Machu Picchu (in hispanicized spelling, Spanish pronunciation: [matu piktu]) or Machu Pikchu (Quechua machu old, old

person, pikchu pyramid; mountain or prominence with a broad base which ends in sharp peaks,[ ] !old peak!, pronunciation [mtu pi"tu]) is a #th$century %nca site located &,'() metres (*,+*) ,t) abo-e sea le-el.[&][(] %t is located in the /usco 0egion, 1rubamba 2ro-ince, 3achupicchu 4istrict in 2eru.['] %t is situated on a mountain ridge abo-e the Sacred 5alley which is 6) kilometres (#) mi) northwest o, /usco and through which the 1rubamba 0i-er ,lows. 3ost archaeologists belie-e that 3achu 2icchu was built as an estate ,or the %nca emperor 2achacuti ( '(67 '*&). 8,ten re,erred to as the !9ost /ity o, the %ncas!, it is perhaps the most ,amiliar icon o, %nca ci-ilization. :he %ncas built the estate around '#), but abandoned it a century later at the time o, the Spanish /on;uest. <lthough known locally, it was unknown to the outside world be,ore being brought to international attention in + by the <merican historian =iram >ingham. Since then, 3achu 2icchu has become an important tourist attraction. 3ost o, the outlying buildings ha-e been reconstructed in order to gi-e tourists a better idea o, what the structures originally looked like.[#] >y +*?, thirty percent o, 3achu 2icchu had been restored.[#] :he restoration work continues to this day.[?] Since the site was not known to the Spanish during their con;uest, it is highly signi,icant as a relati-ely intact cultural site. 3achu 2icchu was declared a 2eru-ian =istorical Sanctuary in +6 and a 1@AS/8 Borld =eritage Site in +6(.[(] %n &))*, 3achu 2icchu was -oted one o, the @ew Se-en Bonders o, the Borld in a worldwide %nternet poll. 3achu 2icchu was built in the classical %nca style, with polished dry$stone walls. %ts three primary structures are the Intihuatana (=itching post o, the Sun), the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three Windows. :hese are located in what is known by archaeologists as the Sacred District o, 3achu 2icchu. 3achu 2icchu is -ulnerable to threats ,rom a -ariety o, sources. Bhile natural phenomena like earth;uakes and weather systems can play ha-oc with access, the site also su,,ers ,rom the pressures o, too many tourists. %n addition, preser-ation o, the areaCs cultural and archaeological heritage is an ongoing concern. 3ost notably, the remo-al o, cultural arti,acts by the >ingham e"peditions in the early &)th century ga-e rise to a long$ term dispute between the go-ernment o, 2eru and the custodian o, the arti,acts, Dale 1ni-ersity.[*][6]

Contents

=istory o . Aarly encounters & Eeography ( Site o (. 9ayout o (.& %ntihuatana stone

(.( /onstruction (.' 0oads and transportation (.# (4 laser scanning o, site ' :hreats o '. =ydropower 2roFect o '.& Ganuary &) ) e-acuation o '.( /oncerns o-er tourism '.(. Antrance restrictions o '.' /ultural arti,acts: 4ispute between 2eru and Dale 1ni-ersity # %n media ? See also * 0e,erences o *. >ibliography 6 Hurther reading + A"ternal links o +. %mages ) 0elated in,ormation
o o o

