyn thng nh chn tm, m t, dt la, lm trang sc vng bc, ngh rn st, khc in bn g, ngh c ng, lm giy, nhum u pht trin. TK XV c nhng lng, phng th cng chuyn nghip bn cnh ngh ph ca ND nh p Mao in dt vi, phng Tng Kim dt vng, gm tra, phng Hng o nhum u XVI, XVII t tm, la l loi hng n khch c ting. Ngh gm tip tc pht trin, trnh ngy cng tinh xo vi nhiu k thut mi v nhiu mt hng mi, lng gch ngi sx ra ngy cng nhiu.n thi L, Trn ngh gm s t ti trnh cng ngh cao v thm m cao c cc li bun nc ngoi a chung. TK XVI XVII ngh lm gm pht trin trong c nc, nhiu lng gm ni ting nh Bt Trng, Hng Canh, Th H, Hm Rng, Bin Ha ng trong c tnh Qung Nam, Qung Ngi ngh lm ng kh pht trin. Nhng sn phm ca ngh c ng khng cn l li cy, mi tn na m chuyn sang lm cc ng, chung, khnh. 4 cng trnh th hin s sng to ca th cng V lc l: chung Quy in, vc Ph Minh, thp Bo Thin v tng Pht cha Qunh Lm. T nh inh cc xng c ca NN thng xuyn c tin phc v nhua cu mua bn trong nc. T XVI XIX, cng vi s pht trin cu ngh luyn kim, ngnh khai khong ngy cng m rng. Ngh lm trang sc, ngh khm vng, bc ngy cng t trnh cao. Tip thu cng ngh lm giy ca ngi TQ, Nd ta a cng ngh y ln trnh pht trin cao, ch to cc loi giy bng nguyn liu a phng nh v cy d, ru bin, v cy du, v cy thng lc Hng lot loi giy khc nhau ra i nh: giy ngh, giy nh tng, giy i phng v c bit l giy trm hng: thm, bn v khng thm nc, khng b nt. Ngh khc bn g in ca lng Hng Lc & Liu Trng cng c m rng. Ngh ng thuyn cng xut hin sm v khng ngng pht trin. u XV, H Nguyn Trng cho ng thuyn ti lng c lu kh ln, va ch lng thc va ch c nhiu ngi. XVIII, thuyn chin ca cha Nguyn c t sng ln nh bi 1 hm i ca HL. Nhn chung, cc ngnh ngh th CN pht trin rng ri hn trc, p ng tt nhu cu ca ND trong nc, to ra nhng mt hng quan trng trao i vi thng nhn nc ngoi, mt s ngh mi ra i ng gp ng k vo bc tin ca k thut v vn ha. b. Khoa hc k thut T XIV nhng yu t KH KT bt u ny sinh. Hnh hc v s hc c sd trong o c rung t v tnh ton xy dng. Lng Th Vinh, V Hu nhng nh ton hc ni ting TK XV.

Thin vn hc ra i vi ng L v Trn Nguyn n. Y hc pht trin vi Nguyn i Nng. T thi Trn, Quc s vin c thnh lp c quan vit s ca NN, s hc ng vai tr quan trng trong nn GD vi cc s gia ni ting: L Vn Hu, V Qunh, H Tng Thc, Ng S Lin S pht trin khch quan ca KT cng vi s nh hng ca vn minh phng Ty to nn bc tin mi v KH KT, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu xu hin, cc nh bc hc L Qu n, nh s hc Phan Huy Ch li cho i sau nhiu tc phm c gi tr. Sng thn cng, sng tay, my nghin thuc sng, ng h ln v tu thy chy bng hi nc ra i. TK XVII, ch Quc ng theo mu t La tinh ra i to k quan trng trong vic giao lu VH nhng n cui XIX, ch Quc ng vn k c ph bin. 2. Gio dc, vn hc, ngh thut a. Gio dc giai on u, Nho gio c tn ti nhng cha mnh, s lng nho s c o to cn t => nh hng cn hn ch. 1070 nh L dng Vn Miu, c tng Chu Cng, Khng T, m Quc T Gim ni dy hc cho con vua v con em qu tc quan li.1075 triu nh m khoa thi u tin tuyn chn nhn ti => v tr Nho gio c nng cao dn trong XH. Thi Trn, NN chnh quy ha vic hc hnh, thi c, lp quc hc vin cho con em qu tc, quan li vo hc, cc nh Nho cn m cc lp hc lng xm. 1247 nh Trn t danh hiu Tam Khi (trng nguyn, bng nhn, thm hoa) dnh cho ngi u. Nhiu nh Nho xut hin v ngy cng c a v nh Mc nh Chi, L Qut, Trng Hn Siu, Phm S Mnh, Chu Vn An Thi L, GD cng c ch trng v m mang, ch o to Nho s c xd chnh quy, c h thng. Di thi L s GD c phn rng ri hn, con em bnh dn hc hnh u t cng c i hc, i thi, khng k giu ngho. Trng hc c m rng nhm b sung cho b my quan lieu ang pht trin, ti liu hc tp u l gio l Nho gio nh T th, Ng kinh, Bc s do phi Tng Nho ch gii. 1467 L Thnh Tng t ra chc Bc s ng kinh dy cho hs Quc T Gim. =>ch thi c thnh t v tr thnh phng thc o to quan li ch yu. 1427 L Li m khoa thi u tin ly 36 ngi . 1429 L Li m khoa thi Minh Kinh: kho xt cc quan vn v t t phm tr xung. 1434 nh L bt u quy nh cc th l thi c v bn nh m khoa thi tin s. T 1463 tr i, 3 nm 1 ln ti kinh s thi Hi, ti a phng thi Hng. Triu nh t ra l xng danh, vinh quy v khc tn ngi vo bia dng Vn Miu. ng trong, t 1646 cha Nguyn cng m khoa thi chn ngi lm quan, c 9 nm t chc thi 1 ln v s ngi mi khoa khng nhiu (5-7 ngi).

Thi Ty Sn, QT ban hnh Chiu lp hc, t 1789 QT m k thi Hng u tin Ngh An, t 1822 nh Nguyn m khoa thi Hi u tin. Nn GD tuy c nhiu thng trm nhng cng sn sinh ra cc nh vn, nh th li lc nh Nguyn Tri, L Thnh Tng, Ng Th Nhm, Nguyn Bnh Khim, Nguyn Du b. Vn hc Hu ht th ng thi (t XV v trc) u thm m su sc tnh cm yu nc v tot ln nim t ho dn tc chn chnh: Nam quc sn h (L Thng Kit), Chiu di (L Cng Un), Hch tng s (Trn Hng o), Bnh Ng i co (Nguyn Tri) Vn hc ch Nm tr nn thnh hnh vi: C trn lc o phu (Trn Nhn Tng), Ngc tnh lin ph (Mc nh Chi), Chu Vn An, H Qu Ly c bit l Quc m thi tp ca Nguyn Tri, Th Quc m ca L Thnh Tng. Sang XVI XVIII Nho gio suy i => ngun cm hng dn tc phai lt i trong t tng ca giai cp thng tr.Vn hc ch hn khng cn cha ng tnh cm yu nc, yu qu hng dn tc => tm thy nhng ti mi m hn. Vn hc ch Nm ngy cng pht trin vi Nguyn Bnh Khim, o Duy T Vn xui c sng tc nhiu tiu biu l Truyn k mn lc (ND), vn hc dn gian nh truyn, ca dao, tc ng, ht v, truyn c tch, truyn hi u n r, ht tung, cho, o pht trin mnh m. Cng vi vn hc ch Nm, th th song tht lc bt v lc bt cng pht trin. Xut hin cc ti nng VH vit nh on Th im vi Chinh ph ngm, Nguyn Gia Thiu vi Cung on ngm khc, th H Xun Hng, B Huyn Thanh Quan. Truyn Nm di nh: Phan Trn, Quan m Th Knh, Phm Cng Cc Hoa, Thch Sanhl nhng tc phm gi tr nht ngay c thi i sau ny. XIX c Truyn Kiu ca ND, Lc Vn Tin ca NC. c. Ngh thut Thnh tu ni bt l vic xy dng cc cung in, thnh ly ca nh vua: kinh Hoa L ca TH l 1 cng trnh p v thm m cng nh kin trc. Thnh Thng Long nh L l 1 cng trnh xd thnh ly ln nht trong cc triu i PK, bn cnh cn cc cng trnh kin trc Pht gio, cha thp: cha Du, cha Pht Tch, cha Dm, cha Thy, cha Qunh Lm, cha Yn T, cha Mt Ct An Nam t i kh: tiu biu cho ngh thut V thi ny. Th k XIV cn c thnh nh H - cng trnh ni ting v NT v kin trc. XVI XVII, Nho gio suy i th Pht gio v o gio phc hi => vic xd nh, n, cha pht trin mnh, mang m phong cch dn gian. Sang XVIII, ti nng sng to ca ngh s c pht huy mnh m, nhng ngi cha nh lng xd trong giai on ny nh nh Thch Li (Hng Yn), nh lng nh Bng (Bc Ninh) u rt ni ting. ng ch l qun th kin trc cung in nh vua kinh

