Q. What is an operating system? . Operating system works as an interpreter between computer Hardware and application.

Operation system works as a user interface. Q. !ypes o" #perating systems? . There are two types of operating systems 1. SOS: Simple Operating System as for example- indows !"#!$# %& '. (OS: (etwork Operating System as for example- indows (T# ')))# '))*. Q. What is ser$er? . Ser+er are computer that pro+ides the ser+ices. ,s for &xample:1. -(S Ser+er '. .(S Ser+er *. -H/0 Ser+er 1. 2,S Ser+er ". 30( Ser+er Q. What is % S Ser$er? . 2,S stands for 2emote ,ccess Ser+er. .t is basically use for mobile user in the network. This ser+er pro+ides the access connecti+ity for mobile user. .n this way all of the mobile users are connected to ser+er through telephone line. This ser+er also pro+ides the connecti+ity between two more offices in the network. Q. What is &'N Ser$er? . 30( Stands for 3irtual 0ri+ate (etwork. .t is basically use for mobile user in the network. This ser+er pro+ides the remote access connecti+ity for mobile user. .n this way all of the mobile users are connected to ser+er through internet. This ser+er also pro+ides the connecti+ity between two or more office in the network. 30( is cost effecti+e 4(o /ostly5. Q. What is ( S Ser$er? . .,S stands for .nternet ,uthentication Ser+ices. .,S ser+er is also known as 2,-.6S Ser+er. .,S Ser+er pro+ides the centrali7ed management of multiple 2,S 8 30( Ser+er in the (etwork. On this Ser+er 2emote ,ccess 0olicy and 2emote ,ccess logging options are a+ailable. Q. F !)N!FS? . there is ma9or difference are a+ailable between :,T and (T:S file systems Such as: F !* :,T Stands for :ile ,llocation Table There are three categories in :,T file system. :,T :,T-1; :,T-*' .n :,T (ot up to folder le+el security is a+ailable /ompression option is not a+ailable &ncryption Option is not a+ailable -isk <uota Option is not a+ailable :,T supported by all of the %icrosoft =ased Operating Systems. (T:S stands for (ew Technology :ile Systems There are three categories in (T:S file systems (T:S 1.)- (T Operating Systems (T:S ".)- '))) Operating Systems (T:S ;.)- '))* Operating Systems .n (T:S up to :ile le+el security is a+ailable /ompression option is a+ailable &ncryption option is a+ailable -isk <uota Option is a+ailable (T:S supported by only limited %icrosoft =ased Operating System

N!FS*

Q. What is the di""erence +et,een Windo,s N!)-...)-../? . There is many differences are a+ailable between indows (T# '))) and '))* O>S# such as (T: There is no acti+e directory There is no tree>forest hierarchical structure is a+ailable There is no site relationship There is no parent domain and child domain concepts are a+ailable in the network> (T support (T:S 1.) file system (T support (T?% +ersion ' ?,( ,uthentication 0rotocol .n (T by default no trust relationship are configured .n (T we will use System 0olicy .n (T specific /lient site Operation system is a+ailable i.e. (T orkstation 1.) &dition .n (T we will use &xchange "." Ser+er .n (T we can create only one way trust relationship inside the network -...* There is ,cti+e -irectory Tree>:orest Hierarchical Structure are a+ailable There is Site 2elationship is a+ailable

