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Contents
Contents
1 Network Architecture ................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks .................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems ......................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems ....................................................................................................... 1-3 1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems ..................................................................................................... 1-5 1.2 3GPP Releases............................................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2.1 Pre-Release 99 ..................................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2.2 Release 99 ............................................................................................................................................ 1-6 1.2.3 Release 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-6 1.2.4 Release 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.5 Release 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.6 Release 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-8 1.2.7 Release 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-9 1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond .......................................................................................................................... 1-9 1.3 E-UTRAN Architecture............................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.3.1 User Equipment ................................................................................................................................. 1-10 1.3.2 Evolved Node B ................................................................................................................................. 1-12 1.3.3 Femto Cells ........................................................................................................................................ 1-13 1.4 E-UTRAN Interfaces and Protocols ............................................................................................................ 1-14 1.4.1 Uu Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 1-14 1.4.2 X2 Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 1-16 1.4.3 S1 Interface ........................................................................................................................................ 1-18 1.5 EPC Architecture ......................................................................................................................................... 1-19 1.5.1 Mobility Management Entity ............................................................................................................. 1-19 1.5.2 Serving - Gateway.............................................................................................................................. 1-20 1.5.3 Packet Data Network - Gateway ........................................................................................................ 1-21 1.6 EPC Interfaces and Protocols ...................................................................................................................... 1-21 1.6.1 S11 Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 1-21 1.6.2 S5/S8 Interface ................................................................................................................................... 1-22 1.6.3 S10 Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 1-23 1.6.4 SGi Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 1-23
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LTE/SAE System Overview Training Manual 1.6.5 Additional Network Elements and Interfaces..................................................................................... 1-24
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3.1 The Huawei eNB Family ............................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.1 BTS3900(A) LTE ................................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.1.2 DBS3900 LTE ...................................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.2 Products and Application Scenarios .............................................................................................................. 3-5 3.2.1 BTS3900(A) LTE ................................................................................................................................. 3-5 3.2.2 DBS3900 LTE ...................................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.3 Operation and Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.3.1 The Operations and Maintenance System ............................................................................................ 3-5 3.3.2 Benefits ................................................................................................................................................ 3-6
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks ........................................................................................................ 1-2 Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................. 1-3 Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................... 1-4 Figure 1-4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................. 1-5 Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases .................................................................................................................................. 1-6 Figure 1-6 HSDPA (Release 5) ........................................................................................................................... 1-7 Figure 1-7 HSUPA (Release 6) ........................................................................................................................... 1-8 Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7) ........................................................................................................................... 1-8 Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE ............................................................................................................... 1-9 Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond ................................................................................................................... 1-10 Figure 1-11 LTE Reference Architecture .......................................................................................................... 1-10 Figure 1-12 User Equipment Functional Elements .......................................................................................... 1-11 Figure 1-13 Evolved Node B Functional Elements .......................................................................................... 1-13 Figure 1-14 E-UTRAN Interfaces .................................................................................................................... 1-14 Figure 1-15 Uu Interface Protocols .................................................................................................................. 1-15 Figure 1-16 X2 Interface Protocols .................................................................................................................. 1-17 Figure 1-17 S1 Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................... 1-18 Figure 1-18 EPC Architecture and Interfaces ................................................................................................... 1-19 Figure 1-19 MME Functional Elements ........................................................................................................... 1-20 Figure 1-20 S-GW Functional Elements .......................................................................................................... 1-20 Figure 1-21 PDN-GW Functional Elements..................................................................................................... 1-21 Figure 1-22 S11 Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................. 1-22 Figure 1-23 S5/S8 Interface Protocols.............................................................................................................. 1-23 Figure 1-24 S10 Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................. 1-23 Figure 1-25 SGi Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................. 1-24 Figure 1-26 Additional Network Elements and Interfaces ............................................................................... 1-24
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Figures
Figure 2-1 Radio Interface Techniques............................................................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-2 Frequency Division Multiple Access ................................................................................................ 2-2 Figure 2-3 Time Division Multiple Access......................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-4 Code Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................................ 2-3 Figure 2-5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2-6 Frequency Division Duplex .............................................................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2-7 Time Division Duplex....................................................................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-8 Use of OFDM in LTE ....................................................................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-9 FDM Carriers .................................................................................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2-10 OFDM Subcarriers.......................................................................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-11 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform ....................................................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-12 Fast Fourier Transform ................................................................................................................... 2-8 Figure 2-13 OFDM Symbol Mapping ................................................................................................................ 2-9 Figure 2-14 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) ................................................................................ 2-9 Figure 2-15 Delay Spread................................................................................................................................. 2-10 Figure 2-16 Inter Symbol Interference ............................................................................................................. 2-10 Figure 2-17 Cyclic Prefix ................................................................................................................................. 2-11 Figure 2-18 LTE Channels ............................................................................................................................... 2-12 Figure 2-19 Location of Channels .................................................................................................................... 2-12 Figure 2-20 BCCH and PCH Logical Channels ............................................................................................... 2-13 Figure 2-21 CCCH and DCCH Signaling ........................................................................................................ 2-13 Figure 2-22 Dedicated Traffic Channel ............................................................................................................ 2-13 Figure 2-23 LTE Release 8 Transport Channels ............................................................................................... 2-14 Figure 2-24 Radio Channel .............................................................................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2-25 Downlink Channel Mapping ......................................................................................................... 2-16 Figure 2-26 Uplink Channel Mapping.............................................................................................................. 2-17 Figure 2-27 LTE Frame Structure..................................................................................................................... 2-18 Figure 2-28 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix ............................................................................................. 2-18 Figure 2-29 Type 2 TDD Radio Frame ............................................................................................................. 2-19 Figure 2-30 OFDMA in LTE ............................................................................................................................ 2-20 Figure 2-31 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element .......................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2-32 Downlink Cell ID ......................................................................................................................... 2-22 Figure 2-33 PSS and SSS Location for FDD ................................................................................................... 2-22
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Figure 2-34 PSS and SSS Location for TDD ................................................................................................... 2-23 Figure 2-35 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept...................................................................................... 2-24 Figure 2-36 SC-FDMA Signal Generation ....................................................................................................... 2-25 Figure 2-37 SC-FDMA and the eNB ................................................................................................................ 2-26 Figure 2-38 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO .......................................................................................................... 2-27 Figure 2-39 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing ......................................................................................................... 2-27 Figure 2-40 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues ...................................................................................... 2-27 Figure 2-41 MIMO Space Time Coding........................................................................................................... 2-28 Figure 2-42 Adaptive MIMO Switch................................................................................................................ 2-28 Figure 2-43 MBMS Logical Architecture ........................................................................................................ 2-29 Figure 2-44 MBSFN Synchronization Areas.................................................................................................... 2-30 Figure 2-45 MBMS Cell Configuration ........................................................................................................... 2-30 Figure 3-1 BTS3900(A) LTE Architecture ......................................................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3-2 BBU3900 .......................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3-3 LRFU ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3 Figure 3-4 DBS3900 LTE Architecture .............................................................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-5 RRU .................................................................................................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-6 O&M System .................................................................................................................................... 3-6
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Tables
Tables
Table 1-1 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems ......................................................................................... 1-3 Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features ..................................................................................................................... 1-5 Table 1-3 UE Categories................................................................................................................................... 1-12 Table 2-1 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes ............................................................................................................... 2-8 Table 2-2 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points.............................................................................................. 2-19 Table 2-3 Downlink PRB Parameters ............................................................................................................... 2-21 Table 2-4 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA .............................................................................................................. 2-26
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1
Objectives
Network Architecture
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 1.1 Describe the evolution of cellular networks. 1.2 Summarize the evolution of 3GPP releases, from Release 99 to Release 9 and beyond. 1.3 Explain the logical architecture of the E-UTRAN. 1.4 Describe the interfaces and associated protocols within the E-UTRAN. 1.5 Explain the logical architecture of the EPC. 1.6 Describe the interfaces and associated protocols within the EPC.