Hu, trn mt bng gn vung kinh Hu c xd theo b cc 3 lp bao bc: Kinh thnh, Hong thnh, T cm thnh. NT iu khc trn pht trin mt cch c sc th hin tay ngh thun thc ca c dn V: chm hnh sng nc chn thp, b hoa sen nhiu cnh, l , hoa cc, cnh sen, hnh rng trong l , tng hnh tinh iu (Garuda), rng chy dc 2 bn bc thm in s cch iu tng bc con rng nh du s thay i quan nim tng lp thng tr ng thi. iu khc g pht trin rng khp vo XVII XVIII trn cc bc chm g nh lng. NT tc tng th k XVIII t n trnh iu luyn: tng Pht b Quan m nghn mt nghn tay cha Bt Thp (1656), 18 pho tng La Hn cha Ty Phng vo thi Ty Sn Th k XIX gn lin vi NT kin trc iu khc Hu vi tng ngi v th, tng rng m nhc: thi L Trn nhc c thng dng l trng ng, trng da, trng cm, n bu, so, tiu, n tranh, n t b, n 7 dy chu nh hng nhiu ca Champa hoc mang phong cch c truyn dn gian. Trong triu c phng nhc ring, n XV nhc cung nh tch khi nhc dn gian. Cho pht trin c cung nh v dn gian, i cng theo l h, vo XIII XIV, tung cng pht trin, vo cc dp l hi cn c ma ri nc rt c sc. T XVI XIX, m nhc v NT sk pht trin vi hng lot nhc c nh t b, n tranh, n thp lc, phch cc ln iu dn ca quan hc, ht v, ht o, ht xm, l nga .. 3. o c, tn gio v tn ngng a. o c Do hon cnh LS v bi cnh XH t X XIX nh hng su sc n o c XH. T X XV, t tng yu nc thng dn c xem l tiu chun o c cao nht trong nh gi con ngi v hot ng XH. Nh L, Trn u trng trc cung in cho dn ai c iu oan c th n thnh. Vua ti ng lng, vic nhn ngha ct yn dn: chun mc to nn s on kt ton dn trong khng chin chng qun xm lc. Tn trng ngi gi l 1 o c ph bin ni thn xm v c NN cao, ngay thng, lim khit cng l c tnh c XH ca ngi. S c cng ca ngi nhng ngi ph n ti gii nh Thi hu Dng Vn Nga (thi inh), Linh t Quc mu, cng cha Thin Ninh (thi Trn), cng cha Ngc Hn Trong g, ph n gi vai tr ngang vi chng v an hem trai, tuy nhin ch tinh v lng chung thy vn lun c tn trng. b. Tn gio, tn ngng Th cng t tin l mt phong tc lu i ca ngi Vit, bt k l giu ngho, sang hn con chu u phi nh n ngy cng gi ng b, cha m.

Cng vi vic xd cc ngi nh, tn ngng th Thnh hong cng xut hin (nhng ngi c cng vi lng vi nc). nhng lng, phng th cng cc v t s ca ngh cng c th phng. Tc cng rung cho lng hay cha lm ta sn cng gi cha m hay bn thn mnh sau khi cht ngy cng pht trin. Cc lng c khuyn khch xy dng hng c, lp nn quy c thng nht cho c lng, b lut ring ca lng. L hi vn l nhng SH ho hng nht v mang nhiu bn sc dn tc: L tt Nguyn n, L sinh nht vua, rm thng 7, tt Trung thu, gi t Hng Vng, hi Ging Pht gio: du nhp rt sm vo nc ta v nhanh chng c tip nhn rng ri v chim v tr quan trng vo thi L, Trn. u X, Pht gio c nhng bc pht trin ln, nhiu cha chin xut hin. Sang thi L cc vua quan u sung Pht, trong ND s ngi theo Pht gio ngy cng ng. lng, cha tr thnh ni SH, ni dy ch, t chc hi h Pht gio giai on ny cn tc ng n t tng, tm l phong tc v np sng ca ND, nh hng ti kin trc, iu khc, vn th v NT. Cui XIV u XV, Pht gio b y ra khi h t tng ca tng lp cm quyn, Nho gio ln v tr c tn. n XVII XVIII, Pht gio li c phc hi. Nho gio: du nhp vo VN theo con ng thng tr v n dch ca PK phng Bc, v vy n thi u c lp Nho gio ch dng li 1 b phn giai cp thng tr. T cui XIII n u XIV Nho gio pht trin mnh cng vi GD, thi c.Sang XV, GD vi ND ch yu l Nho gio tr thnh ngun o to nhn ti, Nho gio ln v tr c tn. Sang XVII XVIII, Nho gio suy i. Thin cha gio: t XVI o Thin cha (Kito gio) bt u du nhp vo nc ta v nhanh chng thu ht c mt s ngi thuc nhiu tng lp khc nhau. Thin chua gio mang theo t tng mi c ngi ND n nhn tuy nhin khi a Cha ln a v cao nht, thm ch duy nht c tn trng, Thin cha gio t mnh i lp vi cc tn ngng c truyn VN nh th t tin, cc anh hng dn tc th k XVII, chnh quyn Trnh Nguyn nhiu ln ra lnh cm o, trc xut gio s. Cuc CT xm lc ca thc dn Php gia XIX chm dt thi k pht trin c lp ca vn minh V, m ra nhng trang s mi.

Cu 4: c im c bn ca cc cuc k/chin chng Tng Nguyn Minh - Thanh? m mu thn tnh i Vit lu di ca chnh quyn phng Bc: Ngay t khi nc V mi ra i th chnh quyn phng Bc c m mu thn tnh V: 205 TCN, sau khi nh Tn b nh Hn tiu dit, Triu trn danh ngha thn phc nh Hn bt u tin hnh cc bin php nhm xm lc u Lc. Tri qua hn 1000 nm b chnh quyn phng Bc h n tn nm 905 h Khc ginh li c quyn t ch. Tuy nhin CQ phng Bc vn khng h t b m mu thn tnh i Vit: xut pht t mt ch ngha bnh trng ca mt nc ln vi 1 quc gia nh b phng Nam khng chu thn phc, mt khc xm lc V cng l 1 bin php gii quyt nhng kh khn ca bn thn CQ phng Bc. Dn tc ta phi chin u chng ngoi xm gn nh thng xuyn v chin + Hn 1000 nm Bc thuc, ND ta nhiu ln ng ln u tranh vi cc cuc khi ngha tiu biu nh: khi ngha HBT nm 40-43 (M Linh, Vnh Phc), B Triu (248), L B (542-548), Triu Quang Phc (548-571), Mai Thc Loan (722), Phng Hng (766-791) tuy nhin n nm 905 Khc Tha D di s ng h ca ND ng ln lt chnh quyn nh ng, kt thc hn 10 TK b h. + Cha y 20 nm sau, Ng Quyn lnh o ND chng li s xm lc ca qun Nam Hn bng chin thng trn s.Bch ng (938). + 980, L Hon nh bi qun Tng xm lc cng trn s.Bch ng. c bit l thng li ca cc cuc khng chin chng Tng Nguyn Minh Thanh: + Khng chin chng Tng (1075 1077): di s lnh o ca L Thng Kit, qun v dn ta nh bi hn 10 vn qun Tng vi nhng trn chin trn sng Nh Nguyt, sau LTK ch ng ging ha, m li thot cho qun Tng. + 3 ln khng chin chng qun Mng Nguyn: Ln 1 chng qun Mng C (1258): vua Trn cng vi Trn Quc Tun & Trn Th o lnh ND ginh thng li vi trn phn cng quyt lit ng B u (bn s.Hng, HN). Ln 2 chng qun Nguyn (1285): nh Trn 1 mt iu qun cn ch, 1 mt thc hin k vn khng nh trng khin cho qun ch gp k t kh khn. Di s lnh o ca TQT, TQK ch b ta tiu dit cn c Chng Dng, Vn Kip..tng gic l Thot Hoan phi chui ng ng tho chy, cc tng khc u t trn. Ln 3 chng qun Nguyn (1287 1288): cui 1287, 50 vn qun di s lnh o ca Thot Hoan tip tc mc tiu xm lc V. Trn b, Trn Khnh thng oanh lit.