 -../*

There is parent domain and child domain concept are a+ailable '))) Support (T:S ".) file system '))) Support @erberos +ersion ".) authentication protocol .n '))) by default Two-way Trust 2elationship are configured .n '))) we will use Aroup 0olicy '))) support maximum *' 0rocessor and ;1 A= 2am .n '))) Specific client site operating system is a+ailable i.e. '))) 0rofessional .n '))) we will use &xchange '))) ser+er .n '))) no stub 7one is a+ailable in -(S .n '))) 2esultant Setup 0olicy is not a+ailable .n '))) A0%/ is not a+ailable .n '))) /onditional forwarding option is not a+ailable .n '))) &ffecti+e 0ermission option is not a+ailable .n '))) only some ,dministrati+e /ommand ?ine Tools are a+ailable ,cti+e -irectory sa+ed Buery option is not a+ailable Shadow copy Option is not a+ailable in windows '))) Operating System ,S2 Option is not a+ailable in indows '))) operating System .n indows '))) we can create %aximum 1 -:S 2oot on a single -:S Ser+er in the network. .n '))) we can create two way trust relationship inside the network There is ,cti+e -irectory Tree>:orest Hierarchical Structure are a+ailable There is site relationship is a+ailable There is parent domain and child domain concept are a+ailable '))* support (T:S ;.) :ile system '))* support @erberos ".) ,uthentication 0rotocol .n '))* we will use group policy '))* support maximum ;1 0rocessor and ;1 A= 2,% .n '))* no specific client site Operating System is a+ailable you can use either windows '))) 0rofessional either C0 0rofessional in the network .n '))* we will use &xchange '))* Ser+er .n '))* Stub Done is a+ailable in -(S .n '))* A0%/ is a+ailable .n '))* 2esultant Setup 0olicy is a+ailable .n '))* /onditional :orwarding option is a+ailable .n '))* &ffecti+e 0ermission option is a+ailable ,cti+e -irectory Sa+ed <uery option is a+ailable Shadow /opy option is a+ailable in indows '))* Operating System ,S2 Option is a+ailable in indows '))* Operating System .n indows '))*# we can create more than 1 -:S 2oot on , single -:S Ser+er in the (etwork .n '))* we can create two way Trust 2elationship inside the network

indows

Q. What is cti$e Directory? . ,cti+e -irectory is the main concept of such as users# printers# computers etc.

indows ')))>'))* (etwork. it stores all of the information about the whole network

Q. What is tree? . , group of domain is called tree and sharing a contiguous (ame Space. Q. What is "orest? . , group of tree is called forest and does not sharing a contiguous name space but sharing a common configuration 4Schema5. Q. Di""erence +et,een D.C. and .D.C.? . -./. stands for -omain /ontroller and ,.-./. stands for ,dditional -omain /ontroller. ,.-./. is a backup of -./. Only one different is a+ailable between -./. and ,.-./. i.e. E Operation master 2ole. On -./. all of fi+e Operation %aster 2oles are a+ailable1. Schema %aster '. -omain (aming %aster *. 2.- %aster 1. 0-/ &mulator ". .nfrastructure %aster =ut on ,.-./. only Three Operation %aster 2ole are ,+ailable: 1. 2.- %aster '. 0-/ &mulator *. .nfrastructure %aster Q. What is the +ene"it o" Chi5d Domain? . There are many benefits of /hild -omain Such ,s: 1. Security =oundary '. ,dministrati+e O+erhead ?ow *. (etwork Traffic ?ow Q. What is :ro4p? . Aroup is a collection of user account. .t pro+ides the simplified administration in the network.

Q. What is #;? . O6 stands for Organi7ational 6nit. On O6 we define group 0olicy in the network. Aroup policy is basically assigned on acti+e directory container i.e. Site# domain# O6. hen e+er we want some users then we put that user in the O6 and assign the appropriate Aroup 0olicy on that O6. Q. What is :ro4p 'o5icy? . Aroup 0olicy pro+ides the stream line access to all of the users in the network. Aroup policy is basically assigned on acti+e directory container i.e. Site# -omain and O.6. hen e+er we want some users in the network do not use shut down the system# do not use run command# do not use /ontrol 0anel# then we put that user in the O6 and assign the appropriate Aroup 0olicy on that O6. Q. Di""erence +et,een permission, rights and po5icy? . 0ermission: permission is basically assigned on network resources as for example E file# folder# share folder# printer. 2ight: 2ight is basically assign to users and groups. 0olicy: 0olicy is basically assigned on acti+e directory container i.e. E Site# -omain# O6. Q What is (S Ser$er? . .S, stands for .nternet Security ,cceleration. .S, ser+er pro+ides the internet connecti+ity for all of the users in network .S, Ser+er also works as proxy Ser+er in the network. ith the help of .S, Ser+er ,dministrator can filtering a client reBuest for a specific web site in the network. Q. What is De"a45t :ate,ay? . -efault Aateway is the .0 address of router in the network. forward to default gateway. hen e+er any clients want to go to another network that Buery will

