1

2
3
4
 ‫‪ (III‬ا ا و ا  
 وي‬

‫‪ (1.3‬ا! ر وا ج او‬

‫‪ (1.13‬ا! ر اوي‪:‬‬
‫ه ‪ 
$‬وي ‪ &'( )*+$‬اة‬
‫‪, +-‬رة‪ ./ ،‬ا‪4$ 21 +‬ون‬
‫‪45‬اري إ‪ 6‬ا‪.

( $‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ل‪:‬‬
‫‪U + 01n→ 38‬‬ ‫‪54 Xe +3 1 n + γ‬‬
‫‪235‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪Sr 139‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪4$ :‬و ت ا ‪  ;$‬ا! ر أن ‪** 

$ >?*$‬‬
‫ ) ‪ ، 4;
$ 
/‬إذا آ ن @‪ ) &1 ) 4‬ا‪ ?+‬او ‪( A‬‬

‫‪ (2.13‬ا ج اوي ‪:‬‬

‫ه ‪ &'( ) 
$‬ا‪ :F‬م ا‪ 

( $‬ن اة‬
‫أآ‪'+- 49‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ل ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 H + 1 H → 2 He→ 2 He + 0 n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪(2.3‬ا ا و ا  
 وي‬
‫‪(1.23‬ا  ا‪:  .‬‬
‫‪ :‬أن ‪ GH‬ا! ‪ I‬ت ا‪  .,K‬وا
'ت او ‪ .: /‬د ا  ‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪z1‬‬ ‫‪X 1 + ZA22 X 2 → ZA33 X 3 + ZA44 X 4‬‬
‫> ا ا  ا‪4+:‬و ‪M2/‬ا ا
 آ  ‪: L‬‬

‫‪∆E = [( El ( X 4 ) + El ( X 3 )) − ( E l ( X 2 ) + El ( X 1 )].‬‬
‫أي ‪:‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪∆E = ∆m.C 2 = m( produits ) − m( réactifs ) .C 2‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪5‬‬
 ‫‪ +?$ (2.23‬ت‬
‫‪1 4:$‬‬
‫ﺃ‪-‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪.‬ﻧﻌﻄﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫(‪m‬‬ ‫‪) = 234,99332 u‬‬ ‫‪, mn = 1,00866 u , mp = 1,00728 u , 1 u = 1,66054 × 10 – 27 g‬‬

‫( ‪∆ m = ( 92 mp + 143 mn ) – m‬‬ ‫)‬

‫‪∆ m = ( 92 × 1,00728 + 143 × 1,00866) − 234,99332‬‬

‫‪∆ m = 236,90814 – 234,99332 = 1,91148 u‬‬

‫‪L’énoncé donne 1 u = 1,66054 × 10 – 27 kg‬‬

‫‪∆m = 1,911482 .( 1,66054 × 10 – 27) = 3,17964 × 10 – 27 kg‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬

‫‪EL = ∆m × c2‬‬

‫‪EL = 3,17964 × 10 - 27 × ( 2,9979 × 10 8)2‬‬

‫‪EL = 2,85767 × 10 - 10 J‬‬

‫‪1 eV = 1,6022 × 10 - 27 J, ⇔ 1 J = 6,2414 × 10 26 eV‬‬

‫‪EL = 2,85767 × 10 - 10 × 6,2414 × 10 26‬‬

‫‪EL = 1,7836 × 10 9 eV‬‬

‫‪EL = 1783,6 MeV‬‬

‫ﺩ – ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ )‪ U(235‬ﻣﻊ )‪ Ra (226‬ﺫﻭ ‪El =7,66 MeV par nucléon‬‬

‫‪ EL / A = 1783,6 / 235 = 7,5897 MeV par nucléon‬و

ا ورام ‪ 235‬أ اارا  اادم )‪(226‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪2‬‬

‫آ   ا
‬ ‫آ ا
ى ب ‪u :‬‬ ‫ ت‬
‫‪1 u = 1,6606 × 10 - 27‬‬
‫‪proton : mp = 1,6726 × 10 - 27‬‬ ‫‪uranium 235 : 234,9935‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫‪c = 2,9979 × 10 8 m / s‬‬
‫‪neutron : mn = 1,6749 × 10‬‬ ‫‪- 27‬‬
‫‪cérium 146 : 145,8782 u‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪A = 6,022 × 10‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫‪sélénium 85 : 84,9033 u N‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪mol‬‬
‫‪électron : me = 9,1094 × 10 - 31‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪e = 1,602 × 10 - 19 C‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ‪ a‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍ ‪ X‬ﻭ ‪. a‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﻱ ‪ 92 + 0 = 58 + X + a × 0 :‬أي ‪X = 34‬‬

‫‪235 + 1 = 146 + 85 + a‬‬

‫‪ a = 5‬و ‪X = 34‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+5‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮﻝ ﻭﺏ ‪MeV‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ = ‪∆ m‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬

‫)‪∆ m = (145,8782 + 84,9033 + 5 × 1,0086) - (234,9935 + 1,0086‬‬

‫‪∆ m = 235,8195 - 236,0021 = - 0,1826 u‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪E = ∆m × c :‬‬

‫
ل ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆ m =- 0,1826 u = 0,1826 × 1,6606 × 10 - 27 = -3,032 × 10 - 28 kg‬‬

‫×‪∆E = ∆ m × c² =- 3,032‬‬
‫‪× 10 - 28 × (2,9979 × 10 8 ) 2‬‬

‫‪∆E = - 2,724981 × 10 - 11 J‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 MeV: ‫ب‬



1 MeV = 1 × 10 6 × (1,602 × 10 - 19 C)V = 1,602 × 10 - 13 CV = 1,602 × 10 - 13 J

1 J = 6,24219 × 10 12 MeV

∆E = - 2,724981 × 10 - 11 J = 2,724981 × 10 - 11 × 6,24219 × 10 12 = -170,09849 MeV