D lm cho Thot Hoan phi khn n, ng thi qun Tng cng i bi trn s.Bch ng, cc tng M Nhi, Phn Tip b bt sng. Nh Trn ch ng c s gi sang m phn, trao tr t binh. + Khng chin chng qun Minh: sau khi dit nh H, qun Minh t ch h ln nc ta. 1418 1423 L Li v Nguyn Tri dng c khi ngha Lam Sn, sau tip tc tin qun vo Ngh An, m rng vng gii phng Tn Bnh Thun Ha (1424 1425), 1426 1427 ngha qun Lam Sn tng tin cng ra Bc, gii phng t nc vi trn chin cui cng i Chi Lng Xng Giang. + Khng chin chng qun Mn Thanh: 11/1778 29 vn qun Thanh di s ch huy ca Tn S Ngh tin vo nc ta. Qun dn ta di s lnh o ca Nguyn Hu ginh chin thng gin gi vi trn ng a Ngc Hi.Ch trong vng 5 ngy m, 29 vn qun Thanh i bi. Cc cuc chin chng ngoi xm ca dn ta ginh c thng li l do truyn Tri qua hn 1000 nm Bc thuc, ND ta cng thc c tm quan trng ca vic bo v nn c lp dn tc.Vi 1 tinh thn yu nc nng nn, cng vi s on kt ton dn nn khi c xm lc ND ta ng lng ng ln khng chin. S lnh o ti tnh, sng sut ca cc v tng a dn tc ta vt qua c Cc v tng ti ca t nc nh: Trn Quc Tun, Trn Quang Khi, L Li, L Thng Kit, Nguyn Hu p dng mt cch c hiu qu cc chin lc u tranh khi m chng ta ang tnh th 1 nc nh chng li 1 nc ln, ch ng tn cng phng ng hoc rt lui d ch sau tin cng, dng mu tr ly yu thng mnh cng nh ch ng kt thc trin tranh trong ha hiu (thi L-Trn). Bn cnh cc, nhn thc c r sc mnh ca vic on kt ton dn ch c on kt ton dn mi pht huy c ht sc mnh ca dn tc. s xm lng ca chnh quyn phng Bc. thng yu nc, tinh thn dn tc, ch t lp t cng.

Cu 5: Nhng ci cch thi k PK ca H Qu Ly &QT? CI CCH CA HQL V chnh tr, qun s: T 1375: xa b ch ly ngi trong tn tht lm ch huy QS cao cp, nh li s qun, a lc lng tr vo Q. 1397: i cc tn trn nh Thanh Ha => Thnh , Quc Oai => Qung Oai sx h thng quan li a phng, thng nht vic qun l t TW n a phng. Khu vc quanh thnh Thng Long c gi l ng l do ph h cai qun. Loi b tng lp qu tc Trn khi b my CQTW, thay th bng tng lp nho s tr thc c t tng ci cch, ra sc tuyn chn, bt v t chc thi c. V QS: nh li binh ch, chnh n Q, t chc li qun tc v, tang cng k lut Q. Tng s bt ti sc yu b sa thi thay bng ngi khe mnh, am tng v ngh. Q c bin ch thnh cc qun, , v ng u c i tng, tng v ph tng qun. Tin hnh lm s h tch kim k dn s, ghi tn tt c con trai t 2 tui tr ln => nh xd i qun hng mnh. Ngoi cung tn, gio, mc, kch Q nh H cn c 1 b phn pho binh. Ch trng ci tin v kh v trang b: m xng c rn v kh, tuyn th gii v m cc qun xng => ch to c nhng v kh mi, li hi: sng thn c do H Nguyn Trng sng ch (i bc u tin nc ta). M xng ng thuyn inh st i ph vi nh Minh: lc lng thy binh nh H nh rt c hiu qu. Xd h thng phng th quc gia vi nhiu cng trnh k thut QS kh ln nh: Thnh , thnh a Bang V kinh t, ti chnh, x hi. 1396: pht hnh tin gi gi l thng bn hi sao, tt c mi ngi phi mang tin ng np vo kho i ly tin giy, ai lm tin gi phi ti cht => tng ngn qu cho NN, thu ng c li v kh. 1397: ban hnh chnh sch hn in tr i vng v cng cha, tt c mi ngi u k c s hu qu 10 mu, c nhiu rung c php em chuc ti nu k cng phi np NN, rung khng c ngi nhn s c xung cng. 1401: ban hnh chnh sch hn n qu tc quan li theo phm tc m c nui SL gia n theo quy nh ca NN, s d phi sung cng. 1402: ban hnh chnh sch thu kha mi, nh li biu thu inh v thu rung. 1403: thu phc t t Ha Chu n C Ly a nhng ngi c ca m khng rung, bin lm qun ng, li trn gi lu di. 1405: khi nn i xy ra, ra lnh cho quan a phng khm xt nhng nh giu tha thc bt bn cho dn ngho theo thi gi, t Qung t th cha bnh cho ngi dn.

V mt hnh chnh, Qu Ly i cc l xa lm trn, t thm cc chc An Ph ph s, Trn th ph s cng cc chc ph khc cc chu huyn. cc l th t nhng chc quan ln nh h, thng, Thi th qun c vic qun s v dn s. Qu Ly cn t chc Lim phng s ti mi l d xt tnh hnh qun dn. V vn ho, gio dc HQL phn i li hc so rng, nhm mt hc vt li ni ca c nhn xt vic trc mt. Nm Nhm Thn (1392), Qu Ly son sch "Minh o" gm 14 thin a ra nhng kin gii xc ng v Khng t v nhng nghi vn c cn c v sch "Lun ng", mt trong nhng tc phm kinh in ca nho gio. 1936: HQL bt tt c nh s cha n 50t phi hon tc, t chc thi gio l nh Pht. HQL cng c hoi bo xy dng mt nn vn ho dn tc. ng trng dng ch Nm, dch Kinh th ra Nm dy hu phi, cung n. 1936: sa i ch thi c, t k thi Hng a phng v thi Hi kinh thnh. 1937: m trng hc cc chu, l, ph, c cc quan gio th trng coi v cp rung in cho cc a phng t 12-15 mu chi cho vic hc tp. - CI CCH CA QT: V kinh t. Ban "chiu khuyn nng", lnh cho dn phiu tn tr v qu khi phc rung ng b hoang. Nhng x no cha chp k trn trnh u b trng pht. Sau mt thi hn m rung cng cn b hoang th phi npthu gp i, rung t th b sung cng... i vi cng thng nghip: khuyn khch y mnh sx th CN, m rng ngoi thng trn c s phc hi v pht trin nng nghip ch trng pht trin mi ngnh sx nhm xy dng mt nn kinh t phn vinh, c lp, t ch, ban hnh sc lnh "khoan th" sc dn. Nm 1789, QT bi b thu in cho ND t sng Gianh ra Bc, ng vin cc tng lp ND lao ng phn khi sx. thc y sx v lu thng hng ho thun li, QT cho c tin ng mi (QTthng bo v QT i bo). i vi nc ngoi, QT ch trng m rng trao i bun bn, u tranh nuc nh Thanh phi m cabin gii bun bn vi nc ta nh i Bnh Nhi, Thu Khu (CaoBng), Hoa Sn (Lng Sn), Du Thn... i vi thuyn bun ca cc nct bn phng Ty, QT t ra rng ri, mong mun h tng cngquan h ngoi thng vi VN, nh vy, tnh hnh thng nghip(ni thng v ngoi thng) nc ta thi QT c phc hng vpht trin. Ngoi thng: khc hn vi thi Vua L cha Trnh, chaNguyn trc , t tng"thng thng" tin b ca QT th hin nhn quan kinh trng m ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca t nc v thi i. V chnh tr, quc phng.