Q. What is site? . , site is a geographical area where all of the domains are a+ailable. Site manages the replication traffic between two or more different sites in the network. Q. What is #peration 1aster %o5e? . Operation %aster 2ole is a+ailable on -omain /ontroller in the (etwork. There are fi+e types of operation master roles:1. Schema master '. -omain (aming %aster *. 2.- %aster 1. 0-/ &mulator ". .nfrastructure %aster Q. Di""erence +et,een 1i<ed 1ode and Nati$e 1ode? . There are two types of domain mode: 1. 1i<ed 1ode* .n this mode (T# win '))) and win '))* -./. are a+ailable. -. Nati$e 1ode* there are two types of nati+e mode. i. Win -... Nati$e 1ode* .n this mode win '))) and win '))* -/ are a+ailable. ii. Win -../ Nati$e mode* in this mode only win '))* -/ are a+ailable. Q. What is SCS(? . S/S. stands for Small /omputer System .nterface. .n S/S. the rate of data transmission is fast. S/S. Hard -isk Speed 2.0.%. is fast in S/S. -ata Transmission speed is *') %=0S in the (etwork. .n S/S. /ontroller e can connect %aximum 1" 0hysical -e+ices in the System. Q. What are -Host %ecord and '!% %ecord? . , record is also called host record. This record is basically created in forward lookup Done 0T2 record is also called a 0ointer record. This record is basically created in re+erse lookup Done Q. What is reser$ation? . 2eser+ation is basically used in -H/0 Ser+er. hen &+er we want this computer is always recei+ed this .0 address from -H/0 Ser+er in the network# in the network# in that case we create a reser+ation in -H/0 Ser+er of that particular computer in the network. Q. (' ddress %ange)C5asses? . There are two types of .0 address:1. /lass :ull .0 ,ddress '. /lass ?ess .0 ,ddress C5ass F455 (' 1. /lass , '. /lass = *. /lass / 1. /lass ". /lass & ddress = !here are "i$e c5asses* ) - 1';41'F is reser+ed for ?oop back5 1'$ E 1!1 1!' E ''* ''1 - '*! '1) - '""

Q. Di""erence +et,een Hard,are %o4ter > So"t,are %o4ter? . Hard,are %o4ter* Hardware 2outer is a dedicated 2outer. .tGs ha+ing a lot of feature such as Security# dedicated routing in the networking. ,s for &xample /isco 2outer. So"t,are %o4ter* Software 2outer is not a dedicated router. .t pro+ides the different ser+ices also such as -(S Ser+er# -H/0 Ser+er i.e. indows =ased 2outer.

Q. Di""erence +et,een Hard,are Fire,a55 and So"t,are Fire,a55? . Hardware :irewall: .t is a dedicated firewall. , lots of security features are a+ailable on hardware based firewall. ,s for &xample- /isco 0ix :irewall. Software :irewall: .t is a dedicated firewall. .t pro+ides the normal security in the network- /heck 0oint. Q. What is Domain Contro55er? . -./. stands for -omain /ontroller. .t pro+ides the centrali7ed management of entire domain in the network. hen e+er we will install acti+e directory database on a ser+er side operating system# then after that system becomes a -./. -omain controller manages all security related interaction between users and computers in the network. Q. What is 0 %o4ter? . = 2outer stands for =ridge 2outer. more different network .-. e can say this is a layer three bridge that pro+ides the communication between two or

