Tragedy K

Nietzsche K
Nietzsche K.................................................................................................................................................................1
***Good Nietzsche ***.....................................................................4 1NC ***.............................................................................................5

1NC 1/6.......................................................................................................................................................................6 1NC 2/6.......................................................................................................................................................................8 1NC 3/6.......................................................................................................................................................................9 1NC 4/6.....................................................................................................................................................................10 1NC 5/6.....................................................................................................................................................................11 1NC 6/6.....................................................................................................................................................................12
***Links ***...................................................................................13

Links Soci ! Se"#ices.............................................................................................................................................14 Links Soc" tic $e!%sion.........................................................................................................................................15 Links &e'e(on)/Sec%"it)......................................................................................................................................16 Links Sec%"it)........................................................................................................................................................1* Links Sec%"it)........................................................................................................................................................18 Links Sec%"it)........................................................................................................................................................19 Links +it)...............................................................................................................................................................20 Links +it)...............................................................................................................................................................21 Links +it)...............................................................................................................................................................22 Links ,essenti(ent................................................................................................................................................23 Links ,essenti(ent................................................................................................................................................24
***-(. cts***.................................................................................25

-(. -(. -(. -(. -(.

ct /0tinction...................................................................................................................................................26 ct 1 !%e to Li2e..............................................................................................................................................2* cts 1 !%e to Li2e.............................................................................................................................................28 ct +it).............................................................................................................................................................29 ct/3!te"n ti#e 3"t...........................................................................................................................................30

***3!te"n ti#e $e4 te ***...............................................................31

3!te"n ti#e 5he $ice 5h"o6..................................................................................................................................32 3!te"n ti#e 3(o" 7 ti So!#enc).........................................................................................................................33 3!te"n ti#e Sec%"it)...............................................................................................................................................34
***7" (e6o"k $e4 te ***..............................................................35

7" (e6o"k................................................................................................................................................................36 7" (e6o"k................................................................................................................................................................3* 7" (e6o"k................................................................................................................................................................38

***3ns6e" 5o Section ***..............................................................39

358 +e"(...................................................................................................................................................................40 358 +e"(...................................................................................................................................................................41 358 +e"(...................................................................................................................................................................42 358 3!t 9 1io!ence...................................................................................................................................................43 358 3!t 9 1io!ence...................................................................................................................................................44 358 1io!ence ............................................................................................................................................................45 358 :o% 9 &o!oc %st................................................................................................................................................46 358 :o% 9 &o!oc %st................................................................................................................................................4* 358 N zis(...............................................................................................................................................................48 358 /te"n ! ,ec%""ence doesn;t /0ist.......................................................................................................................49 358 <e c n ( ke the <o"!d =ette"..........................................................................................................................50 358 &%( n N t%"e....................................................................................................................................................51

Tragedy K 358 :o%;"e >e n......................................................................................................................................................52 358 Nihi!is(.............................................................................................................................................................53 358 ,e !is(..............................................................................................................................................................54 358 1 !%e to Li2e 9 -ne#it 4!e..................................................................................................................................55 358 >iso')n)...........................................................................................................................................................56 358 -n ction = d.......................................................................................................................................................5* 358 +"o'"ess Good....................................................................................................................................................58 358 /!itis(/Nietzsche $oesn;t Kno6 <h t S%22e"in' -s.........................................................................................59
***/#i! Nietzsche *** ....................................................................60 ***Links*** ...................................................................................61

Links ? +o#e"t)..........................................................................................................................................................62 Links &e!.in' +eo.!e.............................................................................................................................................63 Links &e!.in' +eo.!e.............................................................................................................................................64 Links Goo...............................................................................................................................................................65 Links >o" !it)........................................................................................................................................................66 Links >o" !it)........................................................................................................................................................6* Links S%22e"in'......................................................................................................................................................68 Links S%22e"in'......................................................................................................................................................69 Links S%22e"in'......................................................................................................................................................*0 Links S%22e"in'......................................................................................................................................................*1 Links /0tinction.....................................................................................................................................................*2 Links +it)...............................................................................................................................................................*3 Links -"on) 322s.....................................................................................................................................................*4 Links $e(oc" c)...................................................................................................................................................*5 Links $e(oc" c)...................................................................................................................................................*6
***-(. ct $e4 te *** ....................................................................**

-(. cts 1 !%e to Li2e.............................................................................................................................................*8 -(. cts 1 !%e to Li2e.............................................................................................................................................*9 -(. cts 5%"ns C se................................................................................................................................................80
***3!te"n ti#e $e4 te *** ..............................................................81

3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n

ti#es +essi(is( .........................................................................................................................................82 ti#es +essi(is( .........................................................................................................................................83 ti#es +essi(is( .........................................................................................................................................84 ti#e = the in 7i"e........................................................................................................................................85 ti#es So!#enc)............................................................................................................................................86 ti#es So!#enc)............................................................................................................................................8* ti#es /0tinction .........................................................................................................................................88

***3ns6e"s 5o Section *** ............................................................89

358 +e"(...................................................................................................................................................................90 358 <e So!#e @.."ession........................................................................................................................................91 358 Le#in s ..............................................................................................................................................................92 358 Le#in s ..............................................................................................................................................................93 358 <e sho%!d sto. s%22e"in' ..................................................................................................................................94
***322 3ns6e"s ***........................................................................95

+e"( So!#enc).......................................................................................................................................................96 +e"( So!#enc).......................................................................................................................................................9* Link 5%"n Li4e" ! -nstit%tions................................................................................................................................98 Link 5%"n Li4e" ! -nstit%tions................................................................................................................................99 -(. ct 5%"n Genocide.........................................................................................................................................100 -(. ct 5%"n Genocide.........................................................................................................................................101 -(. ct 5%"n 1io!ence..........................................................................................................................................102 -(. ct 5%"n , .e ................................................................................................................................................103

Tragedy K 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n 3!te"n ti#e No So!#enc) .....................................................................................................................................104 ti#e No So!#enc)......................................................................................................................................105 ti#e No So!#enc) .....................................................................................................................................106 ti#e No So!#enc)......................................................................................................................................10* ti#e No So!#enc) /,.............................................................................................................................108 ti#e No So!#enc) /, ............................................................................................................................109 ti#e 5%"n @the"ness...............................................................................................................................110 ti#e 5%"n $e(oc" c)............................................................................................................................111 ti#e /0tinction @%t6ei'hs .......................................................................................................................112 ti#e /0tinction @%t6ei'hs........................................................................................................................113

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

!!!Good Nietzsche !!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

"

#N$ !!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

#N$ #&%
God' Is' Dead'
The # $ is an e(a)*+e of the )odern ages atte)*t to conde)n tragedy , this re-uires the construction of an idea+ .or+d in o**osition to our .or+d of suffering' In a dri/e to.ard reso+/ing disorder0 the *+an +abors to sha*e the .or+d to fit it1s i)*ossib+e fantasy 2aurette 9% A
+ %!B +"o2 o2 .o!itic ! theo")/science t Cohn &o.kins Dni#e"sit)B E- (ist"%st !! S)ste( tize"s nd 3#oid 5he(8 NietzscheB 3"endt nd the C"isis o2 the <i!! to @"de" in -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions 5heo").F >i!!eni%( Co%"n ! o2 -nte"n tion ! St%dies. 1o!. 25B n%(4e" 1. ... 3?6B 3$8 */6/09G H! 3cco"din' to NietzscheB the .hi!oso.hic ! 2o%nd tion o2 societ) is the set o2 ide s 6hich 'i#e (e nin' to the .heno(enon o2 h%( n e0istence 6ithin 'i#en c%!t%" ! 2" (e6o"k. 3s one ( ni2est tion o2 the <i!! to +o6e"B this 6i!! to (e nin' 2%nd (ent !!) in2!%ences the soci ! nd .o!itic ! o"' nis tion o2 . "tic%! " co((%nit).I 3n)thin' !ess th n ."o2o%nd histo"ic ! inte""o' tion o2 the (ost 4 sic .hi!oso.hic ! 2o%nd tions o2 o%" ci#i!iz tionB thenB (isconcei#es the o"i'ins o2 # !%es 6hich 6e t ke to 4e int"insic nd n t%" !.

to understand the de#e!o.(ent o2 our )odern conce*tion of societ) nd *o+itics0 .e )ust reconsider the c"%ci ! in2!%ence o2 the +! tonic 2o"(%! tion o2 2ocratic thought. Nietzsche c! i(s th t *re-2ocratic Greece based its .hi!oso.hic ! 3ustification of +ife on he"oic ()ths 6hich hono%"ed t" 'ed) nd co(.etition. Li2e 6 s %nde"stood as a contest in .hich both the 3oyfu+ and ordered A3.o!!oni nG and chaotic and suffering A$ion)si nG as*ects of +ife .ere acce*ted and affir)ed as inesca*ab+e as*ects of hu)an e(istence.I &o6e#e"B this inc "n tion o2 the 6i!! to .o6e" s t" 'ed) 6e kenedB nd 4ec (e
Nietzsche s%''estsB the"e2o"eB th t %n 4!e to s%st in (e nin' in G"eek !i2e. G"eek ()ths no !on'e" insti!!ed the se!2?"es.ect nd se!2?cont"o! th t h d %.he!d the ."e?Soc" tic soci ! o"de". I/#e")6he"e the instincts 6e"e

No +onger .i++ing to acce*t the tragic hardness nd se!2?( ste") o2 ."e?Soc" tic ()thB Gree4 thought yie+ded to decadenceB
in n "ch)J e#e")6he"e .eo.!e 6e"e 4%t 2i#e e ste.s 2"o( e0cess8 the (onst"%( in ni(o 6 s %ni#e"s ! d n'e"I.I se "ch 2o" ne6 soci ! 2o%nd tion 6hich 6o%!d so2ten the t" 'ed) o2 !i2eB 6hi!e sti!! 'i#in' (e nin' to e0istence. -n this conte0tB Soc" tesI tho%'ht 4ec (e . " (o%nt. -n the 6o"ds o2 NietzscheB Soc" tes s 6 4ehind his "istoc" tic 3theni nsJ he '" s.ed th t his c seB the idios)nc" s) o2 his c seB 6 s no !on'e" e0ce.tion !. 5he s (e kind o2 de'ene" tion 6 s e#e")6he"e si!ent!) ."e. "in' itse!28 the o!d 3thens 6 s co(in' to n endK3nd Soc" tes %nde"stood th t the 6o"!d h d need o2 hi( Khis e0.edientB his c%"e nd his .e"son ! "t o2 se!2?."ese"# tion.I

2ocrates "e !ised th t his search 2o" n %!ti( te nd ete"n ! inte!!ect% ! st nd "d *ara++e+ed the 6ides."e d yearning for assurance and stabi+ity .ithin society. &is e0.edientB his cure5 3n !te"n ti#e 6i!! to .o6e". n !te"n te foundation that *ro)ised )astery and contro+ B not th"o%'h cce.t nce o2 the t" 'ic !i2eB 4%t through the disa/o.a+ of the instinctua+0 the contingent0 and the *rob+e)atic. -n "es.onse to the 2 i!in' .o6e" o2 its 2o%nd tion ! ()thsB G"eece t"ied to "eno%nce the #e") e0.e"ience th t h d 'i#en "ise to t" 'ed) 4)
"et"e tin'/esc .in' into the 3.o!!oni n 6o"!d ."o(ised 4) Soc" tic "e son. -n NietzscheIs 6o"dsB IN tion !it) 6 s di#ined s s #io%"Kit 6 s thei" ! st e0.edient. 5he 2 n ticis(

one .as in *eri+0 one had on+y one choice6 either to *erish0 or be absurd+y rationa+....I 5h%sB 2ocrates codified the .ider fear of instabi+ity into an inte++ectua+ fra)e.or4' The 2ocratic 7i++ to Truth is ch " cte"ised 4) the atte)*t to understand and order +ife rationa++y by renouncing the Dionysian e+e)ents of e(istence and *ri/i+eging an idea+ised *o++onian order. 3s +ife is inesca*ab+y co)*rised of both order and disorderB ho6e#e"B the *ro)ise of contro+ th"o%'h Soc" tic "e son is on+y *ossib+e by creating a 89ea+ 7or+d8 o2 ete"n ! nd (e nin'2%! 2o"(sB in o**osition to an 8 **arent 7or+d8 of transitory *hysica+ e(istence. 2uffering nd contin'enc) is cont ined .ithin the **arent 7or+d0 dis. " 'edB de/a+uedB nd i'no"ed in re+ation to the idea+ o"de" o2 the 9ea+ 7or+d' /ssenti ! to the Soc" tic <i!! to 5"%thB thenB is the 2%nd (ent ! cont" diction 4et6een the e0.e"ience o2 $ion)si n s%22e"in' in the 3.. "ent <o"!d nd the ide !ised o"de" o2 the ,e ! <o"!d. 3cco"din' to NietzscheB this dichoto(ised )ode+ +ed to the e(e"'ence o2 a %niL%e!) I(ode"nI understanding of +ife .hich cou+d on+y /ie. suffering as the resu+t of the i)*erfection of the **arent 7or+d. This o%t!ook created a (ode"n notion o2 "es.onsi4i!it) in .hich the Dionysian e+e)ents of +ife cou+d be understood on+y as a
6ith 6hich the 6ho!e o2 G"eek tho%'ht th"o6s itse!2 t " tion !it) 4et" )s st te o2 e(e"'enc)8

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

*heno)enon for .hich so)eone0 or so)ething0 is to b+a)e. Nietzsche te"(s this

.hi!oso.hic !!)?ind%ced condition "essenti(entB nd "'%es th t it si'n !!ed .otenti ! c"isis o2 the <i!! to 5"%th 4) e0.osin' the cent" ! cont" diction o2 the Soc" tic "eso!%tion. 5his cont" dictionB ho6e#e"B 6 s "eso!#ed histo"ic !!) th"o%'h the ''"essi#e %ni#e"s !is tion o2 the Soc" tic

;2 <9=TT= $ONTIN<=2>

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

#N$ 2&%
;2 <9=TT= $ONTIN<=2>
ide ! 4) Ch"isti nit). 3cco"din' to NietzscheB scetic Ch"isti nit) e0 ce"4 ted the Soc" tic dichoto(is tion 4) e(.!o)in' the 3.. "ent <o"!d s the "es.onsi4!e 'ent ' inst 6hich the "essenti(ent o2 !i2e co%!d 4e t%"ned. =! (e 2o" s%22e"in' 2e!! on indi#id% !s 6ithin the 3.. "ent <o"!dB ."ecise!) 4ec %se the) did not !i#e %. to GodB the 5"%thB nd the ,e ! <o"!d. 3s Nietzsche 6"oteB

@I suffer6 so)eone )ust be to b+a)e for it8 thinks e#e") sick!) shee.. =%t his she.he"dB the ascetic *riest te++s hi)8 IM%ite so () shee.N so(eone (%st 4e to 4! (e 2o" it8 4%t )o% )o%"se!2 "e this so(eoneB )o% !one "e to 4! (e 2o" )o%"se!2B? you a+one are to b+a)e for yourse+fK5his is 4" zen nd 2 !se eno%'h8 4%t one thin' is chie#ed 4) itB the di"ection o2 "essenti(ent is
!te"ed.O 7 ced 6ith the co!! .se o2 the Soc" tic "eso!%tion nd the ."os.ect o2 (e nin'!essnessB once ' inB Ione 6 s in .e"i!B one h d on!) one choice8 eithe" to .e"ishB o" 4e 4s%"d!) " tion !....I 5he 'eni%s o2 the scetic ide ! 6 s th t it ."ese"#ed the (e nin' o2 the Soc" tic <i!! to +o6e" s <i!! to 5"%th 4) e0t" .o! tin' d 4s%"di%( the Soc" tic di#ision th"o%'h the "edi"ection o2 "essenti(ent ' inst the 3.. "ent <o"!dN 5h"o%'h this "edi"ectionB the ,e ! <o"!d 6 s t" ns2o"(ed 2"o( t" nscendent ! 6o"!d o2 .hi!oso.hic ! esc .e into (ode! to6 "ds 6hich the 3.. "ent <o"!d cti#e!) s.i"edB !6 )s 4! (in' its cont" dicto") e0.e"iences on its o6n i(.e"2ect kno6!ed'e nd ction. 5his s%4t!e t" ns2o"( tion o2 the "e! tionshi. 4et6een the dichoto(ised 6o"!ds c"e tes the <i!! to @"de" s the de2inin' ch " cte"istic o2 the (ode"n <i!! to 5"%th.

<nab+e

to acce*t the $ion)si n suffering inhe"ent in the 3.. "ent <o"!dB the ascetic ressenti)ent des.e" te!) searches for 8the hy*notic sense of nothingness0 the re*ose of dee*est s+ee*0 in short absence of suffering8'P 3cco"din' to the scetic (ode!B ho6e#e"B this esc .e is *ossib+e on+y .hen the **arent 7or+d *erfect+y du*+icates the 9ea+ 7or+d. 5he <i!! to
@"de"B thenB is the ''"essi#e need inc"e sin'!) to o"de" the 3.. "ent <o"!d in !ine 6ith the ."ece.ts o2 the (o" ! 5"%th o2 the ,e ! <o"!d. 5he "essenti(ent o2 the <i!! to @"de"B

ressenti)ent engenders a need acti/e+y to )ou+d the **arent 7or+d in accordance .ith the dictates of the idea+0 *o++onian 9ea+ 7or+d' In order to achie/e thisB ho6e#e"B the ascetic idea+ a+so asserts that a 8truer80 )ore co)*+ete 4no.+edge of the 9ea+ 7or+d )ust be estab+ished0 creating an e/er-increasing 7i++ to Truth' This se!2?.e".et% tin' (o#e(ent c"e tes n inte"."et ti#e st"%ct%"e
the"e2o"eB 'ene" tes t6o inte""e! ted "e ctions. 7i"stB 6ithin 6hich e#e")thin' (%st 4e %nde"stood nd o"de"ed in "e! tion to the scetic 5"%th o2 the ,e ! <o"!d. 3s Nietzsche s%''estsB

idea+ has a goa+Kthis 'o ! is so uni/ersa+ that a++ other interests of hu)an e(istence see)0 .hen co)*ared 6ith it0 *etty and narro.J it inte"."ets e.ochsB n tionsB nd (en ine0o" 4!) 6ith #ie6 to this one 'o !J it *er)its no other inter*retation0 no other goa+A it re3ects0 denies0 affir)s and sanctions so+e+y fro) the *oint of /ie. of its inter*retation84
QtRhe scetic

#e") structure of the 7i++ to Truth ensures th t theo"etic ! in/estigation )ust be increasing+y orderedB co(."ehensi#eB (o"e 5"%eB and c+oser to the *erfection of the idea+. 3t the s (e ti(eB this %nde"st ndin' o2 inte!!ect% ! theo") ensures th t it creates *ractices .hich atte)*t to i)*ose increasing order in the **arent 7or+d' <ith this c"itic ! t" ns2o"( tionB the <i!! to @"de" 4eco(es the 2%nd (ent ! .hi!oso.hic ! ."inci.!e o2 (ode"nit).

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab Trade-Off D

#N$ B&%
The # $s atte)*t to a++e/iate the suffering of those in *o/erty is an act of gui+t they atte)*t to )o+d the .or+d to their fantasy of *erfection rno+d " AK th!eenB ssist nt ."o2esso" o2 .o!itic ! nd 2e(inist theo") t the Dni#e"sit) o2 5e0 sB O3sceticis( in
Conte(.o" ") +o!itic ! 5heo")8 > "0B <e4e"B Nietzsche nd =e)ondBO 5heo") S /#entB 1o!%(e 8B -ss%e 2B >%seB 3$8 */*/09G H! In the current *o+itica+ en/iron)ent0 ascetic de)ands and /a+ues are not on+y *reached to the *oor but i)*osed on the) in .e+fare&.or4fare +a.s and +o. .age and deregu+ation *o+icies . > "0 "eco'nized the h).oc"is) in these de( nds th t the .oo" s #eB 2o" e0 (.!eB o" 4st in 2"o( !coho! o" se0B o" e t !ess 6hen the 6e !th) o2ten do not do n) o2 these thin's. 5o ..!) Nietzsche to > "0B it co%!d 4e said that the asceticis) *reached to the *oor is not 6i!! to .o6e" 4%t characterized by ressenti)ent. -n NietzscheIs 6o"dsB those .ho *ro)ote asceticis) C*o+icy )a4ersB 6e!2 "e c se6o"ke"sB edito"i ! 6"ite"sG say DnoD to the *oor -- .hat is outside0 .hat is different0 not itse+f0 the econo(ic ( inst"e (. 5h t isB in the sa)e .ay th t Nietzsche concei#es o2 the .ea4 in society for)u+ating an ethos that is si)*+y a reaction to the )ore *o.erfu+ other0 the res*onse to the *oor co)es *arado(ica++y124 fro) a *osition of .ea4ness or uncertainty. -n . "tB this is 4ec %se econo(ic .o6e" is not !6 )s st 4!eJ the *oor re*resent a +oss in 6h t is concei#ed o2 s a zero su) ga)e. 3 6e!2 "e "eci.ient c n "e."esent O .%"e!) "ece.ti#eB e0.endin'B nd cons%(in' 'enc)B n .. "ent!) %se!ess (o%th.O125 The resent)ent of the rich is based on fee+ings of Sch%!dB debt and gui+t that ha/e been *ro3ected bac4 onto the *oor. 3!te"n ti#e!)B the 6e!!?o22 #ie6 not
on!) thei" 6o"k s si'n o2 '" ce 4%t !so thei" s.endin'. -n conte(.o" ") ti(esB stock ( "ket s.ec%! tionB ' (4!in'B nd in#est(ent in # "io%s ."o.e"ties c n 4e #ie6ed not s .%"e e0cess 4%t s c"i2iceB cont"i4%tion A nd ( ni2est tion o2 Ose!2?inte"est ."o.e"!) %nde"stoodOG. Geo"'e <. =%sh con2i"(ed this 2te" the tt cks o2 Se.te(4e" 11thB 2001B 6hen he %"'ed !! citizens to contin%e s.endin' (one) nd sho..in'. >o"e s.eci2ic !!)B scetic c te'o"ies "e " ci !ized nd 'ende"ed A4%t 2o!!o6in' 3' (4enB these 4io!o'izin' c te'o"ies "e e22ects " the" th n c %sesG. &enceB the #ices o2 se0% ! 6 ntonnessB .o#e"t)B econo(ic de.endence nd 4"e k%. o2 the n%c!e " 2 (i!) A (on' othe" thin'sG "e ( "ked s . "tic%! "!) 2e(inine nd " ci !. 5he #ice o2 '"eedB on the othe" h ndB is t" ns2o"(ed into econo(ic inde.endence nd "es.onsi4i!it) nd these # !%es "e ssoci ted 6ith (en. /cono(ic inde.endenceB notions o2 "es.onsi4i!it) nd " tion !it) de2ine these c te'o"ies nd dete"(ine the distinction 4et6een O#ices.O 5he (idd!e c! sses nd "ich 2ee! the) h #e e "ned the "i'ht to thei" e0cess. -n this 6 )B the 2etishiz tion o2 the stock ( "ket is inte"."eted s !o'ic ! conseL%ence o2 6o"k in the ne6 econo() 6hi!e .oo" 6o"kin' 2 (i!ies "e c"iticized 2o" s.endin' 4e)ond thei" (e nsB not 4%ck!in' do6n.126

Ne#e"the!essB O.eD .ou+d on+y be ab+e to 3udge DtheirD actions and endorse )ora+ *rescri*tions if .e fe+t that .e adhered to the nor)s ourse+/es' 5he do%4!e st nd "d - h #e in#esti' ted in this "tic!e is th%s not 4! t nt h).oc"is) 4%t sti!! h s do%4!e st nd "d t its 2o%nd tionB 6hich hin'es on 6o"k. L 4o" is ke) c te'o") o2 (ode"n sceticis( nd the # !%es ssoci ted 6ith itB the Os.i"it o2 c .it !is(O s <e4e" h s sho6n. 5he ssoci tion 4et6een the 4io!o'ic ! Ao"B the n t%" !G nd e0cessB sin nd #ice doo(s these '"o%.s to i((o" !it)12* nd conseL%ent!)B s t" ns'"esso"s o2 scetic no"(s. 7o" this "e sonB they are seen as not acce*ting ascetic nor)s .i++ing+y128 but )ust be forced to do so for their o.n good and the good of society. 3cco"din'!)B the D*rotectionD of the .e+fare state and the *ositi/e gains for .or4ers through +o. .age *o+icies are ai)ed at *roducing a doci+e .or4force and its )echanis)s are coerci/e0 hierarchica+ and bio+ogized0 rather than being thera*eutic or hu)ane' -n conc!%sionB the *rescri*tion of asceticis) 6hi!e intended 2o" the enti"e .o.%! ceB has been ai)ed at the .or4ing *oor and .e+fare reci*ients as the e(e)*+ar of a grou* that is si)u+taneous+y being )o+ded into good0 doci+e citizens .hi+e being *unished for De(cesses'D Des*ite the ga* bet.een rich and *oor0 e)*+oy)ent o**ortunities for .o)en0 se(is)0 racis) and the crisis in affordab+e housing0 these grou*s are b+a)ed for their *o/erty' The ascetic /a+ues under+ying *o+icy nd c%!t%" ! so!%tions i)*+y th t the *oor .i++ achie/e so)e sort of se+f-)astery and th%sB fitness for citizenshi*B if they on+y buc4+e do.n. Ne#e"the!essB this es.o%s ! o2 sceticis( is n tte(.t to ( ste" '"o%.s 2 !!in' %nde" the "%4"ic o2 the 4io!o'ic ! th"o%'h e" dic tin' o" ne%t" !izin' di22e"ence nd the .o6e" "e! tion is one o2 coe"cion (o"e th n inde.endence o" se!2?6i!!. -n this 6 )B the d)n (ics o2 .o6e" in the !i4e" ! c .it !ist st te h #e !!o6ed 2o" the coe0istence o2 see(in'!) cont" dicto") .o6e" (ech nis(sB 4oth de(oc" tic nd non?de(oc" tic. &o6e#e"B this see(in'!) . " do0ic ! coe0istence is n inte'" ! . "t o2 !i4e" ! c .it !is(8 O4 "e !i2eO is c"%ci ! to .o!itic ! identit)B .o6e" nd the econo() nd e!%cid tes the de.!o)(ent o2 ."e"o' ti#e .o6e" in the do(estic "en .

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#0 Trade-Off D

#N$ 4&%
Life is a t.isted0 a)ora+ .or4 of art , 2uffering is an una/oidab+e condition of hu)anity , the idea .e can contro+ the .or+d a++o.s suffering to do)inate our +i/es .hich destroys a++ /a+ue Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */6/09G H! <e h #e seen th t in NietzscheIs o.inion .e cannot bear )eaning+ess suffering and so .e gi/e it a )eaning. $hristianityB 2o" e0 (.!eB e(*+ains it as *unish)ent 2o" sin. =terna+ recurrenceB ho6e#e"B 6o%!d ce"t in!) see( to .!%n'e %s 4 ck into (e nin'!ess s%22e"in' A<+ 55G. -t i)*+ies that suffering 3ust ha**ensB it "e.e ts ete"n !!)B it is 2 ted. 5he"e is no .! nB no *ur*oseB no "e son 2o" it. /te"n ! "ec%""ence 6o%!d see( to "%4 o%" noses in
(e nin'!ess s%22e"in'. -n one sense this is .e"2ect!) co""ect. 3nd Nietzsche does 6 nt to cce.t s (%ch (e nin'!essness nd s%22e"in' s he c n 4e " A=G/ 39B 225J <+ 585 G. Ne#e"the!essB .e )ust see that there is )eaning hereEit is 3ust that it +ies

*recise+y in the )eaning+essness' /(4" cin' eterna+ recurrence )eans i)*osing suffering on onese+fB (e nin'!ess s%22e"in'B s%22e"in' th t H%st h ..ensB s%22e"in' 2o" no "e son t !!. Fut at the #e") sa)e ti)eB this creates the innocence of e(istence. 5he (e nin'!essness o2 s%22e"in' (e ns the innocence o2 s%22e"in'. 5h t is the ne6
(e nin' th t s%22e"in' is 'i#en. S%22e"in' no !on'e" h s its o!d (e nin'. S%22e"in' no !on'e" h s the (e nin' Ch"isti nit) ' #e to it.

2uffering can no +onger be seen as *unish)ent' There is no +onger any gui+t' 5he"e is no !on'e" n) sin. @ne is no !on'e" cco%nt 4!e A5- O/""o"sO 8J && 99G. If suffering 3ust returns eterna++y0 if e/en the s+ightest change is i)*ossib+e0 ho. can one be to b+a)e for itT &o6 c n one 4e "es.onsi4!eT -t c n 4e none o2 o%" doin'. 7e are innocent. 5his itse!2 co%!d e0.! in 6h) one 6o%!d 4e 4!e to e(4" ce ete"n ! "ec%""enceB !o#e e#e") det i! o2 oneIs
!i2eB not 6ish to ch n'e sin'!e (o(ent o2 s%22e"in'. @ne 6o%!d 4e e(4" cin' oneIs o6n innocence. @ne 6o%!d 4e !o#in' oneIs o6n "ede(.tion 2"o( '%i!t. /te"n ! "ec%""ence 4"in's the U4e"(ensch s c!ose s .ossi4!e to the t"%thB (e nin'!essnessB the #oidB 4%t it does not 'o !! the 6 ) o" it 6o%!d c"%sh e#en the U4e"(ensch. =terna+ recurrence gi/es the Gber)ensch )eaning' It e+i)inates e)*tiness. -t 2i!!s the #oid. <ith 6h tT -t 2i!!s it 6ith so(ethin' tot !!) 2 (i!i " nd co(.!ete!) kno6nJ 6ith so(ethin' th t is in no 6 ) ne6B di22e"entB o" st" n'eJ 6ith so(ethin' th t is not t !! 2"i'htenin'. It fi++s the /oid .ith one8s o.n +ifeK"e.e ted ete"n !!). -t is t"%e th t this !i2e is !i2e o2 s%22e"in'B 4%t A'i#en the ho""o" o2 e0istenceG suffering cannot be

a/oided any.ay0 and at +east suffering has been stri**ed of any sur*+us suffering brought about by conce*ts of sin0 *unish)ent0 or gui+t. -t h s 4een "ed%ced to !i2e o2 innocence. >o"eo#e"B s Nietzsche h s s idB it is on+y )eaning+ess suffering that is the *rob+e)' If gi/en )eaningB e#en s%22e"in' 4eco(es so(ethin' .e c n seek AG> ---828G. /te"n ! "ec%""enceB the 2 tedness o2 s%22e"in'B its (e nin'!ess "e.etitionB )a4es o%" suffering innocent. 5h t (i'ht 6e!! 4e "e son eno%'h to e(4" ce it. @"B !tho%'h 6e ( ) not 4e 4!e to e(4" ce it
o%"se!#esB - think 6e c n t !e st see 6h) Nietzsche (i'htK nd e#en 6h) it (i'ht ( ke sense 2o" hi( to do so. Q/nd + 'e 59R /te"n ! "ec%""ence !so 'i#es s%22e"in' nothe" (e nin'. If one is ab+e to e)brace eterna+ recurrence B i2 one is

ab+e to turn !! Oit 6 sO into Othus I .i++ed it0D then one not on!) "ed%ces s%22e"in' to .h)sic ! s%22e"in'B brea4s its *sycho+ogica+ strang+eho+d0 and e+i)inates sur*+us suffering re+ated to gui+t B 4%t one ( ) e#en in sense
"ed%ce s%22e"in' 4e!o6 the !e#e! o2 .h)sic ! s%22e"in'. @ne does not do this s the !i4e" !B soci !istB o" Ch"isti n 6o%!dB 4) ch n'in' the 6o"!d to "ed%ce s%22e"in'. -n NietzscheIs o.inion th t is i(.ossi4!eB ndB indeedB ete"n ! "ec%""ence o2 the s (e "%!es it o%tK t !e st s n) so"t o2 2in ! chie#e(ent.23 , the"B .h)sic ! s%22e"in' is "ed%ced 4) t"e tin' it s testB disci.!ineB t" inin'B 6hich 4"in's one '"e te" .o6e". One )ight thin4 of an ath+ete .ho engages in )ore and )ore strenuous acti/ity0 acce*ts

greater and greater *ain0 hand+es it better and better0 and sees this as a sign of greater strength0 as a sign of increased abi+ity' Hain and suffering are turned into e)*o.er)ent . -ndeedB it is .ossi4!e to !o#e s%ch
s%22e"in' s si'n o2 inc"e sed .o6e". @ne c" #es . inKO(o"e . inN (o"e . inNO AG> ---820G. 3nd the (o"e s%22e"in' one c n 4e "B the st"on'e" one 4eco(es. -2 s%22e"in' is se!2?i(.osedB i2 the .oint is to 4"e k the .s)cho!o'ic ! st" n'!eho!d it h s o#e" %sB i2 the .oint is to t%"n s%22e"in' into e(.o6e"(entB %se it s disci.!ine to ' in '"e te" st"en'thB then it 6o%!d 4e enti"e!) in .."o."i te 2o" %s to 2ee! so"") 2o" the s%22e"e". To ta4e *ity on the sufferer either .ou+d de)onstrate an ignorance of the *rocess the

sufferer is engaged inB 6h t the s%22e"e" is tte(.tin' to cco(.!ish th"o%'h s%22e"in'B o" 6o%!d sho6 ! ck o2 "es.ect 2o" the s%22e"e"Is s%22e"in' AGS 338J $ 135G. To *ity the sufferer0 to .ish the sufferer did not ha/e to go through such suffering0 .ou+d de)ean the sufferer and the .ho+e *rocess of atte)*ting to gain greater strength through such suffering' Let %s t") ' in to .%t o%"se!#es in NietzscheIs .! ce. &e h s s%22e"ed
2o" )e "s. &e h s s%22e"ed intense!) 2o" )e "s. &e h s co(e to "e !ize th t he c nnot end this s%22e"in'. &e c nnot e#en "ed%ce it si'ni2ic nt!). =%t he h s 2in !!) 4een 4!e to 4"e k the .s)cho!o'ic ! st" n'!eho!d it h s h d o#e" hi(. &e is 4!e to cce.t it. &e 6i!!s it. &e 6o%!d not ch n'e the s!i'htest det i!. &e is 4!e to !o#e it. 3nd this inc"e ses his st"en'th. Io.B thenB .ou+d he res*ond to

our *ityT 1e") !ike!)B he .ou+d be offended' Ie .ou+d thin4 .e .ere *atronizing hi)' Ie .ou+d not .ant us around' Ie .ou+d *ercei/e us as trying to rob hi) of the strength he had achie/ed0 sub3ugate hi) again to his suffering0 stri* hi) of his dignity. Ie .ou+d be disgusted .ith our atte)*t to be dogooders0 our atte)*t to i)*ose our o.n )eaning on his suffering Ctreating it as so)ething to *ity and to +essenJ in o**osition to the )eaning he has succeeded in i)*osing on it'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

## Trade-Off D

#N$ "&%
In the face of the horror of e(istence .e as4 you /ote negati/e as a .i++fu+ affir)ation of suffering , On+y by sub)itting to it /o+untari+y are .e ab+e to retain our agency and ha**iness in +ife' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */6/09G H! 5") to i)agine yourse+f .ith a )igraine' I)agine yourse+f in a fe/erish state e(*eriencing nausea and /o)iting. -( 'ine th t this so"t o2 thin' has been going on for years nd )e "s nd th t you h #e 4een %n 4!e to do n)thin' 4o%t it. /0t"e(e c "e 6ith )o%" dietB conce"n 2o" c!i( teB contin%o%s e0.e"i(entin' 6ith (edicinesK !! acco)*+ish nothing. :o% "e %n 4!e to c%"e )o%"se!2. :o% h #e 4een %n 4!e to e#en i(."o#e )o%" condition si'ni2ic nt!).18 :o% h #e no e0.ect tion o2 e#e" doin' so. S%..ose this state has +ed you to seeB o" .e"h .s (e"e!) con2i"(ed )o%" insi'ht intoB the horror nd te""o" of e(istence. -t h s !ed )o% to s%s.ect th t Si!en%s 6 s "i'ht8
4est ne#e" to h #e 4een 4o"nJ second 4estB die s soon s .ossi4!e. 3!! )o% c n e0.ect is s%22e"in'B s%22e"in' 2o" no "e son t !!B (e nin'!ess s%22e"in'. :o% h #e e#en tho%'ht o2 s%icide A=G/ 15*G.19 No. i)agine that at your .orst )o)entB )o%"

!one!iest !one!inessB a de)on a**ears to )o% o" )o% i( 'ine de(on ..e "in' to )o%. nd this de(on te++s you that you .i++ ha/e to +i/e your +ife o#e" ' inB innu)erab+e ti)es )oreB nd th t e#e")thin'B Q/nd + 'e 55R e/ery ! st bit of . in nd sufferingB e#e") ! st (i'" ineB e#e") ! st 4o%t o2 n %se nd #o(itin'B .i++ return0 e(act+y the sa)e0 o/er and o/er and o/er again' <h t 6o%!d )o%" "e ction 4eT -2 )o%" "e ction 6e"e to 4e ne' ti#eB no one 6o%!d 4 t n e)e. =%t 6h t i2 )o%" "e ction 6 sB o" c (e to 4eB .ositi#eT 7hat if you .ere ab+e to +o/e your +ife so co)*+ete+y that you .ou+d not .ant to change sin'!e (o(entKa sing+e )o)ent of sufferingT <h t i2 )o% 6e"e to co(e to c" #e nothin' (o"e 2e"#ent!) th n the ete"n
"ec%""ence o2 e#e") (o(ent o2 )o%" !i2eT <h t i2 )o% 6e"e to see this s n %!ti( te con2i"( tion nd se !B nothin' (o"e di#ineT &o6 co%!d )o% do thisT <h) 6o%!d )o% do thisT <h) 6o%!dnIt it 4e ( dnessT <h t is 'oin' on he"eT &o6 h s this 4een o#e"!ooked 4) !! the co((ent to"sT 5his c"ies o%t 2o" e0.! n tion. =terna+ recurrenceB - think 6e c n s )B sho.s us the horror of

e(istence. No )atter .hat you say about your +ife0 no )atter ho. ha**y you c+ai) to ha/e beenB no ( tte" ho6 4"i'ht 2 ce )o% .%t on itB the th"e t o2 eterna+ recurrence brings out the basic horror in e#e") +ife. Li#e it o#e" ' in 6ith nothin' ne6T It is the Dnothing ne.D that does it' 5h t is ho6 6e ( ke it th"o%'h o%" e0istin' !i2e. 7e ho*e forB 6e e0.ectB so)ething ne.0 so)ething different0 so)e i)*ro/e)ent0 so)e *rogress0 or at +east so)e distraction0 so)e ho*e' If that is ru+ed out B i2 e#e")thin' 6i!! 4e e0 ct!) the s (e in o%" ne0t !i2eB 6e!! th t is di22e"ent sto"). -2 )o% think )o% "e s%."e(e!) h ..) 6ith )o%" !i2eB H%st see 6h t h ..ens i2 )o% st "t to think th t )o% 6i!! h #e to !i#e it ' in. 2u**ose th t you canB s 3"istot!e s%''estedB +oo4 4 ck o/er your +ife s 6ho!e and fee+ th t it .as a good oneK h ..) one. 7ou+d th t ( ke you .ant to +i/e it again5 <o%!d )o% t the (o(ent in 6hich )o% 2ee! th t )o%" !i2e 6 s h ..) one !so c" #e nothin' (o"e 2e"#ent!) th n to !i#e it ' inT 7hat if your +ife .as a 3oyous +ife
o" ."o%d !i2eT -t is L%ite c!e " th t )o% co%!d h #e #e") .ositi#e ttit%de to6 "d )o%" !i2e nd not t !! 6 nt to !i#e it ' in. -n 2 ctB 6o%!dnIt the ."os.ect o2 ete"n ! "e.etitionB i2 the ide '"e6 on )o% nd ' ined .ossession o2 )o%B 4e'in to s . e#en the 4est !i2e o2 its tt" cti#enessT <o%!dnIt the e0.ect tion o2 ete"n ! "e.etition ( ke n)thin' !ess ..e !in'T <o%!dnIt it e(.t) )o%" !i2e o2 its si'ni2ic nce nd (e nin'T >ost co((ent to"s see( to ss%(e th t the on!) !i2e 6e co%!d e0.ect n)one to 6 nt to !i#e ' in 6o%!d 4e 'ood !i2e. 5h t ( kes no sense to (e. @n the othe" h ndB (ost .eo.!e 6o%!d ss%(e th t !i2e o2 intense . in nd s%22e"in' is not t !! the so"t o2 !i2e it ( kes n) sense to 6 nt to !i#e ' in. - think Nietzsche .as ab+e to see that a +ife of intense *ain

and suffering is *erha*s the on+y +ife it rea++y )a4es sense to .ant to +i/e again' Let (e t") to e0.! in. 7o" )e "s Nietzsche .as i++0 suffering intense )igraines0 nausea0 and /o)iting. @2ten he 6 s %n 4!e to 6o"k nd con2ined to 4ed. &e 2o%'ht this. Ie tried e/erything. &e so%'ht 4ette" c!i( te. &e 6 tched his diet 2 n tic !!). &e e0.e"i(ented 6ith (edicines. Nothin' 6o"ked. &e co%!d not i(."o#e his condition. Iis suffering .as out of his contro+' It do)inated his +ife and deter)ined his Q/nd + 'e 56R e/ery acti/ity'
&e 6 s o#e".o6e"ed 4) it. 5he"e 6 s no 2"eedo( o" di'nit) he"e. &e 4ec (e s! #e to his i!!ness. &e 6 s s%4H%' ted 4) it. <h t 6 s he to doT 3t the 4e'innin' o2 the ess ) O@n the S%4!i(eBO Schi!!e" 6"ites8 QNRothin' is so %n6o"th) o2 ( n th n to s%22e" #io!ence. . . . Q<Rhoe#e" s%22e"s this c" #en!) th"o6s his h%( nit) 6 ). . . . 5his is the .osition in 6hich ( n 2inds hi(se!2. S%""o%nded 4) co%nt!ess 2o"cesB !! o2 6hich "e s%.e"io" to his o6n nd 6ie!d ( ste") o#e" hi(. . . . -2 he is no !on'e" 4!e to o..ose .h)sic ! 2o"ce 4) his "e! ti#e!) 6e ke" .h)sic ! 2o"ceB then the on!) thin' th t "e( ins to hi(B i2 he is not to s%22e" #io!enceB is to e!i(in te %tte"!) nd co(.!ete!) "e! tionshi. th t is so dis d# nt 'eo%s to hi(B nd to dest"o) the #e") conce.t o2 2o"ce to 6hich he (%st in 2 ct s%cc%(4. 5o dest"o) the #e") conce.t o2 2o"ce (e ns si(.!) to s%4(it to it #o!%nt "i!).20 3!tho%'h Nietzsche did not 'o 4o%t it in

the 6 ) Schi!!e" h d in (indB ne#e"the!essB this is e0 ct!) 6h t Nietzsche did. 7hat .as he to do about his sufferingT <h t 6 s he to do 4o%t the 2 ct th t it c (e to do(in te e#e") (o(ent o2 his !i2eT <h t 6 s he to do 4o%t the 2 ct th t
it 6 s "o44in' hi( o2 !! 2"eedo( nd di'nit)T <h t 6 s he to do 4o%t this

;Kain continues>

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#2 Trade-Off D

#N$ %&%
;Kain continues>
Ie decided to sub)it to it /o+untari+y' &e decided to acce*t it fu++y. &e decided th t he .ou+d not change one sing+e detai+ of his +ife0 not one )o)ent of *ain' Ie decided to +o/e his fate . 3t the ."os.ect o2 !i#in' his !i2e o#e" ' inB o#e" ' in n in2inite n%(4e" o2 ti(esB 6itho%t the s!i'htest ch n'eB 6ith e#e") det i! o2 s%22e"in' nd . in the s (eB he 6 s "e d) to s )B O<e!! thenN @nce (o"eNO AV -18 O5he $"%nken Son'O 1G. Ie cou+d not change his +ife any.ay' Fut this .ay he bro4e the *sycho+ogica+ strang+eho+d it had o/er hi)' Ie ended his sub3ugation' Ie *ut hi)se+f in charge' Ie turned a++ Dit .asD into a Dthus I .i++ed it'D =/erything that .as going to ha**en in his +ife0 he acce*ted0 he choseB he 6i!!ed. Ie beca)e so/ereign o/er his +ife' There .as no .ay to o/erco)e his i++ness e(ce*t by e)bracing it'
s%4H%' tion nd s! #e")T

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#B Trade-Off D

!!!Lin4s !!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#4 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2ocia+ 2er/ices

Hhi+anthro*y is the desire for co++ecti/e strength to o/erco)e the suffering inherent in our .or+d , the ideas of the affir)ati/e destroys the abi+ity to affir) +ife as is <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2
M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2 +it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H! &o6e#e"B if Nietzsche th%s conf+ates a nu)ber of #e") different discoursesB his conce.t% !iz tion o2 the soci ! .heno(enon he o4Hects to "e( ins (%ch (o"e sh ".!) 2oc%sed. In theorizing the cu+t of *hi+anthro*yB he ccent% tes 6h t he sees s the ti'ht connection 4et6een the (ode"n 2o"( o2 co((%n ! inte'" tion nd a +a)entab+e *rocess of deindi/iduation8 5od ) it see(s to do e#e")one 'ood 6hen the) he " th t societ) is on the 6 ) to d .tin' the indi#id% ! to 'ene" ! "eL%i"e(entsB nd th t the h ..iness nd t the s (e ti(e the s c"i2ice o2 the indi#id% ! !ies in 2ee!in' hi(se!2 to 4e %se2%! (e(4e" nd inst"%(ent o2 the 6ho!e. . . . Q5Rhe"e is . . . 6onde"2%! nd 2 i"?so%ndin' %n ni(it) in the de( nd th t the e'o h s to den) itse!2 %nti!B in the 2o"( o2 the d .t tion to the 6ho!eB it ' in cL%i"es its 2i"(!) set ci"c!e o2 "i'hts nd d%tiesK %nti! it h s 4eco(e so(ethin' L%ite no#e! nd di22e"ent. 7hat is .anted ' ' ' is nothing +ess than the funda)enta+ re)ou+ding0 indeed .ea4ening and abo+ition of the indi/idua+6 one ne/er tires of enu)erating and indicting a++ that is e/i+ and ini)ica+0 *rodiga+0 cost+y0 e(tra/agant in the for) indi/idua+ e(istence has assu)ed hitherto0 one ho*es to )anage )ore chea*+y0 )ore safe+y0 )ore e-uitab+y0 )ore unifor)+y if there e(ists on+y +arge bodies and their )e)bers' A$ 132G Nietzsche;s n !)sis o2 this .ost?/n!i'hten(ent t" ns2o"( tion nd # !o"iz tion o2 >it!eid is si'ni2ic nt 2o" o%" .%".oses 4ec %se it "e#e !s the notion o2 s%4Hecti#it) nd inte"s%4Hecti#it) th t %nde".ins his ! (ent o#e" co((%nit "i nis( th tB s he sees itB enti"e!) en2o!ds the indi#id% ! into the co!!ecti#e.4* Nietzsche s%''ests th t the conce.ts o2 .it)B s)(. th)B nd #i#"e .o%" %t"%i h #e 4eco(e !itt!e (o"e th n the ideo!o'ic ! st !kin' ho"ses 2o" the E(o" ! 2 shion o2 co((e"ci ! societ)F A$ 1*3B e(.h sis ddedGK (o" ! 2 shionB th t is to s )B th t t" ns2o"(s indi#id% !s into ind%st"io%sB c !c%! 4!e inst"%(ents o2 soci ! ! 4o". &e "'%es th t .hat unites the (ode"n ( nt" s o2 E*ity0K Li)*ersona+ action0K Lse+f-sacrifice0K Lada*tation0K and the Lb+essing of .or4K is the fact that they share one co/ert idea6 the fear of indi/idua+ity . E-n the '!o"i2ic tion o2 X6o"kB;F s he 6"itesB E- see the s (e co#e"t ide s in the ." ise o2 %se2%! i(.e"son ! ctions8 th t o2 2e " o2 e#e")thin' indi#id% !F A$ 1*3G. A5he sc "e L%otes "o%nd E6o"kF "e Nietzsche;sJ he e#ident!) (e ns to i(.!) th t the 6o"shi. o2 inst"%(ent !B ( te"i ! ! 4o"B o" Eh "d ind%st"io%snessBF sho%!d not 4e con2%sed 6ith 6h t he conside"s the (o"e # !% 4!e 6o"kB the 6o"k on the se!2 Q$ 1*3R.G -n this conte0tB thenB his c"itiL%e o2 .it) hi'h!i'hts his "esist nce to .hi!oso.hic ! nd socio!o'ic ! .e"s.ecti#es 6hose conce.tion o2 h%( n 4ein's is e0h %sted 4) the i( 'e o2 ho(o 2 4e" nd ho(o econo(ic%s.48 Nietzsche ch !!en'es the !e'iti( c) o2 soci ! "e! tions th t const"%ct indi#id% !s s nothin' (o"e th n disci.!ined inst"%(ents o2 ! 4o" nd %ni2o"( (e(4e"s o2 n inte'" ted co!!ecti#it). S%ch .e"s.ecti#esB he i(.!iesB "e s)(.to( tic o2 n n0io%s desi"e to co"don o%"se!#es o22 2"o( the int" .s)chic do( in. 5he E4!essin' o2 .or4BF he HokesB Lis the best *o+ice)an. . . . Q-Rt kee.s e#e")one in 4o%nds nd c n (i'hti!) hinde" the de#e!o.(ent o2 "e sonB co#eto%snessB desi"e 2o" inde.endenceF A$ 1*3G. -nst"%(ent ! ! 4o"B 6e (i'ht s )B is o%" .s)cho!o'ic ! co"don s nit i"e. @2 co%"seB Nietzsche concedesB this *o+icing of the se+f through the disci*+ine of .or4 a+so has its benefits insofar as the regu+ar satisfaction of s)a++0 instru)enta+ *rob+e)s gi/es one a sense of Lsecurity.F &o6e#e"B this is not (e"e!) ( te"i ! sec%"it) 4%tB indeedB sec%"it) 2"o( the te(.t tions o2 E"e2!ectionB 4"oodin' nd d"e (in'BF nd s%ch sec%"it)B s Nietzsche .%ts itB Eis no6 6o"shi..ed s the s%."e(e di#init)F A$ 1*3G. -n $ )4"e k he de2ines the .ost? /n!i'hten(ent 'e s one in 6hich the (et .h)sic ! nd theo!o'ic ! d"e ( o2 s !# tion h s 4een dis.! ced 4) the 6o"shi. o2 di#init) th t ."otects one 2"o( the "isks A nd .ossi4!e ' insG o2 con2"ontin' nd 6o"kin' on one;s o6n .s)chic ! "e !it). 3cco"din' to NietzscheB the ido+ of security that )odern co))ercia+ society .orshi*s is a di/inity it has erected in order to sa/e us the troub+e of .or4ing on and cu+ti/ating ourse+/es.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#" Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2ocratic De+usion