History

:he mountain =uayna 2icchu o-erlooks the ruins o, 3achu 2icchu

=iram >ingham %%% at his tent door near 3achu 2icchu in + & 3achu 2icchu was built around '#), at the height o, the %nca Ampire.[+] :he construction o, 3achu 2icchu appears to date ,rom the period o, the two great %ncas, 2achacutec %nca Dupan;ui ( '(67* ) and :upac %nca Dupan;ui ( '*&7+().[ )] %t was abandoned Fust o-er )) years later, in #*&, as a belated result o, the Spanish /on;uest. [+][ ] %t is possible that most o, its inhabitants died ,rom smallpo" introduced by tra-elers be,ore the Spanish con;uistadors arri-ed in the area.[ &] :he latter had notes o, a place called Piccho, although there is no record o, the Spanish ha-ing -isited the remote city. :he types o, sacred rocks de,aced by the con;uistadors in other locations are untouched at 3achu 2icchu.[ ] =iram >ingham theorized that the comple" was the traditional birthplace o, the %ncan !5irgins o, the Suns!.[ (] 3ore recent research by scholars such as Gohn =owland 0owe and 0ichard >urger, has con-inced most archaeologists that 3achu 2icchu was an estate o, the %nca emperor 2achacuti.[ ] %n addition, Gohan 0einhard presented e-idence that the site was selected because o, its position relati-e to sacred landscape ,eatures such as its mountains that are purported to be in alignment with key astronomical e-ents important to the %ncas. Gohan 0einhard belie-es 3achu 2icchu to be a sacred religious site. :his theory stands mainly because o, where 3achu 2icchu is located. 0einhard calls it !sacred geography! because the site is built on and around mountains that hold high religious importance in the %nca culture and in the pre-ious culture that occupied the land. <t the highest point o, the mountain which 3achu 2icchu was named a,ter, there are !arti,icial plat,orms [and] these had a religious ,unction, as is clear ,rom the %nca ritual o,,erings ,ound buried under them! (0einhard &))*). :hese plat,orms also are ,ound in other %ncan religious sites. :he

siteIs other stone structures ha-e ,inely worked stones with niches and, ,rom what the !Spaniards wrote about %nca sites, we know that these [types o,] building[s] were o, ritual signi,icance! (0einhard &))*). :his would be the most con-incing e-idence that 0einhard points out because this type o, stylistic stonework is only ,ound at the religious sites so it would be natural that they would e"ist at this religious site.[ '] <nother theory maintains that 3achu 2icchu was an %nca llaqta, a settlement built to control the economy o, con;uered regions. Det another asserts that it may ha-e been built as a prison ,or a select ,ew who had committed heinous crimes against %nca society. <n alternati-e theory is that it is an agricultural testing station. 4i,,erent types o, crops could be tested in the many di,,erent micro$climates a,,orded by the location and the terraces; these were not large enough to grow ,ood on a large scale, but may ha-e been used to determine what could grow where. <nother theory suggests that the city was built as an abode ,or the deities, or ,or the coronation o, kings.[ #]

5iew o, the city o, 3achu 2icchu in + reconstruction work began.[#][?]

showing the original ruins be,ore modern

<lthough the citadel is located only about 6) kilometers (#) mi) ,rom /usco, the %nca capital, the Spanish ne-er ,ound it and conse;uently did not plunder or destroy it, as they did many other sites.[ ] 8-er the centuries, the surrounding Fungle grew o-er much o, the site, and ,ew outsiders knew o, its e"istence. 8n &' Guly + , =iram >ingham announced the disco-ery o, 3achu 2icchu to scholars. <s an <merican historian employed as a lecturer at Dale 1ni-ersity, >ingham had been searching ,or the city o, 5ilcabamba, the last %nca re,uge during the Spanish con;uest. =e had worked ,or years in pre-ious trips and e"plorations around the zone. 2ablito <l-arez, a local year$old Quechua boy, led >ingham up to 3achu 2icchu.[ ][ ?] Some Quechuas li-ed in the original structures at 3achu 2icchu.[ *] >ingham started archaeological studies and completed a sur-ey o, the area. >ingham made se-eral more trips and conducted e"ca-ations on the site through + #, collecting -arious arti,acts which he took back to Dale. =e wrote a number o, books and articles about the disco-ery o, 3achu 2icchu, the most popular o, which today is !9ost /ity o, the %ncas!, a retrospecti-e account o, his + Dale e"pedition and his disco-ery o, 3achu 2icchu, written in +'6 near the end o, his li,e. <s >inghamCs e"ca-ations took place on 3achu 2icchu, local intellectuals began to oppose the operation o, >ingham and his team o, e"plorers.[ 6] :hough local institutions

