D24 Protection Guide - Ground Overcurrent Relaying

PROTECTION GUIDES ESO/System Protection & Analysis June 2006 Guide # 01 ---------------------------------------------------------------Guide Topic: Ground Overcurrent Relays Settings
Author: GLK
Approval Signature:
Russell Patterson
Approval Date: Revision Level: Reference:
9/27/07 R4
C37.112-1996 IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays
This guide addresses general issues to be considered when setting the pickup and time lever for ground overcurrent relays and for setting instantaneous overcurrent elements. This should not be considered a cookbook procedure and cannot cover every possible transmission line and system configuration, and should not be used as a substitute for thorough system knowledge and experience, but simply covers certain general guidelines.
Topic link list: Ground overcurrents in looped system Ground overcurrents in radial system
Ground overcurrents in looped system

These guidelines are applicable to the networked (looped or non-radial) transmission system at any voltage level. When setting a ground time-overcurrent relay, the following items should be considered: 1. The time-current characteristic should be chosen as very inverse. 2. The relay pickup should be set to pickup for: A remote bolted bus fault with all-ties-closed with 1000% sensitivity (e.g., remote bus fault ATC draws 1000 A, set ground overcurrent relay pickup on 100 A). Note that lower pickups that provide higher sensitivity may result in miscoordination with other ground overcurrent relays connected to the remote bus. This is due to the very inverse time-current characteristic. (See example below) A remote line-end open fault with 40 ohms of fault resistance. The pickup should be at least half the fault current under this condition (200% sensitivity). The pickup should be no less than 10% of the maximum line capability, to avoid operating on unbalance.
_______________________________________________________________________________ PAGE 1 of 13 PROTECTION Guides are papers to provide guidance in setting protective relays. They are produced by System Protection & Analysis. A related set of documents are the PROTECTION NOTES, technical information papers on a variety of power system and protection topics.
PROTECTION GUIDES ESO/System Protection & Analysis June 2006 Guide # 01 ---------------------------------------------------------------Guide Topic: Ground Overcurrent Relays Settings Author: GLK
3. The time lever should generally be chosen to coordinate with downstream protection at the remote bus. For example, if the remote bus has bus breakup/backup protection, the time lever should be chosen to set to trip in 30 cycles for a remote bolted bus fault with all-ties closed. The trip time should then be checked for the maximum current contribution (3*Io) for a remote bus fault (should be no faster than 20 cycles). For the 500kV system, a trip time of 20 cycles can typically be used, since redundant relaying and breaker failure is installed at every 500kV station. Note: Special consideration should be given to the relays at all ends of an in/out station where the ground current seen by one or more ground relays at different terminals is equal or nearly equal. The maximum current contribution might be obtained by checking the following single contingency conditions: Parallel line out of service Wye-grounded connected transformer bank disconnected from remote bus Other remote strong ground source disconnected from remote bus If the resulting trip time is significantly faster than 20 cycles, the time lever may have to be adjusted. The CAPE TVA Line Check macro does a good job of discovering the maximum contribution - but you mustnt use it blindly. 4. For all applications, the directional ground instantaneous element should be set on at least 130% of the maximum forward current seen by the relay for faults external to the protected line. In most cases this will simply be 130% of the remote bus fault. If the protective transmission path is in parallel with a path of similar impedance (same order of magnitude) then removing that path before applying fault will likely result in higher remote bus fault (e.g. case of two parallel lines bused together, remove one line before applying remote bus ground fault). Similarly, a line that is heavily mutual coupled with another line might experience its highest forward ground current for faults on the line with which it is mutually coupled. If your scheme is a pilot scheme then a factor of 150% can be used. 5. If the relay is directional, the sensitivity of the directional element should be checked to make sure it will allow the overcurrent element to operate for all expected fault conditions. 6. If there is no local backup scheme at the remote station, the ground TOC element should be able to see ground faults down each line terminated at the remote bus (with 200% sensitivity). If the remote station has a bus breakup scheme, the element should be checked after the bus breakup scheme has operated. Sequential clearing may be necessary (stronger ground sources trip first, then successive weaker sources, etc, until the fault is cleared).
7. Time-delayed trip cancels: High-speed reclosing if pilot is turned on in a 161kV or 230kV application; all reclosing in a 500kV application. 8. The reset characteristic for microprocessor-based relays should be set to emulate an electromechanical relay (where there is a choice), to avoid miscoordination with electromechanical relays at remote stations. The use of these guidelines is best illustrated by the following example. Consider the following 161kV transmission line with sources at both ends.
Lowndes
894 858 #1 Magbee
Columbus
988
Kerr McGee
894
914
#2 East Columbus New Hope
998
Bus 2 944 Bus 1
Aberdeen
#2 #1
West Point
808
954 #2 964
Weyerhaeuser
914
CMF 924 #1 Carbonic
944
914
Weyerhaeuser Switching 914 Station

