A mixture consists of two or more pure substances.

Various terms are used when describing mixtures Homogeneous: used to describe substances that look the same throughout. Homogeneous substances have one phase and uniform composition. Heterogeneous: used to describe substances in which you can see more than one color or type of matter. Heterogeneous substances have more than one phase and a nonuniform composition. Phase: is a visibly distinct portion of matter Tyndall effect: is seen when a mixture makes a beam of light visible. Types of Mixtures A mixture is the blending of two or more dissimilar substances that do not chemically combine to form compounds and that can typically be separated by non-chemical means. Mixtures can be classified into three types: suspension mixture, colloidal mixture or solution, according to how they combine and can be separated. Suspension mixture - a suspension mixture is usually created by stirring together two or more ingredients, where the particles are typically large enough to be seen by the unaided eye or a magnifying glass. The ingredients of a suspension mixture are heterogeneous, meaning that they are not evening distributed throughout. Most mixtures are suspension mixtures. Solid-solid mix - many suspension mixtures consist of solids mixed with solids. Cake mix is an example of visible solid particles mixed together by a means of stirring. Dirt or soil is another example of a solid-solid suspension mixture. These mixtures can be separated by sifting. Sometimes shaking will cause the heavier particles to settle to the bottom. Solid-fluid mix - If solid particles are mixed in a liquid or gas to form a suspension mixture, the ingredients will soon separate, with the heavier solid particles settling at the bottom. For example, if you mixed sand and water, the sand would soon sink to the bottom. If the solid particles are lighter than the liquid--as in the case of sawdust mixed in water--they will separate and float to the top.A major part of air pollution consists of smoke and dust particles mixed within the atmosphere. This is a suspension mixture. After a while, the these solid particles will settle to the ground. Besides settling, filtration can also be used to separate the ingredients. Fluid-fluid mix if visible globules of a liquid are mixed in a liquid or gas solvent, the ingredients will soon separate. If the globules are heavier, they will settle at the bottom. If the globules are lighter, they will float to the top. Colloidal mixture - A colloidal mixture is a homogeneous combination of solid or liquid particles mixed within a liquid or gas solvent. (Note: The material you add is called the solute and the material you are adding to is called the solvent.) The size of solute particles in a colloidal mixture are much smaller than the particles in a suspension, but they are not as small as those in a solution. The particles in a colloidal mixture are typically as small as a clump of molecules that may not even be visible with a common microscope. What makes a colloidal mixture unusual is that the solute particles do not break down any further to be single molecules--thus forming a solution. Instead, "something" coats the particles and prevents them from completely dissolving in the solvent. Blending The blending of materials in a colloidal mixture is usually more aggressive than the simple stirring done in a suspension. Often the material is violently mixed or shaken. A good example is the paint-mixer machine that