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1G (First Generation)
2G (Second Generation)
3G (Third Generation)
4G (Fourth Generation)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) - This first appeared in 1976 in the United States and was mainly implemented in the Americas, Russia and Asia. Various issues including weak security features made the system prone to hacking and handset cloning. TACS (Total Access Communications System) - This was the European version of AMPS but with slight modifications including the operation on different frequency bands. It was mainly used in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of Asia. ETACS ((Extended Total Access Communication System) - This provided an improved version of TACS. It enabled a greater number of channels and therefore facilitated more users.
These analogue systems were all proprietary based FM (Frequency Modulation) systems and therefore they all lacked security, any meaningful data service and international roaming capability.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - this is the most successful of all 2G technologies. It was initially developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for Europe and designed to operate on the 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands. It now has world-wide support and is available for deployment on many other frequency bands, such as 850MHz and 1900MHz. A mobile described as tri band or quad band indicates support for multiple frequency bands on the same device. GSM utilizes TDMA and as such, it employs 8 timeslots on a 200kHz radio carrier. cdmaOne - this is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system based on the IS-95 (Interim Standard 95). It uses a spread spectrum technique which incorporates a mixture of codes and timing to identify cells and channels. The system bandwidth is 1.25MHz. D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) - this is based on the IS-136 (Interim Standard 136) and is effectively an enhancement to AMPS. Supporting a TDMA
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access technique, D-AMPS is primarily used on the North American continent, as well as in New Zealand and parts of the Asia-Pacific region. Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
2G (Second Generation)
GSM
Other
cdmaOne (IS-95)
D-AMPS (IS-136)
In addition to being digital, with the associated improvements in capacity and security, these 2G digital systems also offer enhanced services such as SMS (Short Message Service) and circuit switched data.
2.5G Systems
Most 2G systems have now been evolved. For example, GSM was extended with GPRS (General Packet Radio System) to support efficient packet data services, as well as increasing the data rates. As this feature does not meet 3G requirements, GPRS is therefore often referred to as 2.5G. A comparison been 2G and 2.5G systems is illustrated in Table 1-1.
2.75G Systems
GSM/GPRS systems also added EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution). This nearly quadruples the throughput of GPRS. The theoretical data rate of 473.6kbit/s enables service providers to efficiently offer multimedia services. Like that of GPRS, EDGE is usually categorized as 2.75G as it does not fulfill all the requirements of a 3G system. Table 1-1 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems System 2G GSM 2.5G GPRS 2.75G EDGE Service Circuit Switched Packet Switched Packet Switched Theoretical Data Rate 9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s 171.2kbit/s 473.6kbit/s Typical Data Rate 9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s 4kbit/s to 50kbit/s 120kbit/s
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transmission rates, for example: 2Mbit/s for stationary or nomadic use and 348kbit/s in a moving vehicle. The main 3G technologies are illustrated in Figure 1-3.These include:
W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) - This was developed by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project). There are numerous variations on this standard, including TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. W-CDMA is the main evolutionary path from GSM/GPRS networks. It is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) based system and occupies a 5MHz carrier. Current deployments are mainly at 2.1GHz, however deployments at lower frequencies are also being seen, e.g. UMTS1900, UMTS900, UMTS850 etc. W-CDMA supports voice and multimedia services with an initial theoretical rate of 2Mbit/s however, most service providers were initially offering 384kbit/s per user. This technology is continuing to evolve and later 3GPP releases have increased the rates to in excess of 40Mbit/s. TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) - This is typically referred to as UMTS TDD (Time Division Duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications, however it has only limited support. The system utilizes a combination of CDMA and TDMA to enable efficient allocation of resources. TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) - This was jointly developed by Siemens and the CATT (China Academy of Telecommunications Technology). TD-SCDMA has links to the UMTS specifications and is often identified as UMTS-TDD LCR (Low Chip Rate). Like TD-CDMA, it is also best suited to low mobility scenarios in micro or pico cells. CDMA2000 - This is a multi-carrier technology standard which uses CDMA. CDMA2000 is actually a set of standards including CDMA2000 EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) which has various revisions. It is worth noting that CDMA2000 is backward compatible with cdmaOne.
UMTS W-CDMA
3G (Third Generation)
Other
CDMA2000
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - This is another wireless technology which satisfies IMT2000 3G requirements. The air interface is part of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 standard which originally defined PTP (Point-To-Point) and PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) systems. This was later enhanced to provide mobility and greater flexibility. The success of WiMAX is mainly down to the WiMAX Forum, an organization formed to promote conformity and interoperability between vendors.
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LTE Advanced - LTE (Long Term Evolution) is part of 3GPP family of specifications, however it does not meet all IMT Advanced features, as such it is sometimes referred to as 3.99G. In contrast, LTE Advanced is part of a later 3GPP Release and this has been designed specifically to meet 4G requirements. WiMAX 802.16m - The IEEE and the WiMAX Forum have identified 802.16m as their offering for a 4G system. UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) - This is identified as EV-DO Rev C. It is part of 3GPP2 however most vendors and service providers have decided to promote LTE instead.
WiMAX 802.16m
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Release 9/10 LTE Advanced GSM 9.6kbit/s Phase 1 EDGE 473.6kbit/s Release 99 HSDPA 14.4Mbit/s Release 5 HSPA+ 28.8Mbit/s 42Mbit/s Release 7/8
3GPP Releases enhance various aspects of the network and not just the radio interface. For example, Release 5 started the introduction of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) in the core network.
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99
Pre-Release 99 saw the introduction of GSM, as well as the addition of GPRS. The main GSM Phases and 3GPP Releases include:
GSM Phase 1. GSM Phase 2. GSM Phase 2+ (Release 96). GSM Phase 2+ (Release 97). GSM Phase 2+ (Release 98).
1.2.2 Release 99
3GPP Release 99 saw the introduction of UMTS, as well as the EDGE enhancement to GPRS. UMTS contains all the features needed to meet the IMT-2000 requirements as those defined by the ITU. It is able to support CS (Circuit Switched) voice and video services, as well as PS (Packet Switched) data services over common and dedicated bearers. Initial data rates for UMTS were 64kbit/s, 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s. Note that the theoretical maximum was 2Mbit/s.
1.2.3 Release 4
Release 4 included enhancements to the core network and in particular the notion of it being bearer independent. Thus the concept of All IP Networks was included and service
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providers were able to deploy Soft Switch based networks, i.e. the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) was replaced by the MSC Server and MGW (Media Gateways). This improved network utilization in addition to consolidating engineering knowledge and increasing vendor competition.
1.2.4 Release 5
Release 5 introduces the first major addition to the UMTS air interface by specifying HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) in order to improve both capacity and spectral efficiency. Figure 1-6 illustrates some of the main features associated with Release 5 and these include:
Adaptive Modulation - In addition to the original UMTS modulation scheme of QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), HSDPA also includes support for 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Flexible Coding - Based on fast feedback from the mobile in the form of a CQI (Channel Quality Indicator), the UMTS base station, i.e. the Node B, is able to modify the effective coding rate and thus increase system efficiency. Fast Scheduling - HSDPA includes a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval) which enables the Node B scheduler to quickly and efficiently allocate resources to mobiles. HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - In the event a packet does not get through to the UE (User Equipment) successfully, the system employs HARQ. This improves the retransmission timing, thus requiring less reliance on the RNC (Radio Network Controller).