QT ra sc xy dng mt chnh quyn PK mi tin b vi thcqun l t nc trn mt phm vi rng ln di mt chnh quyn trungng tp trung mnh, QT rt ch trng "Cu hin ti". i vi nhng nho s,tr thc, k c quan li trong chnh quyn c c ti nng, tr tu, cnhit tnh xy dng t nc, QT u c gng thuyt phc v sdng h vo b my nh nc mi, t h nhng chc v cao tng xngvi ti nng ca h. Ng Thi Nhm, Phan Huy ch, Nguyn Thip, v.v.,l nhng hc gi tiu biu trong s nho s ny. QT ban hnhchnh sch "khuyn hc", m rng ch hc tp, thi c. Trng hcc m rng n cc lng x, cho php cc a phng s dng mt sn cha khng cn thit lm trng hc.B li hc tchng khun so, ci tin dn theo hng thit thc, bt cc nho sinh,sinh cc triu i trc phi thi li. Ch trng pht tringio dc, thi c o to nhn ti cho t nc trong cng cuc phchng ca chnh quyn mi c QT ni r: "Dng nc ly hclm u, ly nhn ti lm gc. T 1789, QT cho m khoathi Hng u tin Ngh An, chn ly nhng ngi t ti hng ucho vo dy trng quc hc, hng th cho vo dy trng ph hc, ch trng tng bc a khoa c thnh mt phng thc oto quan chc cho nh nc PK mi. QT ch trng xy dng mt i qun hng mnh, cng c qucphng. Q chia lm 5 doanh: trung, tin, hu, t, hu. Ngoi racn c thm mt s qun hiu khc nh t bt, hu bt, kiu thanh,thin cn. Q c bin ch theo o, c, i. NN quy nhc 3 sut inh tuyn mt lnh. Nm 1790, lm s h tch cn c vo tuyn binh. Q c cc binh chng: bbinh, thu binh, tng binh, pho binh. V kh c nhiu loi, c loic ci tin nh ha h (mt loi ng phun la), c sng trng, ibc, gio mc, cung, tn. Chin thuyn cng nhiu loi, loi ln chc c voi, trang b t 50 n 60 khu i bc, ch c t 500 n700 lnh. V vn ho gio dc. QT lp Sng Chnh Vin chuyn dch sch ch Hn ra ch Nm lmti liu hc tp v gip vua v mt vn ho =>a ch Nm ln thnh quc ng chnh thc thay cho ch Hn.Bncnh Nho gio, QT vn chp nhn Pht gio v Thin Cha gio.Ch Nm c a vo khoa c, trong cc k thi quan trng phi ra thi bng ch Nm, ngi thi n k tam trng phi lm th, ph bngvn Nm => ch Nm tr thnh vn t chnh thc ca quc gia di triuQT. 29 - 7 nm Nhm T (1792), QT - Nguyn Hu - ngi anh hngca dn tc, t ngt qua i gia lc nhng ci cch mi c bt uthc hin. Triu i Quang Ton tip sau bt lc, khng cn tip tcthc hin c nhng ci cch ca QT v b Nguyn nh lt vo u nm 1802.

Cu 6: Vic mt nc VN vo cui TK XIX v trch nhim ca triu Nguyn trong vic bo v nn c lp thng nht ca dn tc? V khch quan, chng ta cn phi t triu Nguyn trong bi cnh chung ca LS th gii thy c nguyn nhn khch quan dn ti vic nm 1858 Php n sng bn o Sn Tr pht ng chin tranh xm lc VN. cng l nguyn nhn khch quan p t t bn ngoi ngoi mun ch quan ca chnh quyn cc nc (trong c VN). - Na u XIX, hu ht cc nc t bn trn th gii pht trin mnh m, nhu cu tm kim th trng c ra yu cu bc thit, cuc chy ua ro rit gia cc nc t bn (trong c Php) sn tm cc thuc a din ra gy go v quyt lit. Chu , trong c khu vc NA, VN khng th khng nm trong qu o ny tr thnh i tng sn lng, nhm ng, l ci bnh ngt hp dn cho bn t bn phng Ty. - Vi nhng l do c bn l ni c ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph, t rng ngi ng. T bn Php t sm c nhiu hot ng giao lu vi VN mang tnh lin tc v ngm ngm vi mt i qun gio s, thng nhn gin ip rnh rp ch c hi, VN ng nhin phi i u vi nguy c xm lc. V cui cng khng trnh khi s tn cng ca thc dn Php vi nhng u th tuyt i ca n.Trong bi cnh ny, hu ht cc nc trong khu vc u b t bn phng Ty thn tnh (tr Xim). V ch quan, i vi VN, ngoi nguyn nhn khch quan trn, cn phi cp n mt nguyn nhn ch quan trong bi cnh chung ca khu vc m cc nc khc khng c. - Trc , do b Ty Sn nh bi, Nguyn nh i cu vin nc Php. Ngy 28/11/1787, ti Paris, i din ca Nguyn nh v chnh ph Php k Hip c 10 im, theo Php cam kt gip binh thuyn, Q v chin c theo yu cu ca cha Nguyn. Cn Nguyn nh cam kt s nhng ch quyn ca Hn ( Nng) v o Cn Ln cho Php. Nc Php c lp xng trn t lin sa cha tu thuyn Mc d Hip c khng c thc hin song chnh l ci c Php xm lc nc ta vo gia th k XIX, mt nguyn nhn tuy ch quan nhng hon ton nm ngoi mun ca Nguyn nh khi tranh th s tr gip qun s ca Php. Nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan nh cp trn l r rng. Nhng cha phi l yu t quyt nh vic nc ta b thc dn Php xm lc v thn tnh. - Vic mt nc vo tay Php l do trch nhim ch quan ca triu nh nh Nguyn. iu ny khng ring g v cc vua nh Nguyn m c s lin i n cc h thng quan chc quan liu, bo th x s v hnh ng theo t tng Tng Nho c h v hp hi. C kin cho rng vic nc ta ri vo tay thc dn Php l do trnh dn tr ca ta thp km so vi thc dn Php, vn minh nng nghip ng lc hu so vi vn minh CN phng Ty. Khng nh nh vy, khng phn nh ng trch nhim ch quan ca nh Nguyn trong vic bo v t nc, iu chng khc no l nh mnh, bt kh

khng.nh gi nh vy, chng khc no vic mt nc l tt yu, yu thua mnh, ngi vn minh chin thng ngi lc hu. lm r trch nhim ch quan ca nh Nguyn trong vic mt nc vo cui th k XIX, phi thy c vic mt nc l mt qu trnh t khng tt yu cui cng chuyn sang tt yu. iu ny c ngha l, ngay t khi bt u xm, lc VN (1858), kh nng nh bi Php di s lnh o ca triu nh khng phi l khng c, m do chnh sch sai lm ca triu nh lm cho cc kh nng khng v chin thng ca qun ta ngy cng hao mn, khin ch ngy cng ln lt, tng bc thn tnh nc ta. Dn chng cho iu ny l trong thi k u khi Php xm lc nc ta cng vp ng trc s khng c quyt lit ca qun dn ta di ngn c ca triu nh, c lc chng tnh chuyn rt qun v nc trong lc gp nguy nan. Th nhng cng v sau, qu trnh chin u b gim st, suy yu dn bc l s bt lc v yu hn ca triu nh.Nh Nguyn 1 mt khng t chc ton dn chng gic, m cn qu nhu nhc, thng tay n p phong tro qun chng, bc lt ND ngoi ra li da vo nh Thanh chng Php. Song nh Nguyn tha hip vi thc dn Php trn s phn ca i Nam, i t nhng b ny n nhng b khc (Ha c nm Nhm Tut 1862, Ha c Gip Tut nm 1874 v cui cng l Ha c Patnt nm 1884). Vi Ha c 1884, i Nam hon ton mt c lp, b xa tn trn bn th gii, tr thnh thuc a ca Php, b Php h.Nhn nh tnh hnh nc ta khi Php pht ng chin tranh xm lc, c th khng nh ch PK VN ang ngy cng suy yu, lc lng vt cht v tinh thn ca ND ang b triu Nguyn hy hoi, ch c th cu vn nguy c mt nc nu nh cm quyn sm bit m ng cho x hi tin ln theo hng mi, tng cng nng lc vt cht v tinh thn trong ND c kh nng bo v t nc. Mun vy, ch c th thc hin c bng cch iu chnh cc mi xung t gia a ch vi nng dn, gia giai cp PK ngoan c vi thnh phn t sn chm n, chn chnh Q, thu phc v c kt nhn tm, mt yu cu m nh Nguyn vi tt c nhng tn ti v hn ch ca n hon ton khng c kh nng p ng. Trch nhim ca triu Nguyn trong vic mt nc ta vo tay thc dn Php vo cui th k XIX l hin nhin, khng th chi ci. Thc t vic nc ta ri vo tay thc dn Php vo cui th k XIX, C Th Tng Phm Vn ng nhn nh: Hi tng cuc chin u anh dng v song ca dn tc ta Nam B lc by gigi nh triu nh lc by gi khng trong tay bn vua cha nh Nguyn phn bi v u hng, m trong tay nhng ngi k tc s nghip ca cuc khi ngha Ty Snth phong tro khng Php lc by gi Nam B chc cn mnh m hn nhiu, nht l c lnh o thng nht v kin tr u tranh cho n thng li, ng thi phong tro y chc c s ng h kin quyt ca c nc, nh vy t ng Nai anh dng t tr nn bc thnh ng ngn chn bn cp nc phng Ty xm phm t nc

