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+cce'tin" matter in the ori"inal #en#e "iven a)ove, +ri#totle define# the (material ca%#e( hoion ho chalkos tou andriantos kai ho argyros tes phiales. !hat the form of the #tat%e i# reali:ed in the )ron:e, that the )ron:e i# the #%);ect of the form, i# #en#i)l& evident. !he#e t$o element# of the #tat%e or )o$l are the intrin#ic (ca%#e#( of it# )ein" $hat it i#. <ith the addition of the efficient and final ca%#e (and of 'rivation) the& con#tit%te the $hole doctrine of it# =tiolo"&, and are invoked a# a #%fficient e>'lanation of (accidental( chan"e. !here i# no diffic%lt& in %nder#tandin" #%ch a doctrine. !he determina)le (matter( (here, in #chola#tic terminolo"&, more 'ro'erl& #%)#tance) i# the concrete realit& ? )ra## or $hite metal ? #%#ce'ti)le of determination to a 'artic%lar mode of )ein". !he determinant i# the artificial #ha'e or form act%all& vi#i)le. !he (matter( remain# #%)#tantiall& the #ame )efore, thro%"ho%t, and after it# fa#hionin".
Primordial matter
!he e>'lanation i# not #o o)vio%# $hen it i# e>tended to cover #%)#tantial chan"e. t i# indeed tr%e that alread& in #'eakin" of the (matter( of accidental chan"e (#%)#tance), $e "o )e&ond the e>'erience "iven in #en#e 'erce'tion. @%t, $hen $e attem't to deal $ith the element# of cor'oreal #%)#tance, $e 'roceed #till farther in the 'roce## of a)#traction. t i# im'o##i)le to re're#ent to o%r#elve# either 'rimordial matter or #%)#tantial form. +n& attem't to do #o inevita)l& re#%lt# in a 'la& of ima"ination that tend# to fal#if& their nat%re, for the& are not ima"ina)le. !he 'ro'er o);ect# of o%r %nder#tandin" are the e##ence# of tho#e )odie# $ith $hich $e are #%rro%nded (cf. S. !homa#, (Ae Princi'io ndivid%ationi#(). <e have, ho$ever, no int%itive kno$led"e of the#e, nor of their 'rinci'le#. <e ma& rea#on a)o%t them, indeed, and m%#t #o rea#on if $e $i#h to e>'lain the 'o##i)ilit& of chan"e; )%t to ima"ine i# to co%rt the dan"er of arrivin" at entirel& fal#e concl%#ion#. Hence $hatever ma& )e a##erted $ith re"ard to 'rimordial matter m%#t nece##aril& )e the re#%lt of '%re and a)#tract rea#onin" %'on the concrete data f%rni#hed )& #en#e. t i# an ine>i#tin" 'rinci'le invoked to acco%nt for #%)#tantial alteration. @%t, a# St. !homa# +B%ina# remark#, $hatever kno$led"e of it $e ma& acB%ire i# reached onl& )& it# analo"& to (form( (i)id.). !he t$o are the in#e'ara)le con#tit%ent# of cor'oreal )ein"#. !he teachin" of +B%ina# ma& )e )riefl& #et o%t here a# em)od&in" that al#o of +ri#totle, $ith $hich it i# in the main identical. t i# the teachin" commonl& received in the School; tho%"h vario%# other o'inion#, to $hich all%#ion $ill )e made later, are to )e fo%nd advanced )oth )efore and after it# form%lation )& +B%ina#.
Privation
!he %#e of the term ('rivation( )& +B%ina# )rin"# %# to an e>ceedin"l& intere#tin" con#ideration. <hile 'rimordial matter, a# (%nder#tood( $itho%t an& form or 'rivation, i# an indifferent 'otentialit& to$ard# information )& an& cor'oreal form, the #ame matter, con#idered a# reali:ed )& a "iven form, and act%all& e>i#tin", doe# not connote thi# indefinite ca'acit& of information. !here i#, in fact, a certain rh&thmic evol%tion of form# o)#erva)le in nat%re. @& electrol&#i# onl& o>&"en and h&dro"en can )e o)tained from $ater; from o>&"en and h&dro"en in definite 'ro'ortion# onl& $ater i# "enerated. !hi# fact St. !homa# e>'re##e# in the 'h&#ical term# of hi# time. ( f an& 'artic%lar matter, e.". fire or air, $ere de#'oiled of it# form, it i# manife#t that the 'otentialit& to$ard# other ed%ci)le form# remainin" in it $o%ld not )e #o am'le, a# i# the ca#e in re"ard to matter (con#idered) %niver#all&( (Ae 1at. Mat., v). !he con#ideration "ive# %# the #i"nification of ('rivation(, a# %#ed in the theor& of #%)#tantial chan"e. Matter i# (de'rived( of the form or form# to$ard# $hich alone it i# 'otential $hen act%all& e>i#tin" in #ome one or other #tate of determination. Hence the di#tinction that i# fo%nd in the O'%#c%le (Ao Princi'ii# 1at%r=(.