HSDPA Adaptive Modulation Flexible Coding Fast Scheduling (2ms) HARQ Node B UE
UTRAN
Iub
RNC
1.2.5 Release 6
Release 6 adds various features, with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) being of most interest to RAN development. Even though the term HSUPA is widespread, this 3GPP enhancement also goes under the term Enhanced Uplink. It is also worth noting that HSDPA and HSUPA work in tandem and thus the term HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is now in common use. HSUPA, like HSDPA adds functionality to improve packet data. Figure 1-7 illustrates the three main enhancements which include:
Flexible Coding - HSUPA has the ability to dynamically change the coding and therefore improve the efficiency of the system. Fast Power Scheduling - A key fact of HSUPA is that it provides a method to schedule the power from different mobiles. This scheduling can use either a 2ms or 10ms TTI.
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HARQ - Like HSDPA, HSUPA also utilizes HARQ. The main difference is the timing relationship for retransmissions.
UTRAN
Iub
RNC
Enhancements introduced in Release 6 are not limited to HSUPA. For example, GAN (Generic Access Network) technologies are also included which enables alternative radio access technologies such as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) to be used yet still support true interworking.
Although no longer the correct terminology, UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access) is still in common use to describe the 3GPPs GAN technology.
1.2.6 Release 7
The main RAN based feature of Release 7 is HSPA+. This, like HSDPA and HSUPA, provides various enhancements to improve packet switched data delivery. Figure 1-8 illustrates the main features which include:
64 QAM - This is available in the DL (Downlink) and enables HSPA+ to operate at a theoretical rate of 21.6Mbit/s. 16 QAM - This is available in the UL (Uplink) and enables the uplink to theoretically achieve 11.76Mbit/s. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Operation - this is added to HSPA+ Release 7 and offers various benefits including the ability to offer a theoretical 28.8Mbits/s in the downlink.
HSPA+ 64 QAM (DL) 16 QAM (UL) MIMO Operation (DL) Power Enhancements (DL) Less Overhead (DL) Node B UE
UTRAN
Iub
RNC
Power Enhancements -Various enhancements such as CPC (Continuous Packet Connectivity) have been included. This includes DTX (Discontinuous Transmission),
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DRX (Discontinuous Reception) and HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared Control Channel) Less Operation etc. Collectively these improve the mobiles battery consumption.
Less Overhead - The downlink includes an enhancement to the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer which effectively means that fewer headers are required. This in turn reduces overhead and thus improves the system efficiency.
1.2.7 Release 8
There are many additions to the RAN functionality in Release 8, such as an enhancement to HSPA+. However the main aspect is the inclusion of LTE (Long Term Evolution). Figure 1-9 illustrates some of the main features for Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE. Release 8 HSPA+ enables various key enhancements, these include:
64 QAM and MIMO - Release 8 enables the combination of 64 QAM and MIMO, thus quoting a theoretical rate of 42Mbit/s, i.e. 2 x 21.6Mbit/s. Dual Cell Operation - DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) is a Release 8 feature which is further enhanced in Release 9 and Release 10. It enables a mobile to effectively utilize two 5MHz UMTS carriers. Assuming both are using 64 QAM (21.6Mbit/s), the theoretical maximum is 42Mbps. Note that in Release 8, a mobile is not able to combine MIMO and DC-HSDPA. Less Uplink Overhead - In a similar way to Release 7 in the downlink, the Release 8 uplink has also been enhanced to reduce overhead.
HSPA+ 64 QAM + MIMO (DL) Dual Cell Operation Less Overhead (UL) Node B LTE Enhanced Techniques Flexible Bandwidth Flexible Spectrum Options High Data Rates Very Fast Scheduling Improved Latency UE
UTRAN
Iub
RNC
E-UTRAN
eNB
LTE provides a new radio access technique, as well as enhancements in the E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). These enhancements are further discussed as part of this course.
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LTE Release 8
LTE Release 9
Release 10 includes the standardization of LTE Advanced, i.e. the 3GPPs 4G offering. As such, it includes the modification of the LTE system to facilitate 4G services.
IMS
HSS E-UTRAN
CSCF EPC
Video AS
UE
MME
eNB eNB
S-GW
PDN-GW
Whilst UMTS is based upon W-CDMA technology, the 3GPP developed new specifications for the LTE air interface based upon OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in the downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) in the uplink. This new air interface is termed the E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access).
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RR (Radio Resource) - this supports both the Control Plane and User Plane and in so doing, is responsible for all low level protocols including RRC (Radio Resource Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), RLC (Radio Link Control), MAC (Medium Access Control) and the Phy (Physical) Layer. EMM (EPS Mobility Management) - is a Control Plane entity which manages the mobility management states the UE can exist in; LTE Idle, LTE Active and LTE Detached. Transactions within these states include procedures such as TAU (Tracking Area Update) and handovers. ESM (EPS Session Management) - is a Control Plane activity which manages the activation, modification and deactivation of EPS bearer contexts. These can either be default EPS bearer contexts or dedicated EPS bearer contexts.
Control Plane
User Plane
IP Adaptation Function
Radio Resource
Radio Resource RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC & Phy Layer Protocols
In terms of the Phy layer, the capabilities of the UE may be defined in terms of the frequencies and data rates supported. Devices may also be capable of supporting adaptive modulation including QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 16QAM (16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). In terms of the radio spectrum, the UE is able to support several scalable channels including; 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz and 20MHz whilst operating in FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and/or TDD (Time Division Duplex). Furthermore, the UE may also support advanced antenna features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) which is discussed in at 2.7 .
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Table 1-3 UE Categories UE Category Maximum Downlink Data Rate 10.3Mbit/s 51.0Mbit/s 102.0Mbit/s 150.8Mbit/s 302.8Mbit/s Number of Downlink Data Streams 1 2 2 2 4 Maximum Uplink Data Rate 5.2Mbit/s 25.5Mbit/s 51.0Mbit/s 51.0Mbit/s 75.4Mbit/s Support for Uplink 64QAM No No No No Yes
1 2 3 4 5
UE Identities
An LTE capable UE will be allocated / utilize a number of identities during operation within the network. These include:
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) - this complies with the standard 3GPP format and is comprised of the MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and the MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identity Number). This uniquely identifies a subscriber from within the family of 3GPP technologies - GSM, GPRS, UMTS etc. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) - is used to uniquely identify the ME. It can be further subdivided into a TAC (Type Approval Code), FAC (Final Assembly Code) and SNR (Serial Number). GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identity) - is allocated to the UE by the MME (Mobility Management Entity) and identifies a device to a specific MME. The identity is comprised of a GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME Identity) and an M-TMSI (MME Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity). S-TMSI (Serving - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) - is used to protect a subscribers IMSI during NAS (Non Access Stratum) signaling between the UE and MME as well as identifying the MME from within a MME pool. The S-TMSI is comprised of the MMEC (MME Code) and the M-TMSI. IP Address - the UE requires a routable IP address from the PDN (Packet Data Network) from which it is receiving higher layer services. This may either be an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
RRM (Radio Resource Management) - this involves the allocation to the UE of the physical resources on the uplink and downlink, access control and mobility control. Date Compression - is performed in both the eNB and the UE in order to maximize the amount of user data that can be transferred on the allocated resource. This process is undertaken by PDCP. Data Protection - is performed at the eNB and the UE in order to encrypt and integrity protect RRC signaling and encrypt user data on the air interface.