The # $ enacts a syste) of atte)*ting to cure the suffering of our .or+d as is' This /ie. carries .ith it that the uni/erse is so)ething to be re3ected )a4ing +ife so)ething to be hated' On+y by affir)ing the i)*erfection in our .or+d are .e ab+e to retain our /a+ue to +ife Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 6/30/09G H! t the center of Nietzsche8s /ision +ies his conce*t of the Dterror and horror of e(istence O A=5 3G. 3s he .%ts
it in 5he =i"th o2 5" 'ed)8 5he"e is n ncient sto") th t Kin' >id s h%nted in the 2o"est !on' ti(e 2o" the 6ise Si!en%sB the co(. nion o2 $ion)s%s. . . . <hen Si!en%s t ! st 2e!! into his h ndsB the kin' sked 6h t 6 s the 4est nd (ost desi" 4!e o2 !! thin's 2o" ( n. 7i0ed nd i((o# 4!eB the de(i'od s id not 6o"dB ti!! t ! stB %"'ed 4) the kin'B he ' #e sh"i!! ! %'h nd 4"oke o%t into these 6o"ds8 O@hB 6"etched e.he(e" ! " ceB chi!d"en o2 ch nce nd (ise")B 6h) do )o% co(.e! (e to te!! )o% 6h t it 6o%!d 4e (ost e0.edient 2o" )o% not to he "T <h t is 4est o2 !! is %tte"!) 4e)ond )o%" "e ch8 not to 4e 4o"nB not to 4eB to 4e nothin'. =%t the second 4est 2o" )o% isKto die soon.O A=5 3G1 <h) is it 4est ne#e" to h #e 4een 4o"nT =ec %se a++ .e can e(*ect as hu)an beings

is to suffer. :etB sti!!B this is not ."ecise!) the ."o4!e(. 3s Nietzsche te!!s %s in @n the Gene !o') o2 >o" !sB hu)an beings can +i/e .ith suffering' 7hat they cannot +i/e .ith is )eaning+ess sufferingEsuffering for no reason at a++ AG> ---828G. -n NietzscheIs #ie6 .e are Dsurrounded by a fearfu+ /oid . . .O AG> ---828J c2. <+ 55G. 7e +i/e in an e)*ty0 )eaning+ess cos)os' 7e cannot +oo4 into rea+ity .ithout being o/erco)e. -ndeedB in =e)ond Good nd /#i!B Nietzsche e#en s%''ests th t Oit (i'ht 4e 4 sic ch " cte"istic o2 e0istence th t those 6ho 6o%!d kno6 it co(.!ete!) 6o%!d .e"ish . . .O A=G/ 39J c2. <+ 822G. 3nd it 6 s not H%st inte!!ect% ! "e2!ection th t !ed Nietzsche to 4e!ie2 in the ho""o" o2 e0istence. Ie +i/ed it hi)se+f.2 -n !ette" o2 3."i! 10B 1888B he .rites8 O3"o%nd 18*6 () he !th '"e6 6o"se. . . . There .ere e(tre)e+y *ainfu+ and obstinate headaches .hich e(hausted a++ )y strength' They increased o/er +ong years0 to reach a c+i)a( at .hich *ain .as habitua+0 so that any gi/en year contained for )e t.o hundred days of *ain' ' ' ' My s*ecia+ty .as to endure the e(tre)ity of *ain ' ' ' .ith co)*+ete +ucidity for t.o or three days in succession0 .ith continuous /o)iting of )ucus.O3 -n Nietzsche cont" < 'ne"B he te!!s %s ho6 si'ni2ic nt this s%22e"in' 6 s 2o" hi(8 h #e o2ten sked ()se!2 .hether I a) not )uch )ore dee*+y indebted to the hardest years of )y +ife than to any others' ' ' ' nd as to )y *ro+onged i++nessB Q/nd + 'e 49R do I not o.e )uch )ore to it than I o.e to )y hea+th5 To it I o.e a higher 4ind of hea+th0 a sort of hea+th .hich gro.s stronger under e/erything that does not actua++y 4i++ itNETo it0 I o.e e/en )y *hi+oso*hy' ' ' ' On+y great suffering is the u+ti)ate e)anci*ator of the s*irit' ' ' ' On+y great sufferingA that great suffering0 under .hich .e see) to be o/er a fire of green.ood0 the suffering that ta4es its ti)eEforces us *hi+oso*hers to descend into our nether)ost de*ths. . . . ANC< O/.i!o'%eOG NietzscheIs 4e!ie2 in the ho""o" o2 e0istence is ! "'e!)B i2 not
co(.!ete!)B o#e"!ooked 4) (ost scho! "s.4 - ho.e to sho6 th t it h d ."o2o%nd e22ect on his tho%'htB indeedB th t he c nnot 4e deL% te!) %nde"stood 6itho%t seein' the cent" !it) o2 this conce.t. 5o 4e'in to %nde"st nd its i(.o"t nceB !et %s conside" th"ee di22e"ent #isions o2 the h%( n condition. 5he 2i"st ho!ds th t 6e !i#e in 4eni'n cos(os. -t is s i2 it 6e"e .%".osi#e!) .! nned 2o" %s nd 6e 2o" it. <e 2itB 6e 4e!on'B 6e "e t ho(e in this cos(os. <e "e con2i"(ed nd "ein2o"ced 4) it. @%" n t%" ! "es.onse is desi"e to kno6 it nd th%s to .."eci te o%" 2it into it. Let %s c !! this the desi'ned cos(os. ,o%'h!) s.e kin'B this is the t" dition ! #ie6 he!d 4) (ost .hi!oso.he"s 2"o( +! to nd 3"istot!e th"o%'h the (edie# !s. 3nd 2o" the (ost . "t it h s dis ..e "ed in the (ode"n 6o"!dK2e6 "e !!) 4e!ie#e in it n)(o"e. 5he second #ision 4 cks o22 2"o( the ss%(.tions "eL%i"ed 4) the 2i"st. 5his #ie6 st "ted 6ith 7" ncis = conB i2 not 4e2o"eB nd it is the #ie6 o2 (ost (ode"ns. &e"e the cos(os is neithe" !ien no" desi'ned 2o" %s. -t is neithe" te""i2)in' no" 4eni'n. 5he cos(os is ne%t" ! ndB (ost i(.o"t nt!)B ( !!e 4!e. &%( n 4ein's (%st co(e to %nde"st nd the cos(os th"o%'h science nd cont"o! it th"o%'h techno!o'). <e (%st ( ke it 2it %s. -t does not 2it %s 4) desi'n. <e (%st 6o"k on itB t" ns2o"( itB nd (o!d it into .! ce 6he"e 6e c n 4e t ho(e. <e (%st c"e te o%" o6n .! ce. 7o" these (ode"n thinke"sB 6e end %. 6ith (o"e th n the ncients nd (edie# !s h d. <e end %. 6ith 2it !ike the) h dB 4%t 6e 'et the dded s tis2 ction o2 4"in'in' it 4o%t o%"se!#esB cco(.!ishin' it th"o%'h o%" o6n ende #o"B indi#id% !it)B nd 2"eedo(. Let %s c !! this the .e"2ecti4!e cos(os. The third /ision ta4es the

cos)os to be a+ien' It .as not designed for hu)an beings at a++A nor .ere they designed for it' 7e 3ust do not fit' 7e do not be+ong' nd .e ne/er .i++' The cos)os is horrib+e0 terrifying0 and .e .i++ ne/er sur)ount this fact' It is a *+ace .here hu)an beings suffer for no reason at a++' It is best ne/er to ha/e been born' Let us ca++ this the horrific cos)os' This is Nietzsche8s /ie.' Nietzsche si)*+y dis)isses the designed cos)os0 .hich fe. be+ie/e in any)ore any.ay A<+ 12 G. @n the othe" h ndB Nietzsche ta4es the *erfectib+e cos)os /ery serious+y' Ie resists it .ith e/ery fiber of his being .5 7o" NietzscheB .e )ust sto* .asting ti)e and energy ho*ing to change things0 i)*ro/e the)0 )a4e *rogress AseeB e.'.B <+ 40B 90B
684GKthe o%t!ook o2 !i4e" !sB soci !istsB nd e#en Ch"isti nsB !! o2 6ho( Nietzsche tends to !%(. to'ethe" nd e0co"i te. 7o" Q/nd + 'e 50R NietzscheB .e cannot reduce suffering0 and to 4ee* ho*ing that .e can .i++ si)*+y .ea4en us' Instead0

.e )ust concea+ an a+ien and terrifying cos)os if .e ho*e to +i/e in it' nd .e )ust de/e+o* the strength to do so' 7e )ust toughen ourse+/es' 7e need )ore suffering0 not +ess' It has Dcreated a++ enhance)ents of )an so far ' ' 'D A=G/ 225B 44J <+ 95*J G> --8*G.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#% Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Iege)ony&2ecurity
The )i+itaris) of the affir)ati/e is rooted our o.n )ora+ity and our neighbors i))ora+ity , This *redis*osition is the root cause of a++ .ar , on+y by e)bracing fate can .e re)o/e ourse+/es fro) the cyc+e Nietzsche #?:9 A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B &%( nB 3!! 5oo &%( nB 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B 5he < nde"e" nd &is Sh do6B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/6 s.ht(B 3$8 */6/09G H! 5he (e ns to "e ! .e ce.K No go/ern)ent ad)its n) (o"e th t it kee.s n "() to s tis2) occ sion !!) the desire for con-uest. 9ather the ar)y is su**osed to ser/e for defenseB nd one in#okes the (o" !it) th t .."o#es o2 se!2?de2ense. =%t this i)*+ies one8s o.n )ora+ity and the neighbor8s i))ora+ity J 2o" the nei'h4o" (%st 4e tho%'ht o2 s e 'e" to tt ck nd conL%e" i2 o%" st te (%st think o2 (e ns o2 se!2?de2ense. >o"eo#e"B the reasons 6e 'i#e for re-uiring an ar)y i)*+y that our neighbor0 .ho denies the desire for con-uest 3ust as )uch as does our o.n state0 and 6hoB 2o" his . "tB a+so 4ee*s an ar)y on+y for reasons of se+f-defense0 is a hy*ocrite and a cunning cri)ina+ .ho .ou+d +i4e nothing better than to o/er*o.er a har)+ess and a.4.ard /icti) .ithout any fight. 5h%s a++ states "e no6 " n'ed ' inst e ch othe"8 the) *resu**ose their neighbor8s bad dis*osition and their o.n good dis*osition . 5his ."es%..ositionB ho6e#e"B is inh%( neB s 4 d s 6 " nd 6o"se. 3t 4otto(B indeedB it is itse!2 the ch !!en'e nd the c %se o2 6 "sB 4ec %seB s - h #e s idB it tt"i4%tes i((o" !it) to the nei'h4o" nd th%s ."o#okes hosti!e dis.osition nd ct. 7e )ust ab3ure the doctrine of the ar)y as a )eans of se+f-defense 3ust as co)*+ete+y as the desire for con-uests' 3nd *erha*s the '"e t day .i++ co)e .hen *eo*+e0 distinguished by .ars and /ictories nd 4) the hi'hest de#e!o.(ent o2 (i!it ") o"de" nd inte!!i'enceB nd cc%sto(ed to ( ke the he #iest s c"i2ices 2o" these thin'sB .i++ e0c! i( o2 its o6n 2"ee 6i!!B O<e brea4 the s.ordBO nd 6i!! s)ash its entire )i+itary estab+ish)ent do.n to its !o6est 2o%nd tions. 9endering onese+f unar)ed .hen one had been the best-ar)edB o%t o2 hei'ht o2 2ee!in'Kthat is the )eans to rea+ *eaceB 6hich (%st !6 )s "est on .e ce o2 (indJ 6he"e s the so-ca++ed ar)ed *eaceB s it no6 e0ists in !! co%nt"iesB is the absence of *eace of )ind. @ne t"%sts neithe" onese!2 no" oneIs nei'h4o" ndB h !2 2"o( h t"edB h !2 2"o( 2e "B does not ! ) do6n "(s. , the" .e"ish th n h te nd 2e "B nd t6ice " the" .e"ish th n ( ke onese!2 h ted nd 2e "edKthis (%st so(ed ) 4eco(e the hi'hest ( 0i( 2o" e#e") sin'!e co((on6e !th. @%" !i4e" ! "e."esent ti#esB s is 6e!! kno6nB ! ck the ti(e 2o" "e2!ectin' on the n t%"e o2 ( n8 e!se the) 6o%!d kno6 th t the) 6o"k in # in 6hen the) 6o"k 2o" O'" d% ! dec"e se o2 the (i!it ") 4%"den.O , the"B on!) 6hen this kind o2 need h s 4eco(e '"e test 6i!! the kind o2 'od 4e ne "est 6ho !one c n he!. he"e. 5he t"ee o2 6 "? '!o") c n on!) 4e dest"o)ed !! t onceB 4) st"oke o2 !i'htnin'8 4%t !i'htnin'B s indeed )o% kno6B co(es 2"o( c!o%dK nd 2"o( %. hi'h.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#: Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2ecurity
tte)*ts to secure the state fa++ *ray to the tauto+ogy of )astery , this 3ustifes state sanctioned /io+ence in the na)e of *reser/ing safety of the do)estic *o*u+ation 2aurette 9% A+ %!B +"o2 o2 .o!itic ! theo")/science t Cohn &o.kins Dni#e"sit)B E- (ist"%st !! S)ste( tize"s nd
3#oid 5he(8 NietzscheB 3"endt nd the C"isis o2 the <i!! to @"de" in -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions 5heo").F >i!!eni%( Co%"n ! o2 -nte"n tion ! St%dies. 1o!. 25B n%(4e" 1. ... 3?6B 3$8 */6/09G H! -n 4oth c sesB the do)estic order is *ri/i+eged because 8*rogress and *erfection8B o" t !e st the (iti' tion o2 the st te o2 n t%"eB is assu)ed to be *ossib+e on+y through contro+ and ru+e. 5his conce.tion ..e "s cohe"ent on+y because non-order0 understood as the +ac4 of hierarchica+ ru+eB is ."io"i de2ined s st te o2 n t%"e/con2!ict. It is on+y by a *erfect+y circu+ar tauto+ogyB thenB th t "e !is( ( n 'es to ."i#i!e'e the st te. @nce n "ch) is de2ined s d n'e"o%sB .o!itics c n 4e conce.t% !ised on!) s ."ocess o2 2 4"ic tion th"o%'h 6hich sec%"e co((%nit) is 2o"'ed 4) "%!e nd cont"o!. >o"eo#e"B once security&co))unity is understood in these ter)s0 the +ogic can on+y circu+ate bac4 and reinforce the understanding of *o+itica+ action as )astery and contro+ o/er hu)an affairs through the authority or /io+ence of ru+ershi*. <hen conside"in' inte"n tion ! "e! tionsB thenB it is co(.!ete!) consistent 2o" "e !is( to ! 4e! Ithe inte"n tion !I s n "chic nd th%s d n'e"o%s 4ec %se it is 4e)ond cont"o!. :etB 4ec %se "e !is( h s ."e#io%s!) de2ined non?o"de" s inhe"ent!) d n'e"o%s to s%"#i# !B the dri/e for state security co)*e+s the atte)*t to i)*ose order on the internationa+ rea+). -n senseB the inte"n tion ! (%st see( 4oth .o!itic ! A s. ce in need o2 hie" "chic ! cont"o!G nd .o!itic ! A s. ce 4e)ond hie" "chic ! cont"o!G. This dichoto)y +eads to the doub+e strategy of rea+is) as C#J the atte)*t to i)*ose order on the internationa+ through 8reasoned foreign *o+icy8 and *o.er0 .hi+e C2J retreating into the nor)ati/e /a+ue of the state0 and its circu+ar nor)ati/e 3ustification of do)estic order and state sur/i/a+' -n this !i'htB it is 4so!%te!) . " do0ic ! nd )et co(.!ete!) consistent 2o" >o"'enth % to dec") the inte"n tion ! s the "e !( o2 i"" tion !it) nd e(e"'enc)B 6hi!e nost !'ic !!) )e "nin' 2o" o4Hecti#e scienti2ic ! 6s 6hich 6o%!d !!o6 the st tes( n to i(.ose theo"etic ! o"de" on inte"n tion ! .o!iticsB nd th%s !e d to the ct% ! cont"o! nd ( ste") o2 the inte"n tion ! "e !(.I 3s s%chB rea+is) )anages to *ri/i+ege the nor)ati/e /a+ue of the do)estic rea+) .hi+e si)u+taneous+y idea+ising the do)estication of the internationa+ through an e(tension of contro+ and order'D

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#? Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2ecurity
The conce*t of security erects .hat it tries to defeat , in it1s na)e0 .ars .ere .aged and 7MDs de/e+o*ed a++ in this search for co)*+ete security Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B
NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H!
5he " .idit) o2 ch n'e in the inte"n tion ! s)ste(B s 6e!! s the in 4i!it) o2 inte"n tion ! theo") to ( ke sense o2 th t ch n'eB " ises this L%estion8 @2 6h t # !%e is securityT >o"e s.eci2ic !!)B H%st ho6 sec%"e is this ."ee(inent conce.t o2 inte"n tion ! "e! tionsT 5his e# !% tion o2 sec%"it) in/o4es inte"."eti#e st" te'ies to sk e*iste)o+ogica+0 onto+ogica+0 and *o+itica+

-uestions??L%estions th t a++ too often "e ignoredB s%4o"din tedB o" dis.! ced by the technica++y biased0 narro.+y fra)ed -uestion of .hat it ta4es to achie/e security. 5he 'o !B thenB o2 this inL%i") is to ( ke
.hi!oso.hic !!) ."o4!e( tic th t 6hich h s 4een ." ctic !!) 0io( tic in inte"n tion ! "e! tions. 5he 2i"st ste. is to sk 6hethe" the . " (o%nt # !%e o2 sec%"it) !ies in its 4ne' tion o2 the insec%"it) o2 !! # !%es. No other conce*t in internationa+

re+ations *ac4s the )eta*hysica+ *unch0 nor co))ands the disci*+inary *o.er of Dsecurity'D In its na)e0 *eo*+es ha/e a+ienated their fears0 rights and *o.ers to gods0 e)*erors0 and )ost recent+y0 so/ereign statesB !! to *rotect the)se+/es 2"o( the #icissit%des o2 n t%"e?? s 6e!! s 2"o( othe" 'odsB e(.e"o"sB nd so#e"ei'n st tes. -n its n (eB .ea*ons of )ass destruction ha/e been de/e+o*ed .hich ha/e transfigured nationa+ interest into a security di+e))a based on a suicide *act' 3ndB !ess o2ten noted in inte"n tion ! "e! tionsB in its na)e bi++ions ha/e been )ade and )i++ions 4i++ed .hi+e scientific 4no.+edge has been furthered and inte++ectua+ dissent )uted'

2ecurity creates a se+f fu+fi++ing *ro*hecy in .hich the rest of the .or+d is an ene)y to be destroyed , turns case Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO
Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H!

<e h #e inhe"ited n ontotheo!o') o2 securityB th t isB an a *riori argu)ent th t ."o#es the e0istence nd necessit) o2 on!) one 2o"( o2 sec%"it) because there current+y ha**ens to be a .ides*read0 )eta*hysica+ be+ief in it. -ndeedB 6ithin the conce.t o2 sec%"it) !%"ks the enti"e histo") o2 6este"n (et .h)sicsB 6hich 6 s 4est desc"i4ed 4)
$e""id O s se"ies o2 s%4stit%tions o2 cente" 2o" cente"O in .e".et% ! se "ch 2o" the Ot" nscendent ! si'ni2ied.O 1 7"o( God to , tion ! > nB 2"o( /(.i"e to ,e.%4!icB 2"o( Kin' to the +eo.!e?? nd on occ sion in the "e#e"se di"ection s 6e!!B 2o" histo") is ne#e" so !ine "B ne#e" so ne t s 6e 6o%!d 6"ite it??the sec%"it) o2 the cente" h s 4een the shi2tin' site 2"o( 6hich the 2o"ces o2 %tho"it)B o"de"B nd identit) .hi!oso.hic !!) de2ined nd .h)sic !!) ke.t t 4 ) n "ch)B ch osB nd di22e"ence. :et the cente"B s (ode"n .oets nd .ost(ode"n c"itics te!! %sB no !on'e" ho!ds. 5he de(ise o2 4i.o! " s)ste(B the di22%sion o2 .o6e" into ne6 .o!itic !B n tion !B nd econo(ic conste!! tionsB the dec!ine o2 ci#i! societ) nd the "ise o2 the sho..in' ( !!B the cce!e" tion o2 e#e")thin' ??t" ns.o"t tionB c .it ! nd in2o"( tion 2!o6sB ch n'e itse!2??h #e ind%ced ne6 n0iet). 3s Geo"'e =%sh "e.e ted!) s id??th t isB %nti! the 1992 +"esidenti ! e!ection 6ent into 2%!! s6in'??O5he ene() is %n."edict 4i!it). 5he ene() is inst 4i!it).O 2 One i))ediate

res*onseB the %nthinkin' "e ctionB is to )aster this an(iety and to resecure the center by re)a**ing the *eri*hera+ threats' -n this #einB the +ent 'on ."e. "es se#en (i!it ") scen "ios 2o" 2%t%"e con2!ictB " n'in' 2"o( ! tino s( !!?2") to
n -dentiKit s%.e"?ene() th t 'oes 4) the 'ene"ic c"on)( o2 ,/G5 AO,ee(e"'ent G!o4 ! 5h"e tOG. -n the he "t! nds o2 3(e"ic B 5o)ot s!ed'e?h ((e"in' "et%"ns s .o.%! " kno6?nothin' dist" ction. 3nd 6ithin the < shin'ton 4e!t6 )B "o'%e .o6e"s s%ch s No"th Ko"e B -" LB nd Li4) t ke on the st t%s o2 . "i h?st te nd .otenti ! #ideo 4o(4?site 2o" .e"( nent!) e!ectionee"in' e!ite. 5he"e "e !so ."od"o( ! e22o"ts to sho"e %. the cente" o2 the -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions disci.!ine. -n ne6!) instit%ted se"ies in the -nte"n tion ! St%dies M% "te"!) B the st te o2 sec%"it) st%dies is s%"#e)ed so s to "e2o"ti2) its 4o"de"s. 3 32te" ckno6!ed'in' th t Othe 4o%nd "ies o2 inte!!ect% ! disci.!ines "e .e"(e 4!eBO the %tho" ."oceeds not on!) to " ise the d" 64"id'e 4%t !so to c %!k e#e") chink in the (o t. 4 9ecent atte)*ts to broaden the conce*t of DsecurityD to inc+ude such issues as g+oba+

en/iron)enta+ dangers0 disease0 and econo)ic and natura+ disasters endanger the fie+d by threatening Dto destroy its inte++ectua+ coherence and )a4e it )ore difficu+t to de/ise so+utions to any of these i)*ortant *rob+e)s'O 5 5he 2ie!d is s%"#e)ed in the (ost n ""o6 nd . "ochi ! 6 )8 o%t o2 200?.!%s 6o"ks citedB estee(ed 5hi"d
<o"!d scho! "s o2 st" te'ic st%dies "ecei#e no (entionB ="itish nd 7"ench scho! "s "ecei#e sho"t sh"i2tB nd So#iet 6"ite"s do not ( ke it into the + ntheon t !!. 5he %tho" o2 the ess )B Ste.hen < !tB h s 6"itten one o2 the 4ette" 4ooks on !!i nce s)ste(sJ 6 he"e he see(s

intent on constructing a ne. a++iance .ithin the disci*+ine against DforeignD others0 .ith the D*ost)odernistD as arch-a+ien' The tactic is fa)i+iar6 +i4e )any of the neoconser/ati/es .ho ha/e +aunched the recent attac4s on D*o+itica+ correctness0D the D+ibera+sD of internationa+ re+ations )a4e it a habit to base their criticis)s on secondary accounts of a category of thin4ing rather than on a *ri)ary engage)ent .ith the s*ecific A nd o2ten di22e"in'G #ie6s o2 the thinke"s the(se!#es. * -n this c seB < !t cites -,
scho! " ,o4e"t Keoh ne on the h z "ds o2 O"e2!ecti#is(BO to 6 "n o22 n)one 6ho 4) inc!in tion o" e""o" (i'ht 6 nde" into the 2o"ei'n c (.8 O3s ,o4e"t Keoh ne h s notedB %nti! these 6"ite"s Ph #e de!ine ted . . . "ese "ch ."o'" ( nd sho6n . . . th t it c n i!!%(in te i(.o"t nt iss%es in 6o"!d .o!iticsB the) 6i!! "e( in on the ( "'ins o2 the 2ie!d.I O 8 =) the end o2 the ess )B one is +eft .ith the

sus*icion that the ra*id changes in .or+d *o+itics ha/e triggered a Dsecurity crisisD in security studies that re-uires e(tensi/e theoretica+ da)age contro+'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#9 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2ecurity
The affs constant search for security forces us to +i/e +ife in a seatbe+t , action is discouraged because of fear of the un4no.n Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B
NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H! The fear of the un4no.n and the desire for certainty co)bine to *roduce a do)esticated +ife B in 6hich c %s !it) nd " tion !it) 4eco(e the hi'hest si'n o2 so#e"ei'n se!2B the s%"est ."otection ' inst contin'ent 2o"ces. The fear of fate assures a be+ief that e/erything reasonab+e is trueB nd e#e")thin' t"%eB "e son 4!e. -n sho"tB the security i)*erati/e *roduces0 and is sustained by0 the strategies of 4no.+edge .hich see4 to e(*+ain it. Nietzsche e!%cid tes the n t%"e o2 this 'ene" ti#e "e! tionshi. in 5he 56i!i'ht o2 the -do!s 8 The causa+ instinct is thus conditiona+ u*onB nd e0cited 4)B the fee+ing o2 fear. 5he O6h)TO sh !!B i2 t !! .ossi4!eB not 'i#e the c %se 2o" its o6n s ke so (%ch s 2o" . "tic%! " kind o2 c %se ?? c %se th t is co(2o"tin'B !i4e" tin' nd "e!ie#in'. . . . 5h t 6hich is ne6 nd st" n'e nd h s not 4een e0.e"ienced 4e2o"eB is e0c!%ded s c %se. 5h%s one not on+y searches for so)e 4ind of e(*+anationB to se"#e s c %seB but for a *articu+ar+y se+ected nd ."e2e""ed 4ind of e(*+anation??th t 6hich (ost L%ick!) nd 2"eL%ent!) 4o!ished the 2ee!in' o2 the st" n'eB ne6 nd hithe"to %ne0.e"ienced8 the (ost h 4it% ! e0.! n tions. 38 3 s 2e !i2e "eL%i"es s 2e t"%ths. 5he st" n'e nd the !ien "e( in %ne0 (inedB the un4no.n beco)es identified as e/i+0 and e/i+ *ro/o4es hosti+ity--recyc+ing the desire for security' 5he Oin2!%ence o2 ti(idit)BO s Nietzsche .%ts itB c"e tes .eo.!e 6ho "e 6i!!in' to s%4o"din te 22i"( ti#e # !%es to the OnecessitiesO o2 sec%"it)8 Othe) 2e " ch n'eB t" nsito"iness8 this e0."esses st" itened so%!B 2%!! o2 (ist"%st nd e#i! e0.e"iences.O 39 5he %nkno6 4!e 6hich c nnot 4e cont ined 4) 2o"ce o" e0.! ined 4) "e son is "e!e' ted to the o22?6o"!d. O5"%stBO the O'oodBO nd othe" co((on # !%es co(e to "e!) %.on n O "ti2ici ! st"en'thO8 O the fee+ing of security s%ch s the Ch"isti n .ossessesJ he 2ee!s st"on' in 4ein' 4!e to t"%stB to 4e . tient nd co(.osed8 he o6es this "ti2ici ! st"en'th to the i!!%sion o2 4ein' ."otected 4) 'od.O 40 7o" NietzscheB o2 co%"seB on!) 2 !se sense o2 sec%"it) can co)e fro) fa+se gods8 O>o" !it) nd "e!i'ion 4e!on' !to'ethe" to the .s)cho!o') o2 e""o" 8 in e#e") sin'!e c seB c %se nd e22ect "e con2%sedJ o" t"%th is con2%sed 6ith the e22ects o2 4e!ie#in' so(ethin' to 4e t"%eJ o" st te o2 conscio%sness is con2%sed 6ith its c %ses.O 41

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

20 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Hity
The affir)ati/es actions are not beneign acts of co)*assion but rather a )as4 for se+f gratification , in *ity .e find en/y <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2
M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2 +it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H! Nietzsche is intent on st"i..in' 6 ) .it);s 'o!den !%ste". &e 4%i!ds his c se ' inst .itiY/>it!eid ! "'e!) on the 4 sis o2 his s%s.icions 4o%t the .s)cho!o'ic ! d)n (ics th tB so he c! i(sB 6e c n %se to ! ) 4 "e Scho.enh %e";s nd ,o%sse %;s 'i!ded " tion !iz tions o2 this . thos. 3cco"din' to NietzscheB the t).e o2 .itiY/>it!eid the) e0.o%nd is s)(.to( tic o2 6h t 6e (i'ht c !!B d" 6in' on .s)cho n !)tic te"(sB the n "cissistic ( ! ise.4 =o!d!) st tedB he argues that as a *sycho+ogica+ transaction Mit+eid satisfies the ego1s desire to assuage its +oss of narcissistic *+enitude . -n ( kin' this c seB Nietzsche d" ( tic !!) "e#e"ses thei" .e"s.ecti#eB "'%in' th t Mit+eid shou+d not be understood as an affecti/e bond .ith the other0 not as a sign of +i/ing for others0 butB " the"B as a /ei+ed )eans of restoring se+f-affection at the other1s e(*ense' 5o sho6 this he n !)zes the (o" ! .s)cho!o') th t %nde".ins the ."ece.ts o2 the ethics o2 .it). -2 Nietzsche;s .s)cho!o'ic ! n !)sis is co""ectB then Mit+eid is not antithetica+ to re/enge against others butB in 2 ctB c+ose+y +in4ed to one o2 its s%4t!e sh din's nd ( sksB .hich he ca++s en/y' LIn the gi+ded sheath of *ity0K s he .%ts it 6ith si'n t%"e .ithinessB Ethe"e is so(eti(es st%ck the d ''e" o2 en#)F A3@> 3**G. <he"e s ,o%sse % nd Scho.enh %e" c! i( th t >it!eid is the on!) so%"ce o2 ethic ! conce"n 2o" othe"sB Nietzsche "'%es th t thei" .s)cho!o') o2 >it!eid %nc"itic !!) cce.ts . " noid?schizoid s.!ittin' o2 the o4Hect 6o"!dB to 4o""o6 >e! nie K!ein;s te"(ino!o')B into the en#i 4!e nd the .iti 4!e.5 &e c! i(s th t 4ec %se these 2o"(s o2 .it) "e 'ene" ted 4) . " noid?schizoid .s)cho!o'ic ! conste!! tionB the) "e 4ette" ch " cte"ized s 6h t 6e (i'ht c !! Eh teshi.F " the" th n 2"iendshi.. -n this "es.ectB Nietzsche sees in the *sycho+ogy of the *itier an i))ature or infanti+e atte)*t to reso+/e the narcissistic )a+aise . Nietzsche .%"s%es this c"itiL%e o2 ,o%sse % nd Scho.enh %e" s . "t o2 4"o de" conce"n th t in2o"(s his (idd!e .e"iod8 his conce"n 6ith theo"izin' ( t%"e t" ns2o"( tion o2 n "cissis( th t does not ent i! s%ch d ( 'in' s.!ittin' nd ."oHection.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

2# Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Hity
The # $ is not a bene/o+ent act of co)*assion but rather a *sycho+ogica+ tendency .here .e he+* out those in *o/erty because it gi/es us a fee+ing of acco)*+ish)ent , .hen the ob3ects of our co)*assion start to +ift the)se+/es out of their condition0 .e *sycho+ogica++y bac4+ash at the) to )aintain our fantasy of contro+ <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2 M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2
+it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H!

5%"nin' to K!ein 2i"stB she identi2ies the . " noid?schizoid *osition as the inci*ient ego1s ."i(iti#e res*onse to the n0iet) th t its rage o/er the +oss of its *erfection Ao" the de(ise o2 ."i( ") n "cissis(G )ight a+so !e d it to destroy the good ob3ect on .hich it de*ends for its )ateria+ and *sychic sur/i/a+ . -ndeedB this " 'eB o" .e"sec%to") n0iet) s K!ein c !!s it0 see)s so .otent nd threatening th t the good ob3ect )ust be rendered s%4!i(e nd *erfect in order to *rotect it 2"o( its o6n " 'e. -n o"de" to c")st !!ize
these int" .s)chic ."ocessesB K!ein 2o"(%! tes the conce.t o2 the . " noid?schizoid .osition8 the ide th t the e'o s.!its its o4Hect 6o"!d into ide !ized nd de4 sed o4Hects Aschizoid s.!ittin'G nd ."oHects the( into the othe" A. " noi G. 3cco"din' to K!einB the ."esence o2 en#) is s)(.to( tic o2 n 4no"( !!) st"on' . " noid?schizoid tendenc). =n/y arisesB she sse"tsB because .e harbor a

fantasy of a condition of ine0h %sti4!e .!enit%de o" se+f-sufficiency' This 2 nt s) is disturbed by the . in2%! disco/ery of our de*endence on others nd the !i(its this .! ces on o%" n "cissistic d"e ( o2 .e"2ection nd
o(ni.otence. 7o!!o6in' 7"e%d;s !e dB she ho!ds th t 6e tte(.t to ( int in nd n%"t%"e this 2 nt s) nd th t the e'oB t !e st in . "tB is constit%ted nd de#e!o.s s (ech nis( 2o" 6 "din' o22 the n0iet) 'ene" ted 4) this !oss nd "esto"in' the 2 nt s) o2 .!enit%de .34 -n this conte0tB K!ein concei#es ide !iz tion s ."oHecti#e (ech nis( th t ."otects this di#ine i( 'e o2 the se!2 4) .%ttin' it into the othe". She 4e!ie#es th t the . " noid?schizoid .osition se"#es the e'o s necess ") initi ! st 'e in 2endin' o22 nd dis.e"sin' n0iet). &o6e#e"B indi#id% !s 6ho "e( in 2i0ed in this .ositionB she sse"tsB est 4!ish !! the int" .s)chic conditions 2o" 4 d!) d ( 'ed o4Hect "e! tions ch " cte"ized 4)B (on' othe" thin'sB en#io%s s.oi!in' nd the conseL%ent in 4i!it) to cce.t the othe" s se. " te nd inde.endent 'ent. 3!tho%'h he" cco%nt o2 . tho!o'ic ! o4Hect "e! tions is too e! 4o" te to %n. ck in det i! he"eB it is .ossi4!e to disce"n in K!ein;s n !)sis the 2o!!o6in' cco%nt o2 the "e! tionshi. (on' n "cissis(B ide !iz tionB nd en#) . In order to *rotect the

fantasy o2 o%" ide ! conditionB she "'%esB .e *ro3ect into our ob3ects the .!enit%de o" o)ni*otence that .e desire for ourse+/es' -n othe" 6o"dsB through the (ech nis( o2 idea+ization the ob3ect is endo.ed .ith a++ the -ua+ities of se+f-sufficiency o" .!enit%de th t the ego .ants 2o" itse!2 but cannot attain' 5his ide !iz tionB ho6e#e"B c n on!) 4e t" nsition ! so!%tion to the de(ise o2 o%" ."i( ") n "cissis(. 7o" the disco#e") o2 the idea+ized ob3ect1s inde*endence engenders in the *ri)iti/e ego the fear of being abandoned by it and sha)e o/er its o.n needy de*endence. 3cco"din' to K!einB this e "!) e(otion ! ( t"i0 'ene" tes eithe" co(.%!si#e tte(.t to cont"o! the o4Hect o"B 6hen it c n no !on'e" 4e cont"o!!edB to s.oi! nd dest"o) it. &o6e#e"B if in its n "cissistic rage o/er the inde*endence of the other and sha)e o/er its de*endence on it0 the ego en/ious+y s.oi!s nd destroys the other0 it !so the"e4) ."e#ents itse!2 2"o(
ssi(i! tin' o" "eint"oHectin' the 'ood th t it h s .%t into the othe". 5his is ."ecise!) the .s)cho!o'ic ! conste!! tion Nietzsche i!!%(in tes in ,o%sse %;s nd Scho.enh %e";s cco%nts o2 the (o" ! s%4Hect. =oth ,o%sse %;s nd Scho.enh %e";s (o" ! .s)cho!o') "e( ins 2i0ed in the . " noid?schizoid .osition nd its d ( 'in' o4Hect "e! tions. 5h t is to s )B their *sycho+ogy uncritica++y

acce*ts the *ri)iti/e )echanis) of assuaging narcissistic +oss through en/ious+y destroying or s*oi+ing the 3oy of others0 on the one side0 and ta4ing *+easure in their suffering B on the othe".35 Dn!ike NietzscheB thenB
neithe" ,o%sse % no" Scho.enh %e" tte(.ts to theo"ize the .s)cho!o'ic ! t" ns2o"( tions nd (od%! tions o2 n "cissis(. Nietzsche "'%es th t " the" th n seekin' to o#e"co(e en#)B ,o%sse % nd Scho.enh %e";s ethics o2 .it) const"%cts soci ! "e! tions o"iented "o%nd the need to ss% 'e the 2ee!in' o2 se!2?! ck. &e c! i(s th t the en#io%s s%4Hect soothes itse!2 th"o%'h Sch den2"e%de. -t 2o!!o6sB the"e2o"eB th t if *ity a+so assuages en/y0 then it )ust be c+ose+y re+ated to 2chadenfreude . 3cco"din' to

NietzscheB 2chadenfreude resu+ts fro) the ."oHection o2 an en/y-fue++ed .ish for the other1s do.nfa++ beyond the socia+ rea+) into the rea+) of chance6 Sch den2"e%de o"i'in tes in the 2 ct th t in ce"t in "es.ects o2 6hich
he is 6e!! 6 "eB e#e")one 2ee!s %n6e!!B is o.."essed 4) c "e o" en#) o" so""o68 the h "( th t 4e2 !!s nothe" ( kes hi( o%" eL% !B it ..e ses o%" en#). . . . 5he dis.osition 4ent on eL% !it) th%s e0tends its de( nds to the do( in o2 h ..iness nd ch nce s 6e!!8 Sch den2"e%de is the co((onest e0."ession o2 the #icto") nd "esto" tion o2 eL% !it) 6ithin the hi'he" 6o"!d o"de" too. A<S2*B e(.h sis ddedG Nietzsche co(ic !!) d" 6s the !inks 4et6een .it)in' othe"s nd t kin' de!i'ht in thei" so""o6 in the 2o!!o6in' .ho"is(8 E<h t is Xe!e# tin';in o%" nei'h4o%";s (is2o"t%ne.K&e h s e0.e"ienced (is2o"t%neB nd no6 the Oco)*assionate1 Q>it!eidi'enR co)e !on' and de*ict his )isfortune for hi) in detai+E t !en'th the) 'o 6 ) content nd e!e# ted8 they h #e g+oated o/er the unfortunate )an1s distress nd o#e" thei" o6n nd . ssed .!e s nt 2te"noonF A$ 224G.

Nietzsche here co)ica++y def+ates one of the hu)an0 a++-too-hu)an /ices he disco/ers 6"it ! "'e in Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %;s ethics8 the th"i!!in' .!e s%"es o2 the .itie";s #o)e%"is(B 6hich ,o%sse % %n6ittin'!) disc!oses in his o4sessi#e e(.h sis on the #is% ! s.ects o2 s%22e"in'J 2o" ,o%sse %B hu)an suffering is an Lob3ect0K Lsight0K Lscene0K i)*ression0K L*icture0K or Ls*ectac+eK that +ea/es us fee+ing *+easant+y satisfied .3

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

22 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Hity
Hitying is a /io+ent act , .e )aintain those in *o/erty because it *sycho+ogica++y gi/es us a fee+ing of being better than the ob3ects of our socia+ ser/ices <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2
M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2 +it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H! @2 co%"seB the co"o!! ") o2 Scho.enh %e";s .osition is th t !tho%'h the #isi4!e si'ns o2 en#) ( ) dis ..e " 6ith the (is2o"t%ne o2 othe"sB the . " noid?schizoid .osition th t 2%e!s en#) "e( ins e#en (o"e 2i"(!) ent"enched. 7o" " the" th n c%"in' en#)B this kind o2 *ity (e"e!) ser/es to satisfy the en/ious need for others to be di)inished so that one can fee+ .ho+e and co)*+ete. 5ho%'h 4) this (e ns .itie"s .!e s%" 4!) ss% 'e thei" n "cissistic 6o%ndB it isB s Nietzsche %nde"sco"esB d ( 'in' nd ene"# tin' (e ns o2 doin' so because it creates an addiction to finding *+easure in the)se+/es through en/ious+y s*oi+ing the other' 3cco"din' to NietzscheB the tonic e22ect o2 en#) is o%t6ei'hed 4) its h "(2%! e22ects on not on!) the en#ied 4%t the en#ie". The *sycho+ogica+ conse-uence of this addiction to en/y is (e! ncho!i 8 th t is to s )B not on!) do .e attac4 and s*oi+ the other1s 3oy0 but ine/itab+y this s*oi+ing constructs a .or+d in .hich .e fee+ that our o.n 3oy )ay si)i+ar+y beco)e the ob3ect of attac4 .38 -2 Scho.enh %e";s n !)sis o2 the (o" ! .s)cho!o') o2 .it) is co""ectB then the othe"s; "et%"n to Ho) (%st ( ke
the( st" n'e"s to o%" he "ts nd e0cite o%" en#)B nd 6ith this en#) (%st !so co(e the "et%"n o2 the (en ce o2 Sch den2"e%de. Nietzsche ( kes H%st this .oint "e' "din' the disHointed "eHoicin' o2 .it)8 E5he co(. ssion te Ch"isti n.K5he "e#e"se side o2 Ch"isti n co(. ssion 2o" the s%22e"in' o2 one;s nei'h4o%" is ."o2o%nd s%s.icion o2 !! the Ho) o2 one;s nei'h4o%"B o2 his Ho) in !! th t he 6 nts to do nd c nF A$ 80G. -n othe" 6o"dsB 6ithin the 2" (e6o"k o2 Scho.enh %e";s ethics o2 .it) 6e c n "e' "d othe"s s o2 eL% ! 6o"th on!) so !on' s the) s%22e" eL% !!). S%22e"in' th%s 4"id'es the '%!2 (on' e'osK4%t notB s 6e h #e seenB 4ec %se s .itie"s 6e ()ste"io%s!) ente" into o" . "tici. te in the condition o2 othe"s 4%tB " the"B 4ec %se thei" de(ise 4"in's the( do6n to o%" !e#e! nd th%s ..e ses the en#) 6e 2ee! t the si'ht o2 thei" se!2?s%22icient h ..iness Asee $ 138G. 5he si'ht o2 othe"s; s%22e"in'B in sho"tB ( kes thei" inde.endence (o"e . ! t 4!e to %s 4ec %se in this de4 sed st te the) no !on'e" "o%se in %s . in2%! 2ee!in's o2 de."i# tion o" the n0iet) th t 6e ( ) 4e 4 ndoned. 5o "ec !! ,o%sse % on this ! tte" .ointB the s%22e"in' o2 othe"s is .!ed'e o2 thei" 22ection 2o" %s. 3s Scho.enh %e";s n !)sis i(.!iesB t kin' .!e s%"e in the othe";s s%22e"in' is tonic 2o" "esto"in' d ( 'ed n "cissistic se!2? 22ection. -t is 2o" this "e sonB Nietzsche 4e!ie#esB th t 6hen .e"sistent 2ee!in's o2 en#) th"e ten to tten% te o%" se!2? 22ection 6e .%"s%e soci ! o" inte"s%4Hecti#e (e ns 2o" "e#i#in' the .!e s nt 2ee!in' o2 Sch den2"e%de. -n othe" 6o"dsB .hen .e en/ious+y s*oi+ others .e

surre*titious+y restore to ourse+/es our narcissistic se+f-affection' @%" en#) does so by enab+ing us to construct ourse+/es as those .ho0 by co)*arison .ith the s*oi+ed ob3ect0 are e(e)*t fro) suffering0 need0 and +oss' 5h"o%'h en#) 6e i( to ( ke the othe" 4Hect o" .iti 4!e so th t 6e no !on'e" 2ee! o" e0.e"ience o%" o6n 4Hection. The da)age .e inf+ict through en/y reduces the other to the needy0 insufficient0 *itiab+e condition that .e ourse+/es e(*erience . -t the"e4) soothes o%" . in2%! 2ee!in' th t in the 2 ce o2 2 nt sized se!2?s%22icient othe" 6e "e s%.e"2!%o%s o" %n!o#ed. 5he i( 'in ti#e 6o"k o2 en#) "e ches s%ccess2%! "eso!%tion 6hen it en 4!es %s to chie#e "e#e"s ! o2 "o!es nd o%" 2o"(e"!) 4Hect se!2 c n 2ee! itse!2 s 6ho!e nd co(.!ete in co(. "ison 6ith the no6 di(inished othe"8 E2o)eti)es .e +o/e the rich )an in the )idst of )isfortunesA but so +ong as he *ros*ers he has no rea+ friend0 e0ce.t the ( n 6ho is
not decei#ed 4) ..e " ncesB 6ho .ities " the" th n en#ies hi( in s.ite o2 his ."os.e"it).F39 -n ,o%sse %;s 2" (e6o"kB .it) is the %se to 6hich en#) .%ts the i( 'in tion. 5o c! "i2)B it is the (e ns th"o%'h 6hich ,o%sse % 4e!ie#es th t 6o%nded n "cissists c n "e#e"se the .ositions o2 ! ck/.!enit%de8 4) .it)in' othe"s 6e t" ns2o"( o%"se!#es into those 6hoB !ike the /.ic%"e n 'odsB "e di#ine!) 2"ee o2 n0iet) nd e0e(.t 2"o( s%22e"in' nd . in. -n this "es.ect the conce.tion o2 the (o" ! s%4Hect th t !ies t the he "t o2 his ethics o2 .it) e0e(.!i2ies the . " noid?schizoid de2enses o2 . tho!o'ic ! n "cissis(. -t is .. "entB to 4e'in 6ithB th t ,o%sse %;s (o" ! s%4Hects h #e not "e!inL%ished o" te(.e"ed thei" 2 nt s) o2 n "cissistic .!enit%de inso2 " s the) h "4o" the "e'"et th t the) do not occ%.) the ."i#i!e'ed .osition o2 the need!ess /.ic%"e n 'ods. -ndeedB it is . "t!) 4ec %se the) 4itte"!) (e s%"e thei" o6n !oss ' inst this 2 nt s) o2 di#ine t" nL%i!it) th t the) 4"i( 6ith . in2%! en#) t the si'ht o2 othe"s; Ho). A-n cc%sin' the othe" Eo2 seekin' h ..iness 2o" hi(se!2 !oneF the) "e.e t 6h t K!ein desc"i4es s the 4 sic co(.! int o2 in2 nti!e en#)8 the cc%s tion th t its 2i"st o4Hect Eh s n %n!i(ited 2!o6 o2 (i!kF th t Eit kee.s 2o" its o6n '" ti2ic tion.F 7o" K!ein this i( 'e o2 6ho!!) se!2?'" ti2)in' o4Hect is the e'o;s ."oHection o2 its o6n (ost desi"ed st te.G40 ,o%sse % then 4e'ins not 6ith s%4Hect 6ho seeks (%t% ! "eco'nition 4%t 6ith one 6ho s%22e"s dee.!) 2"o( the !oss o2 n "cissistic se!2?s%22icienc). 5he on!) 6 ) he concei#es o2 this s%4Hect 4eco(in' soci 4!e is to 'i#e 2%!! "ein to its ."i(o"di ! en#) to s.oi! othe"s so th t it does not s%22e" 2"o( its o6n sense o2 se!2?! ck o" n "cissistic 6o%nd. /n#);s conH%"in' t"ick is to "esto"e se!2? 22ection th"o%'h di(inishin' othe"s. 5his is ho6 ,o%sse % ""i#es t the .e"#e"se .osition o2 22i"(in' (o" ! .s)cho!o') in 6hich 6e e0.e"ience the othe";s Ho) s so%"ce o2 4itte"ness nd the othe";s s%22e"in' s so%"ce o2 s6eet .!e s%"e. +it) is disHointed "eHoicin'.41 The other1s suffering is s.eet because it restores to us our narcissistic se+f-affection6 LHity is

s.eet0 becauseB 6hen .e *ut ourse+/es in the *+ace of the one .ho suffers0 .e are a.are0 ne/erthe+ess of the *+easure of not suffering +i4e hi)' =n/y is bitter0 because the sight of a ha**y )an0 far fro) *utting the en/ious in his *+ace0 ins*ires hi) .ith regret that he is not there' The one see)s to e(e)*t us fro) the *ain he suffers0 the other see)s to de*ri/e us of the good things he en3oys'K 42

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

2B Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 9essenti)ent
The root cause of the affir)ati/es /io+ent tendencies is the ressenti)ent that entrenches their +i/es' They be+ie/e the on+y .ay to rid ourse+/es of gui+t is to b+a)e so)eone e+se' De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 115?
116B 3$8 */9/09G H! <h) is "essenti(ent the s.i"it o2 "e#en'eT -t (i'ht 4e tho%'ht th t the )an of ressentirnent co)es into being by accident6 ha/ing e(*erienced too strong an e(citation A . inGB he 6o%!d h #e h d to 4 ndon the tte(.t to "e ctB not 4ein' st"on' eno%'h to 2o"( "i.oste. Ie .ou+d the"e2o"e e(*erience a desire for re/enge ndB 4) ."ocess o2 'ene" !is tionB 6o%!d 6 nt to t ke this o%t on the 6ho!e 6o"!d. 2uch an inter*retation is )ista4enA it on+y ta4es -uantities into account0 the -uantity of e(citation recei/ed0 Dob3ecti/e+yD co)*ared to the -uantity of force of a rece*ti/e sub3ect. =%tB 2o" NietzscheB 6h t co%nts is not the L% ntit) o2 2o"ce conside"ed 4st" ct!) 4%t dete"(in te "e! tion in the s%4Hect itse!2 4et6een the di22e"ent 2o"ces o2 6hich it is ( de %. this is 6h t he (e ns 4) t).e. <h te#e" the 2o"ce o2 the e0cit tion 6hich is "ecei#edB 6h te#e" the tot ! 2o"ce o2 the s%4Hect itse!2B the ( n o2 "essenti(ent on!) %ses the ! tte" to in#est the t" ce o2 the 2o"(e"B so th t he is inc . 4!e o2 ctin' nd e#en o2 "e ctin' to the e0cit tion. 5he"e is the"e2o"e no need 2o" hi( to h #e e0.e"ienced n e0cessi#e e0cit tion. 5his ( ) h ..enB 4%t it is not necess "). &e does not need to 'ene" !ise in o"de" to see the 6ho!e 6o"!d s the o4Hect o2 his "essenti(ent. s a resu+t of his ty*e the )an of ressenti)ent does not DreactD6 his reaction is end+ess0 it is fe+t instead of being acted' This reaction therefore b+a)es its ob3ect0 .hate/er it is0 as an ob3ect on .hich re/enge )ust be ta4en0 .hich )ust be )ade to *ay for this infinite de+ay. /0cit tion c n 4e 4e %ti2%! nd 'ood nd the ( n o2 "essenti(ent c n e0.e"ience it s s%chJ it c n 4e !ess th n the 2o"ce o2 the ( n o2 "essenti(ent nd he c n .ossess n 4st" ct L% ntit) o2 2o"ce s '"e t s th t o2 n)one e!se. Ie .i++ none the +ess fee+ the corres*onding ob3ect as a *ersona+ offence and affront because he )a4es the ob3ect res*onsib+e for his o.n *o.er+essness to in/est anything but the trace L% !it ti#e o" t).ic ! .o6e"!essness. 5he ( n o2 "essenti(ent e0.e"iences e#e") 4ein' nd o4Hect s n o22ence in e0 ct ."o.o"tion to its e22ect on hi(. Feauty and goodness areB 2o" hi(B neces "i!) as outrageous as any *ain or )isfortune that he e(*eriences' O@ne c nnot 'et "id o2 n)thin'B one c nnot 'et o#e" n)thin'B one c nnot "e.e! n)thin' e#e")thin' h%"ts. >en nd thin's o4t"%de too c!ose!)J e0.e"iences st"ike one too dee.!)J (e(o") 4eco(es 2este"in' 6o%ndO A/& - 6 .. 320G. The )an of ressenti)ent in hi)se+f is 4ein' fu++ of *ain8 the sc!e"osis o" h "denin' o2 his conscio%snessB the " .idit) 6ith 6hich e#e") e0cit tion sets nd 2"eezes 6ithin hi(B the 6ei'ht o2 the t" ces th t in# de hi( "e so ( n) c"%e! s%22e"in's. ndB (o"e dee.!)B the )e)ory of traces is fu++ of hatred in itse+f nd 4) itse!2. It is /eno)ous nd de."eci ti#e because it b+a)es the ob3ect in order to co)*ensate for its o.n inabi+ity to esca*e fro) the traces of the corres*onding e(citation . 5his is 6h) "essenti(entIs "e#en'eB e#en 6hen it is "e !isedB "e( ins Os.i"it% !OB i( 'in ") nd s)(4o!ic in ."inci.!e. 5his essenti ! !ink 4et6een "e#en'e nd (e(o") "ese(4!es the 7"e%di n n !?s distic co(.!e0. Nietzsche hi(se!2 ."esents (e(eo") s n %n2inished di'estion nd the t).e o2 "essenti(ent s n n ! t).e.I 5his intestin ! nd #eno(o%s (e(o") is 6h t Nietzsche c !!s the s.ide"B the t " nt%! B the s.i"it o2 "e#en'e . . . <e c n see 6h t NietzscheIs intention is8 to ."od%ce .s)cho!o') th t is "e !!) t).o!o')B to .%t .s)cho!o') Oon the .! ne o2 the s%4HectO. 8 /#en the .ossi4i!ities o2 c%"e 6i!! 4e s%4o"din ted to the t" ns2o"( tion o2 t).es A"e#e"s ! nd t" ns(%t tionG.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