ta Nam B, v do bo v vn ton c lp v thng nht ca T quc Cng ni v sai lm ca triu Nguyn, c kin cho rng sai lm ca T c v mt s nh thn l khng th tha th, LS c th thng cm vi An Dng Vng v n thn v trao tay gic khin t nc ri vo ch thng tr ca PK phng Bc hn 1000 nm, H Qu Ly cp ngi nh Trn lm cho chnh s phin h dn n i ha nc ta ri vo ch thng tr ca nh Minh sut 20 nm.An Dng Vng v cha con H Qu Ly chin u ti pht cui cng v nn c lp dn tc. Kt cc ngi th nhanh chng nhn ra sai lm ca chnh mnh khng th sng nhn t nc b k th dy xo, ngi th tr thnh chin t lu y ni vin x. Ring i vi nh Nguyn th khng phi trong trng hp ny, n tng bc u hng ri lm tay sai cho k th thng tr ND ta. Giai on triu Nguyn vi nhiu vn an xen gia nhng tin b v hn ch, chm ch nhng mng en trng khng r rng, l giai on phc tp trong LS dn tc. Chng ta cn c quan im khch quan, cng minh LS trong vic nh gi mt tch cc, cng nh mt tiu cc v triu Nguyn. Trong nh gi phi c quan im LS v quan im giai cp.Tuy nhin, c th khng nh rng, VN t nhng nm u th k XIX b t vo tnh rng khng hong vai tr lnh o, triu Nguyn bng nhng chnh sch phn ng t th tiu vai tr lnh o ca mnh, i lp su sc vi ND c nc, ngy cng ln su vo con ng nhng b, cu ha v cui cng cu kt vi k th dn tc trong vic n p, bc lt ND c nc. l trch nhim, cng l ti ln ca nh Nguyn trc dn tc, trc LS.

Cu 7: Cuc khng hong v ng li pht trin ca dn tc, gii quyt thng li khng hong u XX. Bi cnh XH cui XIX u XX: Vi vic k Hip c Patenotre ngy 6-6-1884, ch PK VN vi ngha l 1 vng triu c lp chnh thc sp , i vi thc dn Php, n chm dt cuc xm lc gn 30 nm. Trong triu phe ch chin ca vua Hm Nghi gp nhiu kh khn nhng vn khng nn ch.Vua HN phi ri kinh thnh v c s Tn S (QT) m Tn Tht Thuyt chun b sn. Phong tro Cn Vng cui TK XIX do vua HN pht ng tri qua 2 giai on: 1885 1888, 1885 1896 l phong tro dn tc, phong tro yu nc chng ch ngha thc dn xm lc kt hp vi chng triu nh PK u hng din ra si ni, rng khp. Phong tro tuy tht bi nhng t thm thm truyn thng anh hng, bt khut ca dn tc => ging cao ngn c u tranh chng Php. n cui th k XIX trong khi cc nc t bn phng Ty chuyn sang giai on quc ch ngha th cc nc phng ng chm tin t tng dn ch t sn mi bt u pht trin v tc ng mnh n cc nc thuc a v na thuc a. iu ny c th hin r rt cuc duy tn Nht Bn (1868), TQ (1898) vi nh cao l cuc CM Tn Hi (1911). Tro lu t tng dn ch t sn qua cc tn th, tn vn TQ di vo VN. Cc hc thuyt v nhn o dn quyn ca cc nh pht ngn ca giai cp t sn php lc ch ngha t bn Php ang ln thng qua sch bo Php cng c truyn b vo VN.Gng t cng ca Nht Bn, c bit l chin thng ca Nht i vi Nga trong cuc chin tranh Nga- Nht (1904- 1905) nh hng n phong tro CM v tnh hnh t tng VN u th k XX. Khng hong ng li cu nc u XX: Trong khi cc tro lu t tng dn ch t sn trn vo VN th nc ta thc dn Php ang tin hnh t khai thc thuc a ln th nht, to ra c s vt cht cho s tip thu t tng mi ng thi lm cho mu thun gia dn tc VN vi quc Php vn su sc li cng su sc thm. Trc s tht bi ca phong tro Cn vng, CM nc ta ri vo tnh trng khng hong v ng li cu nc, cc s phu yu nc mong mun tm kim mt con ng cu nc mi v h nhanh chng tip thu t tng dn ch t sn c truyn b vo VN. => Tt c cc yu t trn y lm ny sinh tro lu dn tc ch ngha, mang ni dung t tng mi. Quan nim i quc trung qun theo thc h PK c thay th bng ch ngha quc gia dn tc, gn lin khi nim nc vi dn. Cuc u tranh chng quc gn lin vi cuc u tranh i dn ch, dn quyn, pht trin t nc theo con ng t bn ch ngha, xy dng mt nc VN mi theo hnh nh cc nc vn minh trn th gii. Trong khi thng nht vi nhau v mc tiu, nhng ngi ch xng li c s phn ho v bin php cu nc vi hai xu hng chnh: ci cch n ho vi i din tiu biu l Phan

Chu Trinh v PBC vi xu hng CM bo ng. Hai xu hng ny song song tn ti v khng i lp vi nhau mt cch tuyt i, chng an xen, ho ln vo nhau, to iu kin cho nhau pht trin.Trong hon cnh lch s VN u th k XX, th xu hng bo ng l duy nht ng v xu hng ci cch cng c nhng tc dng nht nh. + Phan Bi Chu ch trng mun chng php thng li khng th i theo con ng c, phi xy dng phong tro ton quc, phi tm kim cch thc hot ng mi. ng ch trng vn ng ng o qun chng trong c nc, tranh th s vin tr ca nc ngoi, t chc bo ng nh thc dn Php, ginh c lp dn tc, xy dng nn mt ch ch chnh tr da vo dn (lc u ng ch trng nn qun ch lp hin, sau chuyn sang t tng cng ho) vi vic thnh lp Duy Tn hi, pht ng phong tro ng du, t chc VN Quang phc hi. Trong ch trng ca mnh, PBC cng cha t ra mc tiu lt ch PK nhng ng kch bn quan li PK thi nt. ng h ho ci cch dn ch, gp phn truyn b, m trng dy hc, pht trin cng thng... Mt hn ch ca PBC l m h v chnh tr, mun da vo quc ny, nh quc kia gii phng dn tc. Mt khc PBC cng cha thy c ng lc ch yu ca CM VN l cng, nng.C th ni trc khi xut hin NAQ trn v i chnh tr VN, th PBC l lnh t tiu biu nht ca CM VN.Mc d ch trng c hn ch nhng ng c t tng dn ch sm nht VN ng thi c cng khi dy dn quyn ca VN. + Phan Chu Trinh gng cao ngn c dn ch, ci cch x hi, ch trng cu nc bng phng php nng cao dn tr, dn quyn da vo php nh vua quan PK h bi, coi nh l mt iu kin tin quyt ginh c lp. ng ln n kch lit ch vua quan, phn i u tranh v tranh v cu vin nc ngoi. Chu nh hng t tng dn ch ca Phan Chu Trinh nhiu phong tro ci cch x hi lc ni ln Bc k, Trung k nh vic thnh lp ng kinh ngha thc, phong tro Duy tn vi h qu trc tip ca n l phong tro chng su thu nm 1908 Trung k. T tng ca PCT th hin mt tinh thn dn tc yu nc su sc nhng ch trng ci cch, da vo thc dn Php cu nc ca ng c phn khng hp thi th. =>Nh vy, n u th k XX, ch ngha yu nc chuyn thnh ch ngha dn tc gn lin vi t tng dn ch. PBC v PCT u l th lnh xut sc cng ng trong phong tro dn tc dn ch ny. iu khc nhau l trong khi PBC nhn mnh vn gii phng dn tc, cho l iu kin tin hnh cc cuc ci cch dn ch, th phan Chu Trinh li nhn mnh vn ci cch dn ch, cho l iu kin gii phng dn tc. Tuy c s khc nhau nh vy gia PBC v Phan Chu Trinh nhng ND VN vi lng yu nc thit tha khng phn bit bo ng hay ci cch u hng ng ch trng ca hai ng, to nn mt phong tro dn tc dn ch mnh m u th k XX, nh du mt bc chuyn bin mi