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Routing - this involves the forwarding of Control Plane signaling to the MME and User Plane traffic to the S-GW (Serving - Gateway). Packet Classification and QoS Policy Enforcement - this involves the marking of uplink packets based upon subscription information or local service provider policy. QoS (Quality of Service) policy enforcement is then responsible for ensuring such policy is enforced at the network edge.
Routing
Data Protection
Security in LTE is not solely limited to encryption and integrity protection of information passing across the air interface but instead, NAS encryption and integrity protection between the UE and MME also takes place. In addition, IPSec may also be used to protect user data within both the E-UTRAN and EPC.
eNB Identities
In addition to the UE identities already discussed, there are a number of specific identities associated with the eNB. These include:
TAI (Tracking Area Identity) - is a logical group of neighboring cells defined by the service provider in which an LTE idle UE is able to move within without needing to update the network. As such, it is similar to a RAI (Routing Area Identity) used in 2G and 3G packet switched networks. ECGI (Evolved Cell Global Identity) - is comprised of the MCC, MNC and ECI (Evolved Cell Identity), the later being coded by each service provider.
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HeNB Identities
To aid in the efficient operation of both the UE and the network, there are a number of additional identities which have been introduced by the 3GPP for femto cell operation. These are:
CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) Identity - this is used by a UE to determine whether it is permitted to use the HeNB. The CSG Identity is broadcast in SI (System Information) messages. HeNB Name - is a free text human readable name broadcast by the HeNB to advise subscribers of the identity of the HeNB they are, or are about to register with.
EPC
eNB
MME
X2
S1-U
eNB
S-GW
1.4.1 Uu Interface
The Uu Interface supports both a Control Plane and a User plane and spans the link between the UE and the eNB / HeNB. The principle Control Plane protocol is RRC while the User Plane is designed to carry IP datagrams. However, both Control and User Planes utilize the services of PDCP, RLC and MAC.
System Information.
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PLMN and Cell Selection. Admission Control. Security Management. Cell Reselection. Measurement Reporting. Handovers and Mobility. NAS Transport. Radio Resource Management.
Encryption - Control Plane and User Plane. Integrity Checking - Control Plane. IP Header Compression - User Plane. Sequencing and Duplicate Detection - User Plane.
Uu UE Control Plane RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB User Plane IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY
TM (Transparent Mode) - this provides a connectionless service and is utilized for some of the air interface channels e.g. broadcast and paging. UM (Unacknowledged Mode) - like that of TM, this also provides a connectionless service but with additional functionality incorporating sequencing, segmentation and concatenation.
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AM (Acknowledged Mode) - this supports ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) thereby operating in a connection orientated mode.
Mapping - this is the mapping of information between the logical and transport channels. Multiplexing - in order to increase system efficiency, information from different Radio Bearers is multiplexed into the same TB (Transport Block). HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - provides error correction services over the air interface. This requires close interworking with the Physical Layer. Radio Resource Allocation - this is the scheduling of traffic and signaling to users based upon QoS.
Physical
The Physical Layer incorporates a number of functions. These include:
Error Detection. FEC (Forward Error Correction) Encoding / Decoding. Rate Matching. Physical Channel Mapping. Power Weighting. RF (Radio Frequency) Modulation and Demodulation. Frequency and Time Synchronization. Radio Measurements. MIMO Processing. Transmit Diversity. Beamforming. RF Processing.
1.4.2 X2 Interface
The X2 Interface interconnects two eNBs and in so doing supports both a Control Plane and User Plane. It also extends the S1 Interface when two or more eNBs lie between the UE and the EPC. The X2AP (X2 Application Protocol) Control Plane protocol resides on SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) where as the IP is transferred over the User Plane using the services of GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
X2 Application Protocol
The X2AP is responsible for the following functions:
Mobility Management - this enables the serving eNB to move the responsibility of a specified UE to a target eNB. This includes Forwarding the User Plane, Status Transfer and UE Context Release functions.
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Load Management - this function enables eNBs to communicate with each other in order to report resource status, overload indications and current traffic loading. Error Reporting - this allows for the reporting of general error situations for which specific error reporting mechanism have not been defined. Setting / Resetting X2 - this provides a means by which the X2 interface can be setup / reset by exchanging the necessary information between the eNBs. Configuration Update - this allows the updating of application level data which is needed for two eNBs to interoperate over the X2 interface.
X2 eNB Control Plane X2AP SCTP IP Layer 2 Layer 1 eNB User Plane GTP-U UDP IP Layer 2 Layer 1
Reliable Delivery of Higher Layer Payloads. Sequential Delivery of Higher Layer Payloads. Improved resilience through Multihoming. Flow Control. Improved Security.
SCTP is also found on the S1-MME Interface which links the eNB to the MME.
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1.4.3 S1 Interface
The S1 Interface can be subdivided into the S1-MME interface supporting Control Plane signaling between the eNB and the MME and the S1-U Interface supporting User Plane traffic between the eNB and the S-GW. Figure 1-17 S1 Interface Protocols
S1-MME eNB Control Plane S1AP SCTP IP Layer 2 Layer 1 MME eNB
S1 Application Protocol
The S1AP spans the S1-MME Interface and in so doing, supports the following functions:
E-RAB (Evolved - Radio Access Bearer) Management - this incorporates the setting up, modifying and releasing of the E-RABs by the MME. Initial Context Transfer - is used to establish an S1UE context in the eNB, setup the default IP connectivity and transfer NAS related signaling. UE Capability Information Indication - is used to inform the MME of the UE Capability Information. Mobility - this incorporates mobility features to support a change in eNB or change in RAT. Paging. S1 Interface Management - this incorporates a number of sub functions dealing with resets, load balancing and system setup etc. NAS Signaling Transport - the transport of NAS related signaling over the S1-MME Interface. UE Context Modification and Release - this allows for the modification and release of the established UE Context in the eNB and MME respectively. Location Reporting - this enables the MME to be made aware of the UEs current location within the network.
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S1-U S-GW
S5/S8 PDN-GW
SGi
NAS Signaling and Security - this incorporates both EMM (Evolved Mobility Management) and ESM (Evolved Session Management) and thus includes procedures such as Tracking Area Updates and EPS Bearer Management. The MME is also responsible for NAS security. S-GW and PDN-GW Selection - upon receipt of a request from the UE to allocate a bearer resource, the MME will select the most appropriate S-GW and PDN-GW. This selection criterion is based on the location of the UE in addition to current load conditions within the network. Tracking Area List Management and Paging - whilst in the LTE Idle state, the UE is tracked by the MME to the granularity of a Tracking Area. Whilst UEs remain within the Tracking Areas provided to them in the form of a Tracking Area List, there is no requirement for them to notify the MME. The MME is also responsible for initiating the paging procedure. Inter MME Mobility - if a handover involves changing the point of attachment within the EPC, it may be necessary to involve an inter MME handover. In this situation, the serving MME will select a target MME with which to conduct this process.
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Authentication - this involves interworking with the subscribers HSS (Home Subscriber Server) in order to obtain AAA (Access Authorization and Accounting) information with which to authenticate the subscriber. Like that of other 3GPP system, authentication is based on AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement).