were initially enthused at the idea o, the operation supplementing 2eru-ian knowledge about their ancestry, the team began to encounter accusations o, legal and cultural malpractice.[ 6] 9ocal landowners began to demand payments o, rent ,rom the e"ca-ation team, and rumors arose about >ingham and his team stealing arti,acts and smuggling them out o, 2eru through the bordering country o, >oli-ia.[ 6] :hese accusations worsened when the local press caught wind o, the rumors and helped to discredit the legitimacy o, the e"ca-ation, branding the practice as harm,ul to the site and claiming that local archaeologists were being depri-ed o, their right,ul knowledge about their own history because o, the intrusi-e e"ca-ations o, the <merican archaeologists.[ 6] >y the time >ingham and his team le,t 3achu 2icchu locals began ,orming coalitions in order to de,end their deser-ed ownership o, 3achu 2icchu and its cultural remains, while >ingham claimed the arti,acts ought to be studied by e"perts in <merican institutions, an argument that still e"ists today.[ 6] :he site recei-ed signi,icant publicity a,ter the @ational Eeographic Society de-oted their entire <pril + ( issue to 3achu 2icchu. %n +6 2eru declared an area o, (&#.+& s;uare kilometres ( &#.6' s; mi) surrounding 3achu 2icchu as a !=istorical Sanctuary!. %n addition to the ruins, the sanctuary includes a large portion o, the adFoining region, rich with the ,lora and ,auna o, the 2eru-ian Dungas and /entral <ndean wet puna ecoregions.[ +] %n +6( 1@AS/8 designated 3achu 2icchu a Borld =eritage Site, describing it as !an absolute masterpiece o, architecture and a uni;ue testimony to the %nca ci-ilization!.[&] :he Borld 3onuments Hund placed 3achu 2icchu on its &))6 Batch 9ist o, the )) 3ost Andangered Sites in the world because o, en-ironmental degradation. :his has resulted ,rom the impact o, tourism, uncontrolled de-elopment in the nearby town o, <guas /alientes, which included a poorly sited tram to ease -isitor access, and the construction o, a bridge across the 5ilcanota 0i-er, which is likely to bring e-en more tourists to the site, in de,iance o, a court order and go-ernment protests against it.

Early encounters

3an sitting on ruins, hand$colored glass slide by =arry Bard Hoote, who accompanied =iram >ingham to 3achu 2icchu, +

<lthough >ingham was the ,irst person to bring word o, the ruins to the outside world, pre-ious outsiders were said to ha-e seen them. Simone Baisbard, a long$time researcher o, /usco, claims that Anri;ue 2alma, Eabino SJnchez, and <gustKn 9izJrraga le,t their names engra-ed on one o, the rocks at 3achu 2icchu on ' Guly +) . %n +)', an engineer named Hranklin supposedly spotted the ruins ,rom a distant mountain. =e told :homas 2ayne, an Anglish /hristian missionary li-ing in the region, about the site, 2ayneCs ,amily members claim. :hey also report that in +)?, 2ayne and ,ellow missionary Stuart A. 3c@airn ( 6?*7 +#?) climbed up to the ruins. :he site may ha-e been disco-ered and plundered in 6?* by a Eerman businessman, <ugusto >erns.[&)] :here is some e-idence that a Eerman engineer, G. 3. -on =assel, arri-ed earlier. 3aps ,ound by historians show re,erences to 3achu 2icchu as early as 6*'.[& ]

Geography

3ap o, 3achu 2icchu 3achu 2icchu lies in the southern hemisphere, (. ?' degrees south o, the e;uator.[&&] %t is 6) kilometres (#) miles) northwest o, /usco, on the crest o, the mountain 3achu 2icchu, located about &,'() metres (*,+*) ,eet) abo-e mean sea le-el, o-er ,))) metres ((,()) ,t) lower than /usco, which has an altitude o, (,?)) metres ( ,6)) ,t).[&&] <s such, it had a milder climate than the %nca capital. %t is one o, the most important archaeological sites in South <merica, one o, the most -isited tourist attractions in all o, 9atin <merica [&(] and the most -isited tourist attraction in 2eru. :he year at 3achu 2icchu is di-ided between wet and dry seasons, with the maFority o, annual rain ,alling ,rom 8ctober through to <pril. %t can rain at any time o, the year.[&&] 3achu 2icchu is situated abo-e a loop o, the 1rubamba 0i-er, which surrounds the site on three sides, with cli,,s dropping -ertically ,or '#) metres ( ,'6) ,t) to the ri-er at their base. :he area is subFect to morning mists rising ,rom the ri-er.[ ] :he location o, the city was a military secret, and its deep precipices and steep mountains pro-ided e"cellent natural de,enses. :he %nca >ridge, an %nca rope bridge, across the 1rubamba 0i-er in the 2ongo de 3aini;ue, pro-ided a secret entrance ,or the %nca army. <nother %nca bridge was built to the west o, 3achu 2icchu, the tree$trunk bridge, at a location where a gap