ca phong tro gii phng dn tc nc ta. Nhng cui cng tht bi, phong tro gii phng dn tc ri vo cuc khng hong v ng li cu nc. Gii quyt khng hong: Giai cp cng nhn VN ra i trong ln khai thc thuc a ln th nht ca Php, sau Chin tranh th gii th nht, ngy cng tng v s lng. Di nh hng ca tro lu CM v sn, phong tro cng nhn ngy cng pht trin thep phng hng t t pht n t gic. 1919-1925: n ra 25 cuc u tranh, phong tro cng nhn c bc pht trin mi so vi trc Chin tranh th gii th nht: hnh thc bi cng tr nn ph bin hn, qui m ln hn v thi gian di hn. Tuy nhin khu hiu u tranh ch yu vn l kinh t.Giai cp cng nhn VN cha thc c s mnh lch s ca mnh, cn thiu mt t chc lnh o thng nht v mt ng li chnh tr ng n. Phong tro vn cn dng trnh t pht v cn ph thuc vo phong tro yu nc ni chung. 1926 1929: Giai cp cng nhn VN ngy cng gic ng v chnh tr, thc giai cp ngy cng r rt, ang i dn vo cuc u tranh c t chc. Phong tro cng nhn ang chuyn bin mnh m t t pht n t gic, c sc quy t v dn u phong tro yu nc ni chung. Hot ng ca NAQ: 1911, NAQ ra i tm ng cu nc. 7-1920 NAQ c S tho lun cng v vn dn tc v thuc a ca Lenin, l mc nh du con ng CM VN i theo CM thng Mi, theo CNXH. 11/1924, Nguyn i Quc t Lin X v Qung Chu (TQ), lin lc vi nhng ngi Nguyn i Quc la chn mt s thanh nin trong Tm tm x t chc thnh nhm Cng sn on (2/1925) lm nng ct thnh lp Hi VN CM thanh nin (6-1925) nhm chun b iu kin tin ti thnh lp ng Cng sn; xut bn bo Thanh nin tuyn truyn t tng CM cho qun chng.VN yu nc, n 1929 ch ngha Mac-Lenin c truyn b vo VN. Hot ng ca Hi: + Tuyn truyn l lun CM gii phng dn tc theo khuynh hng v sn trong ND VN, thng qua bo Thanh nin v tc phm ng kch mnh nm1927 - tp hp cc bi ging ca NAQ, l c s, tin cho ng li ca ng sau ny, gp phn quan trng vo vic chun b iu kin v t tng chnh tr cho s thnh lp ng Cng sn. + u tranh trong ni b thnh lp CS: Trc s pht trin ca phong tro cng nhn v phong tro yu nc, i hi phi c s lnh o ca mt CS. Trong ni b Hi VN CMTN din ra cuc u tranh, dn n s phn ha tch cc, hnh thnh nn hai t chc cng sn: ng Dng cng sn ng (6-1929) v An Nam cng sn ng (8-1929),

ra Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng, Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt, iu l tm tt. Vai tr: + Vic truyn b l lun CM gii phng dn tc v VN tng bc gii quyt tnh trng khng hong v ng li cu nc u th k XX; + Lm cho giai cp cng nhn ngy cng gic ng, phong tro cng nhn ngy cng pht trin theo hng vn ln mt phong tro t gic; lm cho khuynh hng v sn ngy cng chim u th trong phong tro dn tc VN. + Gp phn chun b v t tng chnh tr v t chc, to iu kin chn mui cho s ra i ng Cng sn VN. ngha vic thnh lp CS VN: + Bc ngot v i trong lch s VN. T y, CM gii phng dn tc ca ND VN c t di s lnh o duy nht ca ng Cng sn VN, mt ng c ng li CM khoa hc v sng to, c t chc cht ch, c i ng cn b ng vin kin trung nguyn sut i hy sinh cho l tng ng, v c lp dn tc v t do cho ND. + Cng vi cng lnh chnh tr ng n chm dt tnh trng khng hong v lnh o CM ko di my chc nm u th k XX. T y CM VN bc ln mt con ng mi, con ng u tranh ginh c lp dn tc v hng ti CNXH. + CM VN thc s tr thnh mt b phn khng kht ca CM th gii. T y ND VN tham gia vo s nghip CM th gii mt cch c t chc. + ng ra i l s chun b tt yu u tin c ngha quyt nh cho nhng bc pht trin tip theo ca lch s dn tc VN. l nhn t hng u m bo mi thng li ca CM VN.

Cu 8: c im ca CMT8? Mt trong nhng thng li c ngha lch s v thi i ca dn tc ta trong XX l thng li ca CM Thng Tm nm 1945 v vic thnh lp Nh nc VN dn ch cng ha. CMT8 xa b ch thuc a na phong kin nc ta, m ra k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc: k nguyn c lp dn tc gn lin vi CNXH. CMT8 l s vng dy ca c mt dn tc di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn vi tinh thn "em sc ta m t gii phng cho ta". l kt qu ca phong tro CM lin tc din ra sut 15 nm k t ngy thnh lp ng, vi cao tro nhng nm 1930 1931 v X vit Ngh - Tnh, cuc vn ng dn ch 1936 1939 n phong tro gii phng dn tc 1939-1945. Nguyn nhn thng li v ngha ca cuc CMT8: Ch tch HCM nhn mnh: "V chnh sch ca ng ng v thi hnh chnh sch y kp thi v linh ng, cuc Tng khi ngha T8 thnh cng", "Do s lnh o sng sut v kin quyt ca ng, do sc on kt v hng hi ca ton dn trong v ngoi Mt trn Vit Minh, cuc CMT8 thng li", TBT Trng Chinh "Nu khng c ng Cng sn ng Dng v Mt trn Vit Minh, th CM s chuyn sang mt tnh th khc". Khng nh sc mnh to ln ca ND, khng c ND lm lc lng khi ngha ch yu, CM khng th thnh cng. C s chun b chu o, c bit l chun b v ng li, ngh thut, t chc, tt c u chnh xc. CM n ra ng lc, chp thi c mau l, nm bt tnh hnh quc t nhanh nhy c s i ph kp thi. Tnh cht, ngha ca CMT8 l mt cuc CM gii phng dn tc. Quy lut ca CM Thng Tm l t nng thn v thnh th, ly nng thn lm cn c a, thnh th ng vai tr quan trng.Vi thng li ca CMT8 "chng nhng giai cp lao ng v ND VN ta c th t ho, m giai cp lao ng v nhng dn tc b p bc ni khc cng c th t ho rng: "Ln ny l ln u tin trong lch s CM ca cc dn tc thuc a v na thuc a, mt ng mi 15 tui lnh o CM thnh cng, nm chnh quyn ton quc". Ch tch HCM ch r : CMT8 lt nn qun ch my mi th k, nh tan xing xch thc dn gn 100 nm, a chnh quyn li cho ND, xy nn tng nc VN dn ch cng ha, c lp, t do, hnh phc. " l mt cuc thay i cc k to ln trong lch s ca nc ta".Thnh qu ln nht ca CM Thng Tm nm 1945 l xy dng Nh nc CM kiu mi VN. c trng ni bt ca Nh nc CM kiu mi l Nh nc dn ch, Nh nc ca ND, do ND v v ND. Ngay sau khi ginh c chnh quyn, ng ta v Ch tch HCM cng ton dn xy dng v cng c chnh quyn ND. Ngay sau mt thng k t ngy CM Thng Tm thnh cng, trong bi Chnh ph l cng bc ca dn Ch tch HCM nu r : "Cc cng vic ca Chnh ph lm phi nhm vo mt mc ch duy nht l mu t do hnh phc cho mi ngi. Cho nn Chnh ph ND bao gi cng phi t quyn li dn ln trn ht thy.Vic g c li cho dn th lm. Vic g c hi cho dn th phi trnh.