Brooksville
3I0
Macon
3I0=2100A (All ties closed) =2840A (West Point-Columbus #2 161kV line out) =2240A (Lowndes-Columbus #2 161kV line out) =1850A (40-ohm Columbus line-end fault)
Dekalb
914
Shuqualak
South Macon
Using the above guidelines, the ground relay at the West Point terminal of the West Point-Columbus #1 161kV line terminal may be set as follows: CT ratio = 1200/5 = 240/1 Pickup = 2100 / 10 = 210 A primary = 0.88 A secondary Available taps: 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 Use 1.0 A secondary = 240 A primary Maximum line loading is 495MVA or 1775A primary. primary is greater than 10% of this rating. The pickup of 240A
Note that this pickup would allow the relay to see a remote 40 ohm lineend fault (1850 A), with a factor of 1850 / 240 = 770%.
Set time lever to trip in 30 cycles at 2100 A (2100 / 240 = 875%): is about approximately time lever 3.5: This
td 3.5 PU (A) 240 Spec Amps 2110 10.98 29 M (x PU) 1.5 2 3 5 10 TP (cycles) 686 283 119 55 (30)
The instantaneous element should be set for 1.30 * 2840 = 3692 A primary = 15.4 A secondary Use 16A secondary (3840 A primary). Note that if the instantaneous element had been set for 125% of a remote bus fault with all-ties-closed (1.25 * 2100 = 2625 A), the resulting margin for the parallel line out would only be 2840 / 2625 = 108%, and could likely result in false tripping. Special note regarding the time element pickup: Assume that instead of setting the pickup for 1000% sensitivity for an all-ties-closed remote bus fault, that a sensitivity of 2000% was used: Pickup = 2100 / 20 = 105 A primary = 0.43 A secondary Use 0.5 A secondary = 120 A primary (sensitivity 2100 / 120 = 1750%). While this would definitely improve the resistive coverage (from about 60 ohms with a 240 A pickup to 125 ohms for 120 A pickup), this can actually produce a miscoordination with downstream devices. Once we get into the flat portion of the inverse curve (beyond 1000%) we lose the ability to coordinate. In other words, the relay operates nearly as fast for a 1500% fault as it does for a 2500% fault, removing the necessary margin for time coordinating relays. NOTE: The following analysis may not match CAPE results exactly for the present version of the CAPE database, but the points being made still hold. Consider the coordination of the West Point 914 ground relay with the Columbus 944 ground relay. The Columbus 944 ground relay has been set for 1000% sensitivity for a Weyerhaeuser Switching Station bus fault (480 A pickup) and a time lever chosen to trip in 30 cycles for the same fault. The resulting coordination curves are shown in the following graphic. For a Weyerhaeuser Switching Station bus fault, it can be seen that there is only about 7 cycles of margin between the two curves. For the single contingency of the West Point-Columbus #2 line being out of service, this coordination decreases to only 4 cycles. The reason for this miscoordination results from the highly sensitive setting of the ground relay at West Point on 914.
CAPE CG report using 120 A pickup at West Point on 914 ground relay:
Substation: WEST POINT 500-kV SUB LZOP: "914 Columbus #1" (LINE) WPNT 9164 Tag: 7658 Model: JBCG53 Style: 12JBCG53N2A Group: RSS 0885 dated 8/31/1992 1. Time OC Branch Main CT: 36-236 Ckt 1 (161.0 kV) to 236 Columbus 161 (COLUMBUS, MS 161-kV SUB) CT Ratio: 240.00 Pickup 0.50 R. Amps Time Dial 4.000 Characteristic VERY INVERSE Test Time 62.98 cycles Test Current 500.00 percentage Substation: COLUMBUS, MS 161-kV SUB LZOP: "DeKalb 944 Weyerhaeuser" (LINE) 9421/67G-Short Tag: 3368 Model: LFZP111 Style: LFZP111_5A Group: normal 2. Time OC Branch Main CT: 236-1052 Ckt 1 (161.0 kV) to 623 Weyerhsr SS (WEYERHAEUSER, MS SUB) CT Ratio: 160.00 Pickup 3.00 R. Amps Time Dial 0.350 Characteristic US Very Inverse Test Time 54.94 cycles Test Current 500.00 percentage Fault: A SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 1052 Weyerhsr Tap Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _____________________________________________________________________ 1 1106.79 9.22 36.50 0.78 @ 4.5 2 4826.02 10.05 28.90 0.75 @ 3.6 Fault: B SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 1052 Weyerhsr Tap Line Removal 236 Columbus 161 to 1084 Carbonic T Ckt 1 Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _______________________________________________________________________ 1 1304.25 10.87 33.20 0.50 @ 3.7 2 4695.23 9.78 29.30 0.88 @ 3.8 Fault: C SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 236 Columbus 161 Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _______________________________________________________________________ 1 2 2238.91 1016.69 18.66 2.12 26.80 Infinite 0.72 @ 4.2 5.04 @-175.4