Q. What is a 0ridge? . =ridge is a layer ' network de+ice that pro+ides the communication within the same network .-. .n bridge maximum 1; ports are a+ailable. Q. Di""erence +et,een :ate,ay and %o4ter? . 2outer works on same network architecture but Aateway works on different network architecture. Q. What is '#' Ser$er)S1!' Ser$er? . 0O0 Stands for 0ost Office 0rotocol. .t is basically use for mail recei+ing purpose in the network. S%T0 Stands for Simple %ail Transfer 0rotocol. .t is basically use for sending a mail as well as recei+ing a mail in the network. Q. What is cti$e Directory 'artitions? . ,cti+e -irectory 0artition is a logical 0artition of ,cti+e -irectory. This 0artition is basically use for replication from -./. to ,.-. /. 8 -./. to A./.S. 4Alobal /atalog Ser+er5 in the network. There are three Types of ,cti+e -irectory 0artition: 1. Schema 0artition '. /onfiguration 0artition *. -omain 0artition Q. !ypes o" cti$e Directory 'artitions? . There are Three types of ,cti+e -irectory 0artitions: 1. Schema 0artition '. /onfiguration 0artition *. -omain 0artition Q. What is the "4nction o" 'ing Command? . 0ing pro+ides to check the 0hysical .0 /onnecti+ity between two or more de+ices in the network. 0ing sends an ./%0 reBuest from source /omputer to destination computer and destination computer sends an ./%0 reply. Q. What are 0roadcasting, 145ticasting and 4nicasting? . =roadcasting E one to all %ulticasting - one to many not all 6nicasting - One to One. Q. What is :ro4p Nesting? . hen we add two or more Aroups within a Single Aroup. .t is called Aroup (esting. Q. What is F(?10%? . :.C%=2 2epair the %aster boot record of the 0artition =oot Sector. Q. What is F(?0##!? . :.C=OOT write a new partition boot sector on to the system partition. Q. What is S(D? . S.- stands for Security .dentifier. &+ery ob9ect has a uniBue .-# it is called S.-. Q. What is % D(;S Ser$er? . 2,-.6S Stands for 2emote ,uthentication -ial-in 6ser Ser+ice# 2,-.6S Ser+er 0ro+ides the /entrali7ed %anagement of %ultiple 2,S 8 30( Ser+er in the network. On this Ser+er 2emote ,ccess 0olicy and 2emote ,ccess ?ogging Options are a+ailable. Q. What is !r4sting Domain? . .n Trusting -omain 2esources are a+ailable. Q. What is !r4sted Domain? . .n Trusted -omain 6ser ,ccountGs are a+ailable. <. hat is %icrosoft &xchange Ser+erH ,. %icrosoft &xchange Ser+er is Software that pro+ides the ser+ices such as sending 8 recei+ing the %ail. Q. What is 'rinter? . 0rinter is a Software that Ao+erning the print -e+ice. There are two types of 0rinter: 1. ?ocal 0rinter

'. (etwork 0rinter Q. What is Chatting? . /hatting is a 2eal Time /on+ersation between two or more people in the network. Q. What is Directory Ser$ices restore mode? . hen our ,cti+e -irectory -atabase is not working properly# then we restart the domain /ontroller and press f$ key. Then after Selecting the -irectory ser+ices restore mode and then after restoring the acti+e directory database from the last backup. Q. What is Norma5 0ac@4p? . Iust like a normal backup by default =ackup. Q. What is incrementa5 +ac@4p? . .n incremental backup only incremental parts are backup not full backup. Q. What is di""erentia5 +ac@4p? . .n differential backup# we take full backup after the normal backup. Q. What is pac@et? . , packet is a logical grouping of information that includes a header which contains location information and user data. Q. What is "or,arder? . .t is basically use in -(S Ser+er. hen client Buery to the -(S Ser+er. .n that case if the -(S is ha+ing a best results then -(S Ser+er gi+e the best result. To the client computer in the network otherwise -(S