24 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 9essenti)ent
The *re)ise of /io+ence and attac4ing is rooted in ressenti)ent' The s+a/e re-uires assigning e/i+ to e/eryone outside their )ora+ boundaries so they )ay ca++ the)se+/es good' De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 120?
123B 3$8 */9/09G H! O- ( 'oodB the"e2o"e )o% "e e#i!O8 in the (o%ths o2 the ( ste"s the 6o"d the"e2o"e (e"e!) int"od%ces ne' ti#e conc!%sion. 3nd this ! tte" is (e"e!) d# nced s the conseL%ence o2 2%!! 22i"( tion8 O6e the "istoc" tsB the 4e %ti2%!B the h ..)O AG> - 10G. -n the ( ste" e#e")thin' .ositi#e is in the ."e(ises. &e (%st h #e ."e(ises o2 ction nd 22i"( tionB nd the enHo)(ent o2 these ."e(ises in o"de" to conc!%de 6ith so(ethin' ne' ti#e 6hich is not the ( in .oint nd h s sc "ce!) n) i(.o"t nce. -t is on!) n O ccesso")B co(.!e(ent ") n% nceO AG> - 11G. Its on+y i)*ortance is to aug)ent the tenor of the action and the affir)ation0 to content their a++iance and to redoub+e the corres*onding en3oy)ent6 the good Don+y +oo4s for its antithesis in order to affir) itse+f .ith )ore 3oyD AG> - 10G. 5his is the st t%s o2 ''"ession8 it is the ne' ti#eB 4%t the ne' ti#e s the conc!%sion o2 .ositi#e ."e(isesB the ne' ti#e s the ."od%ct o2 cti#it)B the ne' ti#e s the conseL%ence o2 the .o6e" o2 22i"(in'. 5he ( ste" ckno6!ed'es hi(se!2 in s)!!o'is( 6he"e t6o .ositi#e ."o.ositions "e necess ") to ( ke ne' tionB the 2in ! ne' tion 4ein' on!) (e ns o2 "ein2o"cin' the ."e(ises O:o% "e e#i! the"e2o"e - ( 'ood.O /#e")thin' h s ch n'ed8 the ne' ti#e . sses into the ."e(isesB the .ositi#e is concei#ed s conc!%sionB conc!%sion 2"o( ne' ti#e ."e(ises. 5he ne' ti#e cont ins the essenti ! nd the .ositi#e on!) e0ists th"o%'h ne' tion. 5he ne' ti#e 4eco(es Othe o"i'in ! ide B the 4e'innin'B the ct . " e0ce!!enceO AG> - 11G. The s+a/e )ust ha/e *re)ises of reaction and negation0 of ressenti)ent and nihi+is)0 in order to obtain an a**arent+y *ositi/e conc+usion' /#en soB it on!) ..e "s to 4e .ositi#e. 5his is 6h) Nietzsche insists on distin'%ishin' "essenti(ent nd ''"ession8 the) di22e" in n t%"e. The )an of ressenti)ent needs to concei/e of a nonego0 then to o**ose hi)se+f to this non-ego in order fina++y to *osit hi)se+f as se+f' This is the strange sy++ogis) of the s+a/e6 he needs t.o negations in order to *roduce an a**earance of affir)ation . <e !"e d) sense the 2o"( in 6hich the s)!!o'is( o2 the s! #e h s 4een so s%ccess2%! in .hi!oso.h)8 the di !ectic. 5he di !ecticB s the ideo!o') o2 "essenti(ent. OPou are e/i+0 therefore I a) good.O -n this 2o"(%! it is the s! #e 6ho s.e ks. -t c nnot 4e denied th t # !%es "e sti!! 4ein' c"e ted. =%t 6h t 4iz ""e # !%esN 5he) 4e'in by *ositing the other as e/i+' Ie .ho ca++ed hi)se+f good is the one .ho is no. ca++ed e/i+' This e/i+ one is the one .ho acts0 .ho does not ho+d hi)se+f bac4 fro) acting0 .ho does not therefore consider action fro) the *oint of /ie. of the conse-uences that it .i++ ha/e for third *arties. 3nd the one 6ho is 'ood is no6 the one 6ho ho!ds hi(se!2 4 ck 2"o( ctin'8 he is good 3ust because he refers a++ actions to the stand*oint of the one .ho does not actB to the st nd.oint o2 the one 6ho e0.e"iences the conseL%encesB o" 4ette" sti!! to the (o"e s%4t!e st nd.oint o2 di#ine thi"d . "t) 6ho sc"%tinises the intentions o2 the one 6ho cts. O nd he is good .ho does not outrage0 .ho har)s nobody0 .ho does not attac40 .ho does not re-uite0 .ho +ea/es re/enge to God0 .ho 4ee*s hi)se+f hidden as .e do0 .ho a/oids e/i+ and desires +itt+e fro) +ife0 +i4e us0 the *atient0 hu)b+e and 3ustO AG> - 13 .. 46G. 5his is ho6 'ood nd e#i! "e 4o"n8 ethic ! dete"(in tionB th t o2 'ood nd 4 dB 'i#es 6 ) to (o" ! H%d'(ent. 5he 'ood o2 ethics h s 4eco(e the e#i! o2 (o" !it)B the h d h s 4eco(e the 'ood o2 (o" !it). Good nd e#i! "e not the 'ood nd the 4 d 4%tB on the cont" ")B the e0ch n'eB the in#e"sionB the "e#e"s ! o2 thei" dete"(in tion. Nietzsche st"esses the 2o!!o6in' .oint8 OFeyond good and e/i+O does not (e n8 O=e)ond the 'ood nd the 4 dOB on the cont" ") ... AG> - 1*G. Good nd e#i! "e ne6 # !%esB 4%t ho6 st" n'e!) these # !%es "e c"e tedN 5he) are created by re/ersing good and bad' 5he) "e not c"e ted 4) ctin' 4%t 4) ho!din' 4 ck 2"o( ctin'B not 4) 22i"(in'B 4%t 4) 4e'innin' 6ith deni !. 5his is 6h) the) "e c !!ed %n?c"e tedB di#ineB t" nscendentB s%.e"io" to !i2e. =%t think o2 6h t these # !%es hideB o2 thei" (ode o2 c"e tion. 5he) hide n e0t" o"din ") h t"edB h t"ed 2o" !i2eB h t"ed 2o" !! th t is cti#e nd 22i"( ti#e in !i2e. No (o" ! # !%es 6o%!d s%"#i#e 2o" sin'!e inst nt i2 the) 6e"e se. " ted 2"o( the ."e(ises o2 6hich the) "e the conc!%sion. 3ndB (o"e ."o2o%nd!)B no "e!i'io%s # !%es "e se. " 4!e 2"o( this h t"ed nd "e#en'e 2"o( 6hich the) d" 6 the conseL%ences. 5he .ositi#it) o2 "e!i'ion is on!) .. "ent8 the) conc!%de th t the 6"etchedB the .oo"B the 6e kB the s+a/es0 are the good since the strong are De/i+D and Dda)nedD' They ha/e in/ented the 'ood 6"etchB the 'ood 6e k!in'8 the"e is no 4ette" "e#en'e ' inst the st"on' nd h ..). <h t 6o%!d Ch"isti n !o#e 4e 6itho%t the C%d ic .o6e" o2 "essenti(ent 6hich ins.i"es nd di"ects itT Ch"isti n !o#e is not the o..osite o2 C%d ic "essenti(ent 4%t its conseL%enceB its conc!%sion nd its c"o6nin' '!o") AG> 1 8G. ,e!i'ion conce !s the ."inci.!es 2"o( 6hich it is di"ect!) descended to '"e te" o" !esse" e0tent A nd o2tenB in .e"iods o2 c"isisB it no !on'e" conce !s n)thin' t !!GJ the .eight of negati/e *re)ises0 the s*irit of re/enge0 the *o.er of ressenti)ent'

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Lab

2" Trade-Off D

!!!I)*acts!!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

2% Trade-Off D

I)*act , =(tinction
The *ity of the affir)ati/e and conte)*t for +ife cu+)inates in a condition .here e(tinction is desirab+e Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B =e)ond Good nd /#i!B 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4'e.ht(B 3$8 */8/09G H! <hethe" it 4e hedonis( o" .essi(is( o" %ti!it "i nis( o" e%d e(onis(8 !! these (odes o2 tho%'ht 6hich ssess the # !%e o2 thin's cco"din' to .!e s%"e nd s%22e"in'B th t is to s ) cco"din' to ttend nt nd second ") .heno(en B "e 2o"e'"o%nd (odes o2 tho%'ht nd n Z#etYs 6hich n)one conscio%s o2 c"e ti#e .o6e"s nd n "tist;s conscience 6i!! !ook do6n on 6ith de"isionB tho%'h not 6itho%t .it). +it) 2o" )o%N 5h tB to 4e s%"eB is not .it) 2o" soci ! Edist"essBF 2o" EsocietyF nd its sic4 and unfortunate0 for the /icious and bro4en fro) the start .ho +ie a++ around usA e/en +ess is it *ity for the gru)b+ing0 o**ressed0 rebe++ious s+a/e c+asses .ho as*ire after do)inationEthey ca++ it Lfreedo)'K @%" .it) is (o"e e!e# tedB (o"e 2 "si'hted .it)K.e see ho. )an is di)inishing hi)se+f0 ho. you are di)inishing hi)NE nd there are ti)es .hen .e beho+d your *ity .ith an indescribab+e an(iety B 6hen 6e de2end o%"se!#es ' inst this .it)K6hen 6e 2ind )o%" se"io%sness (o"e d n'e"o%s th n n) kind o2 2"i#o!it). Pou .ant if *ossib+eK nd the"e is no ( dde" Ei2 .ossi4!eFKto abo+ish sufferingJ nd 6eTKit rea++y does see) that .e .ou+d rather increase it and )a4e it .orse than it has e/er beenN <e!!?4ein' s )o% %nde"st nd itKth t is no 'o !B th t see(s to %s n endN state .hich soon renders )an +udicrous and conte)*tib+eE.hich )a4es it desirab+e that he shou+d *erishN The disci*+ine of s%22e"in'B o2 great sufferingKdo )o% not kno6 th t it is this disci.!ine !one 6hich h s c"e ted e#e") e!e# tion o2 ( nkind hithe"toT That tension of the sou+ in )isfortune .hich cu+ti/ates its strength0 its terror at the sight of great destruction0 its in/enti/eness and bra/ery in undergoing0 enduring0 inter*reting0 e(*+oiting )isfortune B nd 6h te#e" o2 de.thB ()ste")B ( skB s.i"itB c%nnin' nd '"e tness h s 4een 4esto6ed %.on itKh s it not 4een 4esto6ed th"o%'h s%22e"in'B th"o%'h the disci.!ine o2 '"e t s%22e"in'T -n ( nB c"e t%"e nd c"e to" "e %nited8 in ( n the"e is ( tte"B 2" '(entB e0cessB c! )B (%dB ( dnessB ch osJ 4%t in ( n the"e is !so c"e to"B sc%!.to"B the h "dness o2 the h ((e"B the di#ine s.ect to" nd the se#enth d )Kdo )o% %nde"st nd this ntithesisT 3nd that your *ity is for the Lcreature in )an0K for that .hich has to be for)ed0 bro4en0 forged0 torn0 burned0 annea+ed0 refinedEthat .hich has to suffer and shou+d suffer5 nd our *ityEdo you not gras* .ho) our o**osite *ity is for .hen it defends itse+f against your *ity as the .orst of a++ *a)*ering and .ea4eningTK +it) ' inst .it)B thenNK =%tB to "e.e tB the"e "e hi'he" ."o4!e(s th n the ."o4!e(s o2 .!e s%"e nd s%22e"in' nd .it)J nd e#e") .hi!oso.h) th t t"e ts on!) o2 the( is .iece o2 n Z#etY. K

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Lab

2: Trade-Off D

I)*act , Qa+ue to Life

The 2ocratic de+usion *ara+yzes action , The aff o*ens u* the horror of e(istence , destroys /a+ue to +ife' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 6/30/09G H! If .e +oo4 dee.!) into the essence o2 thin'sB into the horror of e(istenceB Nietzsche thinks .e .i++ be o#e"6he!(edK*ara+yzed. Like & (!et 6e 6i!! not 4e 4!e to ctB 4ec %se 6e 6i!! see th t ction c nnot ch n'e the ete"n ! n t%"e o2 thin's A=5 *G. 7e )ust see0 Nietzsche s )sB th t Da *rofound i++usion ' ' ' first sa. the +ight of the .or+d in the *erson of 2ocrates6 the unsha4eab+e faith that thought ' ' ' can *enetrate the dee*est abysses of being0 and that thought is ca*ab+e not on+y of 4no.ing being but e/en of correcting it' This sub+i)e )eta*hysica+ i++usion acco)*anies science as an instinct . . .O A=5 15G. -n NietzscheIs #ie6B .e cannot change things. -nste dB 6ith & (!et .e shou+d Dfee+ it to be ridicu+ous or hu)i+iating that R.eS shou+d be as4ed to set right a .or+d that is out of 3ointO A=5 *J c2. 5- O3nti? N t%"eBO 6G. Kno.+edge of the horror of e(istence 4i++s actionE.hich re-uires distance and i++usion' The horror and )eaning+essness of e(istence )ust be /ei+ed if .e are to +i/e and act' 7hat .e )ust do B Nietzsche thinksB is construct a )eaning for suffering' 2uffering .e can hand+e' Meaning+ess suffering0 suffering for no reason at a++0 .e cannot hand+e' 2o .e gi/e suffering a )eaning' 7e in/ent a )eaning' 7e create an i++usion' 5he G"eeks const"%cted 'ods 2o" 6ho( 6 "s nd othe" 2o"(s o2 s%22e"in' 6e"e 2esti# ! .! )s nd th%s n occ sion to 4e ce!e4" ted 4) the .oets. Ch"isti ns i( 'ine God 2o" 6ho( s%22e"in' is .%nish(ent 2o" sin AG> --8*J c2. $ *8G.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

2? Trade-Off D

I)*acts , Qa+ue to Life

The .i++ to order the affir)ati/e engages in conde)ns a++ that is beautifu+ in +ife , It beco)es /a+uab+e on+y insofar as if .e can correct e(istance 7hite0 90 A3! nB +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) <i!!i (s Co!!e'eB E$e!%sion 7" (esB 7"o( <ithin Nietzsche;s
L 4)"inthBF htt.8//666.6i!!i (s.ed%/.hi!oso.h)/2 c%!t)/ 6hite/<NL[206e4/$e!%sion[202" (es.ht(B 3$8 */8/09G H! <h t is the sec"etT rt is 'ene" !!) su**osed to be concerned .ith beauty0 science .ith truth0 and )ora+ity .ith goodness0 yet Nietzsche s%''estsB di"ect!)B th t science ( ) 4e de2ense ' inst t"%thB n tte(.t to dis'%ise the t"%thJ he !so s%''estsB indi"ect!)B th t )ora+ity )ay be a defense against goodness0 an atte)*t to a/oid ac4no.+edging .hat true goodness .ou+d re-uire' 5he (ech nis( th t !!o6s these de2enses to 6o"k is One6 nd %n."ecedented t"e s%"in' Q&ochsch\tz%n'R o2 kno6!ed'e nd insi'ht.O C!e " e#idence 2o" the no#e!t) o2 this # !% tion is ."o#ided 4) Soc" tesIs d(ission o2 his o6n i'no" nceB nd his ( ze(ent th t othe"s ?? '"e t st tes(enB o" to"sB .oetsB nd "tists ?? "e 'o#e"ned 4) instinct " the" th n 4) kno6!ed'e8 O@n!) 2"o( instinctO8 6ith this e0."essionB 6e to%ch the he "t nd (id.oint o2 the Soc" tic tendenc). <ith itB 2ocraticis) conde)ns e(isting art as .e++ as e(isting ethics6 .here/er he directs his e(a)ining g+ance0 he sees the +ac4 of insight and the *o.er of de+usion Q< hnRJ fro) this ! ckB he conc+udes that .hat e(ists is interna++y *er/erse Q#e"keh"tR nd "e."ehensi4!e Q#e"6e"2!ichR. A=5813G -n conde(nin' !! th t e0istsB inc!%din' c%""ent "t nd ethicsB 2ocrates conde)ns both .hat is and .hat has beenA gi/en this re3ection of *ast and *resent0 he can be Ddetained in +ifeD on+y by the de+usion that he can )a4e the future radica++y different' Ie conseL%ent!) /ie.s his o6n tas4 as one o2 the" .)J he is to Dhea+ the .ound of e(istenceD by Dcorrecting e(istenceD A=5813G. 5his co""ection o" he !in' is ." ctic ! ."oHectB 4%t it "eL%i"es theo"etic ! 2o%nd tion8 the "e.! ce(ent o2 c%sto( 4) (o" !it) ."es%..oses "e.! ce(ent o2 instinct 6ith kno6!ed'e. 5he "es%!t o2 the t6o "e.! ce(ents is t" ns2o"( tion o2 .essi(is( into o.ti(is(8 Soc" tes is the ."otot).e QD"4i!dR o2 the theo"etic ! o.ti(ist 6hoB 6ith his !"e d) ch " cte"ized 2 ith in the 2 tho( 4i!it) Q/"'"]nd!ichkeitR o2 the n t%"e o2 thin'sB sc"i4es to kno6!ed'e nd co'nition the 2o"ce o2 . n ce B nd concei#es e""o" s e#i! in itse!2. 5o .enet" te into e#e") '"o%nd QG"%ndR nd to se. " te t"%e co'nition 2"o( se(4! nce nd 2"o( e""o" st"ikes the Soc" tic ( n s the (ost no4!e h%( n c !!in'B indeed the on!) t"%!) h%( n c !!in'. A=5815G 5he Soc" tic !e' c) ?? henceB the 2%nctionin' o2 the Soc" tic i!!%sion ?? is c!e "est in the . " di'( Q5).%sR o2 2o"( o2 e0istence %nhe "d o2 4e2o"e Soc" tes8 th t o2 the theo"etic ! ( nB 6ho e(4" ces Soc" tesIs ."oHectB Oto )a4e e(istence a**ear co)*rehensib+e and thereby as 3ustifiedO A=5816GB nd the"e4) !so Soc" tesIs O."o2o%nd de!%sion Q< hn#o"ste!!%n'RBO the O%nsh k 4!e 2 ith th t thinkin'B 2o!!o6in' the '%ide!ine o2 c %s !it)B "e ches into the dee.est 4)sses o2 4ein'B nd th t thinkin' is in .osition not (e"e!) to kno6 4ein'B 4%t e#en to co""ect itO A=5815G. 5he Oessence o2 the s.i"it o2 scienceBO thenB co(4ines O2 ith in the 2 tho( 4i!it) Q/"'"]nd!ichkeitR o2 n t%"e nd in kno6!ed'e s . n ce Q n die Dni#e"s !hei!k" 2t des <issensRO A=581*G. Life is .orth +i/ingB 2o" those .ossessed o2 this s.i"itB on+y because it is *erfectib+e'

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Lab

29 Trade-Off D

I)*act , Hity
7e bac4+ash at those .ho beco)e inde*endent of our assistance because of fee+ings of abandon)ent , ta4ing /io+ence u*on the) a++o.s us to retain our sense of acco)*+ish)ent turning case' <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2
M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2 +it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H! -t is 2o" this "e son th t Nietzsche c! i(s th t o/erco)ing the fee+ing of se+f+ac4 and restoring the /anity of se+f-affection are the )oti/ating forces of the 4ind of *ity ,o%sse % nd Scho.enh %e" identi2) as the source of a++ our )ora+ actions' Co%ched in .s)cho n !)tic te"(sB o%" 2ee!in's o2 se!2?! ck "e "ei'nition o2 in2 nti!e " 'e o#e" o%" s)((et"ic ! de.endence on n ide !izedB se!2?s%22icient othe". +it) ser/es to soothe this en/ious rage by o/erturning the asy))etry that the needy0 de*endent chi+d fears )ay +ead to its abandon)ent' 5hese .s)cho n !)tic insi'hts "e i(.!icit in Nietzsche;s t"e t(ent o2 ,o%sse % nd Scho.enh %e". -t is 4ec %se Nietzsche sees ho6 thei" notion o2 *ity is sh .ed 4) this .s)cho!o'ic ! ( t"i0 th t he "'%es th t it is 4oth se+f-ser/ing and da)aging to the other. @n the .! ne o2 2 nt s)B he s%''estsB s .itie"s .e i)agine the others on .ho) .e de*end as se+f-sufficient and .e *+ay the ga)e of *ity in order to redress this asy))etry' <e do so by atte)*ting to )a4e ourse+/es a**ear as en/iab+e and se+f-sufficient indi/idua+s on .hose beneficence others )ust de*end' -n the .s)cho!o'ic ! t" ns ction o2 .it)B s Nietzsche sees itB .e ai) to s*oi+ others by )a4ing their suffering the occasion for under)ining their inde*endence and asserting our o.n. 3s Nietzsche e0.! ins in the 2o!!o6in' .ho"is(8 -2 6e !o#eB hono%"B d(i"e so(eone nd then 2te"6 "ds disco#e" th t he is s%22e"in' . . . o%" 2ee!in' o2 !o#eB "e#e"ence nd d(i" tion ch n'es in n essenti ! "es.ect8 it '"o6s tende"e"J th t is to s )B the '%!2 4et6een %s nd hi( see(s to 4e 4"id'edB n .."o0i( tion to identit) see(s to occ%". @n!) no6 do 6e concei#e it .ossi4!e th t 6e (i'ht 'i#e 4 ck to hi(B 6hi!e he ."e#io%s!) d6e!t in o%" i( 'in tion s 4ein' e!e# ted 4o#e o%" '" tit%de. 5his c . cit) to 'i#e 4 ck ."od%ces in %s '"e t Ho) nd e0 !t tion. . . . Q<Re h #e the enHo)(ent o2 cti#e '" tit%deK6hichB in sho"tB is 4ene#o!ent "e#en'e. If he .ants and ta4es nothing .hate/er fro) us0 .e go a.ay chi++ed and saddened0 a+)ost offended. . . . 7"o( !! o2 this it 2o!!o6s th tB e#en in the (ost 2 #o" 4!e c sesB the"e is so(ethin' de'" din' in s%22e"in' nd so(ethin' e!e# tin' nd ."od%cti#e o2 s%.e"io"it) in .it)in'K6hich se. " tes these t6o sens tions 2"o( one nothe" to !! ete"nit). A$ 138G 3s Nietzsche n !)zes it he"eB s .itie"s our gi/ing is )oti/ated by the desire to usur* the *osition of i)agined o)ni*otence0 rather than by the other1s desire for our *ity' A-t is this insi'ht th t in2o"(s V " th%st" ;s c %tion th t .it) sho%!d !6 )s 4e conHect%"eKE> ) )o%" .it) 4e conHect%"e8 th t )o% ( ) 2i"st kno6 i2 )o%" 2"iend 6 nts .it)F QV81 E@2 the 7"iendFR.G 7o" Nietzsche the 2 ct th t s .itie"s 6e "e d"i#en 4) o%" desi"e to "esto"e o%" se!2? 22ection is disc!osed 4) o%" 2ee!in' o2 o22ence i2 the othe" does not .."eci te o%" E'i2tF o2 >it!eid8 E,e2%sin' '" tit%de.K@ne ( ) 6e!! "e2%se "eL%estB 4%t one ( ) ne#e" "e2%se '" tit%de Ao" 6h t co(es to the s (e thin'B "ecei#e it co!d!) o" con#ention !!)G. 5o do so is #e") 6o%ndin'K nd 6h)TF A$ 235G. 5h"o%'h 'i2t 'i#in' ins.i"ed 4) s%ch .it)B Nietzsche i(.!iesB 6e t") to e0 ct 2"o( the othe" the kind o2 ckno6!ed'(ent th t c n id %s in o%" tte(.t to "esto"e o%" 2 nt s) o2 .!enit%de. s a sign of their subordination to us0 the gratitude of others can ser/e to bo+ster our fragi+e i++usion of o)ni*otence. -n this conte0tB the"e2o"eB i2 othe"s "e2%se o%" 'i2t o2 .it)in' conce"nB the) "eB s it 6e"eB "e2%sin' to '" nt %s the "i'ht to 2ee! o" i( 'ine o%"se!#es s e!e# ted 4o#e the(. -n this "e' "dB the 'i2t o2 >it!eid is "e !!) 'i2t 6e tte(.t to 4esto6 on o%"se!#es t the othe";s e0.ense.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

B0 Trade-Off D

I)*act& +ternati/e , rt
The .i++ to order is the instinct of annihi+ation , .e shou+d +augh in the face of the affir)ati/e and create art in destruction Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B &%( nB 3!! 5oo &%( nB 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B 5he =i"th i2 5" 'ed)B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4t2.ht(^ scB 3$8 */*/09G H! K =%tB () de " si"B 6h t in the 6o"!d is "o( ntic i2 )o%" 4ook isnItT C n dee. h t"ed ' inst Othe No6BO ' inst O"e !it)O nd O(ode"n ide sO 4e .%shed 2%"the" th n )o% .%shed it in )o%" "tistsI (et .h)sicsT 4e!ie#in' soone" in the Nothin'B soone" in the de#i! th n in Othe No6OT Is it not a dee* bass of .rath and the +ust for destruction that .e hear hu))ing underneath a++ of your contra*unta+ art and seduction of the ear0 a furious reso+/e against e/erything that is Dno.0O 6i!! th t is not too 2 " "e(o#ed 2"o( ." ctic ! nihi!is( nd see(s to s )8 Osoone" !et nothin' 4e t"%e th n th t )o% sho%!d 4e "i'htB th n th t )o%" t"%th sho%!d 4e ."o#e "i'htNO Listen )o%"se!2B )y dear *essi)ist nd "t?dei2ie"B 4%t 6ith o.en e "sB to sin'!e . ss 'e chosen 2"o( )o%" 4ookKto the not ine!oL%ent d" 'on?s! )e" . ss 'e 6hich ( ) h #e n insidio%s .ied?.i.e" so%nd 2o" )o%n' e "s nd he "ts. &o6 no6T -snIt this the t).ic ! c"eed o2 the "o( ntic o2 1830B ( sked 4) the .essi(is( o2 1850T /#en the %s% ! "o( ntic 2in !e is so%ndedK4"e kB 4"e kdo6nB "et%"n nd co!! .se 4e2o"e n o!d 2 ithB 4e2o"e the o!d God ... &o6 no6T -s )o%" .essi(istsI 4ook not itse!2 .iece o2 nti?&e!!enis( nd "o( nticis(T Is it not itse+f so)ething De-ua++y into(icating and befogging0D in any case a narcotic0 e/en a *iece of )usicB Ge"( n (%sicT =%t !isten8 OLet us i)agine a co)ing generation .ith such intre*idity of /isionB 6ith s%ch he"oic .ench nt 2o" the t"e(endo%sJ !et %s i( 'ine the bo+d stride of these dragon-s+ayers0 the *roud audacity .ith .hich they turn their bac4 on a++ the .ea4+ing8s doctrines of o*ti)is) in order to 8+i/e reso+ute+y8 in .ho+eness and fu++ness6 6o%!d it not 4e necess ") 2o" the t" 'ic ( n o2 s%ch c%!t%"eB in #ie6 o2 his se!2?ed%c tion 2o" se"io%sness nd te""o"B to desi"e ne6 "tB the "t o2 (et .h)sic ! co(2o"tB nd to e0c! i( 6ith 7 %st8 Sho%!d not () !on'in' o#e"!e . the dist nce 3nd d" 6 the 2 i"est 2o"( into e0istenceTO QM%oted 2"o( Section 18R O7ou+d it not be necessary5D ''' NoB th"ice noN )o% )o%n' "o( ntics8 it 6o%!d not 4e necess ")N =%t it is hi'h!) ."o4 4!e th t it 6i!! end th t 6 )Kn (e!)B Oco(2o"tedBO s it is 6"ittenB in s.ite o2 !! se!2?ed%c tion 2o" se"io%sness nd te""o"B Oco(2o"ted (et .h)sic !!)OKin s%(B s "o( ntics endB s Ch"isti ns..... NoN :o% o%'ht to !e "n the "t o2 this?6o"!d!) co(2o"t 2i"stKyou ought to +earn to +augh0 )y young friends0 if you are he++-bent on re)aining *essi)istsA then *erha*s0 as +aughers0 you )ay so)e day dis*atch a++ )eta*hysica+ co)forts to the de/i+K(et .h)sics in 2"ontN @"B to s ) in the ! n'% 'e o2 th t $ion)si n (onste" 6ho 4e "s the n (e o2 V " th%st" 8 D9aise u* your hearts0 )y brothers0 high0 higherN nd don8t forget your +egsN 9aise u* your +egs too0 good dancersA and sti++ better6 stand on your headsN DThis cro.n of the +augher0 this rose-.reath cro.n6 I cro.n )yse+f .ith this cro.nA I )yse+f *ronounced ho+y )y +aughter' I did not find anyone e+se today strong enough for that' OV " th%st" B the d nce"J V " th%st" B the !i'ht one 6ho 4eckons 6ith his 6in'sB ."e. "in' 2o" 2!i'htB 4eckonin' to !! 4i"dsB "e d) nd he d)B 4!iss2%!!) !i'hthe ded8K OV " th%st" B the sooths )e"J V " th%st" B the sooth?! %'he"J not i(. tientJ not %ncondition !J one 6ho !o#es !e .s nd side?!e .s8 - c"o6n ()se!2 6ith this c"o6n. DThis cro.n of the +augher0 this rose-.reath cro.n6 to you0 )y brothers0 I thro. this cro.n' Laughter I ha/e *ronounced ho+y6 you higher )en0 +earnEto +aughND

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

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B# Trade-Off D

!!! +ternati/e Debate !!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

B2 Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , The Dice Thro.

Instead of gi/ing into the te)*tation of action0 .e as4 for you to ste* bac4 and refuse the affir)ati/es )ora+ *ro3ect , .e shou+d abandon our desire for )astery o/er the .or+d .ith a thro. of the dice' De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 25?2*B
3$8 */8/09G H!
5he ' (e h s t6o (o(ents 6hich "e those o2 diceth"o6 K the dice th t is th"o6n nd the dice th t 2 !!s 4 ck. Nietzsche ."esents the diceth"o6 s t kin' .! ce on t6o distinct t 4!esB the e "th nd the sk). 5he e "th 6he"e the dice "e th"o6n nd the sk) 6he"e the dice 2 !! 4 ck8 Oi2 e#e" - h #e .! )ed dice 6ith the 'ods t thei" t 4!eB the e "thB so th t the e "th t"e(4!ed nd 4"oke o.en nd st"e (s o2 2i"e sno"ted 2o"thJ 2o" the e "th is t 4!e o2 the 'odsB nd t"e(4!in' 6ith c"e ti#e ne6 6o"ds nd the dice th"o6s o2 the 'odsO AV --- O5he Se#en Se !sO 3 .. 245G. O0 sk) 4o#e (eB )o% .%"e nd !o2t) sk)N 5his is no6 )o%" .%"it) to (eB th t the"e is no ete"n ! "e son?s.ide" nd s.ide"Is 6e4 in )o%J th t )o% "e to (e d nce 2!oo" 2o" di#ine ch ncesB th t )o% "e to (e 'odIs t 4!e 2o" di#ine dice nd dice"sO AV --O=e2o"e S%n"iseO .. 186G. =%t these t6o t 4!es "e not t6o 6o"!ds. 5he) "e the t6o ho%"s o2 sin'!e 6o"!dB the t6o (o(ents o2 sin'!e 6o"!dB (idni'ht nd (idd )B the ho%" 6hen the dice "e th"o6nB the ho%" 6hen the dice 2 !! 4 ck. Nietzsche insists on the t6o t 4!es o2 !i2e 6hich "e !so the t6o (o(ents o2 the .! )e" o" the "tistJ O7e te)*orari+y abandon +ife0 in order to then

te)*orari+y fi( our gaze u*on it'D The dicethro. affir)s beco)ing and it affir)s the being of beco)ing' It is not a )atter of se/era+ dicethro.s .hich0 because of their nu)ber0 fina++y re*roduce the sa)e co)bination' @n the cont" ")B it is a )atter of a sing+e dicethro. .hichB d%e to the n%(4e" o2 the co(4in tion ."od%cedB co)es to re*roduce itse+f as such. -t is not th t ! "'e n%(4e" o2 th"o6s ."od%ce the
"e.etition o2 co(4in tion 4%t " the" the n%(4e" o2 the co(4in tion 6hich ."od%ces the "e.etition o2 the diceth"o6. 5he dice 6hich "e th"o6n once "e the 22i"( tion o2 ch nceB the co(4in tion 6hich the) 2o"( on 2 !!in' is the 22i"( tion o2 necessit). Necessit) is 22i"(ed o2 ch nce in e0 ct!) the sense th t 4ein' is 22i"(ed o2 4eco(in' nd %nit) is 22i"(ed o2 (%!ti.!icit). -t 6i!! 4e "e.!iedB in # inB th t th"o6n to ch nceB the dice do not necess "i!) ."od%ce the 6innin' co(4in tionB the do%4!e si0 6hich 4"in's 4 ck the diceth"o6. 5his is t"%eB 4%t on!) inso2 " s the .! )e" did not kno6 ho6 to 22i"( ch nce 2"o( the o%tset. 7o"B H%st s %nit) does not s%.."ess o" den) (%!ti.!icit)B necessit) does not s%.."ess o" 4o!ish ch nce. Nietzsche identi2ies ch nce 6ith (%!ti.!icit)B 6ith 2" '(entsB 6ith . "tsB 6ith ch os8 the ch os o2 the dice th t "e sh ken nd then th"o6n. Nietzsche turns chance into an affir)ation. 5he sk) itse!2 is c !!ed Och nce?sk)OB Oinnocence?sk)O AV --- O=e2o"e S%n"iseOGJ the "ei'n o2 V " th%st" is c !!ed O'"e t ch nceO AV -1 O5he &one) @22e"in'O nd --- O@2 @!d nd Ne6 L 6 5 4!esOJ V " th%st" c !!s hi(se!2 the O"edee(e" o2 ch nceOG. O=) ch nceB he is the 6o"!dIs o!dest no4i!it)B 6hich - h #e 'i#en 4 ck to !! thin'sJ - h #e "e!e sed the( 2"o( thei" se"#it%de %nde" .%".ose . . . - h #e 2o%nd this h ..) ce"t int) in !! thin's8 th t the) ."e2e" to d nce on the 2eet o2 ch nceO AV --- O=e2o"e S%n"iseO .. 186GJ O>) doct"ine is PLet ch nce co(e to (e8 it is s innocent s !itt!e chi!dNI O AV --- O@n the >o%nt o2 @!i#esO .. 194G. <h t Nietzsche c !!s necessit) Adestin)G is th%s ne#e" the 4o!ition 4%t " the" the co(4in tion o2 ch nce itse!2. Necessit) is 22i"(ed o2 ch nce in s (%ch s ch nce itse!2 22i"(ed. 7o" the"e is on!) sin'!e co(4in tion o2 ch nce s s%chB sin'!e 6 ) o2 co(4inin' !! the . "ts o2 ch nceB 6 ) 6hich is !ike the %nit) o2 (%!ti.!icit)B th t is to s ) n%(4e" o" necessit). 5he"e "e ( n) n%(4e"s 6ith inc"e sin' o" dec"e sin' ."o4 4i!itiesB 4%t on!) one n%(4e" o2 ch nce s s%chB one 2 t ! n%(4e" 6hich "e%nites !! the 2" '(ents o2 ch nceB !ike (idd ) ' the"s to'ethe" the sc tte"ed . "ts o2 (idni'ht. This is .hy it is sufficient for the *+ayer to affir) chance

once in order to *roduce the nu)ber .hich brings bac4 the dicethro. . 22 To 4no. ho. to affir) chance is to 4no. ho. to *+ay' =%t 6e do not kno6 ho6 to .! )B O5i(idB sh (edB 6k6 "dB !ike ti'e" 6hose !e . h s 2 i!ed. =%t 6h t o2 th t )o% diceth"o6e"sN :o% h #e not !e "ned to .! ) nd (ock s ( n o%'ht to .! ) nd (ockNO AV -1 O@2 the &i'he" > nO 14 .. 303G. The bad *+ayer counts on se/era+ thro.s of the dice0 on a great nu)ber of thro.s' In this .ay he )a4es use of causa+ity and *robabi+ity to *roduce a co)bination that he sees as desirab+e' &e .osits this co(4in tion itse!2 s n end to 4e o4t inedB hidden
4ehind c %s !it). 5his is 6h t Nietzsche (e ns 6hen he s.e ks o2 the ete"n ! s.ide"B o2 the s.ide"Is 6e4 o2 "e sonB O3 kind o2 s.ide" o2 i(.e" ti#e nd 2in !it) hidden 4ehind the '"e t 6e4B the '"e t net o2 c %s !it) K 6e co%!d s )B 6ith Ch "!es the =o!d 6hen he o..osed Lo%is _-B O- 2i'ht the %ni#e"s ! s.ide"O AG> --- 9G. To abo+ish chance by ho+ding it in the gri* of causa+ity and

fina+ity0 to count on the re*etition of thro.s rather than affir)ing chance0 to antici*ate a resu+t instead of affir)ing necessity these are a++ the o*erations of a bad *+ayer. 5he) h #e thei" "oot in "e sonB 4%t 6h t is the "oot o2 "e sonT 5he s.i"it o2 "e#en'eB nothin' 4%t the s.i"it o2 "e#en'eB the s.ide" AV -- O@2 the 5 " nt%! sOG. ,essenti(ent in the "e.etition o2 th"o6sB 4 d conscience in the 4e!ie2 in .%".ose. =%tB in this 6 )B !! th t 6i!! e#e" 4e o4t ined "e (o"e o" !ess ."o4 4!e "e! ti#e n%(4e"s. 5h t the uni/erse has no *ur*ose0 that it has no end to ho*e for any )ore than it has causes to be 4no.n this is the certainty necessary to *+ay .e++ A1+ --- 465G. The dicethro. fai+s because chance has not been affir)ed enough in one thro.' It has not been affir)ed enough in order to *roduce the fata+ nu)ber .hich necessari+y reunites a++ the frag)ents and brings bac4 the dicethro.' <e (%st the"e2o"e tt ch the '"e test i(.o"t nce to the 2o!!o6in' conc!%sion8 2o" the co%.!e c %s !it)?2in !it)B ."o4 4i!it)?2in !it)B 2o" the o..osition nd the s)nthesis o2 these te"(sB 2o" the 6e4 o2 these te"(sB Nietzsche s%4stit%tes the $ion)si n co""e! tion o2 ch nce necessit)B the $ion)si n co%.!e ch nce?destin). Not a *robabi+ity distributed o/er se/era+ thro.s but a++ chance at onceA not a fina+0 desired0 .i++ed co)bination0 but the fata+ co)bination0 fata+ and +o/ed0 a)or fatiA not the return of a co)bination by the nu)ber of thro.s0 but the re*etition of a dicethro. by the nature of the fata++y obtained nu)ber' 23

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

BB Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , )or Tati , 2o+/ency

=)bracing fate so+/es our sorro. , it a++o.s us to e)brace and +o/e e/ery )o)ent in our +i/es' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */5/09G H! 5he '"e test 6ei'ht.K7hat0 if so(e d ) o" night a de)on .ere to stea+ 2te" you into )o%" !one!iest !one!iness and say to )o%8 OThis +ife as you no6 !i#e it nd ha/e +i/ed it0 you .i++ ha/e to +i/e once (o"e nd innu)erab+e ti)es )oreJ nd there .i++ be nothing ne. in itB 4%t e/ery *ain nd e#e") 3oy nd e#e") thought nd sigh nd e/erything unutterab+y s)a++ or great in your +ife .i++ h #e to return to you0 a++ in the sa)e succession nd seL%enceKe#en this s.ide" nd this (oon!i'ht 4et6een the t"eesB nd e#en this (o(ent nd - ()se!2. The eterna+ hourg+ass of e(istence is turned u*side do.n again and again B nd )o% 6ith itB s.eck o2 d%stNO 7ou+d you not thro. yourse+f do.n nd 'n sh )o%" teeth and curse the de)on 6ho s.oke th%sT Or h #e )o% once e0.e"ienced t"e(endo%s (o(ent 6hen )o% .ou+d ha/e ans.ered hi)6 DPou are a god and ne/er ha/e I heard anything )ore di/ine'O -2 this tho%'ht ' ined .ossession o2 )o%B it 6o%!d ch n'e )o% s )o% "e o" .e"h .s c"%sh )o%. 5he L%estion in e ch nd e#e") thin'B O$o )o% desi"e this once (o"e nd inn%(e" 4!e ti(es (o"eTO 6o%!d !ie %.on )o%" ctions s the '"e test 6ei'ht. @" ho6 6e!! dis.osed 6o%!d )o% h #e to 4eco(e to )o%"se!2 nd to !i2e to c" #e nothin' (o"e 2e"#ent!) th n this %!ti( te ete"n ! con2i"( tion nd se !T AGS 341G6 -t is not eno%'h th t ete"n ! "ec%""ence si(.!) 4e 4e!ie#ed. Nietzsche de)ands th t it ct% !!) be +o/ed. -n /cce &o(oB he e0.! ins his doct"ine o2 (o" 2 ti8 OMy for)u+a 2o" '"e tness in h%( n 4ein' is a)or fati8 th t one .ants nothing to be different0 not for.ard0 not bac4.ard0 not in a++ eternity . Not (e"e!) 4e " 6h t is necess ")B sti!! !ess conce ! it . . . 4%t !o#e itO A/& OC!e#e"O 10J c2. GS 2*6G. -n 5h%s S.oke V " th%st" B V " th%st" s )s8 O5o "edee( those 6ho !i#ed in the . st nd to "ec"e te !! Iit 6 sI into Ith%s 6i!!ed itIKth t !one sho%!d - c !! "ede(.tionO AV --8 O@n ,ede(.tionOJ c2. V ---8 O@n @!d nd Ne6 5 4!etsO 3G. 5o t%"n !! Oit 6 sO into Oth%s - 6i!!ed itO is to acce*t fate fu++yB to !o#e it. @ne 6o%!d h #e it no othe" 6 )J one 6 nts e#e")thin' ete"n !!) the s (e8 O< s th t !i2eT . . . <e!! thenN @nce (o"eNO AV -18 O5he $"%nken Son'O 1G.

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Lab

B4 Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , 2ecurity
Qoting negati/e a++o.s a ne. conce*t of security not based u*on the construction of ene)ies , .e go beyond +oo4ing at the .or+d as a threat Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO
Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H!

7hat if .e +ea/e the desire for )astery to the insecure and instead i)agine a ne. dia+ogue of security0 not in the *ursuit of a uto*ian end but in recognition of the .or+d as it is0 other than us T <h t (i'ht s%ch di !o'%e so%nd !ikeT 3n) tte(.t t an ans.er re-uires a genea+ogy6 to understand the discursi/e *o.er of the conce*t0 to re)e)ber its forgotten )eanings0 to assess its econo)y of use in the *resent0 to reinter*ret--and *ossib+y construct through the reinter*retation--a +ate )odern security co)fortab+e .ith a *+ura+ity of centers0 )u+ti*+e )eanings0 and f+uid identities' 5he ste.s - t ke he"e in this di"ection "e tent ti#e nd ."e!i(in "). - 2i"st %nde"t ke 4"ie2 histo") o2 the conce.t itse!2. SecondB - ."esent the Oo"i'in ")O 2o"( o2 sec%"it) th t h s so do(in ted o%" conce.tion o2 inte"n tion ! "e! tionsB the &o44esi n e.iste(e o2 "e !is(. 5hi"dB - conside" the i(. ct o2 t6o ( Ho" ch !!en'es to the &o44esi n e.iste(eB th t o2 > "0 nd Nietzsche. 3nd 2in !!)B - s%''est th t = %d"i!! "d ."o#ides the 4estB i2 (ost n%!!i2)in'B n !)sis o2 sec%"it) in ! te (ode"nit). -n sho"tB - "ete!! the sto") o2 "e !is( s n histo"ic enco%nte" o2 2e " nd d n'e" 6ith .o6e" nd o"de" th t ."od%ced 2o%" "e !ist 2o"(s o2 sec%"it)8 e.iste(icB soci !B inte"."eti#eB nd h).e""e !. 5o ."ee(.t ."edict 4!e c"iticis(B - 6ish to ( ke it c!e " th t - ( not in se "ch o2 n O !te"n ti#e sec%"it).O 3n e s) de2ense is to in#oke &eide''e"B 6ho dec! "ed th t OL%estionin' is the .iet) o2 tho%'ht.O 9 7o%c %!tB ho6e#e"B 'i#es the (o"e .o6e"2%! "e son 2o" 'ene !o') o2 sec%"it)8 I a) not +oo4ing for an a+ternati/eA you can8t find the so+ution of a *rob+e) in the so+ution of another *rob+e) raised at another )o)ent by other *eo*+e' Pou see0 .hat I .ant to do is not the history of so+utions0 and that8s the reason .hy I don8t acce*t the .ord a+ternati/e ' >) .oint is not that e/erything is bad0 but that e/erything is dangerousB then 6e !6 )s h #e so(ethin' to do. 10 The ho*e is that in the inter*retation of the )ost *ressing dangers of +ate )odernity .e )ight be ab+e to construct a for) of security based on the a**reciation and articu+ation rather than the nor)a+ization or e(tir*ation of difference'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

B" Trade-Off D

!!!Tra)e.or4 Debate !!!

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

B% Trade-Off D

Tra)e.or4
Ho+icy debate fra)e.or4 is co)*+icit .ith the 2ocratic 7i++ to Truth that .e criticize , forcing debate to be about instru)enta+ desirabi+ity i)*oses )astery and /io+ence into the rea+) of *o+itics' This de*+aces debate .ith abso+utis) and tota+itarianis) 2aurette 9% A+ %!B +"o2 o2 .o!itic ! theo")/science t Cohn &o.kins Dni#e"sit)B E- (ist"%st !! S)ste( tize"s nd
3#oid 5he(8 NietzscheB 3"endt nd the C"isis o2 the <i!! to @"de" in -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions 5heo").F >i!!eni%( Co%"n ! o2 -nte"n tion ! St%dies. 1o!. 25B n%(4e" 1. ... 3?6B 3$8 */6/09G H! 3"endt contends th t this ru+e-based conce*tion of *o+itica+ action assu)ed a hege)onic and 8natura+8 status on!) .hen the .hi!oso.hic ! transfor)ation of 7estern ci/i+isation created an inte++ectua+ fra)e.or4 .hich necessitated inter*reting *o+itics as ru+ershi*. 7"o( this .e"s.ecti#eB the i(.o"t nce o2 3"endtIs tho%'ht is th t she "e#e !s the 6 ) in 6hich the <i!! to @"de"/5"%th h s c"e ted the . " (ete"s o2 the (ode"n %nde"st ndin' o2 .o!itics. 3cco"din' to 3"endtB our )odern notion of *o+itics is n ine#it 4!e conse-uence of the +! tonic 7i++ to Truth/@"de". 32te" +! toIs ,e.%4!icB *o+itics co%!d no !on'e" 4e concei#ed o2 s the 2"eedo( to ct 6ith eL% !sB 4%t cou+d be conce*tua+ised on+y as the ordering of society according to the .or+d of for)s' <ith this . " di'( tic s%4stit%tion o2 ( kin' 2o" ctin'B ho(o 2 he" 4eco(es the (ode! .o!itic ! cto"B nd the "e !( o2 h%( n 22 i"s c n 4e inte"."eted on!) in te"(s o2 6o"k. 7%"the"B through this transfor)ation0 the conce*ts of )astery0 contro+0 and /io+ence are ine(tricab+y i)*osed onto the rea+) of *o+itics. 3s 3"endt notesB I>"R the ,e.%4!icB the .hi!oso.he"?kin' ..!ies the ide s s the c" 2ts( n ..!ies his "%!es nd st nd "dJ he O( kesO his Cit) s the sc%!.to" ( kes st t%eJ nd in the 2in ! +! tonic 6o"k these s (e ide s h #e e#en 4eco(e ! 6s 6hich need on!) 4e e0ec%tedI.2* 5he .o!itici n is ide !ised s the c" 2ts( n 6hose ski!! !ies 2i"st in .e"cei#in' the ide ! 2o"( o2 the ."od%ct?to?4eB nd secondB in o"' nisin' the (e ns to e0ec%te its ."od%ction. 5his t" ns2o"( tion in#e"ts 4oth the ." ctice nd the (e nin' o2 .o!itics on t !e st t6o !e#e!s. 7i"stB the 8end8 of *o+itica+ action beco)es )easured in ter)s of the abi+ity of actors to re*+icate an idea+ for) . 3s 3"endt notesB this instru)enta+ised )ode+ of *o+itics e/a+uates action so+e+y on the grounds of a )eans-ends ca+cu+us .hich ris4s de/o+/ing into an eterna+ regression of ungroundab+e uti+ity . 3"endt st tes th t PQtRhe t"o%4!e 6ith the %ti!it) st nd "d inhe"ent in the #e") cti#it) o2 2 4"ic tion is th t the "e! tionshi. 4et6een (e ns nd end on 6hich it "e!ies is #e") (%ch !ike ch in 6hose e#e") end c n se"#e ' in s (e ns in so(e othe" conte0tI.I 5he on!) .ossi4!e 6 ) to st 4i!ise this ch in is to .osit n ete"n ! nd .e"2ect endB s%ch s H%sticeB o"de"B o" GodB 6hich cts s n %nL%estioned 'o ! d%e to its .e"2ect t"%th2%!ness. The essence of the H+atonicB nd ! te" Ch"isti n nd /n!i'hten(entB conce*tions of *o+itica+ actionB thenB is the abi+ity to ground the fina+ end through recourse to an un-uestionab+e 8truth8 . Fy resituating *o+itica+ 3udge)ent in the rea+) of idea+s0 this )ode+ denies that )eaning deri/es fro) the a**arent .or+d of hu)an affairs0 and re*+aces debate0 action0 and *+ura+ity .ith abso+utes and idea+s' 5he dichoto(is tion o2 the ide ! nd .. "ent 6o"!ds "es%!ts in second in#e"sion. 5he notion o2 .o!itici n s c" 2ts( n %nde"(ines the .ossi4i!it) o2 ction in the .o!itic ! s.he"e 4) tte(.tin' to den) the #e") condition o2 .!%" !it) nd n t !it). The *rere-uisite -ua+ities of e-ua+ity and *ersuasion are re*+aced by the ."ece.ts o2 2 4"ic tion8 )astery and /io+ence' H+ura+ *o+itica+ action is renounced in fa/our of the un-uestioned order of ru+ershi* and )astery A6hich dest"o)s the .otenti ! 2o" n t !it) nd .!%" !it)GB o" 4) the coe"cion o2 #io!ence A6hich si(.!) o#e"6he!(s n) .ossi4i!it) o2 ction th"o%'h shee" st"en'thG. This conseL%ence is then circu+ar+y 3ustified by the be+ief that the end of action can be nothing )ore than the rea+isation of the 9ea+ 7or+d in the **arent 7or+d' The conce*tion of co))unity through e-ua+ity and difference is ine(orab+y re*+aced by the understanding of *o+itica+ co))unity constructed through )astery0 contro+0 and ru+e' The dua+ in/ersion of *o+itics-as-)a4ing e0.!icit!) re/ea+s the ."o2o%nd i)*act of the .hi!oso.hic ! 2o%nd tion o2 the 7i++ to @"de"/Truth on the )odern conce*tion of *o+itics. <ithin this .hi!oso.hic ! o"de"B *o+itics )ust be understood as a *rocess of fabrication in .hich the end uto*ian goa+ 3ustifies and under*ins ru+ershi*0 contro+s and do)ination. 7"o( this .e"s.ecti#eB the de/e+o*)ent of a /ariety of 9ea+ 7or+d idea+s A+! tonic H%sticeB Ch"isti n s !# tionB o" #%!' " > "0ist %to.i nis(G .hich guide *o+itica+ action ha/e disguised the entrenched consistency of the understanding of *o+itics-as-)a4ing' It is *recise+y this 8definition8 of *o+itics that )ust be e(*osed and *rob+e)atised' Tor *o+itics-as)a4ing is neithe" In t%" !I no" I"e !isticI conce.tion o2 .o!iticsB 4%t " the" a historica+ conse-uence of a s*ecific *hi+oso*hica+ foundation' 3s s%chB it is neither factua+ nor beyond criti-ue'

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Tra)e.or4
Des*ite the *anacea to suffering the affir)ati/e *resents0 nothing ha**ens .hen you /ote affir)ati/e , instead /ote negati/e as a )eans of estab+ishing an ethica+ re+ationshi* .ith suffering' If .e .in the a+ternati/e is good in the abstract0 you shou+d /ote negati/e' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */6/09G H! 5o .."eci te ho6 co((itted he isB su**ose .e are inco""i'i4!e do-goodersK!i4e" !sB soci !istsB o" Ch"isti ns. 7e 3ust cannot bear to see anyone suffer. 2u**ose .e find a researcher .ho is .or4ing on a cure for Nietzsche8s disease. 5his "ese "che" thinks th t 6ithin 2e6 )e "s d"%' c n 4e ."od%ced to e!i(in te the dise se. 2u**ose the researcher is right' nd s%..ose th t 3ust as Nietzsche has so+id+y co))itted to eterna+ recurrenceB H%st s he is 4!e to !o#e his 2 teB H%st s he h s decided he 6o%!d not ch n'e the s!i'htest det i! o2 his !i2eB .e te++ hi) about this cure. &o6 6o%!d Nietzsche "es.ondT <o%!d he cce.t the c%"eT 7ou+d he gi/e u* his hard-.on attitude of acce*ting his )igraines0 nausea0 and /o)iting0 of refusing to desire any changeT <o%!d he "e#e"t to his o!d ttit%de o2 ho.in' to "ed%ce his s%22e"in'B t")in' o%t 6h te#e" (i'ht cco(.!ish thisT 7ou+d he gi/e his i++ness a chance to reassert its *sycho+ogica+ strang+eho+d5 <e (%st "e(e(4e" th t o%" s%..osition is th t he 6o%!d ct% !!) 4e c%"ed in 2e6 )e "s. =%t he 6o%!d !so 2o"'o the disci.!ineB the st"en'thenin'B the e(.o6e"(ent th t co((it(ent to ete"n ! "ec%""ence nd (o" 2 ti 6o%!d h #e ( de .ossi4!e. +though his i++ness .ou+d be cured0 he .ou+d not ha/e de/e+o*ed the .here.itha+ to dea+ .ith any other sufferingEin a .or+d characterized by the horror of e(istence' <e c nnot kno6 6hethe" Nietzsche 6o%!d decide to t ke the c%"e o" not. <h t 6e c n 4e s%"e o2 is th t i2 he didB he 6o%!d not 4e the Nietzsche 6e kno6. Kie"ke' "d "ete!!s the sto") o2 34" h ( nd -s c. God co(( nds 34" h ( to t ke his on!) son to >o%nt >o"i h nd to s c"i2ice hi( the"e s 4%"nt o22e"in'. 7 ith2%! 34" h ( sets o22 to o4e) GodIs 6i!!. =%t H%st s he ""i#esB H%st s he h s d" 6n his kni2eB H%st s he is 4o%t to o22e" his sonB he is to!d inste d to s c"i2ice the " ( th t God h s ."e. "ed. Kie"ke' "d s%''ests th t i2 he h d 4een in 34" h (Is .ositionB i2 he h d s%22icient 2 ith in God nd h d o4e)ed hi( s 34" h ( didB i2 he h d 4een 4!e to s%((on the s (e co%" 'eB thenB 6hen he 'ot -s c 4 ck ' in he 6o%!d h #e 4een e(4 "" ssed. 34" h (B he thinksB 6 s not e(4 "" ssed. &e 6 s not e(4 "" ssed 4ec %se he 4e!ie#ed !! !on'B 4) #i"t%e o2 the 4s%"dB th t God 6o%!d not "eL%i"e -s c.24 <h t 4o%t NietzscheT Let us assu)e that Nietzsche h s 2%!!) co((itted to ete"n ! "ec%""ence nd (o" 2 tiB th t he has co)e to +o/e his fate0 that he has decided he .ou+d not change the s+ightest detai+ . >o"eo#e"B he h s nno%nced this to the 6o"!d in his 6"itin's. Let %s ss%(e th t o#e" the )e "s this co((it(ent h s e(.o6e"ed hi(B 'i#en hi( '"e te" st"en'th. 7e do-gooders no. infor) hi) that .e can cure his disease and e+i)inate his suffering' /#en 2%"the"B su**ose .e .ere ab+e to *ro/e to hi) that eterna+ recurrence is i)*ossib+e' <o%!d Nietzsche 4e e(4 "" ssedT > )4e. =%t it is not 4so!%te!) c!e " th t he 6o%!d 4e. &e (i'ht "es.ond th t be+ie/ing in eterna+ recurrenceK.e"h .s e#en 4) #i"t%e o2 the 4s%"dKa++o.ed hi) to face the horror of e(istence. &e (i'ht "es.ond th t it does not "e !!) ( tte" 6hethe" his !i2e 6i!! ct% !!) "et%"n. The on+y thing that )atters is the attitude he Q/nd + 'e 61R .as ab+e to de/e+o* to.ard his *resent +ife' &e (i'ht "es.ond th t it does not "e !!) ( tte" th t it h s 4eco(e .ossi4!e to c%"e his . "tic%! " i!!nessJ the"e is sti!! .!ent) o2 othe" s%22e"in' to 4e 2 ced 'i#en the ho""o" o2 e0istence. &e (i'ht "es.ond th t 6h t ( tte"s is the st"en'th he 6 s 4!e to ' in 2"o( 4e!ie#in' in ete"n ! "ec%""ence nd !o#in' his 2 teB not 6hethe" ete"n ! "ec%""ence is ct% !!) t"%e.