Permanent matter
( Matter that doe# not connote a 'rivation i# 'ermanent, $herea# that $hich doe# i# tran#ient(. !he connotation of a 'rivation limit# 'rimordial matter to that $hich i# reali:ed )& a form di#'o#in" it to$ard# reali:ation )& certain other definite form#. (Privation( i# the a)#ence of tho#e form#. Permanent matter i# matter con#idered in the hi"he#t de"ree of a)#traction, and connotin" there)& no more than it# correlation to form in "eneral.
and >>>iii). For the chan"ea)lene## of chan"ea)le thin"# i# ca'a)le of all tho#e form# to $hich the chan"ea)le are chan"ed. +nd $hat i# thi#F # it #o%lF Or )od&F f it co%ld )e #aid. E1othin". #omethin" that i# and i# notE, that $o%ld #a& . . . EFor from nothin" the& $ere made )& !hee, &et not of !hee. nor of an&thin" not !hine, or $hich $a# )efore, )%t of concreated matter, )eca%#e !ho% did#t create it# informit& $itho%t an& inter'o#ition of time.E St. +%"%#tine doe# not teach the de'endence of B%antit& %'on matter; and he admit# a B%a#imatter in the an"el#. Moreover, hi# doctrine of the rationes seminales (of Stoical ori"in), $hich fo%nd man& adherent# amon" later #chola#tic#, clearl& a##i"n# to matter #omethin" more than the character of '%re 'otentialit& attri)%ted to it )& St. !homa#. t ma& noted that +l)ert the Great, the 'redece##or of St. !homa#, al#o ta%"ht thi# doctrine and, f%rther, $a# of the o'inion that the an"elic (form#( m%#t )e held to have a fundamentum, or "ro%nd of differentiation, analo"o%# to matter in cor'oreal )ein"#. Follo$in" St. +%"%#tine, +le>ander of Hale# and St. @onavent%re, $ith the Franci#can School a# a $hole, teach that matter i# one of the intrin#ic element# of all creat%re#. Matter and form to"ether are the 'rinci'le# of individ%ation for St. @onavent%re. A%n# Scot%# i# more characteri#ticall& #%)tle on the 'oint, $hich i# a ca'ital one in hi# #&nthe#i#. Matter i# to )e di#tin"%i#hed a#. Materia primo prima, the %niver#ali:ed indeterminate element of contin"ent )ein"#. !hi# ha# real and n%merical %nit&. Materia secundo prima, %nited $ith (form( and B%antified. Materia tertio prima, #%);ect of accidental chan"e in e>i#tin" )odie#. For Scot%#, $ho ackno$led"e# hi# inde)tedne## to +vice)ron for the doctrine (Ae rer%m 'rinci'., C. viii, a. 3), Materia primo prima i# homo"eneo%# in all creat%re# $itho%t e>ce'tion. Hi# #&#tem i# d%ali#tic. +mon" later nota)le #chola#tic# Franci#co S%Hre: ma& )e cited a# attri)%tin" an e>i#tence to 'rimordial matter. !hi# i# a lo"ical con#eB%ence of hi# doctrine that no real di#tinction i# to )e admitted )et$een e##ence and e>i#tence. God co%ld, he teache#, ('re#erve matter $itho%t a form a# He can a form $itho%t matter( (Ai#'%t. Meta'h., >v, #ec. 9). n hi# o'inion, al#o, B%antified matter no lon"er a''ear# a# the 'rinci'le of individ%ation. + con#idera)le n%m)er of theolo"ian# and 'hilo#o'her# have 'rofe##ed hi# doctrine %'on )oth the#e 'oint#.
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