occurs in the cli,, that measures ? metres (&) ,t). %t could be bridged by two tree trunks, but with the trees remo-ed, there was a #*) metres ( ,6*) ,t) ,all to the base o, the cli,,s. :he city sits in a saddle between the two mountains 3achu 2icchu and =uayna 2icchu,[ ] with a commanding -iew down two -alleys and a nearly impassable mountain at its back. %t has a water supply ,rom springs that cannot be blocked easily, and enough land to grow ,ood ,or about ,our times as many people as e-er li-ed there. :he hillsides leading to it ha-e been terraced, not only to pro-ide more ,armland to grow crops, but to steepen the slopes which in-aders would ha-e to ascend. :he terraces reduced soil erosion and protected against landslides.[&'] :wo high$altitude routes ,rom 3achu 2icchu go across the mountains back to /usco, one through the sun gate, and the other across the %nca bridge. >oth could be blocked easily, should in-aders approach along them. 0egardless o, its original purpose, it is strategically located and readily de,ended.

Site

:he dawn mist li,ts abo-e the terraced structures

:erraced Hields in the upper <gricultural Sector

Layout
:he site is roughly di-ided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector, as well as the upper town and the lower town. :he temples are part o, the upper town, the warehouses the lower.[&#] :he architecture is adapted to the natural ,orm o, the mountains. <ppro"imately &)) buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around a -ast central s;uare that is oriented east$west. :he -arious kanchas or compounds are long and narrow in order to e"ploit the terrain. A"tensi-e terraces were used ,or agriculture and sophisticated

channeling systems pro-ided irrigation ,or the ,ields. @umerous stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the di,,erent le-els across the site. :he eastern section o, the city was probably residential. :he western, separated by the s;uare, was ,or religious and ceremonial purposes. :his section contains the Torren, the massi-e tower which may ha-e been used as an obser-atory.[&?]

:emple o, the Sun or :orreon 9ocated in the ,irst zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun and the Room of the Three Windows. :hese were dedicated to Inti, their sun god and greatest deity. :he 2opular 4istrict, or 0esidential 4istrict, is the place where the lower$class people li-ed. %t includes storage buildings and simple houses. :he royalty area, a sector ,or the nobility, is a group o, houses located in rows o-er a slope; the residence o, the <mautas (wise persons) was characterized by its reddish walls, and the zone o, the ustas (princesses) had trapezoid$shaped rooms. :he 3onumental 3ausoleum is a car-ed statue with a -aulted interior and car-ed drawings. %t was used ,or rites or sacri,ices. :he Guardhouse is a three$sided building, with one o, its long sides opening onto the :errace o, the /eremonial 0ock. :he three$sided style o, %nca architecture is known as the wayrona style.[&*]

Intihuatana stone
3ain article: %ntihuatana

:he Intihuatana (!hitching post o, the sun!) is belie-ed to ha-e been designed as an astronomic clock or calendar by the %ncas

:he sculpture car-ed out ,rom the rock bottom o, the sun temple is interpreted as !Bater mirrors ,or obser-ing the sky!.[&6] :ourist guides also talk about the !Ayes o, 2achamama! (3other Aarth). :he Intihuatana stone is one o, many ritual stones in South <merica. :hese stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice. :he name o, the stone (coined perhaps by >ingham) is deri-ed ,rom the Quechua language: inti means !sun!, and wata- is the -erb root !to tie, hitch (up)! (huata- is simply a Spanish spelling). :he Quechua -na su,,i" deri-es nouns ,or tools or places. =ence inti watana is literally an instrument or place to !tie up the sun!, o,ten e"pressed in Anglish as !:he =itching 2ost o, the Sun!. :he %nca belie-ed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. :he stone is situated at (L+C'6! S. <t midday on @o-ember and () Ganuary the sun stands almost abo-e the pillar, casting no shadow at all. 8n & Gune the stone is casting the longest shadow on its southern side and on & 4ecember a much shorter one on its northern side. 0esearchers belie-e that it was built as an astronomic clock or calendar.[citation needed]

Construction
3ain article: %ncan architecture :he central buildings o, 3achu 2icchu use the classical %nca architectural style o, polished dry$stone walls o, regular shape. :he %ncas were masters o, this techni;ue, called ashlar, in which blocks o, stone are cut to ,it together tightly without mortar. 3any Functions in the central city are so per,ect that it is said not e-en a blade o, grass ,its between the stones.