NAS Signaling and Security Authentication S-GW and PDN-GW Selection MME Inter MME Mobility Tracking Area List Management and Paging
Mobility Anchor GTP/PMIP Support Downlink Packet Buffering S-GW Lawful Interception Packet Routing and Forwarding
The S-GW terminates the S1-U Interface from the E-UTRAN and in so doing, provides the following functions:
Mobility Anchor - for inter eNB handovers, the S-GW acts as an anchor point for the User Plane. Furthermore, it also acts as an anchor for inter 3GPP handovers to legacy networks - GPRS and UMTS. Downlink Packet Buffering - when traffic arrives for a UE at the S-GW, it may need to be buffered in order to allow time for the MME to page the UE and for it to enter the LTE Active state. Packet Routing and Forwarding - traffic must be routed to the correct eNB on the downlink and the specified PDN-GW on the uplink. Lawful Interception - this incorporates the monitoring of VoIP (Voice over IP) and other packet services.
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GTP/PMIP Support - if PMIP (Proxy Mobile IP) is used on the S5/S8 Interfaces, the S-GW must support MAG (Mobile Access Gateway) functionality. Furthermore, support for GTP/PMIP chaining may also be required.
Packet Filtering - this incorporates the deep packet inspection of IP datagrams arriving from the PDN in order to determine which TFT (Traffic Flow Template) they are to be associated with. Lawful Interception - as with the S-GW, the PDN-GW may also monitor traffic as it passes across it. IP Address Allocation - IP addresses may be allocated to the UE by the PDN-GW. This is included as part of the initial bearer establishment phase or when UEs roam between different access technologies. Transport Level Packet Marking - this involves the marking of uplink and downlink packets with the appropriate tag e.g. DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) based on the QCI (QoS Class Identifier) of the associated EPS bearer. Accounting - through interaction with a PCRF (Policy Rules and Charging Function), the PDN-GW will monitor traffic volumes and types.
Packet Filtering Accounting Lawful Interception Transport Level Packet Marking PDN-GW IP Address Allocation
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Path Management - this incorporates Echo Request and Echo Response messages to ensure ongoing connectivity across the link. Tunnel Management - these messages are used to activate, modify and delete the EPS bearers and sessions spanning the network. Mobility Management - these messages ensure mobility is supported through a combination of relocation and notification procedures. CS (Circuit Switched) Fallback - this incorporates suspend and resume procedures during fallback to circuit switched operation. Non 3GPP Access - these messages support the establishment of tunnels to forward packet data between the 3GPP and Non 3GPP networks.
GTPv2-C is also found on the S5/S8 Interface between the S-GW and PDN-GW and the S10 Interface between MMEs. Furthermore, it can also be found on the S3 and S4 interfaces when interconnecting with an SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node).
Proxy Mobile IP
Defined by the IETF, PMIP supports mobility when a UE moves from one S-GW to another during a handover procedure. Data is tunneled between the PDN-GW, which supports HA (Home Agent) functionality and the S-GW, which acts as the FA (Foreign Agent).
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It is anticipated that PMIP will be used by 3GPP2 based networks migrating to LTE as they already utilize PMIP within their 3G architectures. 3GPP based networks however are expected to use GTP-U instead. Figure 1-23 S5/S8 Interface Protocols
S5/S8 S-GW Control Plane GTPv2-C UDP IP Layer 2 Layer 1 PDN-GW User Plane GTP-U / PMIP UDP IP Layer 2 Layer 1
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CDMA 2000 S6a EIR S13 EPC S10 S3 MME S11 SGSN S4 S5/S8 S12 S-GW S103 CDMA 2000 ePDG PDN-GW S2b Wn
Untrusted Non 3GPP IP Access
HSS S101
MME
PCRF Gx S2a
RNC
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HSS (Home Subscriber Server) - this can be considered a master database within the PLMN. Although logically it is considered as one entity, the HSS in practice is made up of several physical databases depending upon subscriber numbers and redundancy requirements. The HSS holds variables and identities for the support, establishment and maintenance of calls and sessions made by subscribers. It is connected to the MME via the S6a Interface which uses the protocol Diameter. PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) - this supports functionality for policy control through the PDF (Policy Decision Function) and charging control through the CRF (Charging Rules Function). As such, it provides bearer network control in terms of QoS and the allocation of the associated charging vectors. The PCRF downloads this information over the Gx Interface using the Diameter protocol. ePDG (evolved Packet Data Gateway) - which is used when connecting to Untrusted Non 3GPP IP Access networks. It provides functionality to allocate IP addresses in addition to encapsulating / de-encapsulating IPSec (IP Security) and PMIP tunnels. It connects to the PDN-GW via the S2b Interface. RNC (Radio Network Controller) - which forms part of the 3GPPs UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network), the RNC connects to the S-GW to support the tunneling of User Plane traffic using GTP-U. The interface linking these network elements is the S12 Interface. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) - this forms part of the 3GPPs 2G and 3G packet switched core domain. It connects to both the MME and S-GW in order to support packet switched mobility and uses the GTPv2-C and GTP-U protocols respectively. The SGSN connects to the MME via the S3 Interface and the S-GW via the S4 Interface. EIR (Equipment Identity Register) - this database enables service providers to validate a particular IMEI (International Mobile Equipment identity) against stored lists. It connects to the MME via the S13 Interface and uses the Diameter protocol for message transfer.
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Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 2.1 Describe the radio interface techniques used in the uplink and downlink. 2.2 Describe the principles of OFDM. 2.3 Describe the channel structure of the air interface. 2.4 Detail the time-domain structure in the radio interface in uplink and downlink for both FDD and TDD mode. 2.5 Have a good understanding of the OFDMA principles used in the downlink. 2.6 Have a good understanding of the SC-FDMA principles used in the uplink. 2.7 Describe MIMO. 2.8 Describe briefly the role of MBMS within LTE.
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TDMA
CDMA
Power
FDMA channels also suffer since they cannot be too close together as the energy from one channel affects the adjacent/neighboring channels. To combat this, additional guard bands between channels are required which reduces the systems spectral efficiency.
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Power
Frequency
Devices must be allocated a timeslot; therefore it is usual to have one or more timeslots reserved for common control and system access. TDMA systems are typically digital and therefore offer additional features such a ciphering and integrity protection. In addition, they can employ enhanced error detection and correction schemes such as FEC (Forward Error Correction). This enables the system to be more resilient to noise and interference and therefore, they tend to offer greater spectral efficiency when compared to FDMA systems.
Power
Frequency
There are two main types of CDMA, FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) and DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) however all the current major cellular systems utilize DSSS.
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In DSSS, the narrowband signal is spread with a wideband code prior to transmission. The receivers are designed to extract the encoded signal (with the correct code) and reject everything else as noise. UMTS, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 all use CDMA. However the implementation of the codes and the bandwidths used is different. For example UMTS utilizes a 5MHz channel bandwidth, whereas cdmaOne uses only 1.25MHz.
Power
Time OFDMA Each user allocated a different resource which can vary in time and frequency. Frequency
Channel Bandwidth
Downlink
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Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower frequency. This is done because higher frequencies suffer greater attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it enables the mobile to utilize lower transmit power levels. Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two frequencies are utilized, however the mobile can only transmit or receive, i.e. not transmit and receive at the same time. This allows for reduced mobile complexity since no duplex filter is required.
Asymmetric Allocation
Uplink
Uplink
Time
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) - used on the downlink. SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) - used on the uplink.
OFDM (OFDMA)
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The concept of OFDM is not new and is currently being used on various systems such as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). Furthermore, it was even considered for UMTS back in 1998. One of the main reasons why it was not chosen at the time however was the handsets limited processer power and the poor battery capabilities. LTE was able to choose an OFDM based access due to the fact mobile handset processing capabilities and battery performance have both significantly improved over the intervening years. In addition, there is continual pressure to produce ever more spectrally efficient systems.