Cu 9: Nhng giai on pht trin ca 30 nm khng chin cu nc? Kc chng Php 1945 1947: xy dng v bo v nh nc dn ch ND. (Xy dng h thng chnh quyn hp hin, xy dng lc lng v trang CM, bc u xy dng nn kinh t v vn ha mi, bo v thnh qu CM bo v CM: i ph vi Tng v Php, k hip nh S b (63-1946) v Tm c (14-9-1946) => chuyn sang giai on cm c, chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di.) 1947 1950: phng th, mc l chin dch Bin gii, chuyn sang th tn cng + Xy dng nn qun ch trong nhng nm u khng chin chng Php: xy dng v cng c ng, b my CQ; m rng quan h i ngoi thn thin vi nhiu quc gia; xy dng v pht trin lc lng v trang; xy dng nn KT c lp, khng chin; xy dng nn VH mi, con ngi mi. + Chin u thng li trn mt trn qun s: chin u bo v vng t do v chin thng Vit Bc nm 1947 => a cuc khng chin chng Php ca ND ta sang giai on mi. + Pht trin chin tranh ND tin ln ginh ch ng chin lc (1948 1950): chin dch Bin gii nh du bc trng thnh ca Q NDVN, l chin dch c quy m ln u tin ca lc lng v trang CM => nm quyn ch ng chin lc tin cng ch; trong th trn mi ca chin tranh ND VN, ch ri vo con ng k li thot. 1950 - 1954: ch ng tn cng ch. + Nh nc VN DCCH pht trin trn mi mt (KT, VH, GD, Y t, quan h quc t vi TQ v LX) + Tin trin trn mt trn QS: lc lng b i ch lc, lc lng ch lc ca cc lin khu pht trin; nhiu chin dch trung du v ng bng n ra: Chin dch TH: 25/12/1950 5/4/1951, Chin dch HHT: 29/3 5/4/1951; Chin dch QT: 28/5 20/6/1951; Chin dch Ha Bnh: 11/1951 25/2/1952 => y ch vo su trong th phng ng, y mnh CT du kch, m rng vng gii phng; Chin dch Ty Bc: 10-12/1952 => y mnh CT du kch vng ch hu) Chin cuc ng Xun (1953 1954) v chin dch lch s BP: l chin dch ln nht trong lch s khng chin chng thc dn Php ca qun dn c nc, chin thng BP l kt qu trc tip, cao nh ca chin cuc X, l nh cao ca 9 nm khng chin chng Php => to k cn bng cho cuc u tranh ngoi gia thng li. + Trn mt trn ngoi giao: sau thng li BP, Hip nh Genve c k kt ngy 21-7-1954 => ND VN i c chng ng trong s nghip gii phng t quc.

Kc chng M 1954- 1060: xy dng min Bc v u tranh chng M - Dim min Nam. + 1954 1960: tip qun v xy dng CNXH min Bc pht trin KT, VH, GD, Y t, y mnh xy dng h thng chnh tr v lc lng v trang. + u tranh thc thi hip nh Genve min Nam: phong tro ng khi nm 1960 ca qun v dn ta thng li, m ra bc ngot pht trin mi trong s nghip chng M cu nc, chuyn CM min Nam t th gi gn lc lng sang th tin cng k th, thc hin mc tiu ca CM l p tan ch M - ngy, gii phng min Nam thng nht T quc => thnh lp Mt trn DT gii phng min Nam VN ngy 20-12-1960, lc lng v trang trng thnh nhanh chng, m ra thi k khng hong trin min ca ch SG. 1961 1965: xy dng CNXH min Bc, nh bi chin lc CT c bit ca M min Nam. + Xy dng ng li CNXH min Bc vi ch trng CN ha XHCN, thc hin k hoch 5 nm ln I: 1960-1964. + u tranh chng M min Nam: Trong nhng nm 1961-1962 cuc chin u ca ta v ch din ra c lit, qun s lc lng v trang qua chin u ngy cng ln mnh, vng gii phng c m rng, ni lin hu phng ln. 1962-1963: ging co, quyt lit => chin thng p Bc (1-1963) chng t s trng thnh v mi mt ca lc lng v trang min Nam. T u 1964, th v lc ca CM min Nam pht trin rt nhanh, y chin quc sch p chin lc ca ch n tht bi thm hi. u 1965, xut hin hng lot trn nh ca qun VN nhm vo qun M => chin lc CT c bit tht bi nng n, ch ngha thc dn kiu mi min Nam ng trc nguy c sp hon ton. 1965- 1968: tip tc xy dng v chin u bo v min Bc XHCN, nh biCT cc b min Nam. + Chuyn hng xy dng KT min Bc l hu phng ln ca tin tuyn ln; pht trin VH XH; nh bi CT ph hoi ca ch, chi vin cho min Nam. + nh bi CT cc b min Nam: 1965 1966: nh bi cuc phn kch chin lc ma kh th nht ca ch => chng t th trn vng chc ca CM min Nam, ch d mnh nhng vn khng th ginh li c th ch ng. 1966 1967: vn ln ch ng nh bi KH tin cng trong ma kh th 2 ca M =>nh bi mi sc mnh cng nh mu m ca ch, y mnh cng cuc khng chin chng M cu nc ln nh cao mi.

 Tng tin cng v ni dy xun Mu Thn 1968: nh cao nht ca qun v dn ta trong vic nh bi chin lc CT cc b, p tan ch xl min Nam v buc M phi chm dt nm bom min Bc => to ra cc din mi trn chin trng min Nam, a s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc ca ND ta sang thi k mi. 1968 1972: khi phc KT, xd v bo v min Bc, phi hp vi ND Lo v Campuchia chng M, vn ln ginh thng li quyt nh. + Khi phc KT, khc phc hu qu CT, tng cng sc mnh min Bc XHCN, lm trn ngha v hu phng ln v ngha v quc t. V u tranh ngoi giao: buc M phi ngi m phn Paris t T5-1968. + T12 1972: Vi chin thng BP trn khng, ta thc hin thng li mc tiu nh cho M ct, to ra bc ngot cn bn, to tin cho cuc CM dn tc, dn ch ND min Nam ginh thng li- nh cho ngy nho, hon thnh s nghip u tranh gii phng dn tc, thng nht t nc. + M thc hin VN ha CT, qun i VN kt hp vi lc lng yu nc Lo v Campuchia tin ln ginh thng li quyt nh, trc tip m ra th tin cng mi cho CM VN, dn ch vo th b ng, ri lon, ri vo th phng ng. + Tng tin cng nm 1972: thng li trn mt trn min Nam cng vi chin thng cuc CT ph hoi min Bc ln 2 buc ch phi k Hip nh Paris: cam kt chm dt dnh lu qun s VN v ng Dng; cng nhn c lp ch quyn ca VN;. 1973- 1975: Min Nam u tranh chng ch bnh nh ln chim to th v lc tin ti gii phng hon ton min Nam. + M dung tng v cng vi chnh quyn Si Gn ph hoi Hip nh Paris, tin hnh chin dch trn ngp lnh th, m nhng cuc hnh qun bnh nh ln chim vng gii phng. + Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun nm 1975: Chin dch Ty Nguyn ( 4/3 - 24/3/1975 ) Chin dch HCM (26/4 - 30/4/1975 ) Kt thc thng li 21 nm chin u chng M, cu nc v 30 nm chin tranh gii phng dn tc, bo v T quc t sau CM thng Tm nm 1945, chm dt ch thng tr ca ch ngha quc, hon thnh cuc CM dn ch ND trong c nc, thng nht T quc. M ra k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc k nguyn t nc c lp, thng nht, i ln CNXH.