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Tra)e.or4
Uuestions of *o+itica+ consideration )iss the *oint of the criticis) , the ba++ot is an ethica+ choice to sa/e ourse+/es 7hite0 90 A3! nB +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) <i!!i (s Co!!e'eB E$e!%sion 7" (esB 7"o( <ithin Nietzsche;s
L 4)"inthBF htt.8//666.6i!!i (s.ed%/.hi!oso.h)/2 c%!t)/ 6hite/<NL[206e4/<itho%t[202" (es.ht( B 3$8 */9/09G H! The )ost *ro/ocati/e teachings - 2ind in Nietzsche are not *o+itica+0 but " the" ethica+A Nietzsche does not atte)*t to te++ us ho. to sa/e the .or+d0 but " the" ho. to sa/e ourse+/es ?? ho6 to s #e o%"se!#es fro) +i/ing +i/es that .e .i++ co)e to /ie. .ith regret rather than .ith *ride . 3nd he te ches th t 6e c n do th t 6itho%t 4eco(in' s%.e"(en 6ho 4!ithe!) c"%sh thei" s%..osed in2e"io"s 4ene th thei" 2eet.

The ba++ot )ust be used as an ethica+ action , instead of ro+e*+aying0 on+y transfor)ing our o.n *ersona+ re+ationshi* .ith suffering can so+/e Ne6( n 0 C2au+0 2enior Lecturer in Ho+itics V < of London0 L narchis) and the Ho+itics of 9essenti)ent0K
Theory W =/ent - Qo+u)e 40 Issue B0 Muse0 D6 :&?&09J 3+ 9ather than ha/ing an e(terna+ ene)y -- +i4e the 2tate ?? in o..osition to 6hich oneIs .o!itic ! identit) is 2o"(edB .e )ust .or4 on ourse+/es. 3s .o!itic ! s%4Hects .e )ust o/erco)e ressenti)ent by transfor)ing our re+ationshi* .ith *o.er' One can on+y do thisB cco"din' to NietzscheB through eterna+ return' 5o 22i"( ete"n ! "et%"n is to ckno6!ed'e nd indeed .ositi#e!) 22i"( the contin% ! I"et%"nI o2 s (e !i2e 6ith its h "sh "e !ities. =ec %se it is n cti#e 6i!!in' o2 nihi!is(B it is t the s (e ti(e t" nscendence o2 nihi!is(. +e"h .s in the s (e 6 )B ete"n ! "et%"n "e2e"s to .o6e". <e (%st ckno6!ed'e nd 22i"( the I"et%"nI o2 .o6e"B the 2 ct th t it 6i!! !6 )s 4e 6ith %s. To o/erco)e ressenti)ent 6e (%stB in othe" 6o"dsB 6i!! .o6e". 7e )ust affir) a .i++ to *o.er ?? in the 2o"( o2 c"e ti#eB !i2e? 22i"(in' # !%esB cco"din' to Nietzsche.Q56R 5his is to cce.t the notion o2 Ise!2?o#e"co(in'I.Q5*R To 8o/erco)e8 onese+f in this sense0 .ou+d )ean an o/erco)ing of the essentia+ist identities and categories that +i)it us . 3s 7o%c %!t h s sho6nB .e are constructed as essentia+ *o+itica+ sub3ects in .ays that that do)inate us ?? this is 6h t he c !!s s%4Hecti2ic tion.Q58R 7e hide behind essentia+ist identities that deny *o.er0 and *roduce through this denia+0 > niche n .o!itics o2 4so!%te o..osition th t on!) "e2!ects nd "e 22i"(s the #e") do(in tion it c! i(s to o..ose. 5his 6e h #e seen in the c se o2 n "chis(. -n o"de" to #oid this > niche n !o'icB n "chis( (%st no !on'e" "e!) on essenti !ist identities nd conce.tsB nd inste d .ositi#e!) 22i"( the ete"n ! "et%"n o2 .o6e". 5his is not '"i( "e !iz tion 4%t " the" Ih ..) .ositi#is(I. -t is ch " cte"ized 4) .o!itic ! st" te'ies i(ed t (ini(izin' the .ossi4i!ities o2 do(in tionB nd inc"e sin' the .ossi4i!ities 2o" 2"eedo(.

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!!! ns.er To 2ection !!!

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40 Trade-Off D

T6 Her)
The *er) fa++s into the tra* of ens+a/e)ent , =)bracing e/ery instance is 4ey to understand it1s ine/itabi+ity Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */6/09G H! - think 6e "e no6 in .osition to see th t 2o" ete"n ! "ec%""ence to 6o"kB 2o" it to h #e the e22ect th t it (%st h #e 2o" NietzscheB 6e (%st cce.t 6itho%t L% !i2ic tionB .e )ust +o/e0 e/ery sing+e )o)ent of our +i/es0 e/ery sing+e )o)ent of suffering. 7e cannot a++o. ourse+/es to be te)*ted by .hat )ight at first sight see) to be a )uch )ore a**ea+ing /ersion of eterna+ recurrenceB th t isB a recurring +ife that .ou+d inc+ude the desirab+e as*ects of our *resent +ife .hi+e +ea/ing out the undesirab+e ones' To gi/e in to such te)*tation .ou+d be to ris4 +osing e/erything that has been gained' To gi/e in to such te)*tationB - s%''estB .ou+d a++o. the suffering in our *resent +ife to begin to reassert its *sycho+ogica+ strang+eho+d. <e 6o%!d st "t to s!i. 4 ck into s%4H%' tion. <e 6o%!d ' in co(e to 4e do(in ted 4) o%" s%22e"in'. 7e Q/nd + 'e 5*R .ou+d s*end our ti)e trying to )ini)ize itB o" #oid itB o" a)e+iorate it0 or cure it' 7e .ou+d again beco)e s+a/es to it' 7o" the s (e "e sonB I do not thin4 it .i++ .or4 for us to acce*t eterna+ recurrence )ere+y because of one or a fe. grand )o)entsEfor the sa4e of .hich .e are .i++ing to to+erate the rest of our +i/es. > 'n%s ho!ds th t !! 6e need desi"e is the "et%"n o2 one .e k e0.e"ience.21 5his s%''ests th t o%" ttit%de to6 "d (%ch o2 o%" !i2eB e#en (ost o2 itB co%!d 4e one o2 to!e" tionB cce.t nceB o" indi22e"enceKit co%!d e#en 4e ne' ti#e. 3!! 6e need do is !o#e one '"e t (o(ent ndB 4ec %se !! (o(ents "e inte"connected AV -18 O5he $"%nken Son'O 10J <+ 1032GB th t then 6i!! "eL%i"e %s to cce.t !! (o(ents. 5his 6o%!d 4e (%ch e sie" th n ct% !!) !o#in' !! (o(ents o2 oneIs !i2eKe#e") sin'!e det i!. 5he ! tte" is 6h t is de( nded in /cce &o(oB 6hich s )s th t a)or fati )eans th t one D.ants nothing to be differentD nd th t 6e OQnRot (e"e!) 4e " 6h t is necess ") . . . 4%t !o#e itO A/& OC!e#e"O 10B e(.h sis dded Qe0ce.t to !o#eRG. 7e .ant Da Pes-saying .ithout reser/ation0 e/en to suffering' ' ' ' Nothing in e(istence )ay be subtracted0 nothing is dis*ensab+e ' ' 'D A/& O=5O 2G. If .e do not +o/e e/ery )o)ent of our *resent +ife for its o.n sa4e0 those )o)ents .e do not +o/e0 those )o)ents 6e cce.t 2o" the s ke o2 one '" nd (o(entB s%''estB .i++ 4e'in to .ear on us.22 7e .i++ begin to .ish .e did not ha/e to suffer through so )any of the)0 .e .i++ try to de/e+o* strategies for co*ing .ith the)0 .e .i++ .orry about the)0 they .i++ start to reassert the)se+/es0 they .i++ s+o.+y begin to do)inate us0 and *retty soon .e .i++ again be ens+a/ed by the)' @%" ttit%de to6 "d n) (o(ent c nnot 4e desi"e to #oid itB ch n'e itB o" "ed%ce itKo" it 6i!! ' in 4e'in to do(in te %s. -ndeedB in /cce &o(oB Nietzsche s )s th t he h d to dis.! ) O,%ssi n 2 t !is(.O &e did so 4) ten cio%s!) c!in'in' 2o" )e "s to !! 4%t into!e" 4!e sit% tionsB .! cesB . "t(entsB nd societ)B (e"e!) 4ec %se the) h ..ened to 4e 'i#en 4) ccident8 it 6 s 4ette" th n ch n'in' the(B th n 2ee!in' th t the) co%!d 4e ch n'edKth n "e4e!!in' ' inst the(. 3n) tte(.t to dist%"4 (e in this 2 t !is(B to 6 ken (e 4) 2o"ceB %sed to nno) (e (o"t !!)K nd it ct% !!) 6 s (o"t !!) d n'e"o%s e#e") ti(e. 3cce.tin' onese!2 s i2 2 tedB not 6ishin' onese!2 Odi22e"entOKth t is in s%ch c ses '"e t "e son itse!2. A/& O<iseO 6G /te"n ! "ec%""ence is n tte(.t to de ! 6ith (e nin'!ess s%22e"in'. -t is n tte(.t to do so th t co(.!ete!) "eHects n .."o ch to s%22e"in' th t s )sB LetIs i(."o#e the 6o"!dB !etIs ch n'e thin'sB +et8s .or4 ste* by ste* to re)o/e sufferingEthe /ie. of +ibera+s nd soci !ists .ho) Nietzsche so often rai+s against' If it is i)*ossib+e to significant+y reduce suffering in the .or+dB s Nietzsche thinks it isB then to )a4e it your goa+ to try to do so is to ens+a/e yourse+f to that suffering' Q/nd + 'e 58R

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T6 Her)
The *er)utation is i)*ossib+e , The creation of the fantasy .or+d of the # $ subsu)es the rea+ .or+d in .hich .e +i/e in destroying any chance at +ife affir)ation' Turan+i B A3)d nB +"o2 o2 $e. "t(ent o2 &%( nities nd Soci ! Sciences W -st n4%! 5echnic ! Dni#e"sit)B
ONietzsche nd the L te" <itt'enstein8 3n @22ense to the M%est 2o" 3nothe" <o"!dBO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 26 A55?63GB >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! 5he c" #in' 2o" 4so!%te!) 'ene" ! s.eci2ic tions "es%!ts in doin' (et .h)sics. Dn!ike <itt'ensteinB Nietzsche ."o#ides n cco%nt o2 ho6 this c" #in' "ises. The creation of the t.o .or+ds s%ch s .. "ent nd "e ! 6o"!dB conditioned nd %nconditioned 6o"!dB 4ein' nd 4eco(in' is the creation of the ressenti)ent o2 (et .h)sici ns. Nietzsche s )sB Oto i)agine another0 )ore /a+uab+e .or+d is an e(*ression of hatred for a .or+d that )a4es one suffer6 the ressenti)ent of )eta*hysicians against actua+ity is here creati/eD A<+ --- 5*9G. /sc .in' fro) this .or+d because there is grief in it resu+ts in asceticis). Q/nd + 'e 61R Haying res*ect to the ascetic idea+ is +onging for the .or+d that is *ure and denatura+ized' $ra/ing for friction+ess surfaces0 for a transcendenta+0 *ure0 true0 idea+0 *erfect .or+d0 is the resu+t of the ressenti)ent of )eta*hysicans .ho suffer in this .or+d' >et .h)sici ns do not 22i"( this 6o"!d s it isB nd this . #es the 6 ) 2o" ( n) e0.! n to") theo"ies in .hi!oso.h). -n c"iticizin' .hi!oso.he" 6ho . )s ho( 'e to the scetic ide !B Nietzsche s )sB Ohe 6 nts to esc .e 2"o( to"t%"eO AG> --6G. 5he t" dition ! .hi!oso.he" o" the scetic ."iest contin%es to "e.e tB OI>) kin'do( is not o2 this 6o"!dIO AG> --- 10G. This is +onging for another .or+d in 6hich one does not s%22e". -t is to esca*e fro) this .or+dA to create another i++usory0 fictitious0 fa+se .or+d' 5his !on'in' 2o" Othe t"%thO o2 6o"!d in .hich one does not suffer is the desire for a .or+d of constancy' -t is s%..osed th t cont" dictionB ch n'eB nd dece.tion "e the c %ses o2 s%22e"in'J in othe" 6o"dsB the senses decei#eJ it is 2"o( the senses th t !! (is2o"t%nes co(eJ "e son co""ects the e""o"sJ the"e2o"e "e son is the "o d to the const nt. -n s%(B this 6o"!d is n e""o"J the 6o"!d s it o%'ht to 4e e0ists. 5his 6i!! to t"%thB this -uest for another .or+d0 this desire for the .or+d as it ought to be0 is the resu+t of un*roducti/e thin4ing' It is un*roducti/e because it is the resu+t of a/oiding the creation of the .or+d as it ought to be' 3cco"din' to NietzscheB the 6i!! to t"%th is Othe i(.otence o2 the 6i!! to c"e teO A<+ --- 585G. Meta*hysicians end u* .ith the creation of the DtrueD .or+d in contrast to the actua+0 changeab+e0 dece*ti/e0 se+f-contradictory .or+d' They try to disco/er the true0 transcendenta+ .or+d that is a+ready there rather than creating a .or+d for the)se+/es . 7o" NietzscheB on the othe" h ndB the t" nscendent ! 6o"!d is the Oden t%" !ized 6o"!dO A<+ --- 586G. 5he 6 ) o%t o2 the ci"c!e c"e ted 4) the "essenti(ent o2 (et .h)sici ns is the 6i!! to !i2e " the" th n the 6i!! to t"%th. 5he 6i!! to t"%th c n 4e o#e"co(e on!) th"o%'h $ion)si n "e! tionshi. to e0istence. 5his is the 6 ) to ne6 .hi!oso.h)B 6hich in <itt'ensteinIs te"(s i(s Oto sho6 the 2!) the 6 ) o%t o2 the 2!)?4ott!eO A+- `309G.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

42 Trade-Off D

T6 Her)
The Lshou+dK -uestion of the affir)ati/e are )utua++y e(c+usi/e .ith the a+t , These *o+icies are another atte)*t to )o+d e(istence to *erfection Nietzsche #??9 A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B 56i!i'ht o2 the -do!sB 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B 3$8 */9/09G H! Let us 2in !!) consider ho. nai/e it is !to'ethe" to say6 DMan ought to be such and suchNO ,e !it) sho6s %s n ench ntin' 6e !th o2 t).esB the 4%nd nce o2 ! #ish .! ) nd ch n'e o2 2o"(s ?? nd so(e 6"etched !o 2e" o2 (o" !ist co((ents8 ONoN Man ought to be different.O Ie e/en 4no.s .hat )an shou+d be +i4e0 this .retched bigot and *rig6 he *aints hi)se+f on the .a++ and co))ents0 D=cce ho)oND QE4eho!d the ( nF ?? t" dition !!) s id o2 Ch"istR Fut e/en .hen the )ora+ist dd"esses hi(se!2 on!) to the sin'!e h%( n 4ein' nd says to hi(B OPou ought to be such and suchND he does not cease to )a4e hi)se+f ridicu+ous' The sing+e hu)an being is a *iece of fatu) fro) the front to bac40 one +a. )ore0 one necessity )ore for a++ that is yet to co)e and to be' To say to hi(B O$hange yourse+fND is to de)and that e/erything be changedB e#en "et"o cti#e!). 3nd indeed the"e h #e 4een consistent (o" !ists 6ho 6 nted ( n to 4e di22e"entB th t isB #i"t%o%s ?? the) 6 nted hi( "e( de in thei" o6n i( 'eB s ."i'8 to th t endB the) ne' ted the 6o"!dN No s( !! ( dnessN No (odest kind o2 i((odest)N Mora+ityB inso2 " s it conde)ns for its o.n sa4e0 and not out of regard for the conce"nsB conside" tionsB nd cont"i# nces o2 +ifeB is s.eci2ic e""o" 6ith 6hich one o%'ht to h #e no .it) ?? n idios)nc" s) o2 de'ene" tes 6hich h s c %sed i((e s%" 4!e h "(.

fir) stance is 4ey .ith these issues , the *er) gi/es into the herd instinct that +ac4s thoughtfu+ness and true ad/ocacy Nietzsche #??2 A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B 5he G ) ScienceB 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B 3$8 */9/09G H! 3 2i"( "e.%t tion.K fir) re*utation used to be e(tre)e+y usefu+J nd .here/er society is sti!! do)inated by the herd instinct it is sti++ )ost e(*edient for e/ery one to *retend that his character and occu*ation are unchangeab+e0Ke#en i2 t 4otto( the) "e not. O@ne c n de.end on hi(B he "e( ins the s (eO8Kin !! e0t"e(ities o2 societ) this is the so"t o2 ." ise th t (e ns the (ost. 2ociety is *+eased to fee+ that the /irtue of this *erson0 the (4ition o2 th t oneB nd the thoughtfu+ness and *assion of the third *ro/ide it .ith a de*endab+e instru)ent th t is !6 )s t h ndBKit hono"s this inst"%(ent ! n t%"eB this 6 ) o2 "e( inin' 2 ith2%! to onese!2B this unchangeabi+ity of /ie.s0 as*irations0 and e/en fau+ts and +a/ishes its highest honors u*on it' 2uch estee)0 .hich f+ourishes and has f+ourished e/ery.here a+ongside the )ora+ity of )ores0 breeds DcharacterD and brings a++ change0 a++ re-+earning0 a++ se+ftransfor)ation into i++ re*ute. &o6e#e" '"e t the d# nt 'es o2 this 6 ) o2 thinkin' ( ) 4e e!se6he"eB 2o" the se "ch 2te" kno6!ed'e no 'ene" ! H%d'(ent co%!d 4e (o"e h "(2%!B 2o" ."ecise!) the 'ood 6i!! o2 those 6ho seek kno6!ed'e to dec! "e the(se!#es t n) ti(e d %nt!ess!) ' inst thei" ."e#io%s o.inions nd to (ist"%st e#e")thin' th t 6ishes to 4eco(e 2i"( in %sBKis th%s conde(ned nd 4"o%'ht into i!! "e.%te. =ein' t odds 6ith O 2i"( "e.%t tionBO the ttit%de o2 those 6ho seek kno6!ed'e is conside"ed dishono" 4!e 6hi!e the .et"i2ic tion o2 o.inions is cco"ded (ono.o!) on hono"8K%nde" the s.e!! o2 s%ch notions 6e h #e to !i#e to this d )N &o6 h "d it is to !i#e 6hen one 2ee!s the o..osition o2 ( n) (i!!enni !! "o%ndN -t is ."o4 4!e th t the se "ch 2te" kno6!ed'e 6 s 22!icted 2o" ( n) (i!!enni 6ith 4 d conscienceB nd th t the histo") o2 the '"e test s.i"its (%st h #e cont ined 'ood de ! o2 se!2?conte(.t nd sec"et (ise").

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Lab

4B Trade-Off D

T6 +t X Qio+ence
#' Turn , Qio+ence is on+y a condition that e(ists because of a *ercei/ed i)*erfection in the .or+d' 2tate sanctioned /io+ence is the *roduct of a .i++ to contro+ the .or+d and e+i)inate a++ difference instead of e)bracing disorder , That1s 2aurette' 2' Turn , Qa+ue to +ife out.eighs , e/en if the resu+t of the a+ternati/e is suffering0 the abi+ity to acce*t that suffering is .hat1s ab+e to re+ease us fro) the *sycho+ogica+ strang+e ho+d that suffering has o/er us as sorro. , that1s Kain' B' Ne. Lin4 , This *ro/es the inabi+ity to acce*t the suffering in +ife by de*icting our a+t as undesirab+e because of i)*erfections , Kain says these i)*erfections are ine/itab+e and that re3ecting that tragedy in +ife *ut us bac4 at s-uare one 4' Turn - Qio+ence is on+y a *roduct of s+a/e )ora+ity and the atte)*ts to contro+ disorder in the .or+d , the a+ternati/e is a re3ection of this )inset De+euze :4 AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB $ese"t -s! nds nd @the" 5e0tsB ..
119B 3$8 */9/09G H! 5his o"i'in ! de.thB Yarathoustra8s ce+ebrated height-de*th0 )ust be na)ed the .i++ to *o.er . @2 co%"seB >". =i" %!t 2i'%"ed o%t ho6 6e (%st %nde"st nd the te"( O6i!! to .o6e".O -tIs not 6 ntin' to !i#eB 4ec %se ho6 co%!d 6h te#e" !i2e is 6 nt to !i#eT It8s not a desire for do)ination eithe"B because ho. cou+d .hate/er it is that do)inates desire to do)inate5 V " tho%st" s )s8 OThe desire to do)inate6 no. .ho .ou+d ca++ that a desire5D The .i++ to *o.erB thenB is not a .i++ that .ants *o.er or .ants to do)inate' 2uch an inter*retation .ou+d indeed ha/e t.o disad/antages . -2 the 6i!! to .o6e" (e nt 6 ntin' .o6e"B it .ou+d c+ear+y de*end on +ong estab+ished /a+ues0 such as honor0 )oney0 or socia+ inf+uence0 since these /a+ues deter)ine the attribution and recognition of *o.er as an ob3ect of desire and .i++' nd this *o.er .hich the .i++ desired cou+d be obtained on+y by thro.ing itse+f into the strugg+e or fight . >o"e to the .ointB 6e sk8 6ho 6 nts s%ch .o6e"T .ho .ants to do)inateT +"ecise!) those .ho) Nietzsche ca++s s+a/es and the .ea4. < ntin' .o6e" is the i( 'e o2 the 6i!! to .o6e" 6hich the i(.otent in#ent 2o" the(se!#es. Nietzsche !6 )s s 6 in st"%''!eB in 2i'htin'B (e ns o2 se!ection th t 6o"ked in "e#e"seB t%"nin' to the d# nt 'e o2 s! #es nd he"ds. 5his is one o2 NietzscheIs '"e t o4se"# tions8 O5he st"on' (%st 4e de2ended H%st !ike the 6e k.O Ce"t in!)B in the desi"e to do(in teB in the i( 'e o2 the 6i!! to .o6e" 6hich the i(.otent in#ent 2o" the(se!#esB 6e disco#e" 6i!! to .o6e"8 4%t t its !o6est !e#e!. 5he 6i!! to .o6e" h s its hi'hest !e#e! in n intense o" intensi#e 2o"(B 6hich is neithe" co#etin' no" t kin'B 4%t 'i#in'B c"e tin'. -ts t"%e n (eB s )s V " tho%st" B is the #i"t%e th t 'i#es.4 3nd the ( sk is the (ost 4e %ti2%! 'i2tB sho6in' the 6i!! to .o6e" s .! stic 2o"ceB s the hi'hest .o6e" o2 "t. Ho.er is not .hat the .i++ .ants0 but that .hich .ants in .i+!B th t is to s )B $ion)sos.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

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44 Trade-Off D

T6 +t X Qio+ence
"' Turn , ressenti)ent authorizes +i)it+ess /io+ence as an atte)*t to correct the i)*erfections of our e(istence De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 118?
119B 3$8 */9/09G H! The i)*utation of .rongs0 the distribution of res*onsibi+ities0 *er*etua+ accusation . 3!! this "e.! ces ''"ession. OThe aggressi/e *athos be+ongs 3ust as necess "i!) to st"en'th s /engefu+ness nd " nco%" be+ong to .ea4nessO A/& - * .. 232G. Conside"in' ' in s "i'htB conside"in' it "i'ht to ."o2it 2"o( ctions th t he does not .e"2o"(B the )an of ressenti)ent brea4s out in bitter re*roaches as soon as his e(*ectations are disa**ointed' nd ho. cou+d they not be disa**ointed0 since frustration and re/enge are the a *rioris of ressenti)ent5 O-t is )o%" 2 %!t i2 no one !o#es (eB it is )o%" 2 %!t i2 -I#e 2 i!ed in !i2e nd !so )o%" 2 %!t i2 )o% 2 i! in )o%"sB )o%" (is2o"t%nes nd (ine "e eL% !!) )o%" 2 %!t.O &e"e 6e "edisco#e" the d"e d2%! 2e(inine .o6e" o2 "essenti(ent8 it is not content to deno%nce c"i(es nd c"i(in !sB it 6 nts sinne"sB .eo.!e 6ho "e "es.onsi4!e. 7e can guess .hat the creature of ressenti)ent .ants6 he .ants others to be e/i+0 he needs others to be e/i+ in order to be ab+e to consider hi)se+f good' :o% "e e#i!B the"e2o"e ( 'oodJ this is the s! #eIs 2%nd (ent ! 2o"(%! B it e0."esses the ( in .oint o2 "essenti(ent 2"o( the t).o!o'ic ! .oint o2 #ie6B it s%(( "ises nd 4"in's to'ethe" !! the ."ecedin' ch " cte"istics. This 2o"(%! )ust be co)*ared .ith that of the )aster6 I a) good0 therefore you are e/i+. 5he difference bet.een the t.o )easures the re/o+t of the s+a/e and his triu)*h6 DThis in/ersion of the /a+ue*ositing eye ' ' ' is of the essence of ressenti)ent6 in order to e(ist0 s+a/e )ora+ity a+.ays first needs a hosti+e .or+d O AG> 1 10 ... 36?3*G. The s+a/e needs0 to set the other u* as e/i+ fro) the outset.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

4" Trade-Off D

T6 Qio+ence
Turn , Qio+ence is co)*+icit in a negati/e .i++ to *o.er , the *rocess of security in/o+/es *urging the .or+d of a++ difference' Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B
NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H! Nietzsche t" ns# !%es 4oth &o44esIs nd > "0Is inte"."et tions o2 sec%"it) th"o%'h 'ene !o') o2 (odes o2 4ein'. &is )ethod is not to unco/er so)e dee* )eaning or /a+ue for security0 but to destabi+ize the into+erab+e fictiona+ identities of the *ast .hich ha/e been created out of fear0 and to affir) the creati/e differences .hich )ight yie+d ne. /a+ues for the future. 33 @"i'in tin' in the . " do0ic ! "e! tionshi. o2 contin'ent !i2e nd ce"t in de thB the histo") o2 sec%"it) "e ds 2o" Nietzsche s n 4ne' tionB "esent(ent ndB 2in !!)B t" nscendence o2 this . " do0. -n 4"ie2B the history is one o2 indi/idua+s see4ing an i)*ossib+e security fro) the (ost radica+ DotherD of +ife0 the terror of death .hich0 once 'ene" !ized nd n tion !ized0 triggers a futi+e cyc+e of co++ecti/e identities see4ing security fro) a+ien others--.ho are see4ing si)i+ar+y i)*ossib+e guarantees' -t is sto") o2 di22e"ences t kin' on the othe"ness o2 de thB nd identities c !ci2)in' into 2e "2%! s (eness ' Since Nietzsche h s s%22e"ed the '"e test ne'!ect in inte"n tion ! theo")B his "einte"."et tion o2 sec%"it) 6i!! "ecei#e (o"e e0tensi#e t"e t(ent he"e. @ne (%st 4e'in 6ith NietzscheIs ide o2 the 6i!! to .o6e"B 6hich he c!e "!) 4e!ie#ed to 4e ."io" to nd 'ene" ti#e o2 !! conside" tions o2 sec%"it). -n =e)ond Good nd /#i! B he e(.h tic !!) est 4!ishes the ."i( c) o2 the 6i!! to .o6e"8 OHhysio+ogists shou+d thin4 before *utting do.n the instinct of se+f*reser/ation as the cardina+ instinct of an organic being' +i/ing thing see4s abo/e a++ to discharge its strength--+ife itse+f is .i++ to *o.erA se!2?."ese"# tion is on!) one o2 the (ost 2"eL%ent "es%!ts.O 34 5he 6i!! to .o6e"B thenB sho%!d not 4e con2%sed 6ith &o44esi n .e".et% ! desi"e 2o" .o6e". -t c nB in its ne' ti#e 2o"(B ."od%ce "e cti#e nd "esent2%! !on'in' 2o" on!) .o6e"B !e din'B in NietzscheIs #ie6B to t"i%(.h o2 nihi!is(. =%t Nietzsche "e2e"s to a *ositi/e .i++ to *o.er0 an acti/e and affecti/e force of beco)ing0 fro) .hich /a+ues and )eanings--inc+uding se+f-*reser/ation--are *roduced .hich affir) +ife' $on/entions of security act to su**ress " the" th n con2"ont the fears ende)ic to +ifeB 2o" O. . . +ife itse+f is essentia++y a**ro*riation0 in3ury0 o/er*o.ering of .hat is a+ien and .ea4erA su**ression0 hardness0 i)*osition of one8s o.n for)s0 incor*oration and at +east0 at its )i+dest0 e(*+oitation--but .hy shou+d one a+.ays use those .ords in .hich s+anderous intent has been i)*rinted for ages .O 35 /!se6he"e Nietzsche est 4!ishes the .e"# si#eness o2 'onis( in !i2e8 O+ife is a conse-uence of .ar0 society itse+f a )eans to .ar'D 36 Fut the denia+ of this *er)anent condition0 the effort to disguise it .ith a consensua+ rationa+ity or to hide fro) it .ith a fictiona+ so/ereignty0 are a++ effects of this su**ression of fear' The desire for security is )anifested as a co++ecti/e resent)ent of difference--that .hich is not us0 not certain0 not *redictab+e. $o)*+icit .ith a negati/e .i++ to *o.er is the fear-dri/en desire for *rotection fro) the un4no.n' <n+i4e the *ositi/e .i++ to *o.er0 .hich *roduces an aesthetic affir)ation of difference0 the search for truth *roduces a truncated +ife .hich confor)s to the rationa++y 4no.ab+e0 to the causa++y sustainab+e. -n 5he G ) Science B Nietzsche sks o2 the "e de"8 OLoo40 isn8t our need for 4no.+edge *recise+y this need for the fa)i+iar0 the .i++ to unco/er e/erything strange0 unusua+0 and -uestionab+e0 so)ething that no +onger disturbs us5 Is it not the instinct of fear that bids us to 4no.5 nd is the 3ubi+ation of those .ho obtain 4no.+edge not the 3ubi+ation o/er the restoration of a sense of securityTO 3*

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

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4% Trade-Off D

T6 Pou X Io+ocaust
rgu)ents that .e cause the ho+ocaust are inte++ectua++y dishonest , the ho+ocaust .as a resu+t of the s+a/e )ora+ity .e criticize Gu*ta # A3k shB ho!! nd nd kni'ht ch "it 4!e 2o%nd tionB O2001 &o!oc %st ,e(e(4" nce +"oHectBO
htt.8//ho!oc %st.hk! 6.co(/ess )s/2001/2001?11.ht(B 3$8 */9/09G H! 3s the Nazi "e'i(e o2 Ge"( n) 2o!!o6ed Nietzsches fa/ored Dnob+e )ora+ityD or nihi+is)0 it see)s as though the Ger)an citizens the)se+/es fo++o.ed the Ds+a/e )ora+ityD .hich Nietzsche denounced . 2+a/e )ora+ity is based u*on /a+ues taught to *eo*+e as they gro. u*. ccording to Nietzsche0 these /a+ues are unfounded and DTo ad)it a be+ief )ere+y because it is a custo) 4%t th t (e ns to be dishonest0 co.ard+y0 +azyNO 5he ntiSe(itic 4e!ie2s th t h d 4een "ooted in Ge"( n) took c%sto( in Ge"( n) 4ec %se o2 .o.%! " o.inion. 5he ."o. ' nd o2 3do!2 &it!e" c .ti# ted the ( sses nd c"e ted .o.%! tion o2 %ni2o"( 4e!ie2s 6he"e .eo.!e consented to N zi ctions. The Ger)an *ub+ic beca)e a s+a/e to Iit+ers regi)e as Nazi actions .ent un-uestioned' This s+a/ery .as on+y *ossib+e because of the *o*u+ations be+ief that they did not o.n )ora+ res*onsibi+ity for the actions of Nazi Ger)any'

The ho+ocaust .as a resu+t of ressenti)ent and the Nazi 2tates hatred of a chaotic .or+d beyond contro+ Heachy B A+ %!B Senio" Lect%"e" D C "di22 DB E+@S5?S@1-/5 S@C-/5-/S8
C&3D1-N-S> @, C35&3,S-STBF > "ch 30B htt.8//666.c"#..o"'/4ook/Se"ies04/-13?*/ch .te"ai0.ht(B 3$8 */9/09G H!
,esent(ents ' inst > "0ist?Leninist "%!e h #e !on' s(o!de"ed in the So#iet ! nds. G"ie# nces "e co(.!e0B ."o2o%ndB nd # "ied nd h #e h stened the 4"e k%. o2 the o!d Dnion. 5o "e2e" to those '"ie# ncesB - sh !! %se the o"i'in !B (o"e "o4%stB 7"ench te"(B

ressenti)entB o"i'in !!) *ro*osed s technic ! te"( in nothe" conte0t 4) 7"ied"ich NietzscheB nd ! te" "e2ined 4) > 0 Sche!e". 5he ! tte" %sed the te"( e "!) in the ."esent cent%") to refer to dee*+y re*ressed De)otions and affects ' ' ' CofJ re/enge0 hatred0 )a+ice0 en/y0 the i)*u+se to distract0 and s*ite'D 6 =oth the conce.t nd the condition to 6hich it "e2e"s dese"#e '"e te" s.eci2ic tion th n is .ossi4!e he"e. -n n) c seB ressenti)ent consists of dee*-seated and *ersistent rancor and thirst for re/enge . 5he So#iet
"e'i(e o"i'in !!) seized cont"o! o2B nd e0tendedB the (%!ti?n tion !B cz "ist e(.i"e. 5he non?,%ssi n .eo.!es in the Dnion 6e"e th%s do%4!)?)oked 4) 4oth n ideo!o'ic !!) !ien nd n i(.e"i ! "%!e. -n his . .e" Ach .te" - 4o#eGB Ghi Nodi notes one s.eci2ic di(ension o2 the "es%!tin' t" %( B n (e!) the !oss inc%""ed in se#ent)?)e " inte""%.tion in the histo"ic ! de#e!o.(ent o2 .eo.!es o2 the 2o"(e" Dnion. =%t 4e)ond the se#ent)?)e " !ossB OCo((%nist "%!e does not ."o#ide n)thin' %se2%! to 4e ke.t in the .e"iod o2 t" nsition to (ode"nit) nd !e #es 2te" itse!2 kind o2 soci ! dese"t. 5he"e is nothin' "e ! on 6hich n tte(.t to 4%i!d (ode"n APde(oc" ticBI P2"ee ( "ketBI etc.BG societ) ( ) 4e 4 sed.O 5his cont" stsB in his #ie6B 6ith (ode"niz tion e!se6he"e th t Oocc%""ed on the 4 sis o2 e!e(ents 6hich e(e"'ed in t" dition ! societies.O -nste dB 2o"(e"!) So#iet societies Oc n on!) 4e 2o%nded on ide s8 "eco!!ection o2 n tion ! . st nd i(it tin' ."e?'i#en (ode!sO A."es%( 4!)B othe" !"e d)?(ode"n societiesG. M%estions ( ) 4e " ised "e' "din' so s6ee.in' #e"dictB tho%'h Nodi ."es%( 4!) "e2e"s s.eci2ic !!) to the s !ient 2e t%"es o2 the co((%nist s)ste(B " the" th n to the 6ho!e !i2e o2 the e" . -n n) c seB the de(oc" tic ene"'ies no6 e0.!odin' in the 2o"(e" So#iet s.he"e h d 4een '"o6in' 2o" dec des 4ene th the So#iet 4%"den. >ikh i! Go"4 che# did not si(.!) 2 !! %n nno%nced 2"o( the sk)B 2 ct th t he "eco'nized 2"o( the o%tset. -n th t senseB (ode"niz tion in the So#iet s.he"eB s (ode"niz tion in the <est e "!ie"B Oocc%""ed on the 4 sis o2 e!e(ents th t e(e"'edO in the e0istin' societ). -n the endB tho%'h ckno6!ed'e(ent o2 .ositi#e chie#e(ents d%"in' the So#iet e" is . "t o2 the he !in' ."ocessB %ns.e k 4!e t" %( "e( insB nd in so(e "es.ects "ec%"s. Nico Ch #ch # dzeB he d o2 the -nstit%te o2 +hi!oso.h) in the Geo"'i n 3c de() o2 SciencesB on his 2i"st #isit to the Dnited St tes in 1989B st ted .%4!ic!) th t (o" ! "ene6 ! (%st ."ecede n) .o!itic ! "e4i"th in 6h t then 6 s sti!! the So#iet Dnion. S%4seL%ent Geo"'i n t%"(oi! ..e "s to con2i"( his ssess(ent. No" is it (e"e!) o" ."i( "i!) Geo"'i n ."o4!e(. ,e.o"ts o%t o2 Czechos!o# ki B 2o" e0 (.!eB indic te ne6 nd .e"sistin' 2o"(s o2 dist"%stB "ec"i(in tionB nd "e#en'eB des.ite the no4i!it) o2 s.i"it "tic%! ted 4) 1 c! # & #e!B the dissident t%"ned ."esident.* C35&3,-S @,

C&3D1-N-S>T $an the )onstrous .ounds of the 2o/iet eraB indeed o2 this cent%") 'ene" !!) the .ars0 the gu+ags0 the genocide0 the recri)inations0 the ressenti)ent0 be abso+/ed5 -n this "e' "dB the Ce6ish ho+ocaust has often been treated0 as it .ere0 *rototy*ica++y' /!ie <iese!B hi(se!2 s%"#i#o"B h s e(.h sizedB th t the
#icti(s o2 th t o4scenit) "e in so(e sense doo(ed to si!ence. <hen 6e s.e kB <iese! o4se"#esB 6e desc"i4e 4) (e ns o2 co(. "ison. 3n e#entB hithe"to %nkno6nB is e0.! ined in te"(s o2 nothe" o2 6hich 6e h #e so(e kno6!ed'e. =%t the &o!oc %st is s%i 'ene"isB 4e)ond n)thin' co(. " 4!e. <iese! 6"ites8 O=) its %niL%eness the &o!oc %st de2ies !ite" t%"e.8

If obscenities0 such as the Ce6ish ho+ocaust or the trau)as of the 2o/iet era0 defy our co))unicab+e gras*0 abso+ution of the resu+ting ressenti)ent )ay be si)i+ar+y handica**ed . <itho%t ."es%(in' to "eso!#e the conce.t% ! ."o4!e(B - he"e e(.!o) t6o Osho"th ndO te"(s8 ch %#inis(B 2o" the #entin' o2 ressenti)ent in *re-*o+itica+ ethnic nationa+is)J c th "is for abso+ution and hea+ing.

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T6 Pou X Io+ocaust
Their )isinter*retation of Nietzschean thought is .hat causes atrocities , Our de*+oy)ent of the a+ternati/e resu+ts in the abi+ity to -uestion the +ogic behind the ho+ocaust and other for)s of .ides*read /io+ence De+euze :4 AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB $ese"t -s! nds nd @the" 5e0tsB ..
256?25*B 3$8 */9/09G H! O...5he) sho6 %. !ike destin)B 6itho%t c %se o" "e sonB 6itho%t conside" tion o" ."ete0tB the"e the) "e 6ith the s.eed o2 !i'htnin'B too te""i4!eB too s%ddenB too conL%e"in'B too othe" e#en to 4e n o4Hect o2 h t"ed...O 5his is NietzscheIs 2 (o%s te0t on the 2o%nde"s o2 St tesB Othose "tists 6ith e)es o2 4"onzeO A5he Gene !o') o2 >o" !sB --B 1*G. @" is it K 2k B 6"itin' 5he G"e t < !! o2 Chin T. O-tIs i(.ossi4!e to %nde"st nd ho6 the) ( de it !! the 6 ) to the c .it !B 6hich is nonethe!ess L%ite 2 " 2"o( the 2"ontie". =%t the"e the) "eB nd e#e") (o"nin' see(s to inc"e se thei" n%(4e". Q...R -(.ossi4!e to con#e"se 6ith the(. 5he) donIt kno6 o%" ! n'% 'e. Q...R /#en thei" ho"ses "e (e t?e te"sNO4 <e!! thenB 6h t - ( s )in' is th t te0ts !ike these "e t" #e"sed 4) (o#e(ent 6hich co(es 2"o( the o%tsideB 6hich does not 4e'in in the . 'e o2 the 4ookB no" in the ."ecedin' . 'esB 6hich does not 2it in the 2" (e o2 the 4ookB nd 6hich is tot !!) di22e"ent 2"o( the i( 'in ") (o#e(ent o2 "e."esent tions o" the 4st" ct (o#e(ent o2 conce.ts s the) "e 6ont to t ke .! ce th"o%'h 6o"ds nd in the "e de"Is he d. So(ethin' !e .s 2"o( the 4ookB ( kin' cont ct 6ith .%"e o%tside. -t is thisB - 4e!ie#eB 6hich 2o" NietzscheIs 6o"k is the "i'ht to (isinte"."et. 3n .ho"is( is .! ) o2 2o"cesB st te o2 2o"ces 6hich "e !6 )s e0te"io" to one nothe". n a*horis) doesn8t )ean anything0 it signifies nothing0 and no )ore has a signifier than a signified' 5hose 6o%!d 4e 6 )s o2 "esto"in' te0tIs inte"io"it). 3n .ho"is( is st te o2 2o"cesB the ! st o2 6hichB (e nin' t once the (ost "ecentB the (ost ct% !B nd the ."o#ision !?%!ti( teB is the (ost e0te"n !. Nietzsche .osits it L%ite c!e "!)8 i2 )o% 6 nt to kno6 6h t - (e nB 2ind the 2o"ce th t 'i#es 6h t - s ) (e nin'B nd ne6 (e nin' i2 need 4e. &ook the te0t %. to this 2o"ce. -n this 6 )B the"e "e no ."o4!e(s o2 inte"."et tion 2o" NietzscheB there are on!) *rob+e)s of )achining6 to )achine Nietzsche8s te(t0 to 2ind o%t 6hich ct% ! e0te"n ! 2o"ce 6i!! 'et so(ethin' th"o%'hB !ike c%""ent o2 ene"'). In this res*ect0 .e co)e across the *rob+e) raised by so(e o2 NietzscheIs te0ts 6hich h #e fascist or anti-2e)itic resonance... 3nd since 6e "e disc%ssin' Nietzsche tod )B 6e (%st ckno6!ed'e th t he h s ins.i"ed nd ins.i"es sti!! ( n) )o%n' 2 scist. 5he"e 6 s ti(e 6hen it 6 s i(.o"t nt to sho6 ho6 Nietzsche 6 s %sedB t6istedB nd co(.!ete!) disto"ted 4) the 2 scists. 5his 6 s done in the "e#%e 3ce.h !eB 6ith Ce n < h!B = t i!!eB nd K!osso6ski. 5od )B ho6e#e"B this is .e"h .s no !on'e" the ."o4!e(. -t is not t the !e#e! o2 the te0t th t 6e (%st 2i'ht. Not 4ec %se 6e "e inc . 4!e o2 2i'htin' t th t !e#e!B 4%t 4ec %se s%ch 2i'ht is no !on'e" %se2%!. , the"B .e )ust find0 assign0 3oin those e(terna+ forces .hich gi/e to any *articu+ar Nietzschean *hrase its +iberating )eaning0 its sense of e(teriority' It is at the +e/e+ of )ethod that the -uestion of Nietzsche8s re/o+utionary character is raised6 it is the Nietzschean )ethod that )a4es Nietzsche8s te(t not so)ething about .hich .e ha/e to as46 Dis this fascist0 bourgeois0 or re/o+utionary in itse+f5DKbut a fie+d of e(teriority .here fascist0 bourgeois0 and re/o+utionary forces confront one another' 3nd i2 6e .ose the ."o4!e( in this 6 )B the ns6e" th t necess "i!) con2o"(s 6ith the (ethod is8 2ind the "e#o!%tion ") 2o"ce A6ho is s%.e"( nTG !6 )s c !!in' on ne6 2o"ces 6hich co(e 2"o( the e0te"io"B nd 6hich t" #e"se nd inte"sect 6ith the Nietzsche n te0t in the 2" (e o2 the .ho"is(. There is your +egiti)ate )isinter*retation6 to treat the a*horis) +i4e a *heno)enon a.aiting ne. forces that .i++ Dsub3ugateD it or )a4e it .or4 or e(*+ode'

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T6 Nazis)
2i( reasons .hy Nietzsche o**osed Nazis) Po/e+ 2 C& ns Con s +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) :i"(i) h%B NietzscheB God2 the" o2 7 scis(T8 @n the Dses nd
34%ses o2 +hi!oso.h)B ENietzsche cont" < 'ne" on the Ce6sF ed. 4) C co4 Go!o(4B ,o4e"t So!o(on <ist"ichB Goo'!e =ooksB 3$8 */9/09G H! =%t e#en 6itho%t conside"in' .s)cho!o')B the"e "e s%22icient .hi!oso.hic ! '"o%nds 2o" NietzscheIs cti#e do.tion o2 nti? nti?Se(itis(. 5he nti?Se(itic (o#e(ent cont ined nd hei'htened (ost o2 the dec dent e!e(ents in (ode"n c%!t%"e th t Nietzsche8s *hi+oso*hy set out to co)bat8 #' nti-2e)itis) s ( ss (o#e(ent .as seen by Nietzsche as /u+gar0 ideo+ogica+0 a ne. for) of Ds+ay )ora+ityD re*resentati/e of the herd' 2' nti-2e)itis) .as a *o*u+ar neurosis0 affecting .ea4 *eo*+e .ho +ac4ed e(istentia+ *o.er and se+fconfidence' B' nti-2e)itis)B es.eci !!) in Ge"( n)B ser/ed to reinforce the Second ,eich nd the cu+t of the stateB 6hich NietzscheB Othe ! st Dn.o!itic ! Ge"( nBO h d deno%nced s O Ne6 -do!.O 4' nti-2e)itis) .as !so a +ubricant of Ger)an nationa+is)0 .hich the ( t%"e Nietzsche o**osed (ost insistent!) Atho%'hG he did so O2"o( the "i'htOG. "' nti-2e)itis) !so de*ended on racis)0 .hich Nietzsche8s *hi+oso*hy re3ected as a /a+ue distinction a)ong grou*sB tho%'h he 3d %se " ce s desc"i.ti#e c te'o"). Nietzsche fa/ored the )i(ing of races 6ithin the ne6 /%"o.e he en#is 'ed. %' t the root of anti-2e)itis) +ay a co))on genea+ogica+ structure of fear0 insecurity0 e(istentia+ .ea4ness0 and0 4o#e !!B ressenti)ent ( !i'n nt " nco" ' inst the (ent !!) .o6e"2%! nd se!2? 22i"(in'B as .e++ as the hatred to.ard the other as a *recondition for se+festee) . 5he "do" o2 the nti?Se(ite conce !s his o" he" dee. insec%"it)8 he does not st "t 6ith the ce!e4" to") 22i"( tion o2 his o6n 4ein'B 4%t 6ith the ne' tion o2 she othe" 4) 6hich !one the nti? Se(ite ."o#es 4!e to "e 22i"( his o6n se!2K6hich he does in n o#e"4!o6nB e(.t)B nd ""o' nt ( nne". Nietzsche8s four negationsKthose o2 n tion !is(B " cis(B nti?Se(itis(B nd the c%!t o2 the st teK !so e(*+ain .hy he .as bound a ha/e o**osed fascis) and Nazis)0 !tho%'h the( ideo!o'ies s%ccess2%!!) ( ni.%! ted his .hi!oso.h) 2o" thei" de#io%s .%".oses.