This problem is better illustrated by examining the time-current curve for the West Point 914 ground relay for both Columbus and Weyerhaeuser Switching Station bus faults. While the current contribution from West Point 914 for these two faults differs by about 1100 A primary (2239 A for Columbus bus fault, 1107 A for Weyerhaeuser Switching Station bus fault), the operating times along the very inverse characteristic differ by only 10 cycles. This is because a very sensitive overcurrent pickup places the operating point for a remote bus fault far into the more horizontal portion of the characteristic (see next graphic).
Using the 240 A pickup at West Point on the 914 ground relay solves this problem:
With this setting, the operating times along the very inverse characteristic of the West Point 914 relay for Columbus and Weyerhaeuser Switching Station now differ by 33 cycles (as opposed to only 10 cycles). And the margin between this relay and the Columbus 944 relay increases to about 40 cycles. CAPE CG report using 240 A pickup at West Point on 914 ground relay:
Jan 3 2003 14:23:31 Substation: WEST POINT 500-kV SUB LZOP: "914 Columbus #1" (LINE) WPNT 9164 Tag: 7658 Model: JBCG53 Style: 12JBCG53N2A Group: RSS 0885 dated 8/31/1992 1. Time OC Branch Main CT: 36-236 Ckt 1 (161.0 kV) to 236 Columbus 161 (COLUMBUS, MS 161-kV SUB) CT Ratio: 240.00 Pickup 1.00 R. Amps Time Dial 4.000 Characteristic VERY INVERSE Test Time 62.98 cycles Test Current 500.00 percentage Substation: COLUMBUS, MS 161-kV SUB LZOP: "DeKalb 944 Weyerhaeuser" (LINE) 9421/67G-Short Tag: 3368 Model: LFZP111 Style: LFZP111_5A Group: normal 2. Time OC Branch Main CT: 236-1052 Ckt 1 (161.0 kV) to 623 Weyerhsr SS (WEYERHAEUSER, MS SUB) CT Ratio: 160.00 Pickup 3.00 R. Amps Time Dial 0.350 Characteristic US Very Inverse Test Time 54.94 cycles Test Current 500.00 percentage Fault: A SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 1052 Weyerhsr Tap Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _____________________________________________________________________ 1 1106.79 4.61 69.60 Unavailable 2 4826.02 10.05 28.90 Unavailable Fault: B SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 1052 Weyerhsr Tap Line Removal 236 Columbus 161 to 1084 Carbonic T Ckt 1 Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _____________________________________________________________________ 1 1304.25 5.43 57.30 Unavailable 2 4695.23 9.78 29.30 Unavailable Fault: C SINGLE_LINE_GROUND at bus 236 Columbus 161 Curve Current Operating Source/Total line (+ seq SIR) Primary A A/Pickup Cycles _______________________________________________________________________ 1 2238.91 9.33 36.30 0.72 @ 4.2 2 1016.69 2.12 Infinite 5.04 @-175.4
Ground overcurrents in radial system.
TVA system protection philosophy on radial ground instantaneous overcurrents looking into delta systems has historically been to set them on minimum. For a directionally controlled relay (e.g. one that requires transformer neutral current for polarization to operate) this is fine. For a non-directional instantaneous this may lead to misoperations during switching to bypass your breaker. If you have a non-directional residual element set on 200A, and your radial line is loaded to 300A when they make parallel (part of switching procedure to bypass the normal line breaker) some amount of false residual will show up in your relay. It is called false because it is not representative of the actual residual current on the line - it is present because some of the line current is going around (bypassing) the normal line breaker unequally (e.g. all of A-phase current may go through the normal breaker but B and C phases split differently. All behave according to current division) and is not being metered by the normal line breaker CTs. The largest this false residual could be is 300A (line load) and that would be with only one phase closed on the bypass or normal line (such as during single phase switching). Two criteria should be considered when setting the level of this nondirectional instantaneous residual: 1) Set it above maximum load unbalance expected during switching. 