Guard Band
Subcarrier
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Orthogonal Subcarriers
Subcarrier Modulation
Coded Bits
Serial to Parallel
IFFT
RF Complex Waveform
At the receiver side, this signal is passed to the FFT which analyses the complex/combined waveform to generate the original streams. Figure 2-12 illustrates the FFT process.
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Receiver
FFT
The subcarrier spacing of 15kHz is also used to identify the OFDM symbol duration.
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Time
Cyclic Prefix
LTE allocates resources in groups of 12 subcarriers. This is referred to as a PRB (Physical Resource Block).
In the previous example, 12 different modulated OFDM symbols were transmitted simultaneously. Figure 2-14 illustrates how the combined energy from this will result in either constructive peaks (when the symbols are the same) or destructive nulls (when the symbols are different). Figure 2-14 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
Time
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Energy
Delay Spread
Time
ISI is typically combated with equalizers. However for the equalizer to be effective, a known bit pattern or training sequence is required. This reduces the system capacity, as well as impacting on the processing required within the device. Instead, OFDM systems employ a CP (Cyclic Prefix). Figure 2-16 Inter Symbol Interference
Delayed Signal
Interference Caused
Cyclic Prefix
A Cyclic Prefix is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It effectively provides a guard period for each OFDM symbol. Figure 2-17 illustrates the Cyclic Prefix and identifies its location in the OFDM Symbol. Notice that the Cyclic Prefix is effectively a copy from the back of the original symbol which is then placed in front to make the OFDM symbol (Ts).
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Cyclic Prefix
T(g)
LTE has two defined Cyclic Prefix sizes, normal and extended. The extended Cyclic Prefix is designed for larger cells.
The size of the Cyclic Prefix relates to the maximum delay spread the system can tolerate. As such, systems designed for macro coverage, i.e. large cell radius, should have a large CP. This does however impact on system capacity as the number of symbols per second is will be reduced.
OFDM is almost completely resistant to multi-path interference due to its very long symbol duration. Higher spectral efficiency for wideband channels - 5MHz and above. Flexible spectrum utilization. Relatively simple implementation using FFT and IFFT.
OFDM Disadvantages
OFDM also has some disadvantages:
Frequency errors and phase noise can cause issues. Doppler shift impacts subcarrier orthogonality.
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Some OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). Accurate frequency and time synchronization.
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
Radio Channels
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Radio Channel
Logical Channels are classified as either Control Logical Channels, which carry control data such as RRC (Radio Resource Control) signaling, or Traffic Logical Channels which carry User Plane data.
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) - this is a downlink channel used to send of SI (System Information) messages from the eNB (Evolved Node B). These are defined by RRC. PCCH (Paging Control Channel) - this is a downlink channel used by the eNB to broadcast paging information.
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CCCH (Common Control Channel) - this is used to establish an RRC Connection or specifically a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer). It is also used for re-establishment procedures. Note, SRB 0 maps to the CCCH. DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) - this provides a bi-directional channel for signaling. Logically there are two DCCH activated:
SRB 1 - is used for RRC messages, as well as RRC messages which carry high priority NAS signaling. SRB 2 - is used for RRC carrying low priority NAS signaling. Prior to its establishment, low priority signaling is sent on SRB1.
DRB UE
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The DTCH is a bi-directional channel that can operate in either RLC AM (Acknowledged Mode) or UM (Unacknowledged Mode). This is configured by RRC and is based on the QoS (Quality of Service) applied to the E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer).
BCH (Broadcast Channel) - this is a fixed format channel which occurs once per frame and it is used to carry the MIB (Master Information Block). Note that the majority of system information messages are carried on the DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel). PCH (Paging Channel) - which is used to carry the PCCH, i.e. paging messages. It also utilizes DRX (Discontinuous Reception) to improve UE battery life. DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) - is the main downlink channel for data and signaling. It supports dynamic scheduling, as well as dynamic link adaptation. In addition, it utilizes HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) operation to improve performance. As previously indicated, it also facilitates the sending of system information messages. RACH (Random Access Channel) - carries limited information and is used in conjunction with Physical Channels and preambles to provide contention resolution procedures. UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) - similar to the DL-SCH, this channel supports dynamic scheduling (eNB controlled) and dynamic link adaptation by varying the modulation and coding. In addition, it too supports HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) operation to improve system performance.
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) - used to carry the BCH. PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) - is used to indicate the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH.
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PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) - used for resource allocation. PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) - used as part of the HARQ process. PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) - used to carry the DL-SCH.
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - this channel carries the Random Access Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling, i.e. RRC. PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - this carries uplink control and feedback. It can also carry scheduling requests to the eNB. PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - which is the main uplink channel and is used to carry the UL-SCH. It carries both signaling and user data, in addition to uplink control. It is worth noting that the UE is not allowed to transmit the PUCCH and PUSCH at the same time.
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NAS Layer
ESM
EMM
IP
RRC Layer
PDCP Layer
Ciphering Ciphering
RLC Layer
TM
TM
TM
UM/AM
UM/AM
Logical Channels MAC Layer Transport Channels Physical Layer Physical Channels
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
BCH
PCH
DL-SCH
PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PDSCH
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NAS Layer
ESM
EMM
IP
RRC Layer
PDCP Layer
RLC Layer
TM
UM/AM
UM/AM
Logical Channels MAC Layer Transport Channels Physical Layer Physical Channels
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH
UL-SCH
PRACH
PUCCH
PUSCH
In order to facilitate the multiplexing of Logical Channels to Transport Channels, the MAC Layer typically adds a LCID (Logical Channel Identifier).
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Slot (0.5ms)
Tslot = 15360 x Ts
4 5 6 7 8 9
Subframe (1ms)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
7 OFDM Symbols (Normal Cyclic Prefix) 6 OFDM Symbols (Extended Cyclic Prefix)
Ts 0 1 2 Ts 0 1 CP (Cyclic Prefix) 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6
The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios where the range of the cell needs to be extended, e.g. for coverage planning purposes or when multicast services are being employed in the cell.
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There are various frame configuration options available for TDD operation. Table 2-2 illustrates these different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and 6 have a 5ms switching point and therefore require two special subframes. The remainder are based on a 10ms switching point. In the table, the letter D is reserved for downlink transmissions, U uplink transmissions and S denotes a special subframe with the three fields DwPTS, GP and UpPTS. Table 2-2 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points Configuration Switching Point Periodicity 5ms 5ms 5ms 10ms 10ms 10ms 5ms Subframe Number 0 D D D D D D D 1 S S S S S S S 2 U U U U U U U 3 U U D U U D U 4 U D D U D D U 5 D D D D D D D 6 S S S D D D S 7 U U U D D D U 8 U U D D D D U 9 U D D D D D D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The DwPTS and UpPTS in a special frame can be used to carry information. For example the DwPTS can include scheduling information and the UpPTS can be configured to facilitate random access bursts.
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OFDMA
Time
It is also worth noting that a device is typically allocated 1ms of time, i.e. a subframe, and not an individual PRB.
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In contrast, NRBUL is used to identify the number of resource blocks in the UL (Uplink). Each Resource Block consists of NSCRB subcarriers, which for standard operation is set to 12. In addition, another configuration is available when using MBSFN (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network) and a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing. The PRB is used to identify an allocation. It typically includes six or seven symbols, depending on whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured. The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier lasting one symbol. This can then be assigned to carry modulated information, reference information or nothing. Figure 2-31 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element
NRBDL
NSCRB Subcarriers = 12
Resource Element
The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB are illustrated in Table 2-3. Table 2-3 Downlink PRB Parameters Configuration Normal Cyclic Prefix Extended Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz 12 6 24 3 NSCRB NSymbDL 7
The Uplink PRB configuration is similar to that shown; however the 7.5kHz option is not available.