actively shakes the can to thoroughly mix the paint materials to minimize settling. Some examples of colloidal mixtures are mayonnaise, Jell-O, fog, butter and whipped cream. Solution - solution is a homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another substance. The solute dissolves in the solvent. The solvent is a liquid or gas, and the solute can be a solid, liquid or gas. Dissolving means that after the solute is put in the solvent, it breaks to an atomic, ionic or molecular level and can no longer be seen as a separate entity. For example, mixing the solid material salt into the liquid water results in the salt dissolving into water and creating the salt water solution. The salt breaks into Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) ions within the water solvent. Polar or non-polar Typically, all the molecules in a solution are either polar or non-polar. For example, Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are all non-polar molecules. They mix well together to form the solution we call air. Under normal conditions combinations of polar and non-polar molecules do not mix to form a solution. There are exceptions, such as the non-polar Carbon Dioxide dissolving in the polar solvent water (H2O) under high pressure. Separation The solute and solvent in a solution cannot be separated unless one of the ingredients changes state of matter. For example, by heating the solution, one material may evaporate. This is also called distillation. Summary Mixtures can be classified into three types: suspension mixture, colloidal mixture or solution, according to how they combine and can be separated. Suspension mixtures have larger solute particles, colloidal mixtures have much smaller particles, and particles in a solutions completely dissolve into the solvent. 1. What is Matter? Everything is matter and matter comes in three different states: solid, liquid and gas. That means that everything is either a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Each state has properties. 2. What does property mean? Each state has properties, but what does that mean? A property describes how an object looks, feels, or acts. So that means that liquids look, act, or feel differently than solids or gases. One property of all matter, whether it's a solid, liquid, or gas, is that it takes up space and has mass. To help you decide if something is a solid, a liquid or a gas, you need to know the properties, (how it looks, acts or feels) of these three states. 3. What are the properties of a solid? 1. Solids don't change shape easily. Think of a piece of paper, you can change its shape by crumpling it, but it doesn't change its shape by itself. You have to use your energy to make the shape change. If you put a solid in a container it won't change its shape... No matter how much you move or slide it around. Think of an ice cube inside a cup. The cube is solid and it stays the same shape. 2. Solid particles don't move around. 3. Solid particles are in an aligned array. Look at the pictures. Notice the circles (particles) are lined up in tight rows. They are so tight they can't move, they just wiggle.

4. What are the properties of liquids? 1. Liquids take the shape of their container. If you pour milk into a glass it will take the shape of the glass. If you pour the milk into a bowl, it takes the shape of the bowl. 2. Liquids have surface tension. The particles hold on to each other, like holding hands with a friend. The skin or surface of a glass filled with water holds together because the particles hold one to each other. That is called surface tension. 3. Liquids move around. The particles in liquids are farther apart than those of solids, so they can move around more. That's why liquids take the shape of their container.

5. What are the properties of gas? 1. Gas is invisible. That means you can't see it. The particles are so far apart they are invisible, but they are still there! Think about oxygen. You can't see it, but you know it's there because you breath it. 2. Gas particles move around freely. They are spread out move fast, like when you are running on the playground at recess. Question: What is the gas you inhale (breath in

The States of Matter Matter can exist in one of three main states: solid, liquid, or gas. Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid can retain its shape. The particles are not free to move around. Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It requires a vessel to establish shape. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed densely enough that volume is maintained. Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so loosely they have neither shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed. liquid A substance that flows and keeps no definite shape, such as water. A substance whose molecules, while not tending to separate from one another like those of a gas, readily change their relative position, and which therefore retains no definite shape, except that determined by the containing receptacle; an inelastic fluid. gas Matter in a state intermediate between liquid and plasma that can be contained only if it is fully surrounded by a solid (or held together by gravitational pull); it can condense into a liquid, or can (rarely) become a solid directly. solid A substance in the fundamental state of matter that retains its size and shape without need of a container (as opposed to a liquid or gas). EXAMPLES Water exists in a solid form as ice, in liquid form as liquid water, and in gaseous form as water vapor or steam. States of matter are the distinct forms that matter can take. Three states of matter exist in most environments: solid, liquid, and gas. In extreme environments, other states are present, including plasma, Bose-Einstein condensates, and neutron stars. Furthermore, other states, such as quark-gluon plasmas, are

believed to be possible. Much of the baryonic matter of the universe is in the form of hot plasma, both as rarefied interstellar medium and as dense stars. Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape. Liquid is the state in which its volume varies only slightly, but adapts to the shape of its container. Gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy the volume and shape of its container. Each of the classical states of matter, unlike plasma, can transition directly into any of the other classical states. Solids In solids, the particles are packed closely together. The forces between particles are strong enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut. Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting, and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing. Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation. Liquids A liquid is a fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid because the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance.Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move relative to each other, making the structure mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite, but determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is called its critical temperature . Gases The spaces between gas molecules are very big. Gas molecules have either very weak bonds or no bonds at all. The molecules in a gas can move freely and fast. A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container. In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point, or by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.