Nietzsche des*ised anti-2e)itis) , it sho.ed the ressenti)ent and herd )enta+ity in =uroe De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 25?2*B
3$8 */8/09G H! <e 6i!! h #e to "et%"n to those 2 (o%s . ss 'es 6he"e Nietzsche conside"s the C%d is( o2 the Ce6ish ."iest. 5he) h #e o2ten ."od%ced the (ost d%4io%s inte"."et tions. 7e 4no. that the Nazis had a)biguous re+ations .ith Nietzsche8s .or46 (4i'%o%s 4ec %se they +i4ed to a**ea+ to it but cou+d not do so .ithout )uti+ating -uotations0 fa+sifying editions and banning i)*ortant te(ts . @n the othe" h ndB Nietzsche hi(se!2 did not h #e (4i'%o%s "e! tions 6ith the =is( "cki n "e'i(eB sti!! !ess 6ith + n? Ge"( nis( nd nti?se(itis(. &e des*ised nd h ted the)8 ODo not associate .ith anyone .ho is i)*+icated in this sha)e+ess racia+ hoa(. O 1* 3nd the c"i de coe%"B B O=%tB 2in !!)B 6h t do )o% think - 2ee! 6hen the n (e o2 V " th%st" co(es 2"o( the (o%ths o2 nti?se(itesNOO -n o"de" to %nde"st nd the sense o2 Nietzsche n "e2!ections on C%d is( it (%st 4e "ec !!ed th t the OCe6ish L%estionO h d 4eco(eB in the &e'e!i n schoo!B di !ectic ! the(e . " e0ce!!ence. Nietzsche t kes %. the L%estion once ' in 4%t cco"din' to his o6n (ethod. &e sks8 ho6 is the ."iest constit%ted in the histo") o2 the Ce6ish .eo.!eT Dnde" 6h t conditions is he constit%ted K conditions 6hich 6i!! ."o#e decisi#e 2o" the 6ho!e o2 /%"o.e n histo")T Nothing is )ore stri4ing than Nietzsche8s ad)iration for the Kings of Israe+ and the O+d Testa)ent .I 9 5he Ce6ish ."o4!e( is the s (e s the ."o4!e( o2 the constit%tion o2 the ."iest in this 6o"!d o2 -s" e!8 this is the t"%e t).o!o'ic ! ."o4!e(. 5his is 6h) Nietzsche is so insistent on the 2o!!o6in' .oint8 - ( the in#ento" o2 the .s)cho!o') o2 the ."iest A/& --- G>G. -t is t"%e th t the"e "e " ci ! conside" tions in Nietzsche. =%t " ce on!) e#e" inte"#enes s n e!e(ent in c"oss4"eedin'B s 2 cto" in co(.!e0 6hich is .h)sio!o'ic ! 4%t !so .s)cho!o'ic !B .o!itic !B histo"ic ! nd soci !. S%ch co(.!e0 is e0 ct!) 6h t Nietzsche c !!s t).e. 5he t).e o2 the ."iest K the"e is no othe" ."o4!e( 2o" Nietzsche. 3nd this s (e Ce6ish .eo.!e 6hichB t one (o(ent in its histo") 2o%nd its conditions o2 e0istence in the ."iestB is tod ) the .eo.!e to s #e /%"o.eB to ."otect it 2"o( itse!2 4) in#entin' ne6 conditions.O 7hat Nietzsche .rote about Zudais) cannot be read .ithout reca++ing .hat he .rote to 7"itsch0 an antise)itic and racist .riter6 DI beg you to sto* sending )e your *ub+ications if you *+ease6 I fear for )y *atience'D

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T6 =terna+ 9ecurrence doesn1t =(ist

T6 =9 does not e(ist , it doesn1t )atter if it e(ists or not0 it1s the conce*t of e)bracing so)ething if it did e(ist' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */5/09G H! 3t n) " teB Nietzsche c! i(s th t 3ust thin4ing about the *ossibi+ity of eterna+ recurrence can shatter and transfor) us.13 -n .%4!ished 6o"ksB ete"n ! "ec%""ence is ."esented s the te chin' o2 s 'eB s the "e#e! tion o2 de(onB o" s tho%'ht th t ' ins .ossession o2 one. -n 5he G ) Science 341B 6e (%st noticeB eterna+ recurrence is not *resented as a truth. > n) co((ent to"s "'%e th t it si)*+y does not )atter .hether or not it is trueA its i)*ortance +ies in the effect it has on those .ho be+ie/e it .14

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T6 7e can )a4e the 7or+d Fetter

Uuestions about LdecreasingK suffering )iss the *oint of the criticis) , ste*s to.ard a *erfectib+e cos)os are bad because .e cannot e+i)inate suffering0 on+y )as4 it' It1s better to e)brace that suffering rather than run a.ay fro) it' Kain :
A+hi!i. CB +"o2esso" o2 .hi!oso.h) t Dni#e"sit) o2 S nt C! " B ONietzscheB /te"n ! ,ec%""enceB nd the &o""o" o2 /0istenceBO the Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%diesB (%seB 3$8 */2/09G H! @ne (i'ht 2ind !! this %n cce.t 4!e. 32te" !!B isn8t it 3ust ob/ious that .e can change things0 reduce suffering0 i)*ro/e e(istence0 and )a4e *rogress5 Isn8t it 3ust ob/ious that )odern science and techno+ogy ha/e done so5 Isn8t it 3ust absurd for Nietzsche to re3ect the *ossibi+ity of significant change5 Iasn8t such change a+ready occurred5 <e!!B *erha*s not. /#en (ode"n en#i"on(ent !ists (i'ht "esist !! this o4#io%sness. 5he) (i'ht "es.ond in " the" Nietzsche n #ein th t techno!o') ( ) h #e c %sed s ( n) ."o4!e(s s it h s so!#ed. The ad/ocate of the *erfectib+e cos)osB on the othe" h ndB .ou+d no doubt counter such Nietzschean *essi)is) by arguing that e/en if techno+ogy does cause so)e *rob+e)s0 the so+ution to those *rob+e)s can on+y co)e fro) better techno+ogy' Ionesty re-uires us to ad)it0 ho.e/er0 that this is )ere+y a ho*e0 not so)ething for .hich .e a+ready ha/e e/idence0 not so)ething that it is absurd to doubtKnot t !! so(ethin' o4#io%s. Turther techno+ogy )ay or )ay not i)*ro/e things' The .ides*read use of antibiotics see)s to ha/e done a )iracu+ous 3ob of i)*ro/ing our hea+th and reducing suffering0 but .e are a+so disco/ering that such antibiotics gi/e rise to e/en )ore *o.erfu+ bacteria that are i))une to those Q/nd + 'e 51R antibiotics. 7e ha/e +arge+y e+i)inated diseases +i4e cho+era0 s)a++*o(0 )a+aria0 and tubercu+osis0 but .e ha/e *roduced cancer and heart disease' 7e can cure sy*hi+is and gonorrhea0 but .e no. ha/e ID2' =/en if .e cou+d sho. that it .i++ be *ossib+e to continuous+y reduce suffering0 it is /ery un+i4e+y that .e .i++ e/er e+i)inate it' If that is so0 then it "e( ins a rea+ -uestion .hether it is not better to face suffering0 use it as a disci*+ine0 *erha*s e/en increase it0 so as to toughen ourse+/es0 rather than +et it .ea4en us0 a++o. it to do)inate us0 by continua++y ho*ing to o/erco)e it' =%t 6h te#e" 6e think 4o%t the .ossi4i!it) o2 "ed%cin' s%22e"in'B the L%estion ( ) 6e!! 4eco(e (oot. Nietzsche te!!s sto")8 O@nce %.on ti(eB in so(e o%t o2 the 6 ) co"ne" o2 th t %ni#e"se 6hich is dis.e"sed into n%(4e"!ess t6ink!in' so! " s)ste(sB the"e 6 s st " %.on 6hich c!e#e" 4e sts in#ented kno6in'. 5h t 6 s the (ost ""o' nt nd (end cio%s (in%te o2 I6o"!d histo")BI 4%t ne#e"the!essB it 6 s on!) (in%te. 32te" n t%"e h d d" 6n 2e6 4"e thsB the st " coo!ed nd con'e !edB nd the c!e#e" 4e sts h d to dieO A5L 1B *9G. 7hate/er *rogress .e )ight thin4 .e are )a4ing in reducing suffering0 .hate/er change .e thin4 .e are bringing about0 it )ay a++ a)ount to nothing )ore than a brief and accidenta+ )o)ent in bio+ogica+ ti)e0 .hose i))inent disa**earance .i++ fina++y confir) the horror and )eaning+essness of e(istence' The disagree)ent he"e is not so )uch about the -uantity of suffering th t 6e c n e0.ect to 2ind in the 6o"!d butB " the"B its nature. 7o" ."o.onents o2 the desi'ned cos(osB s%22e"in' is 4 sic !!) ccident !. -t is not 2%nd (ent ! o" cent" ! to !i2e. -t is not necess ") . "t o2 the n t%"e o2 thin's. -t does not ( ke %. the essence o2 e0istence. <e (%st de#e!o. #i"t%eB nd then 6e c n 4 sic !!) e0.ect to 2it nd 4e t ho(e in the cos(os. 7o" the ."o.onents o2 .e"2ecti4!e cos(osB s%22e"in' is neithe" essenti ! no" %nessenti !. 5he cos(os is ne%t" !. <e (%st 6o"k on it to "ed%ce s%22e"in'. <e (%st 4"in' 4o%t o%" o6n 2it. 7o" NietzscheB e/en if .e can change this or that0 e/en if .e can reduce suffering here and there0 .hat cannot be changed for hu)an beings is that suffering is funda)enta+ and centra+ to +ife . 5he #e") n t%"e o2 thin'sB the #e") essence o2 e0istenceB (e ns s%22e"in'. >o"eo#e"B it (e ns (e nin'!ess s%22e"in'Ks%22e"in' 2o" no "e son t !!. 5h t c nnot 4e ch n'edKit c n on!) 4e conce !ed. Nietzsche does not re3ect a++ for)s of change. <h t he re3ects is the so"t o2 change necessary for a *erfectib+e cos)os. Ie re3ects the notion th t science and techno+ogy can transfor) the essence of things Khe "eHects the notion th t h%( n e22o"t c n si'ni2ic nt!) "ed%ce .h)sic ! s%22e"in'. -nste dB he on+y thin4s it *ossib+e to bui+d u* the *o.er necessary to construct )eaning in a )eaning+ess .or+d and thus to concea+ the horror of e(istence0 .hich cannot be e+i)inated' <e c nnot ."o#e the o..osite #ie6B nd - do not think 6e c n dis(iss NietzscheIs #ie6 si(.!) 4ec %se it 'oes co%nte" to the ss%(.tions o2 Q/nd + 'e 52R Ch"isti nit)B scienceB !i4e" !is(B soci !is(B nd so 2o"th. 3nd 6e ce"t in!) c nnot dis(iss this #ie6 i2 6e ho.e to %nde"st nd Nietzsche. 3t n) " teB 2o" NietzscheB .e cannot e+i)inate sufferingA .e can on+y see4 to )as4 it'

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T6 Iu)an Nature
$+ai)s of hu)an nature are bac4.ard , it1s theory that creates rea+ity 2aurette 9% A+ %!B +"o2 o2 .o!itic ! theo")/science t Cohn &o.kins Dni#e"sit)B E- (ist"%st !! S)ste( tize"s nd
3#oid 5he(8 NietzscheB 3"endt nd the C"isis o2 the <i!! to @"de" in -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions 5heo").F >i!!eni%( Co%"n ! o2 -nte"n tion ! St%dies. 1o!. 25B n%(4e" 1. ... 3?6B 3$8 */6/09G H! <h t is st "t!in' 4o%t this st" te') is not so (%ch its ci"c%! " !o'icB no" e#en its cont" dicto") tendenciesB 4%t " the" 6h t the) s%''est 4o%t the di"ectionB o"i'inB nd 2%nction o2 "e !ist ss%(.tions. It has !6 )s been understood th t the theories of Iobbes and 9ousseau0 nd th%s >o"'enth % nd < !tzB f+o. +ogica++y fro) their a *riori assu)*tions about hu)an nature . =%t .hat if the re+ationshi* is bac4.ards in this %nde"st ndin'T 7hat if their assu)*tions of hu)an nature f+o. +ogica++y fro) their theories of *o+itica+ action5 5he i(.o"t nce o2 &o44es (i'ht not 4e th t he theo"ised the e(e"'ence o2 ne6 (ode o2 .o!itic ! ction 2te" the de(ise o2 Ch"isti nit)B 4%t " the" th t he ."ese"#ed the t" dition ! %nde"st ndin' o2 .o!itics? s?( kin' 4) endo6in' it 6ith ne6 4so!%te8 hu)an natureB 7"o( this .e"s.ecti#eB &o44es conser/es the traditiona+ inter*retation of *o+itica+ action by si)*+y substituting the Truth of8 eterna+ hu)an nature for the dec+ining idea+ of God. -n othe" 6o"dsB &o44esI thought ta4es as natura+ the instru)enta+ nature of *o+itics and )ere+y creates a ne. anchor for the )eans-end ca+cu+ationB 5h%sB 6hi!e &o44es c n 4e #ie6ed s inno# ti#e nd indic ti#e o2 the e(e"'ence o2 (ode"n "eso!%tion o2 s. ti ! .o!iticsBI - 6o%!d s%''est th t the contin%it) ( ni2ested in his %nde"st ndin' o2 .o!itics? s?( kin' is .e"h .s the (o"e "e( "k 4!e o2 the t6o tendencies. -n this senseB the no"( ti#e 2o%nd tion nd !i(it tions o2 "e !is( !ie not (e"e!) in the &o44esi n ss%(.tion o2 h%( n n t%"eB 4%t " the" in the t" dition o2 .o!itics s?( kin' 6hich "e( ins int ct des.ite &o44esI P"e#o!%tion ")I st" te').

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"2 Trade-Off D

T6 Pou1re Mean
The a+ternati/e does not ad/ocate a brea4 a.ay fro) interaction but rather re3ecting interactions that a++o. esca*e fro) se+f gro.th and ref+ection , the a+ternati/e a++o.s us to be en+ightened by strugg+e <re % A>ich e!B +"o2 o2 histo") o2 (ode"n soci ! nd .o!itic ! theo") nd (ode"n Ge"( n .hi!oso.h) W the D o2
M%eens! ndB O5he -"on) o2 +it)8 Nietzsche cont" Scho.enh %e" nd ,o%sse %BO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies ? -ss%e 32B 3%t%(n 2006B ... 68?91B 3$8 */6/09G H! Nietzsche ( int ins th t by see4ing to secure ourse+/es fro) the tra/ai+s of se+f-cu+ti/ation .e !so create 2o" o%"se!#es strict +i)its on ho. .e can engage .ith others. -n this "e' "dB his criti-ue o2 (ode"n co((%nit "i nis( nd its E2e " o2 e#e")thin' indi#id% !F is not a re3ection of engaging .ith others 4%tB " the"B of the 4ind of turning to others and the treat)ent of their suffering that is integra+ to a cu+ture in .hich indi/idua+s f+ee fro) the intra*sychic rea+) of Lref+ections0 brooding and drea)ing .F =ec %se this c%!t%"e t"e ts o%" .e"son ! en' 'e(ent 6ith o%"se!#es s t"o%4!eso(e o4st c!e th t sho%!d 4e o#e"co(eB o" so he c! i(sB Ehe+*ingK others can on+y ta4e the for) of ensuring that they too +earn to *o+ice the)se+/es .ith instru)enta+ +abor and find their ha**iness in the b+essings of se+f-ob+i/ion . -n this conte0tB he!.in' othe"sB to %se Nietzsche;s (et .ho"sB (%st (e n he!.in' the( t" ns2o"( the(se!#es into Es( !!B so2tB "o%ndB %nendin'F '" n%!es o2 Es ndF o"B t" ns! tin' these (et .ho"sB into inte"ch n'e 4!eB %ndi22e"enti ted to(s th t c n 4e s(ooth!) d .ted to (eet the i(.e" ti#es o2 co((e"ci !!) d"i#en co!!ecti#it). Nietzsche "'%es th t in a co))ercia+ cu+ture th t dei2ies sec%"it)B the ." ctices o2 E*ity0K Lhe+*0K or Lsy)*athyK can on+y e/er be either Lsu*erficia+K or Ltyrannica+F A$ 1*4G. These ." ctices (%st beco)e su*erficia+ to the e(tent that co))ercia+ cu+ture co)*e+s indi/idua+s to f+ee fro) the L+abyrinthK of the sou+ and Ltyrannica+K to the e(tent that its )ar4et i)*erati/es u+ti)ate+y e(c+ude nonuti+itarian se+f-cu+ti/ation and un*rofitab+e0 unassi)i+ab+e for)s of a+terity A$ 1*4B 169G. Nietzsche c! i(sB thenB th t it is 2!i'ht 2"o( the ! 4)"inth o2 co(.!e0B di22e"enti ted se!2 th t %nde".ins (ode"n co((e"ci ! c%!t%"e nd its t" ns2o"( tion o2 the "e! tions 4et6een se!2 nd othe". -n o..osition to the dese"t o2 %ndi22e"enti ted to(s this c%!t%"e c"e tesB Nietzsche conH%"es %. the i( 'e o2 n o sis. -t is notB ho6e#e"B n i( 'e de.ictin' eithe" the !ost '!o"ies o2 &o(e"ic 'onis( o" the s.!endid iso! tion o2 the '"e t indi#id% !.49 , the"B in . ss 'e ! "'e!) o#e"!ooked in the Nietzsche !ite" t%"eB he de.icts the se!2;s en' 'e(ent 6ith othe"s th"o%'h n o#e"dete"(ined !!%sion to the co(.!e0 th"e d o2 @!d 5est (entB c! ssic !B Ch"isti nB nd (edie# !?"o( nce i( 'es o2 the E. " dise ' "denF8 5he L%estion itse!2 "e( ins %n ns6e"ed 6hethe" one is o2 (o"e %se to nothe" 4) i((edi te!) !e .in' to his side nd he!.in' hi(K 6hich c n on!) 4e s%.e"2ici ! 6he"e it does not 4eco(e t)" nnic ! seizin' nd t" ns2o"(in'Ko" 4) c"e tin' so(ethin' o%t o2 onese!2 th t the othe" c n 4eho!d 6ith .!e s%"e8 4e %ti2%!B "est2%!B se!2?enc!osed ' "den .e"h .sB 6ith hi'h 6 !!s ' inst the sto"(s nd the d%st o2 the "o d6 ) 4%t !so hos.it 4!e ' te. A$ 1*4G50 Nietzsche;s i( 'e o2 the Ese!2?enc!osed ' "denF is one th t d" 6s on the !on' histo") o2 <este"n icono'" .h) nd ide s o2 . " dise s to.os " the" th n E n 4st" ct st te i( 'ined in te"(s o2 . . . (et .h)sic ! ecst s).F51 /t)(o!o'ic !!)B the notion o2 . " dise o"i'in !!) de"i#es 2"o( the +e"si n 6o"d . " deiz 2o" E6 !!ed ' "denF o" ci"c%! " 6 !!ed enc!os%"e th t c (e to 4e ..!ied to "o) ! . "ks. 3s "ec%""ent d"e ( in <este"n !ite" t%"e nd icono'" .h)B this 2i'%"e o2 the enc!osed . " dise ' "den h s 4eco(eB s ,o4e"t &%'hes o4se"#esB Es t%" ted in nost !'i 8 this is the innocence o%" ncesto"s !ost 2o" %sB t the c!ose o2 .e"iod o#e" 6hose # nishin' 6e h d no cont"o!.F52 7"o( the ccent he .! ces on its 4e %t) nd "est2%!nessB Nietzsche see(s es.eci !!) d" 6n to the c! ssic ! conce.tion o2 the . " dise ' "den s n Ee.i'" ( o2 o"de"BF !4eitB s the 4ode o2 1en%sB n o"de"!) to.os o2 .!e s%"e.53 Nietzsche;s t ste 2o" the c! ssic ! ide o2 . " dise !so 4eco(es .. "ent in his s%4t!e in#e"sion o2 Ch"isti nit);s !!e'o"ic ! inte"."et tion o2 the ' "denB 6hich dded to the i( 'e o2 the hortus conclusus the porta clausaB o" !ocked ' te. -n his (et .ho" o2 the se!2 s ' "den o2 . " dise Nietzsche "e.! ces this !ocked ' te 6ith the hos.it 4!e ' te. Nietzsche1s a+ternati/e to the desert of *ity is thus the cu+ti/ation of onese+f as a *aradise garden that is o*en to the other' To cu+ti/ate onese+fB s he %nde"st nds itB is to create onese+f as a *aradise garden for the other' =) cont" stB Nietzsche i(.!iesB by e(ercising the 4ind of *ity that *rec+udes us fro) ta4ing *+easure in the other1s 3oy and .hich Lhe+*sK by transfor)ing the other into an undifferentiated nonentity0 .e create a *orta c+ausa' -"onic !!)0 then0 it is through the e(ercise of *ity that .e +oc4 ourse+/es and others out of *aradise'

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"B Trade-Off D

T6 Nihi+is)
Turn , The .i++ to desire a better .or+d free of suffering is nihi+is) , it re3ects the abi+ity to create /a+ue 7hite0 90 A3! nB +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) <i!!i (s Co!!e'eB E$e!%sion 7" (esB 7"o( <ithin Nietzsche;s
L 4)"inthBF htt.8//666.6i!!i (s.ed%/.hi!oso.h)/2 c%!t)/ 6hite/<NL[206e4/$e!%sion[202" (es.ht(B 3$8 */*/09G H! - t ke s () st "tin' .oint NietzscheIs sse"tion th t the e(e"'ence o2 nihi+is) s O.s)cho!o'ic ! st teO is bound u* .ith the fai+ure of the atte)*t to endo. the .or+d .ith /a+ue by attributing to it an u+ti)ate D*ur*ose0D Dunity0D or DtruthD AN811Q99R / <+812G. This fai+ure +eads to nihi+is) as Dthe radica+ re3ection of /a+ue0 )eaning0 and desirabi+ityD AN82Q12*R / <+81G. 5hese desc"i.tions s%''est th t nihi+is) has its origin in ne' tionB i.e.B in the fai+ure of an atte)*t0 or in the re3ection of a *ur*orted /a+ue. :et neithe" o2 these ne' tions c n 4e the 2i"st ste. to6 "ds nihi!is(B 4ec %se neithe" is 2i"st ste. t !!. 5he 2 i!%"e o2 n tte(.t ."es%..oses th t it h s 4een ( deB nd n) "eHection ."es%..oses eithe" ."io" cce.t nce o"B t !e stB ."io" 6 "eness o2 L%estion. - the"e2o"e s%''est th t the first ste* to.ards nihi+is) ?? ste. th tB in NietzscheIs #ie6B !e ds histo"ic !!) to the second ?? is the ste. t ken 6ith the 3udg)ent th t the e(istence o2 o%" 6o"!d o2 4eco(in' .ou+d be 3ustified on+y through a *ur*ose that guides it0 through an Dinfinite+y /a+uab+eD unity that under+ies it0 or through another .or+d0 a Dtrue .or+dO o" O6o"!d o2 4ein'O th t is ccessi4!e th"o%'h it AN811Q99R / <+812G. 5his ste.B !ike the ste. to "eHectionB is ne' tion in th t it cont insB t !e st i(.!icit!)B the H%d'(ent th t o%" O6o"!d o2 4eco(in'O s it ."esents itse!2B in iso! tion 2"o( s%ch .%".oseB %nit)B o" t"%thB Oo%'ht not to e0istO AN89Q60R / <+8585GJ the ste. ."es%..oses the H%d'(ent th t 6itho%t so(e s%ch so%"ce o2 6o"thB 6hich c nnot 4e cont ined 6ithin the 2!%0 o2 O6o"!d o2 4eco(in'BO th t 6o"!d ?? o%" 6o"!d ?? 6o%!d 4e 6o"th!ess. -s the .e"son 6ho h s t ken this 2i"st ste. ?? 6ho h s H%d'ed th t the 6o"!d "eL%i"es H%sti2ic tion ?? nihi!istT Ce"t in!) not n #o6ed one8 this .e"son 6i!! %se the ..e!! tion Onihi!istBO i2 t !!B on!) 2o" othe"s. Ne#e"the!essB this *erson is Dnihi+isticD in a .ay that one .ho si)*+y acce*ts the .or+d of beco)ing is not' 7"o( the Nietzsche n .e"s.ecti#eB those 6ho .osit the e0t" neo%s so%"ce o2 # !%e "e nihi!ists in th t A1G they 3udge of our .or+d that it ought not to be Con its o.nJ0 and C2J they be+ie/e in a .or+d that is0 des*ite their be+iefs to the contrary0 Dfabricated so+e+y fro) *sycho+ogica+ needs0D a .or+d to .hich .e ha/e Dabso+ute+y no rightO AN811Q99R / <+812G. 5o 4e s%"eB the) "e not 6 "e th t the 6o"!d o2 thei" 4e!ie2 is (e"e 2 4"ic tionJ th t is 6h) the) 6i!! den) 4ein' nihi!ists. 7o" this "e sonB i2 it is .."o."i te to te"( the( Onihi!istsO t !!B n essenti ! L% !i2ic tion (%st 4e dded8 thei" nihi!is( is %nconscio%s. @"B to do.t (o"e Nietzsche n te"(B the) "e "e!i'io%s nihi!ists8 their affir)ation of another .or+d or source of /a+ue is a conse-uence of their denia+ of our .or+d as bearer of its o.n /a+ue' Nihi!is( 4eco(es conscio%s ?? #o6ed o"B in Nietzsche n te"(B O" dic !O ?? 6ith second ste.B the ste. t ken 6ith the H%d'(ent th t the so%"ces o2 # !%e "e 4sentB th t the th"ee c te'o"ies o2 # !%e "e( in %ninst nti ted. O, dic ! nihi!is(BO in NietzscheIs e0.!icit de2initionB is the con#iction o2 n 4so!%te %nten 4i!it) o2 e0istence .hen it is a )atter of the highest /a+ues that one recognizesA *+us the insight that .e ha/e not the s+ightest right to *osit a being or an in-itse+f of things that .ou+d be 8di/ine8 or incarnate )ora+ity' AN810Q192R / <+83G

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T6 9ea+is)
9ea+is) creates a se+f-fu+fi++ing *ro*hecy .here .e )ust e+i)inate the other in the na)e of our o.n security0 in turn *roducing insecurity a)ong e/eryone Der Derian 9? AC (esB +"o2 o2 +o!iSci t the D o2 > ss ch%settsB O5he 1 !%e o2 Sec%"it)8 &o44esB > "0B
NietzscheB nd = %d"i!! "dBO Ci netB htt.8//666.ci onet.o"'/4ook/!i.sch%tz/!i.sch%tz12.ht(!B 3$8 */*/09G H! -n t" dition ! rea+ist re*resentations of .or+d *o+itics s the st"%''!e 2o" .o6e" (on' st tesB the 6i!! to sec%"it) is born out of a *ri)a+ fearB n t%" ! est" n'e(ent nd condition o2 n "ch) 6hich di.!o( c)B inte"n tion ! ! 6 nd the 4 ! nce o2 .o6e" seekB yet u+ti)ate+y fai+B to (edi te. 11 =) conside"in' so(e histo"ic ! (e nin's o2 sec%"it) th t e0ceed this ."e# i!in' #ie6B - 6ish to s%''est One6O .ossi4i!ities nd inte!!i'i4i!ities 2o" sec%"it). 3d(itted!)B this 4"ie2 'ene !o') is thin on n !)sis nd thick on desc"i.tion. =%t )y intention is to *ro/o4e discussion0 and to suggest that there is )ore than a s*ecu+ati/e basis for the acce*tance of a conce*t of security that is +ess coherent and dog)atic0 and )ore o*en to the historica+ co)*+e(ity and contingent nature of internationa+ re+ations'

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T6 Qa+ue to Life X Ine/itab+e

Qa+ue to +ife is on+y ab+e to be retained through the eterna+ recurrence , +ife isn1t intrinsica++y /a+uab+e it1s /a+ue co)es through +i/ing +ife through affir)ation Iic4s and 9osenberg B ASte#en 1B $e. "t(ent o2 +hi!oso.h) W M%eens Co!!e'eB 3! nB 3ssoci te +"o2esso"
o2 +hi!oso.h) W M%eens Co!!e'eB ENietzsche nd Dnti(e!iness8 5he O+hi!oso.he" o2 the 7%t%"eO s the 7i'%"e o2 $is"%.ti#e <isdo(BF 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 25 1?34B >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! &e"eB Nietzsche e)*+oys a dis"%.ti#e 2i'%"eB the de)onB to "tic%! te n O%nti(e!)O non scetic ()thB the ()th o2 the "ec%""ence cos(o!o')B in o"de" to faci+itate the e#ent% ! acce*tance of an a+ternati/e *ractica+ nonascetic doctrine for +ife' &is dis"%.ti#e 2i'%"es he!. hi( to .ost%! te .ossi4!e !te"n ti#e non scetic ide ! 2o" those 2%t%"e .ost(o" ! h%( ns A6ho c n .e"h .s dis.ense 6ith the ()thG in o"de" to he!. the( 4eco(e the kind o2 .eo.!e 6ho 6o%!d conside" the de(onIs (ess 'e Odi#ine.O The unti)e+y )yth of the recurrence cos(o!o') *ro/ides a disru*ti/e strategy o2 so"ts for finding intrinsic /a+ue in +ife itse!2B th t isB for /a+uing the *rocess of +i/ing as an end in itse+f and not )ere+y as a )eans to an end beyond the *rocess' 55 It *ro/ides a .ay to 2o"(%! te 2i'%" ti#e test o2 one8s %nde"!)in' attitude to.ard +ife. 5he de(on sks %s to t ke the 6i!!in'ness to "e!i#e oneIs A2i'%" ti#eG "ec%""in' !i2e s (e s%"e o2 the 22i"( tion o2 oneIs ct% ! non"ec%""in' !i2e. The transfor)ati/e effect of acce*ting the de)on8s DcrushingD )essage is that those *eo*+e .ho *ossess the Dcourage of conscienceD to D3oyfu++y react to itD .i++ not be te)*ted to disestee) +ife by contrasting it .ith so)ething eterna+0 una+terab+e0 su*rahistorica+0 or intrinsica++y goodB i.e.B so(e Ot"%e 6o"!dO Q/nd + 'e 20R o" O 2te"6o"!d!)O #ie6. Like6iseB 4) h #in' the ()th o2 ete"n ! "ec%""ence ."o(oted 4) dis"%.ti#eB se!2?cons%(in' 2i'%"eB Nietzsche c n co((end .ossi4!e non scetic co(.etito" ide ! to %ni#e"s ! ttention in 6 ) th t is nondo'( tic nd o.en?ended. =oth the ."esent tion s 6e!! s the content o2 the co((ended !te"n ti#e ide ! 6o%!d cco"d 6ith V " th%st" Is t" ns# !% ti#e L%estionB O5his is () 6 )J 4%t 6he"e is )o%"sTO AV ---B 11G. The 2i'%"e o2 the de)on cha++enges us to D+earn the )eaning of RourS o.n indi/idua+ +i/es O 2"o( the 'ene" ! O.ict%"e o2 !i2eO ."esented 4) the "ec%""ence ()th Ac2. D> ---B ` 3G. &e in#ites e ch o2 %s to conside" 6h t 6o%!d 4e the t" ns2o"( ti#e e22ects in o%" o6n !i#es o2 cce.tin' the ide ! o2 22i"(in' ete"n ! "ec%""ence. <h t 6o%!d this "eL%i"e o2 %sT <h t kind o2 !i2e 6o%!d it ent i!T 5he de(on c nnot te!! %sJ 6e (%st disco#e" it o%"se!#es. <e (%st 4eco(eB in V " th%st" Is 6o"dsB Oo%" o6n H%d'e nd ! 6?'i#e"O AV -B 1*G. 5he ide ! o2 "ec%""ence does not te!! %s 4e2o"eh nd 6h t o%" !te"n ti#e # !%es sho%!d 4eB on!) th t 6h te#e" the) "eB the) sho%!d !6 )s 4e "ooted in '" tit%de nd se"#ice to !i2e " the" th n "esent(ent ' inst it. To be a *ossib+e a+ternati/e to the ascetic idea+B it .ou+d d(itted!) ha/e to su**+y so(e 'ene" ! contentB n (e!)B do .hate/er is necessary to affir) eterna+ recurrenceJ 2o" e0 (.!eB o/erco)e the o**ression of your *resent situation if it *re/ents you fro) getting a sufficient sense of *o.er and effecti/eness in re+ation to +ife e(ce*t by de/a+uing +ife' 56 =%t the i(.!e(ent tion o2 the ide ! 6o%!d !6 )s 4e . "tic%! "isticB conte0t% !B nondo'( ticB nd o.en?ended.

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T6 Misogyny
Des*ite *re3udices0 Nietzsche1s a+ternati/e is 4ey to brea4ing do.n *atriarchy Ie+) 4 A= "4 " +"o2 W -nstit%te 2o" +hi!oso.h)B Dni#e"sit) o2 5]4in'enB nd > 0?+! nck ,ese "ch Cent"e 2o"
@"nitho!o')B 3ndechsB Ge"( n)B OCo(4 tin' >iso')n)T ,es.onses to Nietzsche 4) 5%"n?o2?the?Cent%") Ge"( n 7e(inistsBO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 2* A64?84GB >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! -n 1896B Si((e! c !!ed NietzscheIs OdeedO o2 cente"in' ethics in the se!2 Othe Co.e"nic n "e#o!%tion o2 (o" ! .hi!oso.h)BO n !!%sion to K nt. 9* Nietzsche8s 6o"!d!) a**roach to *o+itics and ethics traced truth and )ora+ity to the interests of those in *o.er and yie+ded ana+ytica+ too+s for socia+ change. <h t 6 s 2o"(e"!) conside"ed Ot"%thO 6 s no6 disc%ssed s soci ! const"%ction nd s%4Hect to ch n'e. 98 $onte)*orary fe)inists .ere -uic4 to rea+ize that his conte(tua+ and *ers*ecti/a+ a**roach cou+d he+* the) identify and co)bat *o.er structures that ser/ed .o)en8s o**ression . Nietzsche8s a**roach )ade roo) for ne6 conce.ts o2 ethics nd 'ender re+ations0 i)*+ying great *ro)ises for future i)*ro/e)ents of society0 99 and 6 s th%s e0.!osi#e!) +iberating to <i!he!(ine .o)en 6ho h d 4een e0.ected to .e".et% teKe#en i(."o#eKthe (o" ! 4 sis o2 societ). So(e o2 the (ost " dic ! 2e(inists d%(4" ted ne6 ethic ! nd "e!i'io%s ."o'" (s. 100 C!e "!) NietzscheIs ethics ..e !ed to ."o'"essi#e 6o(en 6hi!e .. !!in' the (o"e conse"# ti#e. -n cco"d nce 6ith his .e"s.ecti#is(B Nietzsche "e.e ted!) enco%" 'ed othe"s to 2ind .."o ches o2 thei" o6n in o"de" to (o#e O4e)ondO conte(.o" ") st nd "ds. Iis e)*hasis on Dse+f-creation0D Dhigher de/e+o*)ent0D and indi/idua+is) .as a great source of ins*iration0 attracti/e to fe)inists of a++ bac4grounds' Conse"# ti#es e(.h sized O "istoc" c) o2 the s.i"itO nd Ose!2?t" nscendenceO s 'o !s 2o" 2e( !e ch " cte" de#e!o.(ent. Dno"thodo0 soci !ists "e' "ded Ose!2?o#e"co(in'O s O"e#o!%tion ") ." cticeO in ntici. tion o2 ne6 societ). 101 =o%"'eois conse"# ti#es nd %no"thodo0 soci !ists t"ied to te(.e" ONietzsche nO indi#id% !is( 4) h%( nist # !%es th t the) eithe" c! i(ed to 2ind in NietzscheIs o6n 6"itin' o" 4"o%'htB O2e( !e dditionBO to 4e " on his ( !e .."o ch.

$orrect use of Nietzsche is ab+e to so+/e the *rob+e) of )isogyny Ie+) 4 A= "4 " +"o2 W -nstit%te 2o" +hi!oso.h)B Dni#e"sit) o2 5]4in'enB nd > 0?+! nck ,ese "ch Cent"e 2o"
@"nitho!o')B 3ndechsB Ge"( n)B OCo(4 tin' >iso')n)T ,es.onses to Nietzsche 4) 5%"n?o2?the?Cent%") Ge"( n 7e(inistsBO 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 2* A64?84GB >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! - conc!%de th tB o#e" !!B .o)en effecti/e+y ana+yzed and cha++enged )isogynous and antife)inist re)ar4s in Nietzsche8s .riting' fter co)ing to ter)s .ith these as*ects o2 his .hi!oso.h)B they .ere ab+e to )a4e use of it in .ays that benefited the de/e+o*)ent of fe)inist theory. -t is inte"estin' to note th t # "io%s to.oi o2 tod )Is Nietzsche .."o."i tionB !tho%'h .h" sed di22e"ent!)B o2ten "ese(4!e those o2 the t%"n o2 the cent%"). -t is h "de" to 6ei'h the ."os nd cons o2 the 2e(inist e(4" ce o2 Nietzsche n 4io!o'ic ! #ie6s. Iis affir)ation of .or+d+y0 bodi+y sub3ects and his o/ert+y gendered .riting he+*ed bring u* in a theoretica+ conte(t fe)inist issues that .ere concea+ed in reason-centered traditiona+ thought . &o6e#e"B s%ch 'ende"ed st"%ct%"es 6e"e "iskin' essenti !ist ssoci tions o2 2e(inine n t%"e nd ( de 2e(inist disco%"se #%!ne" 4!e to 4io!o'ic ! inst"%(ent !iz tion. 104 -t is in this conte0t th t (iso')no%s e!e(ents o2 his tho%'ht h #e co(e to 4e " on conte(.o" ") 2e(inist theo").

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T6 Inaction Fad
ction is i++usory , 7aiting for change to co)e as an Le/entK is *assi/e nihi+is) , it gi/es us the fee+ing of acti/is) .hi+e 4ee*ing e/erything the sa)e Yu*ancic B A3!enk B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t the D o2 LH%4!H n B 5he Sho"test Sh do6B . *0B 3$8 */8/09G H!
- sho%!d .oint o%tB ho6e#e"B th t the t"%e # !%e o2 Nietzsche1s tho%'ht does not !ie si(.!) in ."o.hecies nd di 'nostics !ike these. 3nd his .hi!oso.h) sho%!d not 4e %nde"stoodK s it is 4) &eide''e"K s n tte(.t tB o" ."oHect o2B o#e"co(in' nihi!is(. 3s 3! in = dio% co""ect!) .oints o%tB 2o" NietzscheB Ethe act is not an o/erco)ing' The act is an e/ent. 3nd this e#ent is n 4so!%te 4"e kB the ."o.e" n (e o2 6hich is Nietzsche.F3* @"B to .%t it in s!i'ht!) di22e"ent ( nne"B Nietzsche is not si)*+y a se/ere ana+yst of conte)*orary Ldiscontent in ci/i+ization0K o2 its 2o"(s nd c %sesB endo.ed .ith the ddition ! 'i2t o2 ."o.hec) conce"nin' the e#ent% ! o/erco)ing of this condition. &e is !"e d) 4"e kJ he is !"e d) so(ethin' di22e"ent. 1 "io%s 2o"(s o2 6h t he de2ines s nihi+is) )ay sti!! *ersist 2o" cent%"ies to co(e. 3nd yetB 6ith NietzscheB so(ethin' e!seKa different configuration of thoughtEhas !"e d) ta4en *+ace. 5h t is to s )B co)*+aining about Ao" c"iticizin'G the C*ostJ)odern condition0 .hi+e .aiting for or as*iring to an e/ent that .i++ fina++y change this condition0 is in itse!2 s Enihi+isticF s the 6o"!d this ttit%de deno%nces s nihi!istic. -n othe" 6o"dsB the .ossi4!e ste..in' o%t o2 the nihi!ist eithe"/o" is not n ct th t h s to "e2e" to so(e 2%t%"e .oint A6hen the 6o"!d nd its 6 )s 6i!! ch n'eGB 4%t n ct th t c n "e2e" on!) to . st nd ."esent .oints 6he"e this ste..in' o%t !"e d) h s its "e ! te""ito"). The true i)*ortance of Nietzsche1s thought is sit% ted he"e8 not in the 2 ct th t it can he+* us to *ercei/e and criticize the Lnihi+ist condition0K butB " the"B in the 2 ct that it a+ready carries .ithin itse+f the 9ea+ of a different configuration

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T6 Hrogress Good
Taith in the /a+ue of *rogress creates the notion .e )ust a+.ays search for uni/ersa+ truth .ithout attaching any /a+ue or )eaning to e(istence , .e beco)e ani)a+s .ithout /a+ue on a constant search to find truth in the .or+d 2aurette 9% A+ %!B +"o2 o2 .o!itic ! theo")/science t Cohn &o.kins Dni#e"sit)B E- (ist"%st !! S)ste( tize"s nd
3#oid 5he(8 NietzscheB 3"endt nd the C"isis o2 the <i!! to @"de" in -nte"n tion ! ,e! tions 5heo").F >i!!eni%( Co%"n ! o2 -nte"n tion ! St%dies. 1o!. 25B n%(4e" 1. ... 3?6B 3$8 */6/09G H! 2cienceB ho6e#e"B is not an o/erco)ing of the 7i++ to Truth0 but )ere+y the )ost co)*+ete0 e)*ty0 and nihi+istic ascetic idea+' -t "e2%tes I2 ithI 4%t "et ins n %nL%estioned 4e!ie2 in itse!2. +though science c+ai)s to fo++o. no authority0 its @unconditiona+ .i++ to truth is faith in the ascetic idea+ itse+f0 e/en if as an unconscious i)*erati/e... it is the faith in (et .h)sic ! # !%eB the abso+ute /a+ue of truth8 .58 The scientific 7i++ to Truth is 4oth the (ost d# nced nd the )ost dangerous )anifestation of the 7i++ to Order&5"%thB because in s.ite o2 its dis #o6 ! o2 the Ch"isti n dichoto(ised 6o"!dB it retains a be+ief in Truth .ithout attaching any /a+ue or )eaning to e(istence .59 <ith the "ise o2 scienceB thenB the so!e #i"t%e o2 the Ch"isti n <i!! to 5"%th/@"de"B the I2 ith in the di'nit) nd %niL%eness o2 ( nB in his i""e.! ce 4i!it) in the '"e t ch in o2 4ein'B Q4eco(esR thin' o2 the . st. Man has beco)e an ani)a+0 +itera++y and .ithout reser/ation or -ua+ification8'8 The radica+ sce*ticis) of science is the 8suicida+ nihi+is)8 of the +ate-)odern age0 8affir)ing as +itt+e as it denies8'8 -t is the ."ocess 4) 6hich !! s%ch It" nscendentI '"o%nds "e disso!#ed in co""osi#e sce.ticis(8 the t"%e 6o"!d 4eco(es 2 4!e. 5he cent" ! # !%e o2 o%" c%!t%"eKt"%thKd"i#es %s to6 "ds ce se!ess %n( skin'....5he i"on)B s 5" c) St"on' o4se"#esB is th t this disco/ery does not +iberate us fro) the sense that .e )ust ha/e truth in order to ha/e )eaning0 that )eaning is so)eho. ine(tricab+y tied to truth or the uni/ersa+' 7e continue to search for .hat .e 4no. does not e(ist0 confir)ing our gro.ing sense of )eaning+essnessA .orse0 .e co)e to be at ho)e in this e(haustion of )eaning'D -"onic !!)B thenB Nietzsche s%''ests th t it is ."ecise!) the nihi!is( o2 scienti2ic 2 ith 6hich .%shes ( n Ionto n inc!ined .! neKno6 he is s!i..in' 2 ste" nd 2 ste" 6 ) 2"o( the cent"e intoK6h tT into nothin'nessT into .enet" tin' sense o2 nothin'nessIBO 5he d n'e" o2 the ! te?(ode"n nihi!istic <i!! to 5"%th is th t this "e cti#e I6i!! to ne' tionIB 6hi!e )e "nin' 2o" t"%th2%! 2o%nd tionB c n on!) dest"o) nd ne' te. /#en nth"o.ocent"ic "ec"e tions o2 %tho"it ti#e 5"%thB s%ch s 2 ith in ."o'"essB %ti!it "i n h ..iness?2o"?e#e")oneB soci !ist %to.i sB o" K ntIs sec%! "ised te!eo!o'iesB c nnot s%"#i#e the sc"%tin) o2 this nihi!istic <i!! to 5"%th. 3s >ich e! & " notesB Q R2te" h #in' ki!!ed GodKi.e. 2te" h #in' "eco'nized the nothin'ness o2 the Pt"%e 6o"!dIK nd 2te" h #in' .! ced hi(se!2 6he"e God once 6 sB > n contin%es to 4e h %nted 4) his iconoc! stic ct8 he c nnot #ene" te hi(se!2B nd soon ends %. 4) t%"nin' his i(.iet) ' inst hi(se!2 nd s( shin' this ne6 ido!.O 5he " dic ! nd %nte(.e"ed sce.ticis( o2 scienti2ic <i!! to 5"%th %nde"(ines the 2o%nd tion ! (e nin's o2 the (ode"n 6o"!d nd th%s th"e tens (ode"n !i2e 6ith the ."os.ect o2 %ncondition ! nihi!is(. 5he <i!! to 5"%th (%st 4eco(e Iconscio%s o2 itse!2 s ."o4!e(I i2 it is to #oid this 2 te.b 3nd 6ith the histo"ic ! st 'e o2 ! te (ode"nit)B 6e "e 4!e to e0.!o"e the .ossi4i!ities o2 this se!2?o#e"co(in' o2 the <i!! to 5"%th. 3s Nietzsche st tesB PQ6Re 2in !!) co(e to co(.!ete sto. 4e2o"e sti!! (o"e 4 sic L%estion. <e sk 4o%t the # !%e o2 this 6i!!. 2u**ose .e .ant Truth6 .hy not rather untruth5 and uncertainty5 e/en ignorance58O

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T6 =+itis)&Nietzsche Doesn1t Kno. 7hat 2uffering Is

It1s a *ersona+ choice .hether or not to e)brace suffering , those .ho cannot acce*t this shou+d be +eft behind Qon Te/enar " AG%"d"enB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W =i"k4eckB EN-/5VSC&/;S @=C/C5-@NS 5@ +-5: 3N$
C@>+3SS-@NBF 666.44k. c.%k/.hi!/st 22/ c de(ics/.../G%"d"en#on5e#en "18@ct05B 3$8 */8/09G H! <ith the 4o#e in (indB !et %s no6 t%"n to the second o2 o%" t6o L%estions nd N%ss4 %(;s c! i( Qsee 4i4!io'" .h)R th t Nietzsche ! cked Xinne" %nde"st ndin'; o2 the (ise") nd contin'enc) o2 s%22e"in'. Nussbau) cc%ses Nietzsche o2 insensiti#it) 2o" the 6 ) s%22e"in' c n 4e e"osi#e o2 h%( n 6e!!?4ein'. She argues that Nietzsche had no gras* of the si)*+e truth that one functions bad+y .hen one is hungry and that stoic se+f-co))and is 3ust not *ossib+e .hen suffering 2"o( 6h t she te"(s X4 sic #%!ne" 4i!it);. N%ss4 %( cont" sts X4 sic #%!ne" 4i!it);B 6hich co(."ises de."i# tions o2 "eso%"ces %tte"!) cent" ! to h%( n (ent !B .h)sic !B nd inte!!ect% ! 2%nctionin'B 2"o( X4o%"'eois #%!ne" 4i!it); 6ith its "e! ti#e!) co(2o"t 4!e . ins o2 !one!inessB i!! he !thB 4 d "e.%t tionB nd so on. 5hese ! tte" . insB N%ss4 %( "'%esB "e indeed . in2%! eno%'h 4%t not s%ch s to i(. i" h%( n 2%nctionin' !to'ethe". She insists th t Nietzsche si(.!) i'no"ed X4 sic #%!ne" 4i!it); since he .. "ent!) 4e!ie#ed th t e#en 4e'' " co%!d 4e stoic he"o so !on' s soci !is( nd >it!eid did not kee. hi( 6e k. 5h%s N%ss4 %( conc!%des th t des.ite !! his 2 (o%s %nh ..iness Nietzsche 6 s 6itho%t Xinne" %nde"st ndin' o2 the 6 )s contin'enc) ( tte"s 2o" #i"t%e;. 5hese "e .o6e"2%! nd tho%'ht ."o#okin' o4Hections. &o6e#e"B - s%''est th t the) so)e.hat )iss their *oint because Nietzsche .as not interested in /irtueB did not dd"ess hi(se!2 to the (%!tit%deB nd did notB the"e2o"eB en#is 'e the .ossi4i!it) o2 (e(4e"s o2 the he"d '"o6in' into stoic he"oes. >o"eo#e"B there is a)*+e e/idence throughout his .ritings as .e++ as in his +etters that he .as not insensiti/e to the fact that de*ri/ation , )enta+ and *hysica+ , stunts gro.th and that se/ere *ain and )isery not on+y hurts but a+so har)s *eo*+e' :et Nietzsche nonethe!essB nd he"e !ies the hi'h!) cont"o#e"si ! n t%"e o2 his tho%'htB "e2%sed to '" nt s%22e"in'B e#en se#e"e s%22e"in'B the kind o2 si'ni2ic nce ssi'ned to it th"o%'h the in2!%ence o2 Ch"isti nit) nd Scho.enh %e"B 6hich !e dsB !(ost ine#it 4!)B to >it!eid nd henceB Nietzsche fearedB to erosion of the .i++ to *o.er of those *recious0 *ri/i+eged fe. by under)ining their confidence in the)se+/es and in their +i/es' The tru+y ob3ectionab+e feature of suffering B Nietzsche ho!dsB is not the 6e!!? ckno6!ed'ed 2 ct th t it h%"ts nd h "(s .eo.!eB 4%t the non-ac4no.+edged and dee*+y de*+orab+e fact that so )any sufferers si)*+y fai+ to res*ond a**ro*riate+y to their suffering and th%s !!o6 the(se!#es to 4eco(e 2ee4!eB i(. i"edB 6"etched in othe" 6o"dsB the) a++o. the)se+/es to Osuffer1 hurt and har). <e c n conc!%deB thenB th t Nietzsche .as not insensiti/e to the )isery and contingency of suffering but si)*+y refused to acce*t its a++eged .ider significance'

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!!!=/i+ Nietzsche !!!

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!!!Lin4s!!!