5iew o, the residential section o, 3achu 2icchu

%nterior o, an %nca building, ,eaturing trapezoidal windows Some %nca buildings were constructed using mortar, but by %nca standards this was ;uick, shoddy construction, and was not used in the building o, important structures. 2eru is a highly seismic land, and mortar$,ree construction was more earth;uake$resistant than using mortar. :he stones o, the dry$stone walls built by the %ncas can mo-e slightly and resettle without the walls collapsing. %nca walls had numerous design details that helped protect them against collapsing in an earth;uake. 4oors and windows are trapezoidal and tilt inward ,rom bottom to top; corners usually are rounded; inside corners o,ten incline slightly into the rooms; and !9!$ shaped blocks o,ten were used to tie outside corners o, the structure together. :hese walls do not rise straight ,rom bottom to top, but are o,,set slightly ,rom row to row. :he %ncas ne-er used the wheel in any practical manner. %ts use in toys demonstrates that the principle was well$known to them, although it was not applied in their engineering. :he lack o, strong dra,t animals, as well as steep terrain and dense -egetation issues, may ha-e rendered the wheel impractical. =ow they mo-ed and placed the enormous blocks o, stones remains a mystery, although the general belie, is that they used hundreds o, men to push the stones up inclined planes. < ,ew o, the stones still ha-e knobs on them that could ha-e been used to le-er them into position; it is belie-ed that a,ter the stones were placed, the %ncas would ha-e sanded the knobs away, but a ,ew were o-erlooked.

Roads and transportation

<s part o, their road system, the %ncas built a road to the 3achu 2icchu region. :oday, thousands o, tourists walk the %nca :rail to -isit 3achu 2icchu each year. :hey congregate at /usco be,ore starting on the two$, ,our$ or ,i-e$day Fourney on ,oot ,rom

Milometer 6& or Milometer )' (two$day trip) near the town o, 8llantaytambo in the 1rubamba -alley, walking up through the <ndes mountain range to the isolated city. :he people o, 3achu 2icchu were connected to long$distance trade, as shown by non$ local arti,acts ,ound at the site. <s an e"ample, >ingham ,ound unmodi,ied obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway. %n the +*)s, >urger and <saro determined that these obsidian samples were ,rom the Titicaca or /hi-ay obsidian source, and that the samples ,rom 3achu 2icchu showed long$distance transport o, this obsidian type in pre$=ispanic 2eru.[&+]

3 laser scanning o! site

%n &))# and &))+, the 1ni-ersity o, <rkansas made detailed laser scans o, the entire 3achu 2icchu site and o, the ruins at the top o, the adFacent =uayna 2icchu mountain. :he uni-ersity has made the scan data a-ailable online ,or research purposes.[()]

Threats
Hydropo"er Pro#ect
9uz del Sur, one o, the largest electricity distributors in 2eru, is currently trying to enter the 2eru-ian electricity generation market with its pri-ate mega hydropower proFect CSanta :eresa %%C in the 5ilcanota 5alley, a ,ew kilometres away ,rom 3achu 2icchu. <n alternati-e route to 3achu 2icchu: the C%nca Gungle :railC runs along the 5ilcanota ri-er through the town o, Santa :eresa close to the town o, <guas /alientes.[( ] :he CSanta :eresa %%C hydropower proFect proposes di-erting )# cubic metres ((,*)) cubic ,eet) o, water ,rom the 5ilcanota ri-er through a ' km (+ mi) tunnel that will run underneath organic co,,ee and ,ruit plantations.[(&] :his process will drain the plantations abo-e the tunnel and disrupt the warm water ,lows to the ,amous thermal baths in /ocalmayo as the tunnel runs through the two ,olds that ,eeds the waters to the thermal baths.[((]

$anuary %&'& e(acuation

See also: Al @iNo$Southern 8scillation %n Ganuary &) ), hea-y rain caused ,looding which buried or washed away roads and railways leading to 3achu 2icchu, trapping more than &,))) local people and more than &,))) tourists, who were taken out by airli,t. 3achu 2icchu was closed temporarily,[('] but it reopened on <pril &) ).[(#]

Concerns o(er touris)