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n Signa
ls
eNB
UE
In LTE, there are two synchronization sequences. These are referred to as the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these is dependent on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the normal or extended cyclic prefix. Figure 2-33 PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Normal CP Bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
62
72 Subcarriers
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Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Bandwidth
Normal CP Bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Slots
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Cell Specific (non-MBSFN). MBSFN (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network). UE Specific.
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reference symbols is an important factor for channel estimation and relates to the maximum doppler spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at two reference symbols per slot. The spacing in frequency domain is also an important factor, as this relates to the expected coherence bandwidth and delay spread of the channel. In LTE there is a six subcarrier separation of reference signals, however these are staggered in time such that they appear every three subcarriers.
Time Domain
Frequency Domain 0 0 0 0
Time Domain
Symbols
DFT
Subcarrier Mapping 0 0 0
IDFT
CP Insertion
The basic transmitter and receiver architecture is very similar (nearly identical) to OFDM, and it offers the same degree of multipath protection. Importantly, because the underlying
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waveform is essentially a single carrier, the PAPR is lower. It is quite difficult to visually represent SC-FDMA in the time and frequency domain however this section aims to illustrate the concept. In Figure 2-35, the SC-FDMA signal generation process starts by creating a time domain waveform of the data symbols to be transmitted. This is then converted into the frequency domain, using a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). DFT length and sampling rate are chosen so that the signal is fully represented, as well as being spaced 15kHz apart. Each subcarrier will have its own fixed amplitude and phase for the duration of the SC-FDMA symbol. Next the signal is shifted to the desired place in the channel bandwidth using the zero insertion concept, i.e. subcarrier mapping. The signal is then converted to a single carrier waveform using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) in addition to other functions. Finally a cyclic prefix can be added. Note that additional functions such as S-P (Serial to Parallel) and P-S (Parallel to Serial) converters are also required as part of a detailed functional description. Figure 2-36 illustrates the concept of the DFT, such that a group of N symbols map to N subcarriers. However depending on the combination of the N symbols into the DFT, the output will vary. As such, the actual amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers is more like a code word. Figure 2-36 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
N symbols sequence produces N subcarriers N Symbols DFT Modulated and Coded Symbols N Symbols DFT
DFT Output
At the eNB, the receiver takes the N subcarriers and reverses the process. This is achieved using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) which effectively reproduces the original N symbols. Figure 2-37 illustrates the basic view of how the subcarriers received at the eNB are converted back into the original signals. Note that the SC-FDMA symbols have a constant amplitude and phase and like ODFMA, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) is still required.
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Time IDFT
Second N Symbols
SU-MIMO (Single User - Multiple Input Multiple Output) - this utilizes MIMO technology to improve the performance towards a single user. MU-MIMO (Multi User - Multiple Input Multiple Output) - this enables multiple users to be served through the use of spatial multiplexing techniques.
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MU-MIMO
eNB
eNB
Increases sector capacity by allowing users to share streams.
UE UE
UE
The main issue with Spatial Multiplexing in a cellular system is the high levels of interference which may be experienced, especially at the cell edge. Unfortunately, this can affect both spatial streams thereby introducing twice as many errors. For this reason, Spatial Multiplexing is typically used close to the eNB, i.e. not at the cell edge. Figure 2-40 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues
Interference causes twice as may errors TB MIMO TB Port 1 Interference UE TB eNB Port 0 TB
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Efficiency
AMS Point
Space Time Coding
eNB UE
Low SNR High SNR
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BM-SC (Broadcast Multicast - Service Centre) - provides functions for the MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. In may be used as an entry point for external content providers in addition to authorizing and initiating MBMS bearer services etc. MBMS-GW (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service - Gateway) - supports the transfer of Control Plane and User Plane information from the BM-SC to the MME and eNB respectively. It also allocates an IP multicast address to the eNB which should be used to receive the MBMS data.
UE
M3
eNB
M1 UE MBMS-GW
MCE (Multi-cell / multicast Coordination Entity) - this function is responsible for admission control and the allocation of the radio resources used be the eNBs in the MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network) area. Although the specifications do not preclude the positioning of the MCE in any network element, it is envisaged that it will form part of the eNB.
If the MCE does not form part of the eNB, the M2 Interface will be present to link the MCE with the eNB. The M3 Interface will still exist between the MME and the MCE.
In addition to the network elements and associated functions already discussed, MBMS also utilizes a number of areas. These include the:
MBSFN Synchronization Area - this is an area within the network where all eNBs can be synchronized and perform MBSFN transmissions. These transmissions can further be defined as a simulcast transmission of identical waveforms at the same time from multiple cells. As such, these are seen as a single transmission with respect to the UE. MBSFN Synchronization Areas are capable of supporting one or more MBSFN Areas. MBSFN Area - this consists of a group of cells within an MBSFN Synchronization Area which are coordinated to achieve an MBSFN transmission. A cell within a MBSFN Synchronization Area can only belong to one MBSFN Area. MBSFN Area Restricted Cell - this is a cell within the MBSFN Area which does not contribute to the MBSFN transmission. It may be able to transmit for other services but this will be at a reduced power and the resource allocated for the MBSFN transmission.
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eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
MBSFN Transmission
UE
User data flow synchronization on the air interface is achieved using the SYNC protocol on the M1 Interface. As part of these procedures, the BM-SC includes a timestamp alongside the SYNV PDU packets which is used to ensure all the eNBs within the MBSFN Synchronization Area use a common reference.
Unicast Transmission
eNB UE UE
MBSFN Reference Signals are only transmitted when the PMCH (Physical Multicast Channel) is present. Furthermore, these reference signals are defined for the Extended Cyclic prefix only.
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Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 3.1 Describe the Huawei eNB product family. 3.2 Describe the Huawei eNB products and application scenarios. 3.3 Describe the Huawei eNB operation and maintenance system.
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RF Antenna
Cabinets BBU3900 (BaseBand control Unit) LRFU (LTE Radio Frequency Unit)
CPRI
It provides support for connection between the eNB and the MME (Mobility Management Entity) or S-GW (Serving Gateway).
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It provides CPRI ports for communication with the LRFU and processes uplink and downlink signals. It performs centralized management of the entire BTS3900(A) LTE and DBS3900 LTE in terms of O&M (Operations and Maintenance) and signaling processing. It provides an O&M channel for connection to LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal) or iManager M2000. It provides the clock port, alarm monitoring port and USB (Universal Serial Bus) port.
Cabinets
The indoor macro cabinet BTS3900 LTE houses the BBU3900 and up to six LRFUs. In addition, it also provides functions such as power distribution, heat dissipation and surge protection. The outdoor separated macro cabinet BTS3900A LTE consists of the RFC (Radio Frequency Cabinet) and APM30H (Advanced Power Module with Heat exchanger cooling) which are installed in stack mode.
Other configurations are available according to customer requirements.
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RF Antenna
CPRI
The RRU3201 is a remote radio unit which performs modulation, demodulation, data processing and combining and dividing for baseband signals and RF signals. The RRU3201 supports double feeders (2Tx + 2RX) and can also support four feeders (4Tx + 4Rx) through combined installation of two RRU3201s. It can support a maximum of three cascading levels, thus meeting the fast capacity expansion requirements of service providers.