Cu 10: Nhng thng li c bn ca VN 30 nm khng chin cu nc? Chin thng in Bin Ph (1954): + L trn nh ln nht trong Chin tranh ng Dng ln th nht din ra ti lng cho Mng Thanh gia qun i ND VN v qun i Lin hip Php (gm lc lng vin chinh Php, l dng Php, ph lc qun bn x v Qun i Quc gia VN). + L nh cao ca cuc tin cng chin lc ng Xun (1953 - 1954) l chin cng ln nht, chi li nht ca ton ng, ton qun v ton dn ta trong cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php, gp phn quyt nh p tan m mu xm lc ca thc dn Php + Trn phng din quc t: ln u tin qun i ca mt nc thuc a chu nh thng mt cng quc chu u. y c xem l mt thm ha bt ng i vi thc dn Php v cng l mt n ging mnh vi th gii phng Ty, nh bi ch duy tr thuc a ng Dng ca Php, buc nc ny phi chp nhn m phn v rt ra khi ng Dng, cc thuc a Chu Phi c c v cng ng lot ni dy. + Thm ha nh du tht bi hon ton ca nc Php trong n lc ti gy dng thuc a ng Dng ni ring v quc thc dn ca mnh ni chung sau khi CTTG II kt thc, chm dt thi i hn 400 nm ca ch ngha thc dn kiu c trn th gii. Chin thng in Bin Ph l kt tinh ca nhiu yu t, quan trng nht l c s lnh o sng sut ca ng v Ch tch HCM; ca ch ngha yu nc, tinh thn CM, sc mnh i on kt ton dn tc, bn lnh v tr tu VN; ca ch quyt chin, quyt thng v sc mnh ca qun i ND, lc lng v trang ND VN. L chin thng ca tnh on kt chin u bn cht, thy chung, son st gia qun i, ND 3 nc ng Dng, s on kt, gip , ng h ca cc nc anh em, bn b quc t. buc Php phi ngi vo bn m phn v k Hip nh Geneva, rt qun khi VN, min Bc VN c hon ton gii phng Chin thng Mu Thn 1968 + Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy din ra trong bi cnh qun M - ngy v cc nc ng minh ca chng tham chin vi mt lc lng qun s ln ln ti trn mt triu qun, c v kh trang b k thut hin i, c phng th vng chc. Nhng bng cuc tin cng to bo, bt ng, ta nh thng vo cc v tr quan trng nht ca ch nh: i s qun M, Dinh Tng thng ngy, B Tng Tham mu, Nha cnh st, i pht thanh Si Gn, tin cng lm ch thnh ph Hu v hu khp cc vng nng thn rng ln, tiu dit nhiu sinh lc, ph hu mt khi lng ln v kh, phng tin chin tranh ca ch. + Sng to ra mt hnh thc tin cng chin lc mi vi hiu lc chin u cao, lm lung lay ch xm lc ca mt siu cng, lm cho chnh quyn M sng s, chong vng. Ch trong vng 24 ting ng h, ton b hu phng an ton nht ca k ch, bao gm tt c cc thnh ph, tnh l u b tn cng ng lot. Cuc Tng tin cng din ra nhiu t,

khng ch tin cng tun t t ngoi vo m cn kt hp t trong ra, khin ch bt ng cng bt ng hn. + L kt qu v nh cao nht ca qun v dn ta nh bi chin lc chin tranh cc b, p tan ch xm lc min Nam ca M, buc M phi xung thang chin tranh, m phn vi ta bn hi ngh, chm dt nm bom min Bc v iu kin v thay i chin lc min Nam, chp nhn thng lng c th kt thc chin tranh trong danh d. + To ra cc din mi trn chin trng min Nam, a s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc ca ND ta sang thi k lch s mi. Thnh cng cng nh nhng bi hc kinh nghim xng mu ca n gp phn thc y cuc chin u gii phng min Nam tin ln. Chin thng in Bin Ph trn khng (1972) + L mt trong nhng chin thng v i th k XX, vit tip nhng trang s vng chi li trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc ta. + L chin thng ca ch mi x hi x hi ch ngha, nh bi sc mnh qun s hng hu ca ch ngha quc ng u l M. + C ngha quan trng i vi phong tro u tranh v ho bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v CNXH ca ND th gii; l n nh lch s, m ng cho s sp ca ch ngha thc dn mi VN; gp phn lm tng thm sc mnh v th tin cng ca phong tro CM th gii vo ch ngha quc; em li lng tin cho nhng ngi trn tri t u tranh v ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. + Chng minh sc sng ca hc thuyt Mc L-nin v chin tranh v CM v gi tr t tng qun s HCM. l s kt hp hi ha gia CM v khoa hc, gia dm nh v bit nh, gia ch kin nh, bn lnh vng vng vi nng lc ch huy, lnh o ti gii ca cn b cc cp, gia kh phch anh hng v ti tr tuyt vi ca ngi chin s trn trn a. + Chng ta ginh thng li to ln, ton din, buc M phi chp nhn mi iu khon ca Hip nh Paris (1972), gp phn to ra th v lc mi cho s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc ca ND ta, chng ta thc hin trn vn li dy ca BH: nh cho M ct, nh cho Ngu nho. Hip nh Paris: c k kt l thng li tng hp ca cuc u tranh trn cc mt trn qun s, chnh tr v ngoi giao. N c ngha to ln i vi cuc u tranh chng quc M v i vi tin trnh pht trin ca lch s dn tc. ngha ca Hip nh c th hin: 1. Buc M v cc nc phi cng nhn ch quyn, thng nht ton vn lnh th ca nc VN. 2. L ct mc nh du thng li to ln, oanh lit trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc.

3. Khng nh ng li chin lc, sch lc ng n ca CS VN ng u l Ch tch HCM, thng li ca ng ta trong vic nm vng v vn dng sng to ch ngha Mc-Lnin vo thc tin CM VN, nhn nh, nh gi ng bi cnh quc t cng nh hon cnh c th v sc mnh ni ti ca t nc ta => l thng li ca ng li ngoi giao CM VN. 4. Khng nh s trng thnh vt bc v nhng ng gp to ln ca ngnh ngoi giao CM VN thu ht sc mnh tinh thn, vt cht ca cc lc lng CM th gii ng h, gip VN, tranh th tnh cm, thin ch ca ND th gii, trong c ND M i vi s nghip chnh ngha ca dn tc ta. 5. L thng li ca cc nc x hi ch ngha, cc lc lng ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. Hip nh Paris c k kt l kt qu ca s gip , ca cc nc anh em. Thng li l thng li ca tinh thn on kt, chin u ca ba dn tc anh em: VN, Lo, Camphuchia. i thng ma xun 1975 + Thng li ca cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy nm 1975 kt thc v vang 30 nm u tranh kin cng chng ch ngha thc dn c v mi, kt thc hn 100 nm h ca quc, thc dn, m ra thi k mi cho LS VN. + Lm tng thm sc mnh ca h thng XHCN; thc y phong tro gii phng dn tc trn ton TG; gp phn vo cuc u tranh i t do, dn ch v tin b XH ca ND cc nc trn TG + a VN ti nh cao ca gii phng dn tc v uy tn ca quc t. Thng li ca VN trong khng chin chng M khng ch l mt tc nhn a n nhng thay i rt quan trng trong chin lc ca cc nc ln m cn lm chuyn i cc din chnh tr khu vc ng Nam . + Thng li ca cuc khng chin chng M cu nc, trc ht l thng li ca ng li chnh tr, ng li qun s c lp, dn ch, ng n v sng to ca ng; l thng li ca ng li ging cao ngn c c lp dn tc v CNXH, tin hnh ng thi CM dn tc dn ch ND min Nam v CM x hi ch ngha min Bc. Hai nhim v c kt hp cht ch vi nhau, nhm mc tiu chung l hon thnh CM dn tc dn ch ND trong c nc, thc hin thng nht nc nh, to iu kin a c nc tin ln CNXH