3achu 2icchu is a 1@AS/8 Borld =eritage Site. Since its disco-ery in + , a growing number o, tourists -isit 3achu 2icchu, reaching ')),))) in &))).[(?] <s 2eruCs most -isited tourist attraction and maFor re-enue generator, it is continually threatened by economic and commercial ,orces. %n the late ++)s, the 2eru-ian go-ernment granted concessions to allow the construction o, a cable car and de-elopment o, a lu"ury hotel, including a tourist comple" with bouti;ues and restaurants. 3any people protested against the plans, including members o, the 2eru-ian public, international scientists, and academics, as they were worried that the greater numbers o, -isitors would pose a tremendous physical burden on the ruins.[(*] 3any protested a plan to build a bridge to the site as well.[(6] < no$,ly zone e"ists abo-e the area.[(+] 1@AS/8 is considering putting 3achu 2icchu on its 9ist o, Borld =eritage in 4anger.[(6] 4uring the +6)s a large rock ,rom 3achu 2icchuCs central plaza was mo-ed out o, its alignment to a di,,erent location to create a helicopter landing zone. Since the ++)s, the go-ernment has ,orbidden helicopter landings there. %n &))? a /usco$based company, =elicusco, sought to ha-e tourist ,lights o-er 3achu 2icchu and initially recei-ed a license to do so, but the go-ernment ;uickly o-erturned the decision.[')]

5iew o, 3achu 2icchu ,rom =uayna 2icchu, showing the =iram >ingham =ighway used by tour buses to and ,rom the town o, <guas /alientes Entrance restrictions %n Guly &) , the 4irecciOn 0egional de /ultura /usco (40/) introduced new entrance rules to the citadel o, 3achu 2icchu.[' ] :he tougher entrance rules were a measure to reduce the impact o, tourism on the site. Antrance was limited to &,#)) -isitors per day, and entrance to =uayna 2icchu (within the citadel) was ,urther restricted to ')) -isitors per day, in two allocated time slots at *am and )am. %n 3ay &) & a team o, 1@AS/8 conser-ation e"perts called on 2eru-ian authorities to take !emergency measures! to ,urther stabilize the siteIs bu,,er zone and protect it ,rom damage due to tourism$related de-elopment, particularly in the nearby town o, <guas /alientes, which has grown rapidly.['&]

Cultural arti!acts* ispute +et"een Peru and ,ale -ni(ersity

%n + & and + '7 #, >ingham e"ca-ated treasures ,rom 3achu 2icchuPceramic -essels, sil-er statues, Fewelry, and human bonesPand took them ,rom 2eru to Dale 1ni-ersity in the 1nited States ,or ,urther study, supposedly ,or a period o, 6 months. Dale has retained the arti,acts until now, under the argument that 2eru did not ha-e the in,rastructure or proper conditions to take care o, the pieces. Aliane Marp, an anthropologist who is married to the ,ormer 2eru-ian 2resident <leFandro :oledo, accused Dale o, pro,iting ,rom 2eruCs cultural heritage by claiming title to thousands o, pieces remo-ed by >ingham. 3any ha-e been on display at DaleCs 2eabody 3useum since their remo-al. Dale returned some o, the arti,acts to 2eru, but the uni-ersity kept the remainder, claiming its position was supported by ,ederal case law in-ol-ing 2eru-ian anti;uities.['(] 8n + September &))*, the Courant reported that 2eru and Dale had reached an agreement regarding the re;uested return o, the arti,acts. :he agreement includes sponsorship o, a Foint tra-eling e"hibition and construction o, a new museum and research center in /usco about which Dale will ad-ise 2eru-ian o,,icials. Dale acknowledges 2eruCs title to all the e"ca-ated obFects ,rom 3achu 2icchu, but Dale will share rights with 2eru in the research collection, part o, which will remain at Dale as an obFect o, continuing study.[''] 8n + Gune &))6, @ational Eeographic SocietyCs -ice$president :erry Earcia was ;uoted by the daily publication, a Rep!"lica. !Be were part o, this agreement. @ational Eeographic was there, we know what was said, the obFects were lent and should be returned.! 8n & @o-ember &) ), Dale 1ni-ersity agreed in principle to the return o, the contro-ersial arti,acts to their original home in 2eru.['#] <s o, @o-ember &) &, the third and ,inal batch o, thousands o, arti,acts were deli-ered.['?] 9a /asa /oncha (:he Shell =ouse) located close to /uscoCs colonial center will be the permanent site where the Dale 1ni-ersity arti,acts will be e"hibited. 8wned by the @ational 1ni-ersity o, San <ntonio <bad 4el /usco, 9a /asa /oncha will also ,eature a study area ,or local and ,oreign students.