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Lin4s - Ho/erty
Ho/erty is a condition .hich is co)*+ete+y constructed by hu)ans , +i/ing in *o/erty a++o.s greater a**reciation of suffering $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 93?94B 3$8 */*/09G H! +e"s% ded th t .o#e"t) is the h%( n !otB I can no +onger be+ie/e in n) doct"ine o2 refor). 3!! s%ch doct"ines "e eL% !!) st%.id nd 2%ti!e. There is no *o/erty a)ong ani)a+s0 because they +i/e on their o.n0 ignorant of hierarchy and e(*+oitation. 5his .heno(enon is e0c!%si#e!) h%( nB for )an a+one )ade his e-ua+s his s+a/es' Man a+one is ca*ab+e of so )uch se+f-conte)*t' ++ the charitab+e endea/ors in this .or+d on+y )anage to bring *o/erty into greater re+iefA they sho. it to be )ore terrib+e and uninte++igib+e than utter dere+iction' +o#e"t)0 !ike "%insB h%"ts 4) n 4sence o2 h%( nit) nd ( kes one "e'"et th t (en "e %n6i!!in' to ch n'e th t 6hich is 6e!! 6ithin thei" .o6e" to ch n'e. Kno.ing fu++ .e++ that )en cou+d abo+ish *o/erty0 you are ne/erthe+ess a.are of its eternity and you fee+ a bitter an(iety in .hich )an a**ears in a++ his *etty inconse-uence. +o#e"t) in soci ! !i2e is on!) . !e "e2!ection o2 ( nIs in2inite inne" .o#e"t). <hene#e" - think o2 .o#e"t)B - !ose () desi"e to !i#e. - sho%!d th"o6 6 ) () .en nd (o#e into the s!%(sB 6he"e - co%!d "e!ie#e .o#e"t) 4ette" nd (o"e e22icient!) th n 6ith .oisono%s 4ook. <hene#e" - think o2 ( nIs 4Hect .o#e"t)B his "otB his s."e din' ' n'"eneB - ( '"i..ed 4) (o"t ! des. i". -nste d o2 const"%ctin' theo"ies nd ideo!o'ies to de ! 6ith .o#e"t)B ( nB this " tion ! ni( !B sho%!d si(.!) 'i#e the co t o22 his 4 ck in 'est%"e o2 2" te"n ! %nde"st ndin'. +o#e"t) in the 6o"!d co(."o(ises ( n (o"e th n n)thin' e!se nd 6i!! no do%4t 4"in' 4o%t the do6n2 !! o2 s%ch (e' !o( ni c ni( !. -n 2"ont o2 .o#e"t)B -;( e#en sh (ed o2 (%sic. 5he essence o2 soci ! !i2e is inH%stice. &o6B thenB sho%!d one s%..o"t n) soci ! o" .o!itic ! doct"ineT

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Lin4s , Ie+*ing Heo*+e

tte)*ts to ho+d bac4 the te)*tation for crue+ty and atrocities are atte)*ts to ho+d bac4 the foundations of +ife , .e can create beauty in that crue+ty Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! S%in' 2o" .e ceB the h%( n 4ein'B in ti(eB co(es to s6e " !!e'i nce to kind o2 .s)cho!o'ic ! Oo!i' "ch)BO 6ith O"e'%! tionB 2o"esi'htB nd ."e?(edit tionO kee.in' t 4 ) Oo%" %nde"6o"!d o2 %ti!it) o"' ns 6o"kin' 6ith nd ' inst one nothe". O<ith theO id o2 the (o" !it) o2 (o"es nd t he soci ! st" itH cketBO s Nietzsche .%ts itB the organis)8s o+igarchy is 4e*t in *o.erA )an +earns Dto be asha)ed of a++ his instincts'D 2tif+ing his crue+ and )urderous i)*u+ses0 he beco)es Dca+cu+ab+e0 regu+ar0 necessaryD - a sub3ect of ci/i+ized reason and )ora+ity'I9 Fut the o"' nis(Is crue+ i)*u+ses do not disa**ear !to'ethe". <h t othe"6ise (i'ht 4e ine0.!ic 4!e?n (e!)B the .!e s%"e ( n) (en h #e c!e "!) !e "ned to 2ee! -n t kin' . ins to "%!e the(se!#es ? Nietzsche e0.! ins through the sur/i/a+ of interna+ized crue+ty and the *arado(ica+ con/ergence of *+easure and *ain that characterizes it ' 5he ide o2 Ose!2?chosen to"t%"eO? ."i( 2 cieB (onst"o%s o0)(o"on? 4eco(es the ke) in the Gene !o') o2 >o" !s to inte"."etin' host o2 inte"t6ined .heno(en 8 gui+tJ the 4 d conscienceJ andB 4o#e !!B the triu)*h of asceticis) in Ch"isti nit).20 5he inte"n !iz tion o2 c"%e! i(.%!ses "e."esented 4) the t"i%(.h o2 sceticis( " (i2ies in %n."edict 4!e 6 )s. G%i!t hobb+es )an8s ani)a+ energiesA shared taboos )a4e e(ercising the .i++ difficu+t and so)eti)es un*+easant' Pet in so(e " "e so%!sB the ( sochistic .!e s%"es o2 se!2?"%!e . " do0ic !!) st"en'then the .i++ to *o.er in a++ of its crue+ s*+endorA the o+d ani)a+ i)*u+ses0 cu+ti/ated .ith foresight and trans)ogrified through the use of )e)ory0 i)agination0 and reason eru*t in ne. for)s of )astery' OThis secret se+f-ra/ish)entB this "tistIs c"%e!t)B this de+ight in i)*osing a for) u*on onese+f as a h "dB "ec !cit" ntB suffering )ateria+ and in burning a .i++B c"itiL%eB cont" dictionB a conte)*t0 No into itB this %nc nn)B d"e d2%!!) Ho)o%s ! 4o" o2 so%! #o!%nt "i!) t odds 6ith itse!2 th t ( kes itse!2 s%22e" o%t o2 Ho) in ( kin' s%22e"?e/entua++y this entire acti/e bad conscience-you .i++ ha/e guessed it- as the .o)b of a++ idea+ and i)aginati/e *heno)ena0 a+so brought to +ife an abundance of strange ne. beauty and affir)ation0 and *erha*s beauty itse+f'D

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Lin4s , Ie+*ing Heo*+e

The abi+ity for hu)ans to e(ercise crue+ty on others is the on+y *otentia+ for greatness , the *+ans atte)*ts to create +ess crue+ty ai) are *erfecting *o.er to the *oint it beco)es use+ess' Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! =) cont" stB conte(.o" ") societies0 .hich see4 to instituteD +ess crue+ty0 +ess suffering0 )ore gent+eness0 )ore res*ect0 )ore 8hu)anity08 D ai) at a D*erfection of *o.erD that .ou+d Drender its actua+ e(ercise use+ess'D 7ith the abo+ition of death by tortureB Othe .eo.!e 6 s "o44ed o2 its o!d ."ide in its c"i(es.O No !on'e" 6 s t" #e"sin' the ! 6 .e"(itted to 4e so%"ce o2 sh "ed .!e s%"e. The cri)ina+ .as no +onger cast as an out+a.0 a hero0 a fitting ad/ersary of so/ereign *o.er0 but rather as a Dde/iant0D an ano)a+y0 an aberration fro) the nor)s of a uni/ersa+ hu)anity0 and therefore a Dcase0D to be ana+yzed0 rehabi+itated0 and0 if *ossib+e0 cured' $e."i#ed o2 sh "ed .%4!ic 2o"%( 2o" s #o"in' dis.! )s o2 c"%e! o(ni.otenceB s%4Hect to disci.!in ") "e'i(ens th t . in!ess!) Odissoci te .o6e" 2"o( the 4od)BO dissi. tin' s # 'e i(.%!ses 4) ctin' in de.th Oon the he "tB the tho%'htB the 6i!!B inc!in tionsBO )an4ind finds its *otentia+ for greatness - its abi+ity to e(ercise its Dsu*er-*o.erD- s L% nde"ed. The eag+e ? NietzscheIs ."o%d s)(4o! o2 so#e"ei'n .o6e" ? beco)es use+ess0 as does the Ddancing starD born of chaos8 O-nci.it t" 'oedi .O32

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Lin4s , Goo
=(*+oitation is an ine/itab+e condition of earth , a desire for a .or+d free of do)ination is a desire for a .or+d that isn1t ours , this is the foundation for the decay of +ife Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B =e)ond Good nd /#i!B 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4'e.ht(B 3$8 */6/09G H! 9efraining (%t% !!) fro) in3ury0 /io+ence0 and e(*+oitation and *+acing one1s .i++ on a *ar .ith that of so)eone e+seKthis )ay beco)eB in ce"t in "o%'h senseB good )anners a)ong indi/idua+s i2 the .."o."i te conditions "e ."esent An (e!)B i2 these (en "e ct% !!) si(i! " in st"en'th nd # !%e st nd "ds nd 4e!on' to'ethe" in one 4od)G. Fut as soon as this *rinci*+e is e(tendedB nd .ossi4!) e#en cce.ted as the funda)enta+ *rinci*+e of society0 it i))ediate+y *ro/es to be 6h t it "e !!) isKa .i++ to the denia+ of +ife0 a *rinci*+e of disinte'" tion nd decay. &e"e 6e (%st 4e6 "e o2 s%.e"2ici !it) nd 'et to the 4otto( o2 the ( tte"B "esistin' !! senti(ent ! 6e kness8 +ife itse+f is essentia++y a**ro*riation0 in3ury0 o/er*o.ering of .hat is a+ien and .ea4erA su**ression0 hardness0 i)*osition of one1s o.n for)s0 incor*oration and at +east0 at its )i+dest0 e(*+oitationK4%t 6h) sho%!d one !6 )s %se those 6o"ds in 6hich s! nde"o%s intent h s 4een i(."inted 2o" 'esT =/en the body .ithin .hich indi/idua+s treat each other as e-ua+sB s s%''ested 4e2o"eK nd this h ..ens in e#e") he !th) "istoc" c)Ki2 it is !i#in' nd not d)in' 4od)B h s to do to othe" 4odies 6h t the indi#id% !s 6ithin it "e2" in 2"o( doin' to e ch othe"8 it .i++ ha/e to be an incarnate .i++ to *o.er0 it .i++ stri/e to gro.0 s*read0 seize0 beco)e *redo)inantKnot 2"o( n) (o" !it) o" i((o" !it) 4%t 4ec %se it is !i#in' nd because +ife si(.!) is .i++ to *o.er. Fut there is no *oint on .hich the ordinary consciousness of =uro*eans resists instruction as on this6 e/ery.here *eo*+e are no. ra/ing0 e/en under scientific disguises0 about co)ing conditions of society in .hich Lthe e(*+oitati/e as*ectK .i++ be re)o/edE.hich sounds to )e as if they *ro)ised to in/ent a .ay of +ife that .ou+d dis*ense .ith a++ organic functions' L=(*+oitationK does not be+ong to a corru*t or i)*erfect and *ri)iti/e society6 it be+ongs to the essence of .hat +i/esB s 4 sic o"' nic 2%nctionJ it is a conse-uence of the .i++ to *o.er0 6hich is 2te" !! the 6i!! o2 !i2e.K -2 this sho%!d 4e n inno# tion s theo")K s "e !it) it is the o"i'in ! 2 ct o2 !! histo")8 .eo.!e o%'ht to 4e honest 6ith the(se!#es t !e st th t 2 ". K

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Lin4s , Mora+ity
Life is inherent+y i))ora+ , The )ora+ity the affir)ati/e out+ines confines +ife to certain boundaries that )a4es e(tinction desirab+e' Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B 5he =i"th @2 5" 'ed)B
5he Nietzsche Ch nne!B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4t2.ht(^ scB 3$8 */6/09G H! 3!"e d) in the ."e2 ce dd"essed to ,ich "d < 'ne"B "tB nd not (o" !it)B is ."esented s the t"%!) (et .h)sic ! cti#it) o2 ( n. -n the 4ook itse!2 the s%''esti#e sentence is "e.e ted se#e" ! ti(esB th t the e(istence of the .or+d is 3ustified on+y as an aesthetic *heno)enon. -ndeedB the 6ho!e 4ook kno6s on!) n "tistic (e nin' nd c").to?(e nin' 4ehind !! e#entsKa DgodBO i2 )o% .!e seB 4%t ce"t in!) on!) n entire+y rec4+ess and a)ora+ artist-god .ho .ants to e(*erience0 .hether he is bui+ding or destroying0 in the good and in the bad0 his o.n 3oy and g+oryKone 6hoB c"e tin' 6o"!dsB 2"ees hi(se!2 2"o( the dist"ess o2 2%!!ness nd o#e"2%!!ness nd 2"o( the 22!iction o2 the cont" dictions co(."essed in his so%!. 5he 6o"!dK t e#e") (o(ent the tt ined s !# tion o2 GodB s the ete"n !!) ch n'in'B ete"n !!) ne6 #ision o2 the (ost dee.!) 22!ictedB disco"d ntB nd cont" dicto") 4ein' 6ho c n 2ind s !# tion on!) in ..e " nce8 )o% c n c !! this 6ho!e "tistsI (et .h)sics "4it" ")B id!eB 2 nt sticJ 6h t ( tte"s is th t it 4et" )s s.i"it 6ho 6i!! one d ) 2i'ht t n) "isk 6h te#e" the (o" ! inte"."et tion nd si'ni2ic nce o2 e0istence. &e"eB .e"h .s 2o" the 2i"st ti(eB .essi(is( O4e)ond 'ood nd e#i!O is s%''ested. &e"e th t O.e"#e"sit) o2 (indO ' ins s.eech nd 2o"(%! tion ' inst 6hich Scho.enh %e" ne#e" 6e "ied o2 h%"!in' in d# nce his (ost i" te c%"ses nd th%nde"4o!ts Q+ "e"' nd + " !i.o(en A1851GB --.5B 69R8 .hi!oso.h) th t d "es to (o#eB to de(oteB (o" !it) into the "e !( o2 ..e " nceK nd not (e"e!) (on' O ..e " ncesO o" .heno(en Ain the sense o2 the ide !istic te"(in%s technic%s Qtechnic ! te"(RGB 4%t (on' Odece.tionsBO s se(4! nceB de!%sionB e""o"B inte"."et tionB cont"i# nceB "t. +e"h .s the de.th o2 this nti(o" ! ."o.ensit) is 4est in2e""ed 2"o( the c "e2%! nd hosti!e si!ence 6ith 6hich Ch"isti nit) is t"e ted th"o%'ho%t the 6ho!e 4ookKCh"isti nit) s the (ost ."odi' ! e! 4o" tion o2 the (o" ! the(e to 6hich h%( nit) h s e#e" 4een s%4Hected. In truth0 nothing cou+d be )ore o**osed to the *ure+y aesthetic inter*retation and 3ustification of the .or+d .hich are taught in this boo4 than the $hristian teaching0 .hich isB nd 6 nts to 4eB on!) (o" ! nd 6hich re+egates art0 e#e") "tB to the rea+) of +iesA .ith its abso+ute standards0 beginning .ith the truthfu+ness of God0 it negates0 3udges0 and da)ns art' =ehind this (ode o2 tho%'ht nd # !% tionB 6hich (%st 4e hosti!e to "t i2 it is t !! 'en%ineB - ne#e" 2 i!ed to sense hosti!it) to !i2eK 2%"io%sB #en'e2%! nti. th) to !i2e itse!28 2o" !! o2 !i2e is 4 sed on se(4! nceB "tB dece.tionB .oints o2 #ie6 Q@.tikRB nd the necessit) o2 .e"s.ecti#es nd e""o". Ch"isti nit) 6 s 2"o( the 4e'innin'B essenti !!) nd 2%nd (ent !!)B !i2eIs n %se nd dis'%st 6ith !i2eB (e"e!) conce !ed 4ehindB ( sked 4)B d"essed %. sB 2 ith in O nothe"8 o" O4ette"O !i2e. & t"ed o2 Othe 6o"!dBO conde(n tions o2 the . ssions Q322ekteRB 2e " o2 4e %t) nd sens% !it)B 4e)ond in#ented the 4ette" to s! nde" this !i2eB t 4otto( c" #in' 2o" the nothin'B 2o" the endB 2o" "es.iteB 2o" Othe s 44 th o2 s 44 thsOK !! this !6 )s st"%ck (eB no !ess th n the %ncondition ! 6i!! o2 Ch"isti nit) to "eco'nize on!) (o" ! # !%esB s the (ost d n'e"o%s nd %nc nn) 2o"( o2 !! .ossi4!e 2o"(s o2 O6i!! to dec!ineOK t the #e") !e st si'n o2 4)s( ! sicknessB 6e "inessB disco%" 'e(entB e0h %stionB nd the i(.o#e"ish(ent o2 !i2e. TorB con2"onted 6ith )ora+ity Aes.eci !!) Ch"isti nB o" %ncondition !B (o" !it)GB +ife )ust continua++y and ine/itab+y be in the .rong0 because +ife is so)ething essentia++y a)ora+Eand e/entua++y0 crushed by the .eight of conte)*t and the eterna+ NoB !i2e (%st then 4e 2e!t to 4e %n6o"th) o2 desi"e nd !to'ethe" 6o"th!ess. Mora+ity itse!2Kho6 no6T )ight not (o" !it) be Da .i++ to negate +ife0D a secret instinct of annihi+ation0 a *rinci*+e of decay0 di)inution0 and s+anderEthe beginning of the end5 Ience0 the danger of dangers5 ... -t 6 s ' inst (o" !it) th t () instinct t%"ned 6ith this L%estion 4!e 4ookB !on' 'oJ it 6 s n instinct th t !i'ned itse!2 6ith !i2e nd th t disco#e"ed 2o" itse!2 2%nd (ent !!) o..osite doct"ine nd # !% tion o2 !i2eK.%"e!) "tistic nd nti?Ch"isti n. <h t to c !! itT s a *hi+o+ogist and )an of .ords I ba*tized it0 not .ithout ta4ing so)e +ibertyEfor .ho cou+d c+ai) to 4no. the rightfu+ na)e of the ntichrist5Ein the na)e of a Gree4 god6 I ca++ed it Dionysian' E

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Lab

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Lin4s , Mora+ity
Mora+ity is arbitrary , confining +ife to certain )ora+ boundaries )a4es +ife a )issed o**ortunity instead of one of e)otiona+ ecstasy $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 62?63B 3$8 */*/09G H! /#en tod ) nobody can te++ .hat is right or 6h t is .rong. -t 6i!! 4e the s (e in the 2%t%"e. 5he "e! ti#it) o2 s%ch e0."essions (e ns !itt!eJ not to 4e 4!e to dis.ense 6ith thei" %se is (o"e si'ni2ic nt. - donIt kno6 6h t is "i'ht nd 6h t is 6"on'B nd )et - di#ide ctions into 'ood nd 4 d. -2 n)one sked (e 6h) - do soB - co%!dnIt 'i#e n ns6e". - %se (o" ! c"ite"i instincti#e!)J ! te"B 6hen - "econside"B - do not 2ind n) H%sti2ic tions 2o" h #in' done so. >o" !it) h s 4eco(e so co(.!e0 nd cont" dicto") 4ec %se its # !%es no !on'e" constit%te the(se!#es in the o"de" o2 !i2e 4%t h #e c")st !!ized in t" nscendent ! "e'ion on!) 2ee4!) connected to !i2eIs #it ! nd i"" tion ! 2o"ces. &o6 does one 'o 4o%t 2o%ndin' (o" !it)T -;( so sick o2 the 6o"d O'oodOJ it is so st !e nd # .idN >o" !it) te!!s )o% to 6o"k 2o" the t"i%(.h o2 'oodnessN 3nd ho6T 5h"o%'h the 2%!2i!!(ent o2 oneIs d%tiesB "es.ectB s c"i2ice. 5hese "e H%st e(.t) 6o"ds8 in 2"ont o2 n ked "e !it)B )ora+ *rinci*+es are /oid0 so (%ch so th t one 6onde"s 6hethe" !i2e 6itho%t the( 6o%!d not 4e ."e2e" 4!e. - 6o%!d !o#e 6o"!d 2"ee o2 2o"(s nd ."inci.!esB 6o"!d o2 4so!%te indete"(in c). - !ike to i( 'ine 6o"!d o2 2 nt s) nd d"e (B 6he"e t !k o2 "i'ht nd 6"on' 6o%!d no !on'e" ( ke sense. Since rea+ity is essentia++y irrationa+0 .hy set ru+es0 .hy distinguish the right fro) the .rong5 Mora+ity cannot be sa/edA it8s a )ista4e to be+ie/e other.ise' :et the"e "e those .ho )aintain that in this .or+d *+easure and sin are )inor satisfactions .hich en3oy on+y a brief triu)*h and that on+y good deeds *arta4e of eternity. They *retend that at the end of this .or+d8s )isery0 goodness and /irtue .i++ .in but they ha/e fai+ed to see that0 if eternity ob+iterates su*erficia+ *+easures0 it does the sa)e .ith /irtue0 good deeds0 and )ora+ actions' /te"nit) does not !e d to the t"i%(.h o2 eithe" 'ood o" e#i!J it " # 'es !!. -t is si!!) to conde(n the e.ic%"e ns in the n (e o2 ete"nit). Io. is suffering rather than *+easure going to )a4e )e i))orta+5 7"o( .%"e!) o4Hecti#e .oint o2 #ie6B is there any significant difference bet.een one )an8s agony and another8s *+easureT <hethe" )o% s%22e" o" notB nothin'ness 6i!! s6 !!o6 )o% 2o"e#e". 5he"e is no o4Hecti#e "o d to ete"nit)B on!) s%4Hecti#e 2ee!in' e0.e"ienced t i""e'%! " (o(ents in ti(e. Nothin' c"e ted 4) ( n 6i!! end%"e. <h) this into0ic tion 6ith (o" ! i!!%sions 6hen the"e "e othe" i!!%sions e#en (o"e 4e %ti2%!T 5hose 6ho s.e k o2 (o" ! s !# tion in the 2 ce o2 ete"nit) "e2e" to the (o" ! ctionIs inde2inite echo in ti(eB its %n!i(ited "eson nce. Nothin' co%!d 4e !ess t"%eB since so?c !!ed #i"t%o%s (en "e ct% !!) co6 "ds 6ho 6i!! dis ..e " 2"o( the 6o"!dIs conscio%sness 2 ste" th n those 6ho h #e 6 !!o6ed in .!e s%"e. 3nd e#en soB s%..osin' the o..osite 6e"e t"%eB 6o%!d dozen o" (o"e )e "s "e !!) co%ntT 3n) %ns tis2ied .!e s%"e is !oss o2 !i2e. - sh !! not 4e the one to ."e ch ' inst .!e s%"eB o"')B nd e0cess in the n (e o2 s%22e"in'. Let the )ediocre s*ea4 of the conse-uences of *+easure6 are not those of suffering e/en greater5 On+y the )ediocre .ant to die of o+d age' 2ufferB thenB drin4 *+easure to its +ast dregs0 cry or +augh0 screa) in des*air or .ith 3oy0 sing about death or +o/e0 for nothing .i++ endureN Mora+ity can on+y )a4e +ife a +ong series of )issed o**ortunitiesN

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Lin4s , 2uffering
Our )orta+ity is ine/itab+e , on+y by e(*eriencing intense suffering can .e gras* our /a+ue to +ife $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 2*B 3$8 */*/09G H! 5he 2ee!in' 2o" the i""e#e"si4!e nd the i""e#oc 4!eB 6hich !6 )s cco(. nies the 6 "eness o2 'on)B c n chie#e . in2%! cce.t nce (i0ed 6ith 2e "B 4%t the"e is no s%ch thin' s !o#e o" s)(. th) 2o" de th. 5he "t o2 d)in' c nnot 4e !e "nedB 4ec %se the"e is no techniL%eB the"e "e no "%!es. 5he i""e#oc 4i!it) o2 agony is e(*erienced by each indi/idua+ a+one0 through infinite and intense suffering . >ost .eo.!e "e %n 6 "e o2 the s!o6 'on) 6ithin the(se!#es. 7o" the( there is on+y one 4ind of agony0 the one i))ediate+y *receding the fa++ into abso+ute nothingness' On+y such )o)ents of agony bring about i)*ortant e(istentia+ re/e+ations in consciousness' 5h t is 6h) the) e0.ect e#e")thin' 2"o( the end inste d o2 t")in' to '" s. the (e nin' o2 s!o6 "e#e! to") 'on). The end .i++ re/ea+ too +itt+e0 and they .i++ die as ignorant as they ha/e +i/ed' Since 'on) %n2o!ds in ti(eB te)*ora+ity is a condition not on+y for creati/ity but a+so for death0 2o" the d" ( tic .heno(enon o2 d)in'. 5he de(onic ch " cte" o2 ti(eB in 6hich !i2e nd de thB c"e tion nd dest"%ctionB e#o!#e 6itho%t con#e"'ence to6 "d t" nscendent ! .! neB is th%s ( de ( ni2est. 5he 2ee!in' o2 the i""e#oc 4!eB 6hich ..e "s s n ine!%ct 4!e necessit) 'oin' ' inst the '" in o2 o%" inne"(ost tendenciesB is concei# 4!e on!) 4ec %se o2 ti(eIs de(onis(. 5he con#iction th t you cannot esca*e an i)*+acab+e fate and that ti)e .i++ do nothing but unfo+d the dra)atic *rocess of destruction is an e(*ression of irre/ocab+e agony' Isn1t nothingness B thenB sa+/ation5 Fut ho. can there be sa+/ation in nothingness5 If sa+/ation is near+y i)*ossib+e through e(istence0 ho. can it be *ossib+e through the co)*+ete absence of e(istence5 Since the"e is no s !# tion eithe" in e0istence o" in nothin'nessB !et this 6o"!d 6ith its ete"n ! ! 6s 4e s( shed to .iecesN

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

%9 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2uffering
The s*ectac+e of torture *ro/es the irre*ressibi+ity of hu)an nature , Our fascination .ith torture cannot be o/erco)e Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! Let %s st "t 4) !ookin' (o"e c!ose!) t the disc%ssion o2 s%..!ice de th 4) to"t%"e in this 4ookIs second ch .te"B entit!ed OLIec! t des s%..!ices.O 5he 6o"d ec! t e#okes . " do0 %nde"!ined th"o%'h o%t the te0t8 TortureB 2 " 2"o( 4ein' dis'%stin' ct o2 4!ind s # 'e")B .asB s 7o%c %!t desc"i4es itB a carefu++y regu+ated *ractice .ith its o.n s*+endors and g+ory' n art of D)aintaining +ife in *ain0D a Dtheatre of he++0D Othe .oet") o2 $ nte .%t into ! 6sBO s%..!ice 6 sB e(.h tic !!)B 2esti#e .!e s%"e8 $ro.ds a/id+y f+oc4ed to the scene of torture6 DIf the cro.d gathered round the scaffo+d0 it .as not si)*+y to .itness the sufferings of a conde)ned )an or to e(cite the anger of the e(ecutioner6 it .as a+so to hear so)eone .ho had nothing +eft to +ose curse the 3udges0 +a.s0 *o.er0 re+igion' Death-by-torture a++o.ed the conde)ned )an this )o)entary saturna+ia0 .here nothing .as *rohibited or *unishab+e .O C!i( 0in' in the ce"e(on) o2 dis(e(4e"(entB s%..!ice !soB dds 7o%c %!tB !!o6ed the Othe c"i(e to e0.!ode Qec! te"R into its t"%th.O2* =%t -n 6h t does this Ot"%thO consistT 5h t c"i(e h s O4e %t) nd '"e t? nessBO 7o%c %!t insists8 O5he (ost intense .oint o2 !i#esB th t 6hich concent" tes thei" ene"')B is ."ecise!) 6he"e the) co!!ide 6ith .o6e"B st"%''!e 6ith itB tte(.t to %se its 2o"ces o" esc .e its t" .s.O Through Dsacrificia+ and g+orious )urders0D the cri)ina+ beco)es a D+ightning-e(istence0D harsh+y i++u)inating the Da)biguity of the 3ustifiab+e and the out+a.edDA his 2 teB s it is "eco"ded in .o.%! " (e(o")B "e#e !s Othe "e! tion 4et6een .o6e" nd the .eo.!eB st"i..ed do6n to essenti !s8 the o"de" to ki!!B the ."ohi4ition ' inst ki!!in'J to ( ke onese!2 ki!!B to 4e e0ec%tedJ #o!%nt ") s c"i2iceB o"d ined .%nish(entJ (e(o")B o4!i#ion. OC"i(e !oo(s s O."i#i!e'eO ? the Oe0c!%si#e ."i#i!e'e o2 those 6ho "e "e !!) '"e t.O 7 " 2"o( 4ein' s)(.to( o2 . tho!o')B (%"de" -n 7o%c %!tIs e)es e#inces n d(i" 4!e so"t o2 .o6e"8 O t botto)0 the e(istence of cri)e ha**i+y )anifests 8an irre*ressibi+ity of hu)an natureA8 it is necessary to see In it0 not a .ea4ness or a disease0 but rather an energy that is straightening itse+f out0 a 8stri4ing *rotestation of hu)an indi/idua+ity0 8.hich no doubt gi/es it0 in the eyes of a++0 its strange *o.er of fascination'D

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:0 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2uffering
Hain isn1t a reason to re3ect +ife , it1s a reason to e)brace it , it gi/es )eaning to +ife De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 128?
130B 3$8 */8/09G H! S%chB t !e stB is the de2inition o2 the 2i"st s.ect o2 4 d conscienceB o2 the to.o!o'ic ! s.ectB its " 6 o" ( te"i ! st te. -nte"io"it) is co(.!e0 notion. <h t is inte"io"ised is ."i( "i!) cti#e 2o"ceJ 4%t inte"io"ised 2o"ce 4eco(es ( n%2 ct%"e" o2 . inJ nd s . in is ."od%ced (o"e 4%nd nt!)B inte"io"it) ' ins Oin de.thB 6idth nd hei'htOB n e#e" (o"e #o" cio%s 4)ss. 5his (e nsB second!)B th t . in in its t%"n is inte"io"isedB sens% !isedB s.i"it% !ised. <h t do these e0."essions (e nT3 ne6 sense is in#ented 2o" . inB n inte"n ! senseB n in6 "d sense8 . in is ( de the conseL%ence o2 sinB 2 %!t. :o% h #e ."od%ced )o%" . in 4ec %se )o% h #e sinnedB )o% 6i!! s #e )o%"se!2 4) ( n%2 ct%"in' )o%" . in. + in concei#ed s the conseL%ence o2 n in6 "d 2 %!t nd the inte"io" (ech nis( o2 s !# tionB . in 4ein' inte"io"ised s 2 st s it is ."od%cedB O. in t" ns2o"(ed into 2ee!in's o2 '%i!tB 2e " nd .%nish(entO8 AG> --- 20G this is the second s.ect o2 4 d conscienceB its t).o!o'ic ! (o(entB 4 d conscience s 2ee!in' o2 '%i!t. -n o"de" to %nde"st nd the n t%"e o2 this in#ention 6e (%st ssess the i(.o"t nce o2 (o"e 'ene" ! ."o4!e(8 6h t is the (e nin' o2 . inT The )eaning of e(istence is co)*+ete+y de*endent on it6 e(istence is )eaningfu+ on+y to the e(tent that the *ain of e(istence has a )eaning AD> ---B 5G. No6B *ain is a reaction' Thus it a**ears that its on+y )eaning consists in the *ossibi+ity of acting this reaction or at +east of +oca+ising it0 iso+ating its trace0 in order to a/oid a++ *ro*agation unti+ one can re-act once )ore' The acti/e )eaning of *ain therefore a**ears as an e(terna+ )eaning' -n o"de" 2o" . in to 4e H%d'ed 2"o( n cti#e .oint o2 #ie6 it (%st 4e ke.t in the e!e(ent o2 its e0te"io"it). 5he"e is 6ho!e "t in thisB n "t 6hich is th t o2 the ( ste"s. 5he ( ste"s h #e sec"et. 5he) kno6 th t . in h s on!) one (e nin'8 'i#in' .!e s%"e to so(eoneB 'i#in' .!e s%"e to so(eone 6ho in2!icts o" conte(.! tes . in. -2 the cti#e ( n is 4!e not to t ke his o6n . in se"io%s!) it is 4ec %se he !6 )s i( 'ines so(eone to 6ho( it 'i#es .!e s%"e. -t is not 2o" nothin' th t s%ch n i( 'in tion is 2o%nd in the 4e!ie2 in the cti#e 'ods 6hich .eo.!ed the G"eek 6o"!d8 O I/#e") e#i! the si'ht o2 6hich edi2ies 'od is H%sti2iedI ... 6h t 6 s t 4otto( the %!ti( te (e nin' o2 5"oH n < "s nd othe" s%ch t" 'ic te""o"sT 5he"e c n 4e no do%4t 6h te#e"8 the) 6e"e intended s 2esti# ! .! )s 2o" the 'odsO AG> -- * .. 69G. 5he"e is tendenc) to in#oke . in s n "'%(ent ' inst e0istenceJ this 6 ) o2 "'%in' testi2ies to 6 ) o2 thinkin' 6hich is de " to %sB "e cti#e 6 ). <e not on!) .%t o%"se!#es in the .osition o2 the one 6ho s%22e"sB 4%t in the .osition o2 the ( n o2 "essenti(ent 6ho no !on'e" cts his "e ctions. -t (%st 4e %nde"stood th t the cti#e (e nin' o2 . in ..e "s in othe" .e"s.ecti#es8 *ain is not n "'%(ent ' inst !i2eB 4%tB on the cont" ")B sti(%! nt to !i2eB Oa bait for +ifeOB n "'%(ent in its 2 #o%". 2eeing or e/en inf+icting suffering is a structure of +ife as acti/e +ife0 an acti/e )anifestation of +ife' Hain has an i))ediate )eaning in fa/our of +ife6 its e(terna+ )eaning. O@%" de!ic c) nd e#en (o"e o%" t "t%22e") . . . "esist "e !!) #i#id co(."ehension o2 the de'"ee to 6hich c"%e!t) constit%ted the '"e t 2esti# ! .!e s%"e o2 (o"e ."i(iti#e (en nd 6 s indeed n in'"edient o2 !(ost e#e") one o2 thei" .!e s%"es . . . 7ithout crue+ty there is no festi/a+6 thus the +ongest and )ost ancient *art of hu)an history teaches E and in *unish)ent there is so )uch that is festi/eND AG> -- 6 .. 66 nd .. 6**G. 5his is NietzscheIs cont"i4%tion to .ec%!i "!) s.i"it% ! ."o4!e(8 6h t is the (e nin' o2 . in nd s%22e"in'T <e (%st d(i"e the stonishin' in#ention o2 the 4 d conscience !! the (o"e8 ne6 (e nin' 2o" s%22e"in'B n inte"n ! (e nin'. -t is no !on'e" L%estion o2 ctin' oneIs . inB no" o2 H%d'in' it 2"o( n cti#e st nd.oint. @n the cont" ")B one is n%(4ed ' inst . in 4) . ssion. O5he . ssion o2 the (ost s # 'eO8 . in is ( de the conseL%ence o2 2 %!t nd the (e ns o2 s !# tionJ . in is he !ed 4) ( n%2 ct%"in' )et (o"e . inB 4) inte"n !isin' it sti!! 2%"the"J one t"ies to 2o"'etB th t is to s )B one c%"es onese!2 o2 . in 4) in2ectin' the 6o%nd AG> --- 15G. Nietzsche h d !"e d) .ointed o%t n essenti ! thesis in the =i"th o2 5" 'ed)8 tragedy dies at the sa)e ti)e as dra)a beco)es an in.ard conf+ict and suffering is interna+ised' =%t 6ho in#ents nd 6i!!s the inte"n ! (e nin' o2 . inT

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:# Trade-Off D

Lin4s , 2uffering
Tragedy is a beautifu+ condition of +ife , .e can see 3oy and )u+ti*+icity in e/en the dee*est of suffering De+euze ?B AGi!!esB +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) W D o2 L)onB + "isB nd L)ceesB Nietzsche nd +hi!oso.h)B .. 128?
130B 3$8 */8/09G H! Dionysus affir)s a++ th t ..e "sB Oe/en the )ost bitter sufferingD0 nd ..e "s in !! th t is 22i"(ed. >%!ti.!e nd .!%" !ist 22i"( tionK this is the essence of the tragic' 5his 6i!! 4eco(e c!e "e" i2 6e conside" the di22ic%!ties o2 ( kin' e#e")thin' n o4Hect o2 22i"( tion. &e"e the e22o"t nd the 'eni%s o2 .!%" !is( "e necess ")B the .o6e" o2 t" ns2o"( tionsB $ion)si n ! ce" tion. 7hen anguish and disgust a**ear in Nietzsche it is a+.ays at this *oint6 can e/erything beco)e an ob3ect of 22i"( tionB th t is to s ) o2 3oyT 7e )ust find0 for each thing in turn0 the s*ecia+ )eans by .hich it is affir)ed0 by .hich it ceases to be negati/e'I 5he t" 'ic is not to 4e 2o%nd in this n'%ish o" dis'%stB no" in nost !'i 2o" !ost %nit). 5he t" 'ic is on!) to 4e 2o%nd in (%!ti.!icit)B in the di#e"sit) o2 22i"( tion s s%ch. 7hat defines the tragic is the 3oy of )u+ti*+icity0 *+ura+ 3oy. 5his Ho) is not the "es%!t o2 s%4!i( tionB .%"'in'B co(.ens tionB "esi'n tion o" "econci!i tion. Nietzsche can attac4 a++ theories of the tragic for fai+ing to recognize tragedy as an aesthetic *heno)enon' The tragic is the aesthetic for) of 3oy0 not a )edica+ *hrase or a )ora+ so+ution to *ain0 fear or *ity'D It is 3oy that is tragic' Fut this )eans that tragedy is i))ediate+y 3oyfu+0 that it on+y ca++s forth the fear and *ity of the obtuse s*ectator B the . tho!o'ic ! nd (o" !isin' !istene" 6ho co%nts on it to ens%"e the ."o.e" 2%nctionin' o2 his (o" ! s%4!i( tions nd (edic ! .%"'in's. O5h%s the "tistic !istene" is !so "e4o"n 6ith the "e4i"th o2 t" 'ed). -n his .! ce in the the t"e c%"io%s L%id ."o L%o %sed to sit 6ith h !2 (o" !B h !2 scho! "!) ."etensions K the Ic"iticI O A=5 22 .. 133G. 3nd indeedB a true renaissance is needed in order to +iberate the tragic fro) a++ the fear or *ity of the bad +isteners .ho ga/e it a )ediocre sense born of bad conscience' 5he nti?di !ectic ! nd nti?"e!i'io%s d"e ( 6hich "%ns th"o%'h the 6ho!e o2 NietzscheIs .hi!oso.h) is !o'ic o2 (%!ti.!e 22i"( tion nd the"e2o"e !o'ic o2 .%"e 22i"( tion nd co""es.ondin' ethic o2 Ho). The tragic is not founded on a re+ation of +ife and the negati/e but on the essentia+ re+ation of 3oy and )u+ti*+icity0 o2 the .ositi#it) nd (%!ti.!icit)B o2 22i"( tion nd (%!ti.!icit). O5he he"o is Ho)2%!B this is 6h t h sB %. to no6B esc .ed the %tho"s o2 t" 'ediesO A1+ -1 50G. 5" 'ed) K 2" nkB d)n (icB ' iet).

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:2 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , =(tinction
$e+ebration in the face of e(tinction *ro/ides a )o)ent of triu)*h in our +i/es of agony $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 52?53B 3$8 */*/09G H! Io. I .ou+d +o/e one day to see a++ *eo*+e0 young and o+d0 sad or ha**y0 )en and .o)en0 )arried or not0 serious or su*erficia+ +ea/e their ho)es and their .or4 *+aces0 re+in-uish their duties and res*onsibi+ities0 gather in the streets and refuse to do anything any)ore . t th t (o(entB !et s! #es to sense!ess 6o"kB 6ho h #e 4een toi!in' 2o" 2%t%"e 'ene" tions %nde" the di"e de!%sion th t the) cont"i4%te to the 'ood o2 h%( nit)B #en'e the(se!#es on the (edioc"it) o2 ste"i!e nd insi'ni2ic nt !i2eB on the t"e(endo%s 6 ste th t ne#e" .e"(itted s.i"it% ! t" ns2i'%" tion. 3t th t (o(entB 6hen !! 2 ith nd "esi'n tion "e !ostB !et the t" ..in's o2 o"din ") !i2e 4%"st once nd 2o" !!. Let those .ho suffer si+ent+y0 not e/en uttering a sigh of co)*+aint0 ye++ .ith a++ their )ight0 )a4ing a strange0 )enacing0 dissonant c+a)or that .ou+d sha4e the earth' Let the 6 te"s 2!o6 2 ste" nd the (o%nt ins s6 ) th"e tenin'!)B the t"ees sho6 thei" "oots !ike n ete"n ! nd hideo%s "e."o chB the 4i"ds c"o k !ike " #ensB nd the ni( !s sc tte" in 2"i'ht nd 2 !! 2"o( e0h %stion. Let ide !s 4e dec! "ed #oidJ 4e!ie2sB t"i2!esJ "tB !ieJ nd .hi!oso.h)B Hoke. Let e#e")thin' 4e c!i( 0 nd ntic!i( 0. Let !%(.s o2 e "th !e . into the i" nd c"%(4!e in the 6indJ !et .! nts ( ke st" n'e " 4esL%esB 2"i'ht2%! nd disto"ted sh .esB in the sk). Let .i+dfires s*read ra*id+y and a terrifying noise dro.n out e/erything so that e/en the s)a++est ani)a+ .ou+d 4no. that the end is near' Let a++ for) beco)e for)+ess0 and chaos s.a++o. the structure of the .or+d in a gigantic )ae+stro)' Let there be tre)endous co))otion and noise0 terror0 and e(*+osion0 and then +et there be eterna+ si+ence and tota+ forgetfu+ness' nd in those fina+ )o)ents0 +et a++ that hu)anity has fe+t unti+ no.0 ho*e0 regret0 +o/e0 des*air0 and hatred0 e(*+ode .ith such force that nothing is +eft behind' 7ou+d not such )o)ents be the triu)*h of nothingness and the fina+ a*otheosis of nonbeing5

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:B Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Hity
Hity and co)*assion are insu+ting actions , it1s better to focus on o/erco)ing *ersona+ suffering $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 61B 3$8 */*/09G H! &o6 c n one sti!! h #e ide !s 6hen the"e "e so ( n) 4!indB de 2B nd ( d .eo.!e in the 6o"!dT Io. can I re)orse+ess+y en3oy the +ight another cannot see or the sound another cannot hear5 - 2ee! !ike thie2 o2 !i'ht. & #e 6e not sto!en !i'ht 2"o( the 4!ind nd so%nd 2"o( the de 2T Isn1t our /ery +ucidity res*onsib+e for the )ad)an8s dar4ness5 <hen - think 4o%t s%ch thin'sB - !ose !! co%" 'e nd 6i!!B thoughts see) use+ess0 and co)*assion0 /ain' Tor I do not fee+ )ediocre enough to fee+ co)*assion for anyone' $o)*assion is a sign of su*erficia+ity6 bro4en destinies and unre+enting )isery either )a4es you screa) or turn you to stone' Hity is not on+y inefficientA it is a+so insu+ting. 3nd 4esidesB ho. can you *ity another .hen you yourse+f suffer igno)inious+y5 $o)*assion is as co))on as it is because it does not bind you to anythingN Nobody in this .or+d has yet died fro) another8s suffering' nd the one .ho said that he died for us did not dieA he .as 4i++ed'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:4 Trade-Off D

Lin4s , Irony ffs

Irony is a betraya+ of e)otiona+ attach)ent , it sho.s an inabi+ity to +i/e innocent+y and nai/ety $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 91B 3$8 */*/09G H! @nce )o%I#e ne' ted e#e")thin' nd done 6 ) co(.!ete!) 6ith !! 2o"(s o2 e0istenceB once nothin' c n s%"#i#e in the . th o2 )o%" ne' ti#it)B 6ho c n )o% t%"n toB ! %'hin' o" c")in'B i2 not )o%" o6n se!2T @nce )o% h #e 6itnessed the 2 !! o2 the enti"e 6o"!dB the"e is nothin' !e2t 4%t 2o" )o% to 2 !! too. The infinite character of irony cance+s a++ of +ife8s contents. -;( not s.e kin' he"e o2 e!e' ntB "e2ined i"on)B 4o"n o2 sense o2 s%.e"2ici ! ."ide nd s%.e"io"it) ? the irony so)e use to sho. off their detach)ent fro) the .or+d - but of the tragic0 bitter irony of des*air' Genuine irony re*+aces tears0 con/u+sions0 or e/en a grotes-ue and cri)ina+ grin' There is a great difference bet.een the irony of sufferers and that of +azy0 su*erficia+ *eo*+e. 5h t o2 the for)er is the si'n o2 chronic inabi+ity to +i/e innocent+y0 connected .ith a sense of the +oss of /ita+ forcesB 6he"e s th t o2 the ! tte" kno6s nothin' o2 this i""e#oc 4!e !oss nd does not "e2!ect it in conscio%sness. Irony betrays an inner con/u+sion0 a dee*ening of .rin4+es0 the absence of s*ontaneous +o/e0 of hu)an co))union and understanding' It is a /ei+ed conte)*t0 des*ising nai/e0 s*ontaneous gestures0 because it is beyond the irrationa+ and the nai/e. Nonethe!essB this i"on) is en#io%s o2 n i#e .eo.!e. /no"(o%s!) ."o%d nd the"e2o"e %n 4!e to sho6 o.en!) his d(i" tion 2o" si(.!icit)B the i"onic ( nB en#io%s nd .oisono%sB sh"inks 6ith s.ite. 5his 4itte"B t" 'ic i"on) see(s to (e (o"e 'en%ine th n !i'hthe "tedB ske.tic ! i"on). 5he 2 ct th t se!2 i"on) is !6 )s t" 'ic nd 'onic is L%ite "e#e !in'. Se!2? i"on) is ( de %. o2 si'hsB not o2 s(i!esB e#en tho%'h its si'hs "e sti2!ed. 2e+f-irony is an e(*ression of des*air' Pou1/e +ost the .or+dA you8/e +ost yourse+f. &ence2o"th siniste"B .oisono%s 4%"st o2 ! %'hte" h %nts )o%" ctions t e#e") ste.B nd 4o#e the "%ins o2 s(i!in' innocence " ises the hideo%s 'host o2 n 'onic '"inB (o"e conto"ted th n those o2 ."i(iti#e ( sks nd (o"e "i'id th n those on /').ti n st t%es.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

:" Trade-Off D

Lin4s , De)ocracy
The de)ocratic /a+ues the affir)ati/e atte)*ts to i)*ose has it1s roots in s+a/e )ora+ity +o.ering +ife to it1s +o.est co))on deno)inator Ne.)an 0 AS %!B Senio" Lect%"e" in +o!itics W D o2 LondonB E3n "chis( nd the +o!itics o2 ,essenti(entBF
5heo") S /#ent ? 1o!%(e 4B -ss%e 3B >%seB 3$8 */8/09G H! ,essenti(ent is di 'nosed 4) Nietzsche s o%" (ode"n condition. -n o"de" to %nde"st nd "essenti(entB ho6e#e"B it is necess ") to %nde"st nd the "e! tionshi. 4et6een ( ste" (o" !it) nd s! #e (o" !it) in 6hich "essenti(ent is 'ene" ted. NietzscheIs 6o"k @n the Gene !o') o2 >o" !it) is st%d) o2 the o"i'ins o2 (o" !it). 7o" NietzscheB the .ay .e inter*ret and i)*ose /a+ues on the .or+d has histo") ?? its origins are often bruta+ and far re)o/ed fro) the /a+ues they *roduce. 5he # !%e o2 8good8B 2o" inst nceB .as in#ented 4) the no4!e nd hi'h?.! ced to ..!) to the(se!#esB in cont" st to co((onB !o6?.! ced nd .!e4ei n.Q3R -t 6 s the /a+ue of the )aster -- 8good8 -- as o**osed to that of the s+a/e -- 8bad8' 5h%sB
cco"din' to NietzscheB it 6 s in this . thos o2 dist nceB 4et6een the hi'h?4o"n nd the !o6?4o"nB this 4so!%te sense o2 s%.e"io"it)B th t # !%es 6e"e c"e ted.Q4R &o6e#e"B this eL% tion o2 'ood nd "istoc" tic 4e' n to 4e %nde"(ined 4) s! #e "e#o!t in # !%es. 5his s! #e "e#o!tB cco"din' to NietzscheB 4e' n 6ith the Ce6s 6ho insti' ted "e# !% tion o2 # !%es8 -t 6 s the Ce6s 6hoB "eHectin' the "istoc" tic # !%e eL% tion A'ood 9 no4!e 9 .o6e"2%! 9 4e %ti2%! 9 h ..) 9 4!essedG #ent%"ed 6ith 6e?ins.i"in' consistenc)B to 4"in' 4o%t "e#e"s ! nd he!d it in the teeth o2 thei" %n2 tho( 4!e h t"ed Athe h t"ed o2 the .o6e"!essGB s )in'B I@n!) those 6ho s%22e" "e 'oodB on!) the .oo"B the .o6e"!essB the !o6!) "e 'oodJ the s%22e"in'B the de."i#edB the sickB the %'!)B "e the on!) .io%s .eo.!eB the on!) onesB s !# tion is 2o" the( !oneB 6he"e s )o% "ichB the no4!eB the .o6e"2%!B )o% "e ete"n !!) 6ickedB c"%e!B !%st2%!B ins ti teB 'od!essB )o% 6i!! !so 4e ete"n !!) 6"etchedB c%"sed nd d (nedNI....Q5R -n this 6 ) the s! #e "e#o!t in (o" !it) in#e"ted the no4!e s)ste( o2 # !%es nd 4e' n to eL% te 'ood 6ith the !o6!)B the .o6e"!ess ?? the s! #e. 5his in#e"sion int"od%ced the .e"nicio%s s.i"it o2 "e#en'e nd h t"ed into the c"e tion o2 # !%es. 5he"e2o"e )ora+ity0 as .e

understand it0 had its roots in this /engefu+ .i++ to *o.er of the *o.er+ess o/er the *o.erfu+ -- the re/o+t of the s+a/e against the )aster' -t 6 s 2"o( this i(.e"ce.ti4!eB s%4te"" ne n h t"ed th t '"e6 the # !%es s%4seL%ent!) ssoci ted 6ith the 'ood ?? .it)B !t"%is(B (eeknessB etc. Ho+itica+ /a+ues !so gre. fro) this .oisono%s "oot. 7o" NietzscheB # !%es o2 e-ua+ity and de)ocracy0 6hich 2o"( the co"ne"stone o2 " dic ! .o!itic ! theo")B arose out of the s+a/e re/o+t in )ora+ity' They are generated by the sa)e s*irit of re/enge and hatred of the *o.erfu+ . Nietzsche the"e2o"e conde)ns *o+itica+ )o/e)ents +i4e +ibera+ de)ocracy0 socia+is)0 and indeed anarchis)' Ie sees the de)ocratic )o/e)ent as an e(*ression of the herd-ani)a+ )ora+ity deri/ed fro) the Zudeo-$hristian re/a+uation of /a+ues.Q6R narchis) is 2o" Nietzsche the (ost e0t"e(e hei" to de(oc" tic # !%es ?? the (ost " 4id e0."ession o2 the he"d instinct. -t see4s to +e/e+ the differences bet.een indi/idua+s0 to abo+ish c+ass distinctions0 to raze hierarchies to the ground0 and to e-ua+ize the *o.erfu+ and the *o.er+ess0 the rich and the *oor0 the )aster and the s+a/e' 5o Nietzsche this is bringing e/erything do.n to +e/e+ of the +o.est co))on deno)inator -- to erase the *athos of distance bet.een the )aster and s+a/e0 the sense of difference and su*eriority through .hich great /a+ues are created . Nietzsche sees this s the 6o"st e0cess o2 /%"o.e n nihi!is( ?? the de th o2 # !%es nd c"e ti#it).

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Lin4s , De)ocracy
7ithstanding crue+ty )a4es one stronger , De)ocracy de*ri/es us of our innate desire for destruction Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! -n t")in' to i( 'ine 6h t kind o2 instit%tions (i'htB in the 2%t%"eB "ein2o"ce " the" th n 6e ken the 6i!! to .o6e"B it is %se2%! to "ec !! th t di22e"ent histo"ic ! c%!t%"es h #e di22e"ed 6ide!) in the de'"ee o2 inte"n !iz tion th t the) h #e "eL%i"ed nd !so in the e0te"n !ized dis.! )s o2 .o6e" th t the) h #e .e"(itted. 7o" !on' cent%"iesB s 6e h #e seenB the st teB cco"din' to NietzscheB e(.!o)ed the (ost O2e "2%! (e nsO 2o" (o!din' its h%( n ( te"i !. O$onsider the o+d Ger)an *unish)ents8 2o" e0 (.!eB stoning brea4ing on the .hee+ 0 *iercing .ith sta4es0 tearing a*art or tra)*+ing by horses 0 boi+ing of the cri)ina+ in oi+ or .ine 0 the *o*u+ar f+aying a+i/e 0 cutting f+esh fro) the chest0 and a+so the *ractice of s)earing the .rongdoer .ith honey and +ea/ing hi) in the b+azing sun for the f+ies' O Nietzsche "e( "ks th t the .o.%! " 4e!ie2 th t .%nish(ent 6 kens con?science is L%ite (ist ken8 One reasonB he s.ec%! tesB th t Obe+ief in *unish)entD is DtotteringD (on' nineteenth?cent%") /%"o.e ns. OGene" !!) s.e kin'BO he obser/es0 D*unish)ent )a4es )en hard and co+dA it concentratesA it shar*ens the fee+ing of a+ienationA it strengthens the *o.er of resistance'D Iarsh *ena+ *ractices *arado(ica++y honor and *reser/e )an8s )urderous i)*u+ses6 for the cri)ina+ and s*ectators sense that Dthe ty*eD of the cri)ina+8s actions Das suchD cannot be re*rehensib+e since one sees De(act+y the sa)e 4ind of actions *racticed in the ser/ice of 3ustice and a**ro/ed of and *racticed .ith a good conscience6 /io+ence0 defa)ation0 i)*rison)ent0 torture0 )urder0 *racticed as a )atter of *rinci*+e and .ithout e/en e)otion to e(cuse the).O23 5he (ode"n st teB 4) cont" stB tendsB s ( tte" o2 h%( nit "i n nd e' !it "i n ."inci.!eB to o%t! 6 h "sh 2o"(s o2 .%nish(ent nd c"%e! ." ctices 'ene" !!)B 4o!ishin' s! #e")B 2o" e0 (.!eB e!i(in tin' tit!es nd st t%s s)(4o!sB so2tenin' hie" "chic ! distinctions. -n the 6 ke o2 the 7"ench ,e#o!%tionB the"e h d ..e "ed ne6 kind o2 O!e' ! o"de"B tho%'ht o2 s so#e"ei'n nd %ni#e"s !.O The de)ocratic state is o"' nized Onot s (e ns in the st"%''!e 4et6een .o6e"?co(.!e0esB 4%t s a )eans of *re/enting a++ strugg+e in genera+'D &e" !ded 4oth 4) K ntIs .hi!oso.h) nd 4) the !i4e" ! nd soci !ist (o#e(ents o2 the nineteenth cent%")B this !e' ! o"de" Nietzsche des.isedJ it int"od%ced Oa *rinci*+e hosti+e to +ife0 an agent of the disso+ution and destruction of )an0 an atte)*t to assassinate the future of )an.O > nkind 6 s 4eco(in' en(eshed in Ot"e(endo%s c!ock6o"kB co(.osed o2 e#e" s( !!e"B e#e" (o"e s%4t!) I d .tedI 'e "sBO in 6hich the"e is O n e#e"?'"o6in' s%.e"2!%it) o2 !! do(in tin' nd co(( ndin' e!e(entsBO in .hich Indi/idua+s re*resentD )ini)a+ forces0 )ini)a+ /a+ues.O 2uch indi/idua+s0 de*ri/ed of the s*ectac+e of *unish)ent and tired of the .ar .ithin0 cra/e *eace0 tran-ui+ity0 an end to suffering' 7ith Dnothing any )ore to be afraid of0D )an is Dno +onger ab+e to des*ise hi)se+f0D no +onger ab+e e/en to en3oy the *+easure of inf+icting *ain on hi)se+f' t the end of this *ath +ies the D+ast )anD - doci+e denizen of a .or+d that0 to return to our starting *oint -n 7o%c %!tIs te0tB h s "ende"ed %se!ess O4oth the e '!e nd the s%n.O24

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!!!I)*act Debate !!!