2) Set it above maximum expected CT error for three-phase faults occurring outside the zone of protection. Criteria 1) A non-directional instantaneous ground should be set a margin (preferably 150% or more) above maximum expected load through your breaker. In the above example, if the non-directional residual overcurrent where set on 500A there would be no danger of it misoperating during switching to bypass the breaker. Criteria 2) A non-directional instantaneous ground should be set greater than 20% of the current seen for an out-of-zone three-phase fault. This prevents misoperation under CT saturation. Example: Using the drawing below, a non-directional residual instantaneous will be set on breaker 704. In this case, to minimize need for changing settings this element will be set so it can support feeding normal line load (Dunmor) plus normal contingency loading (Ennis and Clifty City). The top rating on these three banks is 62.6MVA = 525A at 69kV. A three-phase fault on the low-side of Dunmor pulls about 1000A. This is the largest current seen by breaker 704 for a fault outside our zoneof-protection (hence, undesirable for us to trip for instantaneously). If the CTs are awful and have 20% total error then 200A would show up in the residual. Our setting needs to be above 200A. Full nameplate load that can be present will be 525A. During switching to bypass this relay may see that much residual. A non-directional
setting of 840A can see solid ground faults all the way down this line at all load taps.
Jason 69kV 704
1200:5 MR
Dunmor
N.O.
Ennis
2 three-phase banks 10/13.3/16.6 MVA 69kV:26kV
2 three-phase banks 7.5/9.375/10.5 MVA 69kV:26kV
Clifty City
N.O.
Kirkmansville
The ground time-overcurrent should be set directionally supervised and set on minimum tap, minimum time lever with a Very Inverse curve. The directional supervision should be set such that it only asserts for faults (so is secure from misoperation during switching to bypass). Furthermore, the ground instantaneous can generally be set on minimum tap when looking into deltas if it is supervised by the directional element as well. You are to put a note on the first page of your RSS (typically in the Notes section at bottom) indicating if the relay is vulnerable to misoperating during switching to bypass. Below are examples of such notes. The ground time-overcurrent is directionally supervised and the instantaneous elements are set above load such that they wont misoperate during switching to parallel load.
This relays ground elements may misoperate during switching to parallel load.
714
3 single-phase xfmrs 2.5/2.8 MVA 69kV:26kV
2 three-phase banks 12/16/20MVA 69kV:13kV
Revisions________________________ R1 - September 2005 Revisions Revised guidelines for pickup and time lever based on section discussions and revised resistive sensitivity limits. R2 - April 2006 Revisions by RWP. Added comment about using 150% margin for ground instantaneous on pilot lines. Added table of contents with hyperlinks. Added section on radial systems. R3 - June 2006 Revisions Added notes at end of section on radial ground relaying to specify on first page of RSS the relays susceptibility to misoperating during switching. R4 - August 2007 Revision by RWP. Added comments under item 3 of Ground overcurrents in looped system to point out the problem of in/out stations (based on PER
130558).

D24 Protection Guide - Ground Overcurrent Relaying

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

D24 Protection Guide - Ground Overcurrent Relaying

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROTECTION GUIDES ESO/System Protection & Analysis June 2006 Guide # 01 ---------------------------------------------------------------Guide Topic: Ground Overcurrent Relays Settings

Approval Date: Revision Level: Reference:

C37.112-1996 IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays

Ground overcurrents in looped system

#2 East Columbus New Hope

Bus 2 944 Bus 1

CMF 924 #1 Carbonic

Weyerhaeuser Switching 914 Station

Jason 69kV 704

2 three-phase banks 10/13.3/16.6 MVA 69kV:26kV

2 three-phase banks 7.5/9.375/10.5 MVA 69kV:26kV

3 single-phase xfmrs 2.5/2.8 MVA 69kV:26kV

2 three-phase banks 12/16/20MVA 69kV:13kV

You might also like