Auxiliary Devices
The auxiliary devices provided by Huawei can be combined with the basic modules in a flexible manner to support device installation scenarios. Examples include the:
AMP30H - this is a power system for outdoor applications including power supply and battery backup. It also provides space to house the BBU3900.
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IBBS200D&T - this is a long duration integrated battery backup system. TMC11H - used when greater space is required for transmission equipment. It is utilized in outdoor environments and can house both the BBU3900 and transmission equipment.
The BBU3900 and LRFU are installed in the BTS3900 LTE in a centralized mode which helps to reduce the cost of maintenance on the tower. The BTS3900 LTE is low weight and compact in size yet provides excellent scalability in that it supports stack installation of two BTS3900s. The BTS3900 family (LTE, UMTS and GSM) can share one indoor macro cabinet which saves installation space and facilitates smooth technology evolution.
LMT performs data configuration, alarm monitoring, commissioning and software upgrades. The iManager M2000 performs data configuration, alarm monitoring, performance monitoring and software upgrades
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iManager M2000
LMT
3.3.2 Benefits
The O&M system from Huawei offers the following benefits:
Configuration Management
Configuration management of the eNB encompasses a number of key features. These include easy accessibility through the user friendly GUI which provides scenario specific configuration wizards. Furthermore, service providers using the Huawei network planning tool iPlan are able to import data thus lowering the time needed by network planners and site optimization engineers. High reliability is also ensured through a number of key features. These support data configuration, query, export backup and restoration in addition to being able to rollback in batches. Finally, configuration management is also supported through a northbound NMS (Network Management System) with the ability to add, modify and remove eNB configurations through MML (Man Machine Language) commands.
Fault Management
Fault management within the eNB provides easy fault localization, high reliability in addition to various tracing and monitoring methods. Easy fault localization is supported through a number of features including alarm handling suggestions and alarm correlation. This ensures KPI (Key Performance Indicator) service level failures can be rectified quickly and accurately. High reliability is also ensured through the inclusion of a comprehensive fault detection system which operates over all aspects of the eNB; hardware, software, antenna, transmission etc. Moreover, fault detection also extends to door status control, smoke, water damage and temperature.
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The eNB supports various tracing functions to check the compatibility of the interfaces. It also supports real-time performance monitoring in GUI mode thus enabling the engineers to locate performance failures quickly.
Performance Management
Performance management features multiple monitoring and reporting periods, and the appropriate measurement point allocation. For example, the eNB can collect performance counters every 15 or 60 minutes in addition to supporting real-time monitoring of KPIs for a duration of one minute. With regards point allocation, the eNB can support performance measurement at system level or cell level, of neighbor cells, on interfaces and device usage. This aids the engineer in fault finding.
Security Management
Security management supports both network level and user level security services. These include; encryption of key information regarding the user, user account management and authentication, access right control and support for industry standard security protocols - sFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and IPSec (IP Security).
Software Management
Software management within the eNB encompasses a number of key features. These include easy accessibility, high efficiency and the minimizing of disruption to services during software upgrades.
Deployment Management
The eNB deployment solution consists of automatic identification of the eNB through GPS binding and unique binding and initial configuration through a USB drive. In addition, local commissioning is not required as this function can be carried out remotely at the NMC.
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Numerics 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 2G (Second Generation) 3G (Third Generation) 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) 4G (Fourth Generation) A ACK (Acknowledgement) AM (Acknowledged Mode) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) AMS (Adaptive MIMO Switching) APN (access Point Name) ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) AS (Access Stratum) AWS (Advanced Wireless Services) B BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) BCH (Broadcast Channel) C CATT (China Academy of Telecommunications Technology) CC (Chase Combining) CCCH (Common Control Channel) CCE (Control Channel Element) CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CFI (Control Format Indicator) CP (Cyclic Prefix) CPC (Continuous Packet Connectivity)
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Glossary
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identifier) CS (Circuit Switched) CS (Cyclic Shift) CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) D DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) DC (Direct Current) DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) DCI (Downlink Control Information) DCS (Digital Cellular Service) DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) DL (Downlink) DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer) DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) DRX (Discontinuous Reception) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel) DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot)
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E EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) E-GSM (Extended GSM) EMM (EPS Mobility Management) eNB (Evolved Node B) EPC (Evolved Packet Core) EPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN) EPS (Evolved Packet System) E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer) ESM (EPS Session Management) ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) F FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) FEC (Forward Error Correction) FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) FM (Frequency Modulation) FSTD (Frequency Shift Time Diversity) G GF(2) (Galois Field (2)) GP (Guard Period) GPRS (General Packet Radio System) GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) GSMA (GSM Association) GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier)
H HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) HeNB (Home eNB) HI (HARQ Indicator) HPLMN (Home PLMN) HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared Control Channel) HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) I IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) IMT Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) IMT2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000) IP (Internet Protocol) IR (Incremental Redundancy) IS-136 (Interim Standard 136) ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) L LCID (Logical Channel Identifier) LCR (Low Chip Rate) LTE (Long Term Evolution) M MAC (Medium Access Control) MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network) MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) MGW (Media Gateways) MIB (Master Information Block)
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MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) MME (Mobility Management Entity) MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) Msg3 (Higher Layer Message) MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO) N NACK (Negative Acknowledgement) NAS (Non Access Stratum) NDI (New Data Indicator) O OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) P PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) PCCH (Paging Control Channel) PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) PCH (Paging Channel) PCS (Personal Communications Service) PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) PDN-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel), PF (Paging Frame) P-GSM (Primary GSM) PH (Power Headroom), PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) PHR (Power Headroom Report), 2-85 PHY (Physical Layer) PL (Pathloss) PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) PO (Paging Occasion) PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
PRB (Physical Resource Block) PS (Packet Switched) P-S (Parallel to Serial) PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) PTP (Point-To-Point) PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) Q QoS (Quality of Service) QPP (Quadratic Permutation Polynomial) QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) R R (Cell Ranking) RA (Random Access) RACH (Random Access Channel) RAN (Radio Access Network) RAPID (Random Access Preamble Identifier) RA-RNTI (Random Access RNTI) RB (Radio Bearer) RB (Resource Block) RBG (Resource Block Groups) RE (Resource Element) REG (Resource Element Group) R-GSM (Railways GSM) RI (Rank Indication) RIV (Resource Indication Value) RLC (Radio Link Control) RNC (Radio Network Controller) RRC (Radio Resource Control) RS (Reference Signals) RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) RV (Redundancy Version) S S (Cell Selection) SAW (Stop And Wait) SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
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SFBC (Space Frequency Block Coding) SFN (System Frame Number), S-GW (Serving Gateway) SI (System Information) SIB (System Information Block) SIB 1 (System Information Block Type1) SI-RNTI (System Information Radio Network Temporary Identifier) SM (Spatial Multiplexing) SMS (Short Message Service) S-P (Serial to Parallel) SR (Scheduling Request) SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer) SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal) STC (Space Time Coding) SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO) T TA (Timing Alignment) TAC (Tracking Area Code) TACS (Total Access Communications System) TAI (Tracking Area Identity) TB (Transport Block) TBS (Transport Block Set) TBS (Transport Blok Size) TD (Transmit Diversity) TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) TDD (Time Division Duplex) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) TF (Transport Format) TFT (Traffic Flow Template) TM (Transparent Mode) TPC (Transmit Power Control) TPMI (Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator) TTI (Time Transmission Interval) TX (Transmit) U UCI (Uplink Control Information) UE (User Equipment) UL (Uplink) UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel)
UM (Unacknowledged Mode) UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) V VRB (Virtual Resource Block) W WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) Z ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
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