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I)*acts , Qa+ue to Life

The abi+ity to inf+ict *ain0 crue+ty and suffering on others is the highest gratification of the fee+ing of *o.er , any atte)*t to ho+d this bac4 is a .i++ to negate +ife' Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! No6B NietzscheIs Gene !o') o2 >o" !s e0."esses the s (e disL%ietin' t" ns# !% tion th t - h #e !"e d) noted in S%"#ei!!e" et .%n!" NietzscheB tooB e(*resses s4e*ticis) about the /a+ue of e+i)inating *ainA he a+so e(*resses an un.onted0 disturbing sy)*athy for institutions that *ro)ote *ub+ic dis*+ays of crue+ty. NietzscheB 2%"the"(o"eB e(*+icit+y *+aces the .heno(enon o2 crue+ty at the heart of his genea+ogy. =) c"%e!t)B - (e n Ato (odi2) s!i'ht!) the de2inition in the @02o"d /n'!ish $iction ")G Oa dis*osition to inf+ict sufferingDA Indifference to or de+ight in *ain or )iseryA )erci+essness0 hard-heartedness0 es*ecia++y as e(hibited in action' DMan is the crue+est ani)a+BO 6"ites Nietzsche in 5h%s S.oke V " th%st" 8 O7hate/er is )ost e/i+ is his best *o.er and the hardest stone for the highest creator .OI 5his con#iction t kes sh .e '" d% !!) in NietzscheIs 6o"k. -t '"o6sB on one h ndB 2"o( his o4se"# tion th t the .%"it) nd 4e %t) o2 ncient G"eek c%!t%"e e(e"'ed on!) 2te" O!on' co(2o"t!ess .e"iodO o2 Od "k c"%dit) nd c"%e!t)O? n o4se"# tion th t !e ds Nietzsche to co((ent th t Oone c n s.e k o2 s."in' s !on' s one h s 6inte" to ."ecede it.O13 >o"e 2 te2%!B 4ec %se (o"e 2%nd (ent !B tho%'hB is NietzscheIs ."o.osition ? t 2i"st d# nced hesit nt!) ? th t the inf+iction of *ain0 to the e(tent it e(cites *+easure0 ought not to be regarded as e/i+' 7hen suffering is Dacco)*anied by *+easure A2ee!in' o2 oneIs o6n .o6e"B o2 oneIs o6n st"on' e0cit tionGBO 6"ites Nietzsche in &%( nB 3!! 5oo &%( nB Oit occurs for the .e++being of the indi/idua+' 7ithout *+easure no +ifeA the strugg+e for *+easure is the strugg+e for +ife' 7hether an Indi/idua+ *ursues this strugg+e in such a .ay that *eo*+e ca++ hi) good0 or in s%ch 6 ) th t the) c !! hi( e/i+B is deter)ined by the degree and -ua+ity of his inte++ect'D 14 This 2o"(%! tionB 6hich yo4es *+easure and *ain together in kind o2 $ion)si n 2o!ie de%0B '"o6s inc"e sin'!) cent" ! to NietzscheIs tho%'ht. 5o e0e"cise cti#e!) the 6i!! to .o6e"B he "e' "ds as the essence of +ife. 5o e0e"cise this .o6e" 6ith 4 ndon is not on!) to co%"t 4ein' c"%e! 4%tB 6hen c"%e!t) occ%"sB to en3oy the *ain0 the suffering0 the agony that crue+ty causes' DTo *ractice crue+ty is to en3oy the highestO ? note the dHecti#e8 the hi'hest ?Ogratification of the fee+ing of *o.er'D To en3oy the e(ercise of *o.er is0 in effect0 to be crue+6 This is Nietzsche8s hard teaching.15

$rue+ty .i++ a+.ays ha**en , it1s 3ust a -uestion of .hether or not .e e(*e+ it out.ard in a good .ay or dec+are .ar on ourse+/es Mi++er 90 AC (esB +"o2esso" o2 +o!itic ! Science nd Ch i"B $e. "t(ent o2 Li4e" ! St%dies W 7%!!e"tonB EC "ni# !s
o2 3t"ocit)8 7o%c %!tB NietzscheB C"%e!t)BF +o!itic ! 5heo") 188 3B 3%'B 4*0?491B Csto"B 3$8 */8/09G H! 3t 2i"stB contends NietzscheB s%ch .!e s%"e 6 s .%4!ic. $rue+ty is Done of the o+dest festi/e 3oys o2 ( nkind.O DIt is not +ong since *rince+y .eddings and *ub+ic festi/a+s of the )ore )agnificent 4ind .ere unthin4ab+e .ithout e(ecutions0 torturing0 o" .e"h .s n %to?d ?2e0 and no nob+e househo+d .as .ithout creatures u*on .ho) one cou+d heed+ess+y /ent one8s )a+ice and crue+ 3o4es'D Tor thousands of years0 societies ha/e been organized hierarchica++yB enab+ing the )an 6ith ."esti'e to en3oy the crue+ *+easure of e(citing en/y and *er)itting the )an of *o.er Othe .!e s%"e o2 4ein' !!o6ed to #ent his .o6e" 2"ee!) %.on one 6ho is .o6e"!essB the #o!%.t%o%s .!e s%"e Ide2 i"e !e ( !.o%" !e .! isi" de !e 2 i"eBI the enHo)(ent o2 #io! tion.OI6 -t 6 s 4) .%4!ic dis.! )s o2 c"%e!t)B Nietzsche s.ec%! tesB th t (e(o") ndB 6ith itB the s.he"es o2 !e' ! o4!i' tion nd (o" !it) 6e"e 2i"st 4"o%'ht into e0istence. OF+ood0 torture and sacrificesD .ere the .ay in .hich )an created Da )e)ory for hi)se+f8- Don+y that .hich ne/er ceases to hurt stays in the )e)ory'D Coinin' '"o%.B ( n .!ed'ed hi(se!2 to o4e) sh "ed "%!es ? on . in o2 c"%e! .%nish(ent i2 he did not. S%ch .%nish(ent ."od%ces O n inc"e se o2 2e "B hei'htenin' o2 ."%denceB ( ste") o2 the desi"es8 th%s .%nish(ent t (es (enB 4%t it does not ( ke the( I4ette".IO1* 5 (in'B 2o" NietzscheB ent i!s 6h t he c !!s Ointe"n !iz tionO? n ide th tB in o%" o6n .ost?7"e%di n 'eB see(s dece.ti#e!) se!2?e#ident. O ++ Instincts that do not discharge the)se+/es out.ard+y turn in.ard0D 6"ites Nietzsche8 OQ5Rh%s it 6 s th t ( n 2i"st de#e!o.ed 6h t 6 s ! te" c !!ed his Iso%!I O5he in#ention o2 the so%! di#ides the h%( n ni( !. OIts instinct for freedo) *ushed bac4 and re*ressed incarcerated .ithin0 and fina++y ab+e to discharge and /ent itse+f on+y on itse+f0D the organis) dec+ares .ar on itse+f .I8

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I)*acts , Qa+ue to Life

The abi+ity to o/erco)e suffering can gi/e us bruta+ satisfaction , a+ternati/e action resu+ts in a distrust and hate of +ife' $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 6?*B 3$8 */*/09G H! 3(on' the ( n) 2o"(s o2 the '"otesL%eB - 2ind the one 6hose "oots "e stee.ed in des. i" (o"e %n%s% ! nd co(.!e0. 5he othe" 2o"(s h #e !ess intensit). -t is i(.o"t nt to note th t the '"otesL%e is inconcei# 4!e 6itho%t intensit) o2 2ee!in'. 3nd .hat intensity is dee*er and )ore organic than des*airT 5he '"otesL%e ..e "s on!) in #e") ne' ti#e st tesB .hen great an(iety arises fro) a +ac4 of +ifeJ the '"otesL%e is e0 !t tion in ne' ti#it). the"e is ( d ! %nch to6 "d ne' ti#it) in th t 4esti !B 'onizin' '"i( ce 6hen the sh .e nd !ines o2 the 2 ce "e conto"ted into st" n'e!) e0."essi#e 2o"(sB 6hen the !ook in oneIs e)es ch n'es 6ith dist nt !i'ht nd sh do6B nd oneIs tho%'hts 2o!!o6 the c%"#e o2 si(i! " disto"tions. Tru+y intense and irre/ocab+e des*air cannot be ob3ectified e(ce*t in grotes-ue e(*ressions0 because the grotes-ue is the abso+ute negation of serenity0 that state of *urity0 trans*arence0 and +ucidity so different fro) the chaos and nothingness of des*air' Ia/e you e/er had the bruta+ and a)azing satisfaction of +oo4ing at yourse+f in the )irror after count+ess s+ee*+ess nights5 Ia/e you suffered the tor)ent of inso)nia0 .hen you count the )inutes for nights on end0 .hen you fee+ a+one in this .or+d0 .hen your dra)a see)s to be the )ost i)*ortant in history and history ceases to ha/e )eaning0 ceases to e(ist5 7hen the )ost terrifying f+a)es gro. in you and your e(istence a**ears uni-ue nd iso! ted in 6o"!d ( de on!) 2o" the cons%(( tion o2 )o%" 'on)T :o% (%st h #e 2e!t those (o(entsB s co%nt!ess nd in2inite s s%22e"in'B in o"de" to h #e c!e " .ict%"e o2 the '"otesL%e 6hen )o% !ook t )o%"se!2 in the (i""o". -t is .ict%"e o2 tot ! st" inB tense '"i( ce to 6hich is dded the de(onic !!) sed%cti#e . !!o" o2 ( n 6ho h s st"%''!ed !on' ho""i4!eB d "k ."eci.ices. -sn;t this '"otesL%e e0."ession o2 des. i" si(i! " to ."eci.iceT -t h s so(ethin' o2 the 4)s( ! ( e!st"o( o2 '"e t de.thsB the sed%ction o2 the !!?enco(. ssin' in2inite to 6hich 6e 4o6 s 6e 4o6 to 2 t !it). &o6 'ood it 6o%!d 4e i2 one co%!d die 4) th"o6in' onese!2 into n in2inite #oidN 5he co(.!e0it) o2 the '"otesL%e 4o"n o%t o2 des. i" "esides in its c . cit) to indic te n inne" in2init) nd to ."od%ce . "o0)s( o2 the hi'hest tension. &o6 co%!d this intense 'on) ( ni2est itse!2 in .!e s nt !ine " c%"#es nd 2o"( ! .%"it)T The grotes-ue essentia++y negates the c+assic0 as .e++ as any idea of sty+e0 har)ony0 and *erfection' -t is e#ident to n)one 6ho %nde"st nds the (%!ti.!e 2o"(s o2 inne" d" ( th t the '"otesL%e hides sec"et t" 'ediesB indi"ect!) e0."essed. <hoe#e" h s seen his 2 ce '"otesL%e!) dis2i'%"ed c n ne#e" 2o"'et itB 4ec %se he 6i!! !6 )s 4e 2" id o2 hi(se!2. $es. i" is 2o!!o6ed 4) . in2%! n0iet). <h t e!se does the '"otesL%e do i2 it does not ct% !ize 2e " nd n0iet)T

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I)*acts , Turns $ase

The )ora+ity of the affir)ati/e de*ends on an e(terna+ ene)y to ca++ itse+f good in o**osition to itse+f , this )eans the affir)ati/es har)s .i++ a+.ays e(ist as they re-uire the) for their )ora+ *ro3ect turning the case Ne.)an 0 AS %!B Senio" Lect%"e" in +o!itics W D o2 LondonB E3n "chis( nd the +o!itics o2 ,essenti(entBF
5heo") S /#ent ? 1o!%(e 4B -ss%e 3B >%seB 3$8 */8/09G H! 2+a/e )ora+ity is characterized by the ttit%de o2 ressenti)ent ?? the "esent(ent nd h t"ed o2 the .o6e"!ess 2o" the .o6e"2%!. Nietzsche sees "essenti(ent s n enti"e!) ne' ti#e senti(ent ?? the attitude of denying .hat is +ife-affir)ing0 saying 8no8 to .hat is different0 .hat is 8outside8 or 8other I. ,essenti(ent is ch " cte"ized 4) n o"ient tion to the o%tsideB " the" th n the 2oc%s o2 no4!e (o" !it)B 6hich is on the se!2. Q*R <hi!e the )aster says 8I a) good8 and adds s n 2te"tho%'htB 8therefore he is bad8J the s+a/e says the o..osite ?? 8Ie Athe ( ste"G is bad0 therefore I a) good8. 5h%s the in/ention of /a+ues co)es fro) a co)*arison o" o..osition to that .hich is outsideB othe"B di22e"ent. Nietzsche s )s8 O... in o"de" to co(e 4o%tB s! #e )ora+ity first has to ha/e an o**osing0 e(terna+ .or+d0 it needs0 *sycho+ogica++y s*ea4ing0 e(terna+ sti)u+i in order to act a++0 -- its action is 4 sic !!) a reaction.OQ8R This "e cti#e st nceB this inabi+ity to define anything e(ce*t in o**osition to so)ething e+se0 is the attitude of ressenti)ent . -t is the "e cti#e st nce o2 the 6e k 6ho de2ine the(se!#es in o..osition to the st"on'. The .ea4 need the e(istence of this e(terna+ ene)y to identify the)se+/es as 8good8' Thus the s+a/e ta4es 8i)aginary re/enge8 u*on the )asterB s he c nnot ct 6itho%t the e0istence o2 the ( ste" to o..ose. 5he ( n o2 "essenti(ent h tes the no4!e 6ith n intense s.iteB dee.?se tedB seethin' h t"ed nd He !o%s). -t is this "essenti(entB cco"din' to NietzscheB th t has *oisoned the )odern consciousnessB nd 2inds its e0."ession in ide s o2 eL% !it) nd de(oc" c)B nd in " dic ! .o!itic ! .hi!oso.hiesB !ike n "chis(B th t d#oc te it.

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!!! +ternati/e Debate !!!

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+ternati/es , Hessi)is)
The tragedy of suffering is our greatest /a+ue in +ife , =)bracing the s.eet suffering in hu)an e(*erience both defines .ho .e are indi/idua++y as .e++ as the re+ationshi*s that connect us' Dienstag 4 ACosh% 7o B 3ssoci te +"o2esso" o2 +o!itics t the Dni#e"sit) o2 1i"'ini B E5" 'ed)B +essi(is(B
NietzscheBF Ne6 Lite" ") &isto") 3481 +"oHect >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! SoB 6hi!e the .essi(istic conce.tion o2 t" 'ed) ( ) "e( in hosti!e to 6o"ks o2 e s) "ede(.tionB the"e is no 4 ""ie" to t" 'ed)Is ..e "in' in o%" ti(e o" o%tside o2 the the te". -ndeedB a *essi)ist )ust insist on the uni/ersa+ a/ai+abi+ity of tragic the)esB i2 not on thei" .e"enni ! ..e " nce.30 Not on!) did Nietzsche 4e!ie#e his o6n .hi!oso.h) 6 s one s%ch ( ni2est tionB 4%t he !so 2o%nd 6"itin' !ike $osto)e#sk)Is to "e2!ectB not nihi!is(B 4%t ."ecise!) .essi(istic ethic. No" sho%!d NietzscheIs ! 4e!in' o2 $osto)e#sk) A nd hi(se!2G s O!i4e" tin'O s%"."ise %s. Hessi)is) is as )uch an ethic of radica+ *ossibi+ity as it is of radica+ insecurityJ indeedB the 2o"(e" is '"o%nded in the ! tte"' It is the +ac4 of any natura+ boundaries to hu)an character that *er)its0 si)u+taneous+y0 our ca*acity for no/e+ty and distincti/eness as .e++ as our ca*acity for enor)ous Q/nd + 'e 95R crue+tyA .e cannot ha/e one .ithout the other. $osto)e#sk)Is ch " cte"s so(eti(es "e ct to this ! ck o2 4o%nd "ies 6ith ctions th t "e hideo%sB 4%t this is d%e to ! ck o2 i( 'in tion th t does notB on NietzscheIs cco%ntB 22!ict $osto)e#sk) hi(se!2. , sko!niko# does not de2ine the .essi(istic conditionJ " the"B he is its 6o"st .ossi4!e conseL%ence. =%t the effect o2 the 4ook is sti!! +iberating0 becauseB !ike tragedyB it a+erts us toB e#en s it 6 "ns %s 4o%tB the doub+e-edged freedo) that is our +ot' @"B .e"h .sB inste d o2 s.e kin' o2 2"eedo( s do%4!e?ed'edB .e shou+d refer to *essi)istic tragedy as teaching the uni/ersa+0 si)u+taneous *resence of freedo) and terror in our +i/es . 5o .o!itic ! theo"ists s%ch s & nn h 3"endtB the ide th t 6e t"e d the .o!itic ! "en O6itho%t 4 niste"O nno%nces 4oth the d n'e" o2 tot !it "i nis( nd the condition o2 .ossi4i!it) 2o" t"%e indi#id% !it). >ode"n 2 scis( h d de(onst" ted th t the"e "e no inn te !i(its to h%( n c"%e!t)B 4%t o%" ckno6!ed'e(ent o2 th t 2 ct co%!dB c%"io%s!)B !!o6 %s to "e ch the eL% !!) t"%e conc!%sion th t O.ith each birth so)ething uni-ue+y ne. co)es into the .or+dD fro) .hich Dthe une(*ected can be e(*ected'O31 Steine" "'%ed th t Gree4 dra)a de)onstrated the c ."icio%s crue+ty of the .or+d0 as .e++ as re/ea+ing the inde*endence and hu)anity of those .ho are the /icti)s of it' =%t e#en soci ! d" ( s (ic"osco.ic nd (ode"n A nd 4o%"'eoisG s /dith <h "tonIs 5he &o%se o2 >i"th Ao"B - thinkB the "ecent 2i!( 3(o"es +e""osG h s the "eL%isite d% ! sense o2 2"eedo( nd te""o". -n 4oth o2 theseB the sh .e o2 indi#id% !s is (ost #i#id!) "e#e !ed s the soci ! st"%ct%"es th t s%..o"t the( co!! .seK."ecise!) s in 3nti'one o" 3H 0.32 5his is not the ide th t 6e see the Ot"%eO indi#id% ! in ti(e o2 d#e"sit). , the"B it is the /ie. that the sources of indi/idua+ity and of that .hich destroys indi/idua+ity are the sa)e' 7"o( this .e"s.ecti#eB it )a4es no sense to as4 .hether the tragic *ersonage is one .ho .i++fu++y se*arates the)se+/es fro) their society or .hether they are *ushed out by ( !ice o" circu)stance Aneithe" 2o" 3nti'one no" 2o" Li!) = "t is the"e 'ood ns6e" to this L%estionG. To a *essi)ist0 a++ of these situations arise e-ua++y fro) the funda)enta+ instabi+ity of hu)an beings nd h%( n instit%tionsB ncho"!ess in ti(e. 7e are a++ e-ua++y sub3ect to the freedo) and terror of the tragic situation' 3nd if so)e stories are D)ore tragicO th n othe"sB this is d%e (e"e!) to A G the circu)stance that so)e situations e(e)*+ify a funda)enta+ condition better than others0 and A4G our +i)ited0 but rea+ eno%'hB ca*acity to insu+ate ourse+/es fro) this circu)stance by burying ourse+/es in a +ife of confor)ity' -t is one o2 the s.eci ! ( "ks o2 t" 'ed)B thinkB th t it often causes us to -uestion the *ursuit of a safe and *ain+ess +ife0 e/en as it *ro)ises us that in abandoning this *ursuit .e .i++ co)e to a bad end. -n Q/nd + 'e 96R en+arging the en/e+o*e of *ossib+e hu)an e(*erience0 .e .i++ necessari+y )ar4 out a uni-ue *ath of suffering' Herha*s0 instead of Ds.eet /io+ence0D .e shou+d s*ea4 of a terror that +iberates'

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Life ne/er gets better and .e are doo)ed to a .or+d of )isery' Fy surrendering our +i/es to *essi)is) .e can affir) our .or+d of tragedy and create an authentic re+ationshi* .ith ourse+/es Dienstag 4 ACosh% 7o B 3ssoci te +"o2esso" o2 +o!itics t the Dni#e"sit) o2 1i"'ini B E5" 'ed)B +essi(is(B
NietzscheBF Ne6 Lite" ") &isto") 3481 +"oHect >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! 7"o( the 4e'innin'B tooB this /ie. is associated .ith the $ion)si nB Othe )other of the )ysteries0 tragedy0 *essi)is)D AKG< 3.3.309G. 5he 3theni n .%4!ic the t"ic ! 2esti# !s 6e"e kno6n s the $ion)si B nd Nietzsche 'oes so 2 " s to c! i( the e0istence o2 t" dition Oth t Gree4 tragedy in its ear+iest for) had for its so+e the)e the sufferings of DionysusD A=5 *3G.16 -n NietzscheIs cco%ntB Dionysus suffers the *rototy*ica+ agonies of e(istence inf+icted by ti)e' Ie is se/ered fro) the eterna+ f+u( and indi/iduated0 then torn to *ieces and reunited .ith the .ho+e6 DThis /ie. o2 thin's !"e d) *ro/ides us .ith !! the e+e)ents of a *rofound and *essi)istic /ie. of the .or+d0 together .ith the )ystery doctrine of tragedy6 the funda)enta+ 4no.+edge of the oneness of e/erything e(istent0 the conce*tion of indi/iduation as the *ri)a+ cause of e/i+0 and of art as the 3oyous ho*e that the s*e++ of indi/iduation )ay be bro4en in augury of a restored onenessD A=5 10G.
$ion)si n s%22e"in' is essenti !!) h%( n s%22e"in'. -n t" 'ed)B this is indic ted 4) connection 4et6een the # "io%s e!e(ents in#o!#ed in the .%4!ic .e"2o"( nce o2 the d" ( . 5he t" 'ic he"oB to NietzscheB si(.!) .e"soni2ies the O$ion)si n st teO o2 the cho"%s s 6ho!e A=5 *3G. 5he cho"%s is !ike6ise Othe (i""o"?i( 'e in 6hich the $ion)si n ( n conte(.! tes hi(se!2O nd !so O #ision o2 the $ion)si n ( ss o2 s.ect to"sO A=5 63G. 5h%sB cto"B cho"%sB nd .%4!ic "e !! connected in t" 'ed) th"o%'h thei" $ion)si n ch " cte" A+5 165G. / ch is 2" '(ent to"n 2"o( the 6ho!e. Nietzsche is he"e c"itiL%in'B 4%t !so "econstit%tin'B the t" dition ! .hi!o!o'ic ! st nce th t the cho"%s "e."esents the G"eek .%4!ic itse!2. 3!tho%'h he sh ".!) tt cks the o"i'in ! ."o.onents o2 this #ie6B heB in 2 ctB ."o.oses not to "eHect it 4%t to (odi2) it. &e 6i!! cce.t the connection o2 citizens nd cho"%s on!) on the condition th t the G"eek .%4!ic is %nde"stood s %niL%e .heno(enonB O$ion)si n th"on'BO th t isB s .%4!ic !"e d) in2ected 6ith the .essi(istic 6isdo( o2 the ."e? Soc" tics.1*

Nietzsche8s conce*tion isB thenB H%st the o**osite of the e+itis) it is often associated .ith' Tragic 4no.+edge is not so)ething to .hich on+y a *ri/i+eged fe. ha/e access . -nste dB the tragic theater can functionB on his cco%ntB on+y .hen the ethos of *essi)is) is shared throughout the de)os. <hen
Nietzsche " i!s ' inst the Ode(oc" tiz tionO o2 t ste in .ost?Soc" tic 3thensB he does not (e n the ! "'e" .o.%! tion h s n t%" ! dist ste 2o" t" 'ed)J his co(.! int is on!) th t the !o6e" c! sses "e . "tic%! "!) s%sce.ti4!e to Soc" tesI o.ti(is(. 3..e !in' to thei" s%22e"in'B it h s the e22ect o2 stokin' thei" "esent(ents ' inst the "ich. A-2 .eo.!e 6e"e n t%" !!) o.ti(isticB Soc" tesI "o!e 6o%!d 4e %ni(.o"t nt. If anything is Dnatura+0D it is *essi)is)B tho%'h NietzscheB 6ho esche6s s%ch te"(sB 6i!! on!) s.e k o2 it s Oo!de" nd (o"e o"i'in !.OG SoB he 6"itesB in !ect%"e on So.hoc!esB O5" 'ed) h s !6 )s cont ined Q/nd + 'e 88R .%"e de(oc" tic ch " cte"B s it s."in's 2"o( the .eo.!eO AKG< 2.3.1*G.18 3' inst this cco%nt o2 .essi(is( nd t" 'ed) s kind o2 $ion)si n 6isdo(B Nietzsche co%nte".oses the ne6 Soc" tic .hi!oso.h)B 6hose ch " cte"istic 2e t%"e no6 ..e "s to 4e its o.ti(is(.19 /#en 6hi!e ."oc! i(in' its i'no" nceB Soc" tic inL%i") "eHects the .essi(istic ide th t inL%i")B !ike e#e") h%( n cti#it)B is %!ti( te!) doo(ed8 O7o" 6ho co%!d (ist ke the o.ti(istic e!e(ent in the n t%"e o2 di !ecticB 6hich ce!e4" tes t"i%(.h 6ith e#e") conc!%sion . . . the o*ti)istic e+e)ent .hich0 ha/ing once

*enetrated tragedy )ust gradua++y o/ergro. its Dionysian regions and i)*e+ it necessari+y to se+fdestructionO A=5 91G. Soc" tes does not ."o(ise ete"n ! h ..inessB 4%t he does 22i"( 4oth th t #i"t%e "es%!ts in h ..iness nd th

t #i"t%e c n 4e t %'htKth%s h ..iness theo"etic !!) is 6ithin the '" s. o2 !!.20 &e denies th t the"e is n)thin' %!ti( te!) ()ste"io%s 4o%t !i2e o" ine#it 4!e 4o%t s%22e"in'8 O=) cont" st 6ith this ." ctic ! .essi(is(B Soc" tes is the ."otot).e o2 the theo"etic ! o.ti(ist 6hoB 6ith his 2 ith th t the n t%"e o2 thin's c n 4e 2 tho(edB sc"i4es to kno6!ed'e nd insi'ht the .o6e" o2 . n ce O A=5 9*G. Not6ithst ndin' Soc" tesI 2 te t the h nds o2 his 2e!!o6 citizensB Nietzsche h s no do%4t th t this .."o chB de#e!o.ed 4) +! toB 6 s %!ti( te!) #icto"io%s in its st"%''!e 6ith t" 'ed)8 O@.ti(istic di !ectic d"i#es (%sic o%t o2 t" 'ed) 6ith the sco%"'e o2 its s)!!o'is(sO A=5 92G. C%st s the .essi(is( o2 n o!de" 'ene" tion o2 G"eeks e0.! ins the o"i'in o2 t" 'ed)B so the Soc" tic t%"n in G"eek .hi!oso.h) e0.! ins its de(ise. <hen the .o.%! tion do.ted the o.ti(istic .e"s.ecti#eB the c%!t%" ! conte0t 2o" t" 'ed) e# .o" ted A+5 161G. 7"o( NietzscheIs #ie6.ointB this 6 s n)thin' 4%t theo"etic ! d# nce. G"eek .essi(is( h d 2%nd (ent ! honest) th t Soc" tic?+! tonic .hi!oso.h) ! cks. 5his .ointB in . "tic%! "B he "ee(.h sized in the 1886 int"od%ction to 5he =i"th o2 5" 'ed). <hi!e .essi(is( tod )B s it 6 s in NietzscheIs ti(eB is co((on!) ssoci ted 6ith ide s o2 c%!t%" ! dec )B he t kes the G"eek e0.e"ience to indic te ."ecise!) the o..osite8 O-s .essi(is( necess "i!) si'n o2 dec!ine . . . s it once 6 s in -ndi nd no6 isB to !! ..e " ncesB (on' %sB I(ode"nI (en nd /%"o.e nsT Is there a *essi)is) of strength5 ' ' ' nd again6 that of .hich tragedy died0 the 2ocratis)

of )ora+ity0 the dia+ectics0 fruga+ity0 and cheerfu+ness of the theoretica+ )anKho6 no6T Might not this /ery 2ocratis) be a sign of dec+ine ' ' ' Is the reso+/e to be so scientific about e/erything *erha*s a 4ind of fear of0 an esca*e fro)0 *essi)is)5 3 s%4t!e ! st "eso"t ' instKt"%thTO A=5 1*?18G. The Gree4s of 2ocrates8 generation cou+d no +onger bear to +i/e .ith the bruta+ truths of the hu)an condition and sought refuge in an o*ti)istic *hi+oso*hy. 5o Nietzsche this 6 s O(o" !!) s.e kin'B so"t o2 Q/nd + 'e 89R co6 "dice . . . (o" !!) s.e kin'B "%seO A=5 18G. =ither .ay0 it .as an acti/e se+fdece*tion that )ade +ife )ore to+erab+e but +ess genuine' It .as a retreat fro) a rea+ +oo4 at ti)e-

;DI=N2T G $ONTIN<=2>

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;DI=N2T G $ONTIN<=2>
bound e(istence to a *+easing fantasy of *rogress and ha**iness' 5h%sB Nietzsche conc!%desB it is the o*ti)ists .ho are the true harbingers of cu+tura+ dec+ine' <h t e!se c n 6e c !! thei" 6e kenin' o2 "eso!#e in
co(. "ison 6ith the st nce o2 the e "!ie" G"eeksT NietzscheIs tt ck on Soc" tes nd +! to is o2ten t ken to 4e de2ense o2 i"" tion !is(B 4%t fro) his *ers*ecti/e it is they .ho ha/e retreated fro) an honest assess)ent of the .or+d' The

*essi)istic /ision of the .or+d as funda)enta++y disordered0 unta)ab+e0 unfair0 and destructi/e is the DtruthD against .hich they c+ose their eyes and .ithdra. to a ca/e.21

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+ternati/e , Fathe in Tire

The .i++fu+ affir)ation of our co)*+ete annihi+ation is a state of co)*+ete *urity , .e beco)e nothing but a dancing f+a)e $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 45B 3$8 */*/09G H! 5he"e "e so ( n) 6 )s to chie#e the sens tion o2 i(( te"i !it) th t it 6o%!d 4e di22ic%!tB i2 not 2%ti!eB to ( ke c! ssi2ic tion. Ne#e"the!essB - think th t the 4 th o2 2i"e is one o2 the 4est. 5he 4 th o2 2i"e8 you1re 4ein' ab+azeB !! 2! shes nd s. "ksB cons%(ed 4) 2! (es s in he!!. The bath of fire *urifies so radica++y that it does a.ay .ith e(istence' -ts he t 6 #es nd scorching f+a)es burn the 4erne+ of +ifeB s(othe"in' its #it ! e! nB t%"nin' its ''"essi#eness into s.i" tion. 5o !i#e in 4 th o2 2i"eB transfigured by its rich g+o. - such is the state of i))ateria+ *urity .here one is nothing but a dancing f+a)e . Treed fro) the +a.s of gra/ity0 +ife beco)es i++usion or drea). =%t this is not !!8 t the endB (ost c%"io%s nd . " do0ic ! sens tion occ%"sJ the fee+ing of drea)y unrea+ity gi/es .ay to the sensation of beco)ing ash' The bath of fire in/ariab+e ends thus6 .hen the inner conf+agration has scorched the ground of your being0 .hen a++ is ashes0 .hat e+se is there +eft to e(*erience5 There is both )ad de+ight and infinite irony in the thought of )y ashes scattered to the four .inds0 so.n frenetica++y in s*ace0 an eterna+ re*roach to the .or+d.

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7e shou+d +augh at our ine/itab+e deaths and /ie. it in a +i)ited +ife0 .e can esca*e the fear ho/ering o/er our +i/es $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 33?34B 3$8 */*/09G H! &o6 i(.o"t nt c n it 4e th t - s%22e" nd thinkT >) ."esence in this 6o"!d 6i!! dist%"4 2e6 t" nL%i! !i#es nd 6i!! %nsett!e the %nconscio%s nd .!e s nt n i#etY o2 othe"s. 3!tho%'h I fee+ that )y tragedy is the greatest in history - greater than the fa++ of e)*ires - I a) ne/erthe+ess a.are of )y tota+ insignificance. - ( 4so!%te!) .e"s% ded th t - ( nothin' in this %ni#e"seJ )et - 2ee! th t (ine is the on!) "e ! e0istence. -2 - h d to choose 4et6een the 6o"!d nd (eB - 6o%!d "eHect the 6o"!dB its !i'hts nd ! 6sB %n 2" id to '!ide !one in 4so!%te nothin'ness. 3!tho%'h !i2e 2o" (e is to"t%"eB - c nnot "eno%nce itB 4ec %se - do not 4e!ie#e in the 4so!%te # !%es in 6hose n (e - 6o%!d s c"i2ice ()se!2. -2 - 6e"e to 4e tot !!) since"eB - 6o%!d s ) th t - do not kno6 6h) - !i#e nd 6h) - do not sto. !i#in'. 5he ns6e" ."o4 4!) !ies in the i"" tion ! ch " cte" o2 !i2e 6hich ( int ins itse!2 6itho%t "e son. <h t i2 the"e 6e"e on!) 4s%"d (oti#es 2o" !i#in'T Co%!d the) sti!! 4e c !!ed (oti#esT This .or+d is not .orth a sacrifice in the na)e of an idea or a be+ief' Io. )uch ha**ier are .e today because others ha/e died for our .e++-being and our en+ight)ent5 7e++-being5 en+ight)ent5 If anybody had died so that I cou+d be ha**y0 then I .ou+d be e/en )ore unha**y0 because I do not .ant to bui+d )y +ife on a gra/eyard . 5he"e "e (o(ents 6hen 2ee! "es.onsi4!e 2o" !! the s%22e"in' in histo")B since - c nnot %nde"st nd 6h) so(e h #e shed 4!ood 2o" %s. -t 6o%!d 4e '"e t i"on) i2 6e co%!d dete"(ine th t the) 6e"e h ..ie" th n 6e "e. Let history cru)b+e into dustN <h) sho%!d - 4othe"T Let death a**ear in a ridicu+ous +ightA suffering0 +i)ited and unre/ea+ingA enthusias)0 i)*ureA +ife0 rationa+A +ife8s dia+ectics0 +ogica+ rather than de)onicA des*air0 )inor and *artia+A eternity0 3ust a .ordA the e(*erience of nothingness0 an i++usionA fata+ity0 a 3o4eN - se"io%s!) sk ()se!2B 6h t is the (e nin' o2 !! thisT <h) " ise L%estionsB th"o6 !i'htsB o" see sh do6sT <o%!dn;t it 4e 4ette" i2 - 4%"ied () te "s in the s nd on se sho"e in %tte" so!it%deT =%t - ne#e" c"iedB 4ec %se () te "s h #e !6 )s t%"ned into tho%'hts. 3nd () tho%'hts "e s 4itte" s te "s.

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+ternati/es , 2o+/ency
Des*air is a *er)anent condition of .hat it )eans to be hu)an , consu)ing ourse+/es by inner fires feeds the e)brace)ent of our agony $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 3*?38B 3$8 */*/09G H! Is there anything on earth .hich cannot be doubted e(ce*t death0 the on!) ce"t int) in this 6o"!dT 5o do%4t nd )et to !i#e ? this is . " do0B tho%'h not t" 'ic oneB since do%4t is !ess intenseB !ess cons%(in'B th n des. i". 34st" ct do%4tB in 6hich one . "tici. tes on!) . "ti !!)B is (o"e 2"eL%entB 6he"e s in des. i" one . "tici. tes tot !!) nd o"' nic !!). Not e#en the (ost o"' nic nd se"io%s 2o"(s o2 do%4t e#e" "e ch the intensit) o2 des. i". -n co(. "ison 6ith des. i"B ske.ticis( is ch " cte"ized 4) ce"t in (o%nt o2 di!ett ntis( nd s%.e"2ici !it). - c n do%4t e#e")thin'B - ( ) #e") 6e!! s(i!e conte(.t%o%s!) t the 6o"!dB 4%t this 6i!! not ."e#ent (e 2"o( e tin'B 2"o( s!ee.in' .e ce2%!!)B nd 2"o( ( "")in'. -n des. i"B 6hose de.th one c n 2 tho( on!) 4) e0.e"iencin' itB s%ch ctions "e .ossi4!e on!) 6ith '"e t e22o"t. @n the hei'hts o2 des. i"B no4od) h s the "i'ht to s!ee.. 5h%s a genuine+y des*erate )an cannot forget his o.n tragedy6 his consciousness *reser/es the *ainfu+ actua+ity of his sub3ecti/e tor)ent . $o%4t is n0iet) 4o%t ."o4!e(s nd thin'sB nd h s its o"i'ins in the %nso!# 4!e n t%"e o2 !! 4i' L%estions. -2 s%ch L%estions co%!d 4e so!#edB the ske.tic 6o%!d "e#e"t to (o"e no"( ! st tes. 5he condition o2 the des.e" te ( n in this "es.ect is %tte"!) di22e"ent8 i2 !! ."o4!e(s 6e"e so!#edB he 6o%!d not 4e n) !ess n0io%sB since his n0iet) "ises o%t o2 his o6n s%4Hecti#e e0istence. Des*air is the state in .hich an(iety and rest+essness are i))anent to e(istence' No4od) in des. i" s%22e"s 2"o( ."o4!e(sB 4%t 2"o( his o6n inne" to"(ent nd 2i"e. -t;s .it) th t nothing can be so+/ed in this .or+d. :et the"e ne#e" 6 s nd he"e ne#e" 6i!! 4e n)one 6ho 6o%!d co((it s%icide 2o" this "e son. So (%ch 2o" the .o6e" th t inte!!ect% ! n0iet) h s o#e" the tot ! n0iet) o2 o%" 4ein'N That is .hy I *refer the dra)atic +ife0 consu)ed by inner fires and tortured by destiny0 to the inte++ectua+0 caught u* in abstractions .hich do not engage the essence of our sub3ecti/ity' I des*ise the absence of ris4s0 )adness and *assion in abstract thin4ing' &o6 2e"ti!e !i#eB . ssion te thinkin' isN L)"icis( 2eeds it !ike 4!ood .%(.ed into the he "tN -t is inte"estin' to o4se"#e the d" ( tic ."ocess 4) 6hich (enB o"i'in !!) ."eocc%.ied 6ith 4st" ct nd i(.e"son ! ."o4!e(sB so o4Hecti#e s to 2o"'et the(B co(e to "e2!ect %.on thei" o6n s%4Hecti#it) nd %.on e0istenti ! L%estions once the) e0.e"ience sickness nd s%22e"in'. 3cti#e nd o4Hecti#e (en do not h #e eno%'h inne" "eso%"ces to ( ke n inte"estin' ."o4!e( o2 thei" o6n destin). @ne (%st descend !! the ci"c!es o2 n inne" he!! to t%"n oneIs destin) into s%4Hecti#e )et %ni#e"s ! ."o4!e(. -2 )o% "e not 4%"ned to shesB )o% 6i!! then 4e 4!e to .hi!oso.hize !)"ic !!). On+y .hen you do not deign e/en to des*ise this .or+d of unso+/ab+e *rob+e)s .i++ you fina++y co)e to achie/e a su*erior for) of *ersona+ e(istence' nd this .i++ be so not because you ha/e any s*ecia+ /a+ue or e(ce++ence0 but because nothing interests you beyond your o.n *ersona+ agony'

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+ternati/es , =(tinction
Tacing e(tinction a++o.s us to get o/er the an(iety of co)*+ete destruction , it beco)es a .i++fu+ affir)ation $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 90B 3$8 */*/09G H! Let %s "et%"n to o"i'in ! ch osN Let %s i( 'ine the ."i(o"di ! dinB the o"i'in ! #o"te0N Let us thro. ourse+/es into the .hir+.ind .hich has *receded the creation of for)' Let our being tre)b+e .ith effort and )adness in the fiery abyssN Let e/erything be .i*ed out so that0 surrounded by confusion and dise-ui+ibriu)0 .e *artici*ate fu++y in the genera+ de+iriu)0 retracing our .ay bac4 fro) cos)os to chaos0 fro) for) to s.ir+ing gyres. 5he disinte'" tion o2 the 6o"!d is c"e tion in "e#e"se8 n .oc !).se %.side do6n 4%t s."%n' 2"o( si(i! " i(.%!ses. Nobody desires to return to chaos .ithout ha/ing first e(*erienced an a*oca+y*tic /ertigo' Io. great )y terror and )y 3oy at the thought of being dragged into the /orte( of initia+ chaos0 that *ande)oniu) of *arado(ica+ sy))etry - the uni-ue geo)etry of chaos0 de/oid of sense or for)N -n e#e") 6hi"!6ind hides .otenti ! 2o" 2o"(B H%st s in ch os the"e is .otenti ! cos(os. Let (e .ossess n in2inite n%(4e" o2 %n"e !izedB .otenti ! 2o"(sN Let e/erything /ibrate in )e .ith the uni/ersa+ an(iety of the beginning0 3ust a.a4ening fro) nothingnessN I can on+y +i/e at the beginning or the end of this .or+d'

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T6 Her)
The *er)utation fai+s , The co)bination of *essi)is) and the e+e)ents of the affir)ati/e resu+t in an inabi+ity to affir) the entirety of tragedy Dienstag 4 ACosh% 7o B 3ssoci te +"o2esso" o2 +o!itics t the Dni#e"sit) o2 1i"'ini B E5" 'ed)B +essi(is(B
NietzscheBF Ne6 Lite" ") &isto") 3481 +"oHect >%seB 3$8 */9/09G H! 5he t sk th t 5he =i"th o2 5" 'ed) set itse!2 6 s to e0.! in not on!) the ..e " nce o2 G"eek t" 'ed)B 4%t !so its dec!ine in G"eek societ) 2te" /%"i.ides. 3s is 6e!! kno6nB Nietzsche h).othesizes th t Soc" tesI int"od%ction A nd +! toIs 2%"the" nceG o2 " tion !istic .hi!oso.h) dest"o)ed the ."ee0istin' c%!t%" ! '"o%nds 2o" G"eek t" 'ed) A=5 8122.G. =%t 6h t e0 ct!) did Soc" tes dest"o)B nd ho6 6 s this .ossi4!eT <h)B in n) c seB sho%!d .hi!oso.he" h #e h d the .o6e" to 22ect the the te"T 5he ns6e" !ies in the .essi(is( th t Nietzsche ssoci tes 6ith the ."e?Soc" tic .hi!oso.he"s nd his 4e!ie2 th t thei" ide s "e2!ected the o"i'in ! ch " cte" o2 e "!) G"eek c%!t%"e. OTragedyBO s he .%t it in note 2"o( this .e"iodB Ois the out+et of )ystic*essi)istic 4no.+edge.O12 +essi(is( 6 s the .hi!oso.hic ! 4 sis 2o" the .! )s o2 3esch)!%s nd So.hoc!es. This .as the .isdo) that the *re-2ocratics *ossessed and that +ater generations 2i"st denied nd then 2o"'ot. Soc" tes is the 'ent o2 this ch n'e 4ec %se his .hi!oso.h) is essenti !!) o.ti(istic A=5 9122.G.13 Nietzsche did not think o2 o.ti(is( nd .essi(is( s t6o eL% !B i2 o..ositeB 6 )s o2 !ookin' t the 6o"!dB s 6e (i'ht tod )J " the" O.essi(is( . . . is o!de" nd (o"e o"i'in ! th n o.ti(is(O AKG< 4.1.208G. +essi(is( is the do( in o2 the -oni n .hi!oso.he"s 6ho ."eceded Soc" tes nd 6hose te chin's 6e .ossess on!) in 2" '(ents. -nste d o2 t")in' to const"%ct s)ste( ticB o"de"in' .hi!oso.h)B s Soc" tes nd +! to 6e"e to doB the ."e?Soc" tics '" s.ed the ch otic nd diso"de"ed n t%"e o2 the 6o"!d nd on!) tte(.ted to co.e 6ith itB inso2 " s th t 6 s .ossi4!e8 OHessi)is) is the conse-uence of 4no.+edge of the abso+ute i++ogic of the .or+d-orderD AKG< 3.3.*4G. Q/nd + 'e 86R -n othe" notes 2"o( this .e"iodB Nietzsche 2i"st tt"i4%tes to $e(oc"it%s the doct"ine th t Othe 6o"!d QisR 6itho%t (o" ! nd esthetic (e nin'O nd c !!s this ide Othe .essi(is( o2 ccidentsO AKG< 3.4.151G. -n +hi!oso.h) in the 5" 'ic 3'e o2 the G"eeks A6"itten t 4o%t the s (e ti(e s 5he =i"th 4%t .%4!ished on!) .osth%(o%s!)GB he !ikens 3n 0i( nde" to Scho.enh %e" nd c !!s hi( Othe 2i"st .hi!oso.hic ! %tho" o2 the ncients.O &e 'oes on to desc"i4e 3n 0i( nde" s Ot"%e .essi(istO nd L%otes his on!) e0t nt 2" '(ent to H%sti2) the ! 4e!8 O<he"e the so%"ce o2 thin's isB to th t .! ce the) (%st !so . ss 6 )B cco"din' to necessit)B 2o" the) (%st . ) .en nce nd 4e H%d'ed 2o" thei" inH%sticesB in cco"d nce 6ith the o"din nce o2 5i(e.O14 -n othe" 6o"dsB the ."e?Soc" ticsB s Nietzsche inte"."eted the(B '" s.ed the ni( tin' ."inci.!e o2 *essi)is)8 th t ti(e is an unsha4ab+e burden for hu)an beings because it +eads to the u+ti)ate destruction of a++ thingsEand that this fate be+ies any *rinci*+e of order that )ay0 on the surface0 a**ear to guide the course of e/ents' @2 co%"seB 6hethe" n) o2 the ."e?Soc" tics 6o%!d h #e .%t thin's this 6 ) is de4 t 4!e A !tho%'h &e" c!it%sB in . "tic%! "B is ce"t in!) o2ten %nde"stood in this 2 shionG. <h t is i(.o"t nt he"e is th t Nietzsche %nde"stood the( to 4e doin' soB th t he %nde"stood the "oot o2 .essi(is( to 4eB s he ! te" 6"oteB Oti(e?sickness QVeit?K" nkheitRO AKG< *.2.51G. 5he e.i'" .h 2"o( <ei! c .t%"es the tho%'ht e0 ct!)8 it is the dest"%cti#e .o6e" o2 ti(e th t st nds 4ehind n) . "tic%! " c %se o2 s%22e"in' in the 6o"!d. Nietzsche considered tragic theater to be an outgro.th of this /ie. of the uni/erse as so)ething constant+y in f+u(0 constant+y in the *rocess of beco)ing andB th%sB constant+y in the *rocess of destroying. 5he " # 'es o2 ti(e co%!d not 4e c%"ed o" co(.ens ted 2o" th"o%'h t" 'ed)B on!) %nde"stood8 O5" 'ed) . . . is in its essence .essi(istic. /0istence is in itse!2 so(ethin' #e") te""i4!eB ( n so(ethin' #e") 2oo!ishO AKG< 3.2.38G. Nietzsche "eHects the conc!%sionB .o.%! " since 3"istot!eB th t tragedy offers so)e 4ind of *urification of the e)otions generated by the terrib+e truths of the hu)an condition .15 Ie !so re3ects the idea that tragedies contain so)e sort of )ora+ +esson )eant to instruct us in ethica+ beha/ior' -nste dB he "'%esB tragedy si)*+y ser/es to +ay bare for us the horrib+e situation of hu)an e(istence that the *re-2ocratic *hi+oso*hers describe0 a situation fro) .hich our )inds .ou+d other.ise f+ee6 DThe hero of tragedy does not *ro/e hi)se+f ' ' ' in a strugg+e against fate0 3ust as +itt+e does he suffer .hat he deser/es' 9ather0 b+ind and .ith co/ered head0 he fa++s to his ruin6 and his deso+ate but nob+e burden .ith .hich he re)ains standing in the *resence of this .e++-4no.n .or+d of terrors *resses itse+f +i4e a thorn in our sou+D AKG< 3.2.38G. The tragic out+oo4 is thus generated fro) a base of *essi)istic 4no.+edge' It reco))ends no cure for the *ains of e(istence0 on+y a *ub+ic recognition of their de*th and *o.er' Q/nd + 'e 8*R

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T6 7e 2o+/e O**ression
Iistory *ro/es e(*+oitation and hierarchries are an ine/itab+e *art of hu)an society Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B =e)ond Good nd /#i!B 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4'e.ht(B 3$8 */8/09G H! 25*. =/ery e+e/ation of the t).e E)anBF h s hithe"to 4een the 6o"k o2 n "istoc" tic societ)K nd so it 6i!! !6 )s 4eK societ) 4e?!ie#in' in !on' sc !e o2 '" d tions o2 " nk nd di22e"ences o2 6o"th (on' h%( n 4ein'sB nd "eL%i"in' s! #e") in so(e 2o"( o" othe". <itho%t the . thos o2 dist nceB s%ch s '"o6s o%t o2 the in?c "n ted di22e"ence o2 c! ssesB o%t o2 the const nt o%t?!ookin' nd do6n?!ookin' o2 the "%!in' c ste on s%4o"din tes nd inst"%(entsB nd o%t o2 thei" eL% !!) const nt ." ctice o2 o4e)in' nd co(( nd?in'B o2 kee.in' do6n nd kee.in' t dist nceKth t othe" (o"e ()ste"io%s . thos co%!d ne#e" h #e "isenB the !on'in' 2o" n e#e" ne6 6idenin' o2 dist nce 6ithin the so%! itse!2B the 2o"( tion o2 e#e" hi'he"B " "e"B 2%"the"B (o"e e0tendedB (o"e co(."ehensi#e st tesB in sho"tB H%st the e!e# tion o2 the t).e E( nBF the contin%ed Ese!2?s%"(o%ntin' o2 ( nBF to %se (o" ! 2o"(%! in s%.e"(o" ! sense. 5o 4e s%"eB one )ust not resign onese+f to any hu)anitarian i++usions about the history of the origin of an aristocratic society Ath t is to s )B o2 the ."e!i(in ") condition 2o" the e!e# tion o2 the t).e E( nFG8 the truth is hard' Let us ac4no.+edge un*re3udiced+y ho. e/ery higher ci/i+ization hithe"to has originatedN Men .ith a sti++ natura+ nature0 barbarians in e/ery terrib+e sense of the .ord0 )en of *rey0 sti++ in *ossession of unbro4en strength of .i++ and desire for *o.er0 thre. the)se+/es u*on .ea4er0 )ore )ora+0 )ore *eacefu+ races A.e"h .s t" din' o" c tt!e?"e "in' co((%nitiesGB o" %.on o!d (e!!o6 ci#i!iz tions in 6hich the 2in ! #it ! 2o"ce 6 s 2!icke"in' o%t in 4"i!!i nt 2i"e6o"ks o2 6it nd de." #it). 3t the co((ence(entB the no4!e c ste 6 s !6 )s the 4 "4 "i n c ste8 their su*eriority did not consist first of a++ in their *hysica+0 but in their *sychica+ *o.erKthe) 6e"e (o"e co(.!ete (en A6hich t e#e") .oint !so i(.!ies the s (e s E(o"e co(.!ete 4e stsFG.

