Physiology Exam 5

Oral Oral Reflexes Jaw-Closing reflex o Monosynaptic reflex o Stretching jaw-closing muscles acti ates sensory portion of the muscle spin!le sen!s afferent sensory info to spinal cor! Muscle spin!le has sensory area locate! in the mi!!le of the spin!le w" small muscles attache! to either si!e Cell #o!ies of spin!le afferent fi#er are locate! in the $rigeminal %&' Mesencephalic (ucleus Spin!le afferent fi#er synapses in $rigeminal Motor (ucleus w" ) efferent motor neuron OR -efferent fi#er ) efferent fi#er causes jaw-closing muscles to contract -efferent fi#er causes mouth to #e close! un!er normal con!itions %usual position for mouth' * causes muscle portion of spin!le to contract initiates jaw-closing reflex Jaw-Opening Reflex o Polysynaptic reflex o +ntra-oral stimulation acti ates afferent mechanoreceptors %locate! at perio!ontal ligaments of teeth' * pre ents injury when #iting on o#jects that coul! !amage teeth )fferent fi#er has cell #o!y in $rigeminal ganglion Synapses in $rigeminal Spinal $ract (ucleus Secon!ary neuron synapses in $rigeminal Motor (ucleus efferent fi#er starts in $rigeminal Motor (ucleus , tra els to jaw-opening muscles o Pharyngeal-laryngeal stimulation also acti ates tactile sensory fi#ers %ex- touching #ac. of tongue' )fferent fi#er has cell #o!y in (o!ose ganglion Synapses in Solitary $ract (ucleus Secon!ary neuron synapses in $rigeminal Motor (ucleus efferent fi#er starts in $rigeminal Motor (ucleus , tra els to jaw-opening muscles $ongue Protrusion Reflex o Sensory receptors in pharyngeal region are stimulate! Primary cell #o!y locate! in (o!ose ganglion Synapses in solitary tract nucleus Secon!ary neuron synapses in /ypoglossal nucleus efferent fi#er starts in hypoglossal nucleus , tra els to tongue muscles causing tongue Protrusion o .eeps airway open when gagging o patients w" anterior o er-#ite may ha e lower threshol! for tongue protrusion acti ity in relation to jaw rotation constant tongue thrusting may cause o er-#ite 0uestione! #y those who thin. tongue is just filling space $ongue Retraction Reflex o Sensory receptors on tongue or soft palate are stimulate! Primary cell #o!y locate! in $rigeminal ganglion Synapses in $rigeminal Spinal tract nucleus Secon!ary neuron synapses in /ypoglossal nucleus efferent fi#er starts in hypoglossal nucleus , tra els to tongue muscles causing tongue retrusion

Physiology Exam 5

protects tongue while eating , helps to push #olus into the pharynx !uring swallowing

Physiology Exam 5

Mastication Reflex Mastication is (O$ simply an alternating #"w jaw-opening , jaw-closing o 1uestions 2ou can generate more force w" your molars than your incisors * molars are closer to fulcrum %$MJ' * calle! fulcrum"le er effect3 Strength of P45 also plays a role Es.imos can generate 657 .g of force w" their molars #"c they chew a lot of leather8 causing muscle hypertrophy * hypertrophy is !ue to in 9 of myofi#rils w"in each myofi#er Mastication strength woul! #e re!uce! in patients w"out teeth !ue to lac. of use %muscle atrophy' * e en w" implants a change in mastication strength occurs Central 5ocation of Mastication Reflex o :rain stem8 reticular formation8 , hypothalamus Mastication Simple Sherrington Reflex o +ntraoral stimulus )cti ation of jaw !epressor motor neurons jaw opening +nhi#ition of jaw ele ator motor neurons Jaw opening ;re#oun!< acti ation of jaw ele ator motor neurons jaw closing intraoral stimulus %cycle repeats' o pro#lem w" simple reflex- jaw mo ement changes !epen!ing on type of foo! consume! ex- chewing meat inclu!es more lateral mo ement than when chewing a carrot Central (eural Pattern =enerator o Central pattern generator stimulates masticatory muscle motor neurons motor to muscles of mastication o Jaw reflexes can also stimulate maticatory muscle motor neurons Mastication Effects on Digestion 1uestionso 4enture wearers ten! to ha e a mo!ifie! !iet #"c it is har! for them to eat some foo!s * they ten! to eat less fruits , eggies Since !iet is not arie!8 !enture wearers ten! to ha e more =+ pro#lems )fter tooth loss poor eating ha#its continue8 lea!ing to more =+ pro#lems o +f you are #iting !own on har! foo! %can!y"nut' , it su!!enly #rea.s8 upper , lower teeth !o (O$ ten! to hit together * !ue to jaw unloa!ing reflex o $ongue protru!es when you gag Swallowing %4eglutition' (eural Control of Swallowing o Sensory +nput * C(>s &8 &++8 +?8 ? o Motor Output * C(>s &8 &++8 +?8 ?8 ?++ , C6-C@ Phases of Swallowing &oluntary &oluntary $ongue pushes #olus against soft palate , #ac. of mouth8 triggering a swallowing reflex Pharyngeal Momentarily inhi#its respiration Apper esophageal sphincter relaxes while epiglottis closes to .eep +n oluntary swallowe! material out of the airway Esophagea Boo! mo es !ownwar! into the esophagus l Propelle! #y peristaltic wa es , ai!e! #y gra ity +nfantile Swallowing Pattern o $ongue thrust forwar! !uring swallowing o Pattern stops once teeth are erupte!

Physiology Exam 5

Some patients maintain infantile pattern * tongue thrusting results in malocclusion , o er#ite Esophagus o Muscle Apper 6"C * striate! muscle Mi!!le 6"C * mixe! of striate! , smooth 5ower 6"C * smooth muscle &omiting Reflex o &omiting center in area postrema of me!ulla * can #e stimulate! #y $ylenol-C %co!eine' * in!uces omiting in @7-C7D of patients * targets chemical trigger Eone /uman chorionic gona!otropin %morning sic.ness' * #in!s to same receptors as $ylenol-C Chemotherapy )ffects 5/$ receptors F area postrema 5/$C #loc.er %on!ansetron' , 4@ #loc.er %chlorpromaEine' * !ecreases omiting associate! w" chemotherapy o