The .i++ to *o.er of society ensures do)ination .i++ ha**en Nietzsche #??% A7"ied"ichB Ch i" o2 C! ssic ! +hi!o!o') t the Dni#e"sit) o2 = se!B =e)ond Good nd /#i!B 5he
Nietzsche Ch nne!B htt.8//666.'eocities.co(/thenietzschech nne!/4'e.ht(B 3$8 */8/09G H! 258. Co""%.tionK s the indic tion th t n "ch) th"e tens to 4"e k o%t (on' the instincts nd th t the 2o%nd tion o2 the e(otions Ai.e.B E!i2eFG is con#%!sedKdi22e"s " dic !!) cco"din' to the o"' niz tion in 6hich it ( ni2ests itse!2. <henB 2o" inst nceB n "istoc" c) !ike th t o2 7" nce t the 4e'innin' o2 the ,e#o!%tionB 2!%n' 6 ) its ."i#i!e'es 6ith s%4!i(e dis'%st nd s c"i2iced itse!2 to n e0cess o2 its (o" ! senti(entsB it 6 s co""%.tionKit 6 s "e !!) on!) the c!os?in' ct o2 the co""%.tion th t h d e0isted 2o" cent%"iesB 4) #i"t%e o2 6hich th t "istoc" c) h d 4dic ted ste. 4) ste. its !o"d!) ."e"o' ?ti#es nd !o6e"ed itse!2 to 2%nction o2 "o) !t) Ain the end e#en to its deco" tion nd . " de?d"essG. The essentia+ thingB ho6e#e"B in 'ood nd he !th) "istoc" c) is th t it sho%!d not "e' "d itse!2 s 2%nction eithe" o2 the (on "ch) o" the co((on6e !thB 4%t as the significance and highest 3ustification thereofKth t it shou+d then acce*t .ith a good conscience the sacrifice of a +egion of indi/idua+s0 .hoB 2o" its s keB )ust be su**ressed and reduced to i)*erfect )en0 to s+a/es and instru)ents. -ts 2%nd (ent ! 4e!ie2 (%st 4e ."ecise!) th t society is not a++o.ed to e(ist for its o6n s keB 4%t on!) s 2o%nd tion nd sc 22o!din'B 4) (e ns o2 6hich a se+ect c+ass of beings )ay be ab+e to e+e/ate the)se+/es to their higher dutiesB nd in 'ene" ! to hi'he" e0istence8 !ike those s%n?seekin' c!i(4in' .! nts in C # Kthe) "e c !!ed Si.o ( t do"K6hich enci"c!e n o k so !on' nd so o2ten 6ith thei" "(sB %nti! t ! stB hi'h 4o#e itB 4%t s%..o"ted 4) itB the) c n %n2o!d thei" to.s in the o.en !i'htB nd e0hi4it thei" h ..iness.

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$onnecting .ith the Other through understanding is not on+y i)*ossib+e but if it .ere0 .ou+d co++a*se society into an eru*tion of b+ood $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 6?*B 3$8 */*/09G H! There are *eo*+e .ho are destined to taste on+y the *oison in thingsB 2o" 6ho( n) s%"."ise is . in2%! s%"."ise nd n) e0.e"ience ne6 occ sion 2o" to"t%"e. If so)eone .ere to say to )e that such suffering has sub3ecti/e reasonsB "e! ted to the indi#id% !Is . "tic%! " ( ke%.B I .ou+d then as4A is there an ob3ecti/e criterion for e/a+uating suffering5 <ho c n s ) 6ith ."ecision th t () nei'h4o" s%22e"s (o"e th n - do o" th t Ces%s s%22e"ed (o"e th n !! o2 %sT 5he"e is no o4Hecti#e st nd "d 4ec %se suffering cannot be )easured cco"din' to the e0te"n ! sti(%! tion o" !oc ! i""it tion o2 the o"' nis(B 4%t on!) s it is 2e!t nd "e2!ected in conscio%sness. 3! sB 2"o( this .oint o2 #ie6B n) hie" "ch) is o%t o2 the L%estion. =ach *erson re)ains .ith his o.n suffering0 .hich he be+ie/es abso+ute and un+i)ited' ho6 (%ch 6o%!d 6e di(inish o%" o6n .e"son ! s%22e"in' i2 6e 6e"e to co(. "e it to !! the 6o"!dIs s%22e"in's %nti! no6B to the (ost ho""i2)in' 'onies nd the (ost co(.!ic ted to"t%"esB the (ost c"%e! de ths nd the (ost . in2%! 4et" ) !sB !! the !e.e"sB !! those 4%"ned !i#e o" st "#ed to de thT No4od) is co(2o"ted in his s%22e"in's 4) the tho%'ht th t 6e "e not !! (o"t !sB no" does n)4od) 6ho s%22e"s "e !!) 2ind co(2o"t in the . st o" ."esent s%22e"in' o2 othe"s. =ec %se in this o"' nic !!) ins%22icient nd 2" '(ent ") 6o"!dB the indi#id% ! is set to !i#e 2%!!)B 6ishin' to ( ke o2 his o6n e0istence n 4so!%te. / ch s%4Hecti#e e0istence is 4so!%te to itse!2. 7o" this "e son e ch ( n !i#es s i2 he 6e"e the cente" o2 the %ni#e"se o" the cente" o2 histo"). 5hen ho6 co%!d his s%22e"in' 2 i! to 4e 4so!%teT I cannot understand another8s suffering in order to di)inish )y o.n' $o)*arisons in s%ch c ses are irre+e/ant0 because suffering is an interior state0 in 6hich nothin' e0te"n ! c n he!.. =%t there is a great ad/antage in the +one+iness of suffering' 7hat .ou+d ha**en if a )an8s face cou+d ade-uate+y e(*ress his suffering0 i2 his enti"e inner agony 6e"e ob3ectified in his facia+ e(*ressionT Co%!d 6e sti!! co((%nic teT <o%!dn;t 6e then co#e" o%" 2 ces 6ith o%" h nds 6hi!e t !kin'T Li2e 6o%!d "e !!) 4e i(.ossi4!e i2 the in2init%de o2 2ee!in's 6e h "4o" 6ithin o%"se!#es 6e"e 2%!!) e0."essed in the !ines o2 o%" 2 ces. Nobody .ou+d dare +oo4 at hi)se+f in the )irror0 because a grotes-ue0 tragic i)age .ou+d )i( in the conto%"s o2 his 2 ce .ith stains nd t" ces of b+ood0 .ounds .hich cannot be hea+ed0 nd %nsto.. 4!e strea)s of tears' I .ou+d e(*erience a kind o2 /o+u*tuous a.e if I cou+d see a /o+cano of b+ood0 e"%.tions s "ed s 2i"e nd s burning as des*air0 burst into the (idst o2 the co(2o"t 4!e nd su*erficia+ har)ony of e/eryday +ife0 o" i2 - co%!d see !! o%" hidden 6o%nds o.enB ( kin' o2 %s 4!ood) e"%.tion 2o"e#e". On+y then .ou+d .e t"%!) %nde"st nd nd a**reciate the d# nt 'e o2 +one+iness0 .hich si+ences our suffering and )a4es it inaccessib+e' The /eno) dra.n out fro) suffering .ou+d be enough to *oison the .ho+e .or+d in a b+oody eru*tion0 4%"stin' o%t o2 the #o!c no o2 o%" 4ein'. 5he"e is so (%ch #eno(B so (%ch .oisonB in s%22e"in'N

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T6 Le/inas
In the inner)ost so+itude .e are freed fro) our suffering , .e cra/e a +ife .ith s*ontaneity' $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 6?*B 3$8 */*/09G H! 5"%e so!it%de is the 2ee!in' o2 4ein' 4so!%te!) iso! ted 4et6een the e "th nd the sk). Nothing shou+d detract attention fro) these *heno)ena of abso+ute iso+ation8 2e "2%!!) !%cid int%ition 6i!! "e#e ! the enti"e d" ( o2 ( nIs 2inite n t%"e 2 cin' the in2inite nothin'ness o2 the 6o"!d. So!it ") 6 !ks ? e0t"e(e!) 2e"ti!e nd d n'e"o%s t the s (e ti(eB 2o" the inne" !i2e ? (%st t ke .! ce in s%ch 6 ) th t nothin' 6i!! o4sc%"e the so!it ")Is (edit tion on ( nIs iso! tion in the 6o"!d. So!it ") 6 !ks "e ."o.itio%s to n intense ."ocess o2 e0te"io"iz tion es.eci !!) in the e#enin'B 6hen none o2 the %s% ! sed%ctions c n ste ! oneIs inte"est. 5hen "e#e! tions 4o%t the 6o"!d s."in' 2"o( the dee.est co"ne" o2 the s.i"itB 2"o( the .! ce 6he"e it h s det ched itse!2 2"o( !i2eB 2"o( the 6o%nd o2 !i2e. To achie/e s*iritua+ity0 one )ust be /ery +one+y. So (%ch de th?in?!i2e nd so ( n) inne" con2! '" tionsN Lone!iness ne' tes so (%ch o2 !i2e th t the s.i"itIs 4!oo(in' in #it ! dis!oc tions 4eco(es !(ost ins%22e" 4!e. Isn1t it significant that those .ho ha/e too )uch s*irit0 .ho 4no. the dee* .ound inf+icted on +ife at the birth of the s*irit0 are the ones .ho rise against it5 &e !th)B 2 t .eo.!eB 6itho%t the !e st int%ition o2 6h t s.i"it isB 6ho h #e ne#e" s%22e"ed the to"t%"es o2 !i2e nd the . in2%! ntino(ies t the 4 se o2 e0istenceB "e the ones 6ho "ise %. in de2ense o2 the s.i"it. 5hose 6ho t"%!) kno6 it eithe" to!e" te it 6ith ."ide o" "e' "d it s c ! (it). No4od) c n "e !!) 4e .!e sed t the 4otto( o2 his he "t 6ith s.i"itB n cL%isition so d ( 'in' to !i2e. Io. can one be *+eased .ith +ife .ithout its char)0 nai/et[0 and s*ontaneity5 The *resence of the s*irit indicates a .ant of +ife0 great +one+iness0 and +ong suffering. <ho d "es t !k o2 s !# tion th"o%'h the s.i"itT -t is 4) no (e ns t"%e th t !i2e on the i(( nent .! ne c"e tes n n0iet) 2"o( 6hich ( n esc .es th"o%'h the s.i"it. @n the cont" ")B it is (%ch t"%e" th t th"o%'h s.i"it ( n chie#es diseL%i!i4"i%(B n0iet) s 6e!! s '" nde%". 7hat do you e(*ect those .ho don8t 4no. the dangers of +ife to 4no. of the dangers of the s*irit5 To argue the case for s*irit is a sign of great ignorance0 3ust as to )a4e a case for +ife is a sign of great dise-ui+ibriu). 7o" the no"( ! ( nB !i2e is n %ndis.%ted "e !it)J on!) the sick ( n is de!i'hted 4) !i2e nd ." ises it so th t he 6onIt co!! .se. 3nd 6h t 4o%t the ( n 6ho c nnot ." ise eithe" !i2e o" the s.i"itT

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T6 7e shou+d sto* suffering

The direct resu+t of suffering is greatness , on+y by e)bracing our suffering and +earning to use it to )a4e us better can .e beco)e tru+y heroic for .hat does not 4i++ us0 )a4es us stronger $ioran B4 A/.>B ,o( ni n +hi!oso.he"B +"o2 o2 +hi!oso.h) t 3nd"ei S '%n B 1934B @n the &ei'hts o2 $es. i"B
.. 6?*B 3$8 */*/09G H! - (8 the"e2o"e the 6o"!d is (e nin'!ess. 7hat )eaning is there in the tragic suffering of a )an for .ho) e/erything is u+ti)ate+y nothing and .hose on+y +a. in this .or+d is agony5 -2 the 6o"!d to!e" tes so(e4od) !ike (eB this c n on!) (e n th t the 4!ots on (e the so?c !!ed s%n o2 !i2e "e so ! "'e th t in ti(e the) 6i!! o4sc%"e its !i'ht. Li2e;s 4e st!iness t" (.!ed (e %nde" 2oot nd o.."essed (eB c!i..ed () 6in's in 2%!! 2!i'ht nd sto!e !! () "i'ht2%! Ho)s. 1 the enth%si stic ze ! nd ( d . ssion - .%t into 4eco(in' 4"i!!i nt indi#id% !B the de(onic ch "( - do.ted to ' in n %" in the 2%t%"eB nd the ene"') - s.ent on n o"' nicB '! (o"o%sB inne" "e4i"thB !! ."o#ed 6e ke" th n the 4e st!) 4"%t !it) nd i"" tion !it) o2 this 6o"!dB 6hich .o%"ed into (e !! its "ese"#es o2 ne' ti#it) nd .oison. Life is i)*ossib+e at high te)*eratures' That1s .hy I ha/e reached the conc+usion that anguished *eo*+e0 .hose inner dyna)is) is so intense that it reaches *aro(ys)0 and .ho cannot acce*t nor)a+ te)*eratures0 are doo)ed to 1 fa++. 5he dest"%ction o2 those 6ho !i#e %n%s% ! !i#es is n s.ect o2 !i2eIs de(onis(B 4%t it is !so n s.ect o2 its ins%22icienc)B 6hich e0.! ins 6h) !i2e is the ."i#i!e'e o2 (edioc"e .eo.!e. On+y )ediocrities +i/e at +ife8s nor)a+ te)*eratureA the others are consu)ed at te)*eratures at .hich +ife cannot endure0 at .hich they can bare+y breathe0 !"e d) one 2oot 4e)ond !i2e. - c nnot cont"i4%te n)thin' to this 6o"!d 4ec %se on!) h #e one (ethod8 'on). Pou co)*+ain that *eo*+e are )ean0 /engefu+0 ungratefu+0 and hy*ocritica+5 I *ro*ose the agony )ethod to rid you of a++ these i)*erfections . 3..!) it to e#e") 'ene" tion nd its e22ects 6i!! soon 4e e#ident. > )4e in this 6 ) - too co%!d 4eco(e %se2%! to ( nkindN Fring e/ery )an to the agony of +ife8s +ast )o)ents by .hi*0 fire0 or in3ections0 and through terrib+e torture he .i++ undergo the great *urification afforded by a /ision of death' Then free hi) and +et hi) run in a fright unti+ he fa++s e(hausted' I .arrant you that the effect is inco)*arab+y greater than any obtained through nor)a+ )eans. -2 - co%!dB - 6o%!d d"i#e the enti"e 6o"!d to 'on) to chie#e " dic ! .%"i2ic tion o2 !i2eJ I .ou+d set a fire burning insidious+y at the roots of +ife0 not to destroy the) but to gi/e the) a ne. and different sa*0 a ne. heat' The fire I .ou+d set to the .or+d .ou+d not bring ruin but cos)ic transfiguration' -n this 6 ) +ife .ou+d ad3ust to higher te)*eratures and .ou+d cease to be an en/iron)ent *ro*itious to )ediocrity' 3nd ( )4e in this d"e (B de th too 6o%!d ce se to 4e i(( nent in !i2e.

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!!! ff ns.ers !!!

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Her) , 2o+/ency
Libera+ institutions are abso+ute+y necessary to crafting the ne. /a+ues of the higher ty*es , de)ocracy a++o.s for the highest ty*es to ta4e *o.er and their *o+itica+ inf+uence can on+y be negati/e A.ositi#eTG. =gyed ? A=Y! B +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) t C "!eton Dni#e"sit)B @tt 6 . /"%o?VineB ENietzscheIs nti?de(oc" tic
!i4e" !is(F 3."i! 8 2008. htt.8//666.e%"ozine.co(/ "tic!es/2008?04?08?e')ed?en.ht(! 3$ */*/09G C> NietzscheIs ."o4!e( is th t by re3ecting traditiona+ )ora+ity he has D.i*ed a.ayD those horizons that ha/e hitherto ser/ed to stabi+ize and gi/e )eaning to socia+ e(istence' 2ince abso+ute and *er)anent /a+ues are no +onger a/ai+ab+e to hi)0 he needs to gi/e an account of ho. /a+uation , so)ething he dee)s to be essentia+ for hu)an e(istence , is sti++ *ossib+e' -t is t this .oint th t NietzscheIs doct"ine o2 <i!! to +o6e"B his onto!o') o2 'enc)B 4eco(es si'ni2ic nt. ccording to hi) hu)an sub3ect "e not 4so!%te!) st 4!e %nities. 5he) are )ore or +ess stab+e organizations of heterogeneous )u+ti*+icities6 structures of do)inance' 5hese 2" 'i!e %nities "e co(.!e0es o2 co(.etin' d"i#es A. ssionsB e(otionsB 22ectsG. Dnde" the "e'enc) o2 one o2 these d"i#es8 7e gain the correct idea of the nature of sub3ect-unityB n (e!) s "e'ents t the he d o2 co((%nit) Anot s Oso%!sO o" O!i2e 2o"cesOGB !so of the de*endence of these regents u*on the ru+ed and of an order of ran4 and di/ision of +abour as the conditions that )a4e *ossib+e the .ho+e and its *arts' -n the s (e 6 )B ho6 !i#in' %nities contin% !!) "ise nd die nd
ho6 the Os%4HectO is not ete"n !J in the s (e 6 )B th t the st"%''!e e0."esses itse!2 in o4e)in' nd co(( ndin'B nd th t the 2!%ct% tin' ssess(ents o2 the !i(its o2 .o6e" is . "t o2 !i2e. A<+ 492G @n the 4 sis this conce.tion o2 s%4Hecti#it)B Nietzsche en#isions th"ee di22e"ent h%( n t).es8 2i"stB those in 6ho( the st"%''!e (on' the d"i#es is so intense th t e#en 2" 'i!e %nit) c nnot "es%!t 2"o( the(J secondB those 6hose do(in nt d"i#e is so st"on' th t the) "e( in in const nt de2ensi#e st"%''!e ' inst hosti!e @the" in o"de" to ."ese"#e itJ 2in !!)B those 6ho "e c . 4!e o2 o"' nizin' the '"e test n%(4e" o2 di22e"ent d"i#es %nde" the '"e test .ossi4!e %nit). O The

highest )an0 Nietzsche says0 .ou+d ha/e the greatest )u+ti*+icity of dri/es0 in the re+ati/e+y greatest strength that can be enduredD A<+ 966G. @" ' in8 O- 4e!ie#e th t it is *recise+y through the *resence of o**osites and fee+ings they occasion that the great )an0 the bo. .ith the greatest tension0 de/e+o*sD A<+ 96*G. It is .orth re*eating6 Nietzsche is an e+itist' &e ho!dsB in () o.inionB the 2o!!o6in' . " do0ic ! co(.!e0 o2
#ie6s8 Li4e" ! de(oc" tic instit%tions "e he"e to st ). 5he '"e t d n'e" is th t the de(oc" tiz tion o2 /%"o.e !e ds to the de4 sin' o2 the h%( n s.i"it. 5he ( te"i ! s%"#i# ! o2 h%( nit) "eL%i"es so(e (e s%"e o2 st 4i!it) th t c n on!) 4e ."o#ided 4) .e"( nent 6o"kin' 2o"ce. Tor its s*iritua+ sur/i/a+0 hu)anity needs /a+ues6 s*iritua+ horizons' 2ince God is dead0

there are no abso+ute /a+ues0 therefore0 ne. s*iritua+ horizons0 ne. creators0 are needed0 and these .i++ be +egis+ators&diagnosticians of hu)an dri/es' 5hese hi'he" t).es need to %nde"st ndB 4%t kee. thei" dist nce 2"o(B the he"d nd its # !%es. 2ocieties0 in s*ite of their de)ocratic structure0 .i++ a+.ays re-uire0 and .i++ a+.ays ha/e0 e(tra-*o+itica+ aristocratic features' The higher ty*es .i++ +ead by e(a)*+e on+yA their *o+itica+ ro+e can on+y be negati/e' 5hei" t sk 6i!! 4e to s%4#e"t o%t6o"n h%( n # !%esB ."o.ose ne6 onesB !! !on' insistin' th t h%( n
e0istence is essenti !!) t" 'ic. =) so doin'B the) 6i!! !soB indi"ect!)B enh nce the .o6e" o2 !! indi#id% !s to o#e"co(e the(se!#es. - 2ee! 2 i"!) con2ident 4o%t !! 4%t the ! st sentence o2 the ."e#io%s . " '" .hB nd - ( !so 2 i"!) con2ident th t $et6i!e" too 6o%!d '"ee 6ith (ost o2 it. =%t 6h t e#idence is the"e th t Nietzsche 6o%!d h #e cce.ted 4oth () non?inte"#entionist cco%nt o2 his .o!iticsB s 6e!! s () s%''estion th t in s.ite o2 thei" . thos o2 dist nce hi'he" t).es co%!d sti!! 4e ed%c to"s o2 the Ohe"dOT 5he .ict%"e th t one c n e si!) 'et 2"o( his O5he G"eek St teO ndB indeedB so(e o2 his ! te" st te(entsB is th t he 6 s on!) inte"ested in ed%c tin' hi'he" t).es c%!ti# tin' 'eni%s. 3t ti(es he does s%''est th tB O 'ood nd he !th) "istoc" c) ... Qsho%!d cce.tR 6ith 'ood conscience the s c"i2ice o2 %nto!d h%( n 4ein's 6ho 2o" its s keB (%st 4e "ed%ced nd !o6e"ed to inco(.!ete h%( n 4ein'sB to s! #esB to inst"%(entsO A=G/ 258B ..202G A !so <+ 954G. Co((ents !ike these "e dist%"4in'B nd the) de2inite!) 'o ' inst n) tte(.t to const"%e Nietzsche s O(ode" te "istoc" tO nd !i4e" !. @ne h s on!) 2e6 o.tions he"e. @ne co%!d dis(iss co((ents !ike this s the " ntin' o2 des.e" teB h "d!) s neB .e"son. @"B one co%!d t")B s K %2( nn doesB to t ke the stin' o%t o2 s%ch . ss 'es 4) "e din' the( st"ict!) (et .ho"ic !!). >o"e to the .ointB ho6e#e"B one co%!d sk8 ho6 c n co((ents !ike these 4e "econci!ed 6ith NietzscheIs #ie6 th t Othe destin) o2 h%( nit) de.ends %.on the tt in(ent o2 its hi'hest t).eO A<+ 98*GT S%"e!)B if the higher ty*es are to ha/e any re+e/ance

for the destiny of hu)anity they cannot be co)*+ete+y irre+e/ant to it' =/en if .e ad)it that they need to 4ee* their distance0 and ad)it0 a+so0 that they cannot enter into co))unication .ith the herd on its ter)sA if the herd +earns nothing fro) the)0 e/en indirect+y0 .hat is their socia+ use5 7hat is art0 .hat is cu+ture0 .orth0 if it does not contribute to the *erfection of hu)an nature5 5o den) the( th t "o!e 6o%!d 'o
' inst e#en 6h t Nietzsche s )s in =5.

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Her) , 2o+/ency
Ho+itica+ action isn1t nihi+is) , their +in4 argu)ents are contri/ed and don1t assu)e a creati/e *ath of *o+itics Four4e ? AC (esB G" d% te St%dent $e. "t(ent o2 +o!itic ! Science $%ke Dni#e"sit)B ONietzschecConno!!)8
+"o4!e(s o2 Nietzsche n $e(oc" c)BO htt.8//666. !! c de(ic.co(//(et /.a(! a . a"ese "chacit tion/2/6/5/*/*/. 'es265***/.265***?1..h.B 3$8 */8/09G H! 5he"e "e t !e st t6o 6 )s o2 'oin' 4o%t c"itiL%e o2 Conno!!);s .."o."i tion o2 Nietzsche. @ne 6o%!d 4e ! "'e!) he"(ene%ticB nd (i'ht in#o!#e n tte(.t to sho6 th t Nietzsche1s *o+itics are aristocratic and inega+itarian in such a .ay that e(*ro*riating .hate/er .e )ight +i4e fro) this *icture destroys the coherence of ca++ing it a LNietzscheanK /ie. in the first *+ace' 5o do this s%ccess2%!!) one 6o%!d not (e"e!) h #e to .oint o%t so(e o2 the ( n) .! ces 6he"e Nietzsche eithe" tt cks de(oc" c) o" s%..o"ts " dic ! "istoc" tic .o!itic ! #ision. 3 @ne 6o%!d h #e to 'o 2%"the" 4) sho6in' the 6 )s in 6hich Nietzsche;s .o!itic ! #ie6s Eh n' to'ethe"F in n o#e" !! cohe"ent .ict%"eB e0t" ction 2"o( 6hich 2o" non? Nietzsche n .%".oses ( kes (ess o2 the 6ho!e. One )ight add to this the c+ai) that Nietzsche1s *o+itics are e)bedded in an o/era++ )eta*hysic Atho%'h 6e (i'ht 6 nt to L% !i2) the te"( E(et .h)sicF 6ith #ie6 to Nietzsche;s .e"s.ecti#is( nd e.iste(o!o'ic ! ske.ticis(G o2 hie" "ch) nd .o6e". - 6i!! not tte(.t s%ch ."oHect he"e. 7i"stB e#en i2B s - think is co""ectB Nietzsche ."esents (o"e o" !ess cohe"entB tho%'h ce"t in!) not s)ste( ticB #ie6 4) the ti(e o2 his ! te 6o"ksB it is not c!e " to (e th t one co%!d s%ccess2%!!) e0.! in 6 ) !! o2 the (4i'%ities nd "esist nces th t s%ch "ich nd ."ote n thinke" s Nietzsche consistent!) o22e"s %.. >o"eo#e"B nd .e"h .s (o"e i(.o"t nt!)B it is not c+ear .hat .ou+d be gained fro) such an effort by .ay of critica+ +e/erage o/er $onno++y' Though this inter*retation )ight ad/ance the ai) of getting Nietzsche Lright0K if such a thing is *ossib+e0 it is not c+ear that $onno++y1s *ro3ect is thereby under)ined' 7o" cou+dn1t $onno++y insist that his ideas )a4e sense on their o.n a*art fro) the accuracy of his inter*retations5 3s Conno!!) h s s id in "es.onse to this kind o2 c"iticB these are -uestions for the Lacade)ic *o+iceF 4 to "eso!#eB .hi+e those using Nietzsche creati/e+y and in .ays re+e/ant to the *resent can consider their enter*rise se*arate fro) the .or4 of scho+ar+y *recision and accuracy' Getting Nietzsche right is +ess i)*ortant to Conno!!) than is unco/ering .ays in .hich Nietzsche and others disc+ose *o+itica+ and ethica+ *otentia+ities that can su**ort the /ibrancy of de)ocracy'

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Lin4 Turn , Libera+ Institutions

Libera+ institutions a++o. the higher ty*e to estab+ish a base of authority a)ong the +o.er ty*e' =gyed ? A=Y! B +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) t C "!eton Dni#e"sit)B @tt 6 . /"%o?VineB ENietzscheIs nti?de(oc" tic
!i4e" !is(F 3."i! 8 2008. htt.8//666.e%"ozine.co(/ "tic!es/2008?04?08?e')ed?en.ht(! 3$ */*/09G C>
=) 6 ) o2 n ns6e"B - o22e" the 2o!!o6in' h).othesis8 <hi!e Nietzsche h s no do%4t th t the"e 6i!! !6 )s 4e si'ni2ic nt distinction 4et6een hi'he" nd !o6e" t).es 4et6een those 6ho c"e te ne6 #isions o2 e0istence 2"ee!)B nd those 6ho ."od%ce the "eL%i"e(ents o2 ( te"i ! e0istence %nde" so(e 2o"(s o2 (o" ! nd ( te"i ! const" intsB 'i#en his onto!o') o2 'enc)B the distinction (%st "e( in "e! ti#e!) o.en. Indi/idua+is) is a /irtue of those .ho e(ist under so)e for) of constraintA their .i++ to *o.er "e(indin' %s o2 the !ionIs in V " th%st" Is O+"o!o'%eO is sufficient on+y to get free fro) an o/er*o.ering

do)ination by society' Their strugg+e is not that of the higher ty*es0 a+though the +i/ing e(a)*+es and the /isions created by the higher ty*es )ight ser/e the) in their strugg+e' 3ndB indi#id% !s st"%''!in' 2o" thei"
!i4e" tion (i'htB t the end o2 those st"%''!esB 6ith the(se!#esB s 6e!! s 6ith thei" e0te"n ! Oconst" intsOB 4eco(e .e"sons. O+e"sonsOB s - %nde"st nd the(B 6i!! not 4e on!) hi'he" t).es. Ne#e"the!essB the) 6i!! 4e !ike the thi"d t).e - desc"i4ed e "!ie". 5he) 6i!! 4e o.en to e0.e"i(ent tion 6ith 6 )s o2 4ein'B to!e" tin' di#e"sit)B nd i(.osin' on the tensions 6ithin the(se!#esB nd those s%""o%ndin' the(B the ( 0i(%( o"de" co(. ti4!e 6ith th t di#e"sit). 5he L%estion is8 -2 6h t - s ) "e."esents NietzscheIs .ositionB 6h) did he not ( ke it (o"e e0.!icitT + "t o2 the ns6e"B s%"e!)B (%st 4e NietzscheIs e0t"e(e s%s.icion o2 the ( sses s c ""ie"s o2 the . tho'en o2 Ch"isti n (o" !it). -n n) co((e"ce 6ith the(B the hi'he" t).es 6o%!d 4e in d n'e" o2 in2ection. 7o" th t "e son the) (%st kee. thei" dist nce. 5he) co%!d notB s Conno!!) ."o.osesB 4e en' 'ed in Ode(oc" tic .o!iticsO. $e(oc" tic .o!itics (i'ht indeed 4e !i4e" tin' 2o" indi#id% !sB o" '"o%.s o2 indi#id% !sB ne'oti tin' 4o%t di#e"'ent Ohe'e(onicO inte"estsB 4%t s%ch ne'oti tions "e 2" %'ht 6ith '"e t d n'e" 2o" the hi'he" t).es. 7o" th t "e son the) (%st #oid the(. Sti!!B i2 () n !)sis he"e is co""ectB it does not fo++o. 2"o( it

that the higher ty*es are *o+itica++y irre+e/ant' They cou+d0 as I .i++ sho. in a )o)ent0 he+* indi/idua+s in their beco)ing-*ersons , in achie/ing0 as $onno++y .ou+d say0 Dcontingent identitiesD' +so0 they cou+d he+* in the dra.ing and re-dra.ing of socio-*o+itica+ horizons *ro/iding a +i)ited0 fragi+e *+ace .ithin .hich a true *o+itica+ )i+itancy cou+d e/o+/e' Sti!!B so(eone 6ho t kes $et6i!e"Is .osition (i'ht o4Hect to this
. "tic%! " !ine o2 "'%(ent. 5he) (i'ht s ) th t (ost o2 the e#idence - h #e ( "sh !!ed in s%..o"t o2 () c! i( th t NietzscheIs e!itis( is not essenti !istB co(es 2"o( the (idd!e .e"iod ndB the"e2o"eB it does not h #e (%ch 6ei'ht. >) "e.!) to th t .ossi4!e o4Hection 6o%!d 4e th t the on%s is on those 6ho den) the "e!e# nce o2 the (idd!e .e"iod 6"in's in ssessin' NietzscheIs .o!itic ! #ie6sB to e0.! in ho6 it is th t the"e is s%ch "e( "k 4!e con'"%ence 4et6een . ss 'es co(in' 2"o( it nd 2"o( the ! te .e"iod. =%tB s - s id e "!ie" the on%s is !so on (e to o22e" n e0.! n tion 2o" those . ss 'es th t h #e no%"ished the o.inion th t Nietzsche d#oc tes the .o!itic ! o.."ession nd e0.!oit tion o2 the O( ssesOB 4) the hi'he" t).es. +e"h .s the (ost e(4 "" ssin' . ss 'es 2o" () inte"."et tion "e the 2o!!o6in'8 +%t in the c"%dest 2o"(8 ho6 co%!d one s c"i2ice the de#e!o.(ent o2 ( nkind to he!. hi'he" s.ecies th n ( n to co(e into e0istenceT A<+ 859G 3 dec! " tion o2 6 " on the ( sses 4) hi'he" (en is neededN A<+ 861G The d.arfing of )an )ust for a +ong

ti)e count as the on+y goa+A because a broad foundation has first to be created so that a stronger s*ecies of )an can stand u*on it. A<+ 890G 5hese *assagesB ho6e#e"B need to be read in the conte(t of others .here Nietzsche s*ea4s of8 G the higher ty*e8s need for a DbaseD u*on .hich it can *erfor) its tas4 A<+ 901GJ and 4G .here he s*ea4s of the need to *rotect the strong against the .ea4 A<+ 684?5B 863?4G. 5hese
. ss 'es i(.!) th t 2o" Nietzsche the O!o6e" t).esO 6i!! 4e essenti ! not on!) in the ."od%ction/"e."od%ction o2 the (e ns o2 ( te"i ! s%"#i# !B 4%t "e !so essenti ! s the 4e "e"s o2 "e! ti#e!) st 4!e (o" ! 4 se se"#in' s conte0t in 6hich the c"e tion o2 ne6 #isions o2 h%( n e0istence 6i!! 4eco(e .ossi4!e. NietzscheIs c !! 2o" the . thos o2 dist nce h s #e") s.eci2ic .%".ose. -t is to ."e#ent th t8 O5he # !%es o2 the 6e k ."e# i! 4ec %se the st"on' h #e t ken the( o#e" s de#ices o2 !e de"shi.O A<+ 863G. 5he d n'e" 2o" the hi'he" t).es is th t the) ( ) 4e sed%ced 4) he"d (o" !it). =%t th t does not (e n th t the) c n i'no"e it. -n 2 ctB thei" ( in "o!e isB h #in' "eco'nized its ." ctic ! necessit)B to ."e#ent it 2"o( 4eco(in' ossi2iedB nd to "e#it !ize it. SoB - 6o%!d ( int in th tB in s.ite o2 so(e o2 the t"o%4!in' st te(ents he ( kes0 it .ou+d be rash to e(c+ude the *ossibi+ity that Nietzsche a++o.ed for the o*en

ended-ness of0 not on+y of higher ty*e sub3ecti/ity0 but a+so of a +o.er ty*e one' nd0 indeed this is as it shou+d be' Other.ise he .ou+d be gui+ty of *recise+y that ty*e of essentia+is) that he .ishes to a/oid'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

99 Trade-Off D

Lin4 Turn , Libera+ Institutions

Libera+ institutions0 once attained0 i))ediate+y gi/e u* their +ibera+is) .hen aristrocracy ta4es charge' =gyed ? A=Y! B +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) t C "!eton Dni#e"sit)B @tt 6 . /"%o?VineB ENietzscheIs nti?de(oc" tic
!i4e" !is(F 3."i! 8 2008. htt.8//666.e%"ozine.co(/ "tic!es/2008?04?08?e')ed?en.ht(! 3$ */*/09G C> Lest - 4e cc%sed o2 4ein' too 4st" ctB - o22e" the 2o!!o6in' c! "i2ic tion o2 () ! st .oint 6 Nietzsche8s doctrine of 7i++ to Ho.er has the )ost i))ediate a**+ication on the *ersona+ or the )icro-*o+itica+ +e/e+. -t is the"e th t enco%nte"s in#o!#e the c! shB o" con#e"'enceB o2 2ee!in' . ssionsB nd 6he"e d"i#es "e !te"n te!) do(in tin' o" do(in ted. It has broader *o+itica+ i)*+ication in cases of s*ecific strugg+es against into+erab+e conditions0 or in cases .here s*ecific *assions or dri/es are )obi+ized to achie/e so)e desired goa+' It in/ites sus*icion about tota+izing *arty *o+itics0 nd it is .ositi#e!) hosti!e to 2o"(s o2 identit) .o!itics th t con2ine .e"sons 6ithin n ""o6 !i(its. 3 Nietzsche ins*ired *o+itics 6o%!d 2oc%s on !oc !B .%nct% !B iss%es. -t 6o%!d enco%" 'e not so (%ch c"itiL%e o2 the (ost o4#io%s nd !o%dest .o!itic ! e#ents o" iss%esB 4%t di 'nosis o2 the i(.e"ce.ti4!e 2o"ces nd tendencies d"i#in' the(. -t )ight0 in this .ay0 *re*are the conditions for a tru+y radica+ )i+itancy0 and it )ight un+eash a tru+y effecti/e sub/ersion of entrenched /a+ues0 be they that of Dthe *eo*+eD or0 indeed0 that of the Dhigher ty*esD the)se+/es' This .ou+d0 in )y /ie.0 ca*ture the true s*irit of +ibera+is)0 one that ad/ocates a true autono)y0 one that .e+co)es contest0 and one that is )ore interested in the *rocess of +iberation than in its achie/e)ents. Let (e 'i#e the ! st 6o"d to Nietzsche8 Libera+ institutions i))ediate+y cease to be +ibera+ as soon as they are attained6 subse-uent+y there is nothing )ore har)fu+ to freedo) than +ibera+ institutions R'''S s +ong as they are sti++ being fought for0 these sa)e institutions *roduce -uite different effectsA they then in fact *ro)ote freedo) )ighti+y' A56i!i'ht o2 the -do!s 38B ..92G

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#00 Trade-Off D

I)*act Turn , Genocide

The a+ternati/e e)*irica++y +eads to genocide , .hen you *+ace the *ri/i+eged abo/e e/eryone e+se and the ru+es you end u* in a big ga)e of King of the Ii++ .here the *oor and disad/antaged are e(ter)inated' 2i)*son 9" ACh"isB scho! " in &%( n ,i'hts nd the (e"its o2 $e(oc" c). Co((on Co%" 'e +"essB E5he
S.!endid =!ond =e stF 1995. htt.8//666.thi"d6o"!dt" #e!e".co(/Genocide/S.!endid=!onde=e st.ht(! 3$ */8/09G C> Triedrich Nietzsche ca++ed the aristocratic *redators .ho .rite society8s +a.s Dthe s*+endid b+ond beastD *recise+y because they so often beha/e as though they are beyond the reach of e+e)entary )ora+ity' 3s he s 6 thin'sB these e!ites h #e c%t . th to6 "d ce"t in so"t o2 e0ce!!ence consistin' ( in!) o2 the e0e"cise o2 .o6e" t the e0.ense o2 othe"s. <hen de !in' 6ith o"din ") .eo.!eB he s idB the) O"e#e"t to the innocence o2 6i!d ni( !s.... <e c n i( 'ine the( "et%"nin' 2"o( n o"') o2 (%"de"B "sonB " .e nd to"t%"eB H%4i! nt nd t .e ce 6ith the(se!#es s tho%'h the) h d co((itted 2" te"nit) ." nk?con#incedB (o"eo#e"B th t the .oets 2o" !on' ti(e to co(e 6i!! h #e so(ethin' to sin' 4o%t nd to ." ise.II Their bruta+ity .as true courage0 Nietzsche thoughtB nd the 2o%nd tion o2 soci ! o"de". 5od ) 'enocide?the de+iberate destruction of a racia+0 cu+tura+0 or *o+itica+ grou*-is the *ara)ount e(a)*+e of the institutiona+ized and sanctioned /io+ence of .hich Nietzsche s*o4e' Genocide h s 4een 4 sic (ech nis( o2 e(.i"e nd the n tion ! st te since thei" ince.tion nd "e( ins 6ide!) ." cticed in O d# ncedO nd Oci#i!izedO "e s. Most genocides in this century ha/e been *er*etrated by nation-states u*on ethnic )inorities +i/ing .ithin the state8s o.n bordersA )ost of the /icti)s ha/e been chi+dren' 5he .eo.!e "es.onsi4!e 2o" ( ss (%"de" h #e 4) nd ! "'e 'otten 6 ) 6ith 6h t the) h #e done. >ost h #e s%cceeded in kee.in' 6e !th th t the) !ooted 2"o( thei" #icti(sJ )ost ha/e ne/er faced tria+' Genocide is sti++ difficu+t to eradicate because it is usua++y to+erated0 at +east by those .ho benefit fro) it' 5he S.!endid =!ond =e st e0 (ines ho6 the soci ! (ech nis(s o2 'enocide o2ten enco%" 'e t cit inte"n tion ! coo.e" tion in the esc .e 2"o( H%stice o2 those 6ho .e".et" ted the c"i(e... 3cco"din' to .s)cho!o'ist /"#in St %4B 6ho h s st%died dozens o2 ( ss c"i(esB 'enocid ! societies %s% !!) 'o th"o%'h n e#o!%tion d%"in' 6hich the di22e"ent st" t o2 societ) !ite" !!) !e "n ho6 to c "") o%t '"o%. (%"de". -n his 4ook 5he ,oots o2 /#i!B St %4 contends th t 'enocid ! t"ocities (ost o2ten t ke .! ce in co%nt"ies %nde" '"e t .o!itic !B econo(icB nd o2ten (i!it ") st"ess. 5he) "e %s% !!) !ed 4) %tho"it "i n . "ties th t 6ie!d '"e t .o6e" )et "e insec%"e in thei" "%!eB s%ch s the N zis in Ge"( n) o" the -ttih d ACo((ittee o2 Dnion nd +"o'"essG in 5%"ke). 5he ideo!o'ies o2 s%ch . "ties c n # ") in i(.o"t nt "es.ectsB 4%t the) "e nonethe!ess o2ten si(i! " in th t the) c"e te %nit) (on' Oin?'"o%.O (e(4e"s th"o%'h deh%( niz tion o2 o%tside"s. Genocid ! societies !so sho6 ( "ked tendenc) to6 "d 6h t .s)cho!o'ists c !! OH%st6o"!dO thinkin'8 1icti(s "e 4e!ie#ed to h #e 4"o%'ht thei" s%22e"in' %.on the(se!#es ndB th%sB to dese"#e 6h t the) 'et. =%t the ideo!o') o2 these %tho"it "i n . "ties nd e#en thei" seiz%"e o2 st te .o6e" "e not necess "i!) eno%'h to t"i''e" 'enocide. 5he +eading *er*etrators need )ass )obi+izations to actua++y i)*+e)ent their agenda' 7o" e0 (.!eB the "e ! s.e "he ds o2 'enocide in Ge"( n)?the N zi . "t)B SSB nd si(i! " '"o%.s? 4) the(se!#es ! cked the "eso%"ces to disen2" nchise nd e#ent% !!) (%"de" (i!!ions o2 Ce6s. 5he) s%cceeded in %n!e shin' the &o!oc %stB ho6e#e"B 4) h "nessin' ( n) o2 the othe"6ise o"din ") e!e(ents o2 Ge"( n !i2e? o2 co((e"ceB the co%"tsB %ni#e"sit) scho! "shi.B "e!i'io%s o4se"# nceB "o%tine 'o#e"n(ent d(inist" tionB nd so on?to the s.eci !ized t sks necess ") 2o" ( ss (%"de". Not s%"."isin'!)B )any of the +eaders of these DordinaryD institutions .ere the e(isting notab+es in Ger)an society' The Nazi genocide *robab+y .ou+d not ha/e been *ossib+e .ithout the acti/e or tacit coo*eration of )any co++aborators .ho did not consider the)se+/es Nazis ndB in so(e c sesB e#en o..osed s.ects o2 &it!e"Is .o!iciesB )et nonethe!ess coo.e" ted in ( ss (%"de". Hut b+unt+y0 the Nazis succeeded in genocide in *art through offering bystanders )oney0 *ro*erty0 status0 and other re.ards for their acti/e or tacit co)*+icity in the cri)e'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#0# Trade-Off D

I)*act Turn , Genocide

Nietzsche1s *hi+oso*hy g+orifies racis) and -ueer bashing , the neg says that genocide is frea4in a.eso)e' 9oss ? AKe!!) L.B +h$B $e. "t(ent o2 +hi!oso.h)B Los 3n'e!es 1 !!e) Co!!e'e. 7"iesi n.co(B E7"ied"ich
NietzscheFB ! st %.d ted in 2008. htt.8//666.2"iesi n.co(/N-/5VSC&.&5> 3$ */9/09G C> 7i"st o2 !!B Nietzsche8s racis) is un)ista4ab+e' 5he 4est 6 ) to .."o ch this is to !et Nietzsche s.e
k 2o" hi(se!2. -n the L%otes th t 2o!!o6B - 6i!! si(.!) o22e" e0 (.!es 2"o( 5he Gene !o') o2 >o" !s !oneB s t" ns! ted 4) 7" ncis Go!22in' Ain the 2ootnotes - h #e 4een ddin' so(e . ss 'es 2"o( =e)ond Good nd /#i! 2o" co(. "isonG. 5he L tin ( !%s QO4 dOR A4eside 6hich - .! ce (e! s QG"eek 2o" O4! ckORG (i'ht desi'n te the co((on ( n s d "kB es.eci !!) 4! ck?h i"ed AOhic ni'e" estOGB s the ."e?3") n sett!e" o2 the -t !i n soi!B not 4!) disti'%ished 2"o( the ne6 4!ond conL%e"o" " ce 4) his co!o". 3t n) " teB the G e!ic ."esented (e 6ith n e0 ct!) n !o'o%s c se8 2inB s in the n (e 7in' !B the ch " cte"istic te"( 2o" no4i!it)B e#ent% !!) the 'oodB no4!eB .%"eB o"i'in !!) the 2 i"?h i"ed s o..osed to the d "kB 4! ck?h i"ed n ti#e .o.%! tion. 5he Ce!tsB 4) the 6 )B 6e"e de2inite!) 2 i"?h i"ed " ceJ nd it is (ist ke to t") to "e! te the "e o2 d "k?h i"ed .eo.!e 2o%nd on ethno'" .hic ( .s o2 Ge"( n) to Ce!tic 4!ood!inesB s 1i"cho6 does. 5hese "e the ! st #esti'es o2 the ."e?3") n .o.%! tion o2 Ge"( n). A5he s%4Hect " ces "e seen to ."e# i! once (o"eB th"o%'ho%t !(ost !! o2 /%"o.eJ in co!o"B sho"tness o2 sk%!!B .e"h .s !so in inte!!ect% ! nd soci ! instincts. <ho kno6s 6hethe" (ode"n de(oc" c)B the e#en (o"e 2 shion 4!e n "chis(B nd es.eci !!) th t ."e2e"ence 2o" the co((%neB the (ost ."i(iti#e o2 !! soci ! 2o"(sB 6hich is no6 sh "ed 4) !! /%"o.e n soci !ists ?? 6hethe" !! these do not "e."esent th"o64 ckB nd 6hethe"B e#en .h)sio!o'ic !!)B the 3") n Q( ste"R " ce o2 conL%e"o"s is not doo(edTG Q5he =i"th o2 5" 'ed) nd 5he Gene !o') o2 >o" !sB $o%4!ed ) 3ncho" =ooksB 1956B ..164B 4o!d2 ce ddedJ note the te"( O( ste"O de!eted in the Go!22in' t" ns! tionJ noteR &e"e 6e h #e n %n(ist k 4!e " cis(8 the good0 nob+e0

and b+ond ryans0 contrasted .ith the dar4 and *ri)iti/e indigenes of =uro*e' 7hi+e Nietzsche8s thought is often defended as unre+ated to the racis) of the Nazis0 there does not see) to be )uch difference fro) the e/idence of this *assage' @ne di22e"ence (i'ht 4e NietzscheIs ch " cte"iz tion o2 the Oco((%neO

s Othe (ost ."i(iti#e o2 !! soci ! 2o"(s.O N zi ideo!o') 6 s tot !it "i n nd Osoci !BO deni'" tin' indi#id% !is(. Nietzsche 6o%!d not h #e 'one 2o" this ?? nd the s( !!B d "k &it!e" is ce"t in!) no 3") n ?? 4%t then ( n) de2ende"s o2 Nietzsche these d )s !so tend to ."e2e" co((%nit "i n de(oc" c)B 6hich (e ns the) (i'ht h #e (o"e in co((on 6ith the N zisB des.ite thei" %s% ! nti?" cis(B th n Nietzsche hi(se!2. 5his is ch " cte"istic o2 the con2%sion o2 conte(.o" ") .o!iticsB !et !one Nietzsche .o!o'etics. 5he . ss 'e 4o#eB t !e stB ."o#ides s (%ch id nd co(2o"t 2o" the N zis s 2o" n) othe" inte"."et tion o" .."o."i tion o2 Nietzsche. Nietzsche8s

racis) )ight be e(cused as ty*ica+ of its age0 and criticis) of it anachronistic' Io.e/er0 the racis) of Tho)as Zefferson0 a century ear+ier0 in/o+/ed an e(*+icit denia+ that *hysica+ or inte++ectua+ differences bet.een the races A 4o%t 6hich Ce22e"son e0."essed no ce"t int)G co)*ro)ised the rights of the inferior races' To NietzscheB ho6e#e"B the Os%4Hect " cesO h #e no O"i'htsOJ nd do(in tionB not to (ention !! the 2o"(s o2 Oo.."essionO e0co"i ted 4) the t"end) Le2tB "e .ositi#e nd desi" 4!e 'oods. This an(iety or diste)*er )ay be due to a /ariety of causes' It )ay resu+t fro) a crossing of races too dissi)i+ar Cor of c+asses too dissi)i+ar. $+ass distinctions are a+.ays indicati/e of genetic and racia+ differences8 the /%"o.e n <e!tsch(e"z nd the .essi(is( o2 the nineteenth
cent%") 6e"e 4oth essenti !!) the "es%!ts o2 n 4"%.t nd sense!ess (i0in' o2 c! ssesG... Q..26*B 4o!d2 ce ddedB noteR -n the !it n) o2 .o!itic ! sins identi2ied 4) the Le2tB O" cis(B c! ssis(B nd ho(o.ho4i O "e the ho!) t"init) ?? 6ith Oc! ssis(BO o2 co%"seB s code6o"d 2o" the h ted c .it !is(. &e"e 6e see th t for Nietzsche racis) and Dc+assis)D are identica+6 the Dsub3ect racesD for) the sub3ect c+asses' This is good and nob+e' <e !so 'et nothe" s.ect o2 the ( tte"B the O(i0in'O o2 " ces nd c! sses is Osense!essO nd ."od%cti#e o2 the .essi(is( nd soci ! ."o4!e(s o2 (ode"n societ). -n these te"(sB Nietzsche c n on!) h #e .."o#ed o2 the N zis ! 6s ' inst ( ""i 'e o" e#en se0 4et6een 3") ns nd Dnte"(enschen. 5he ! ck o2 "i'hts 2o" the d "k %nde"c! sses 4"in's %s to the ."inci. ! the(e o2 5he Gene !o') o2 >o" !s8 The )ora+ity of Dgood and e/i+D has been

in/ented out of hatred and resent)ent by the defeated and sub3ugated races0 es*ecia++y the Ze.s' Heo*+e .ho +o/e Nietzsche for his ce+ebration of creati/ity and his dis)issa+ of the (o" !is( o2 t" dition ! "e!i'ionB ( in!) (e nin' $hristianityB usua++y see) to thin4 of going Dbeyond good and e/i+D as )ere+y +egiti)izing ho)ose(ua+ity0 drugs0 abortionB ."ostit%tionB .o"no'" .h)B nd the othe" deside" t o2 ."o'"essi#e thinkin'.
5he) donIt see( to %nde"st nd th t Nietzsche 6 snIt . "tic%! "!) inte"ested in thin's !ike th tB 4%tB (o"e to the .ointB !e'iti(izin' " .eB (%"de"B to"t%"eB .i!! 'eB do(in tionB nd .o!itic ! o.."ession 4) the st"on'. The on+y honest Nietzschean graduate student I e/er )et fran4+y stated0 DTo be creati/e0 you )ust be e/i+'D <e 'et so(ethin' si(i! " in the "ecent S nd" =%!!ock (o#ieB >%"de" 4) N%(4e"s Q2002RB 6he"e the )o%n' Nietzsche n st%dent si(.!) s )sB O7"eedo( is c"i(e.O 5he sto") o2 the (o#ie is (o"e o" !ess th t o2 Leo.o!d nd Loe4B the $hicago teenagers 6ho in #924 )urdered a young boy A=o44) 7" nksG to *ro/e that they .ere Dbeyond good and e/i+'D Leo*o+d and Loeb understood their Nietzsche

far better than )ost of his acade)ic a*o+ogists'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#02 Trade-Off D

I)*act Turn , Qio+ence

Hushing for a *o+itics that a++o.s *o+itica+ stabi+ity0 a/oids agonis) and *o+icy )a4ing can a/oid the *oitica+ instabi+ity and /io+ence that is inherent .ithin a Nietzschean a+ternati/e Four4e ? AC (esB G" d% te St%dent $e. "t(ent o2 +o!itic ! Science $%ke Dni#e"sit)B ONietzschecConno!!)8
+"o4!e(s o2 Nietzsche n $e(oc" c)BO htt.8//666. !! c de(ic.co(//(et /.a(! a . a"ese "chacit tion/2/6/5/*/*/. 'es265***/.265***?1..h.B 3$8 */8/09G H! 3 second 6 ) o2 c"itiL%in' Conno!!);s Nietzsche n ."oHect does not si(.!) 2" (e the ."o4!e( s set o2 he"(ene%tic 4%sesB 4%t " the" t "'ets Conno!!);s 4o""o6in's 2"o( Nietzsche s the so%"ces o2 %n"eso!#ed tensions nd ." ctic ! o4st c!es. @2 co%"seB $onno++y )ight retort that he +i4es unreso+/ed tensions0 and that he sees the) as generati/e of the *o+itica+ *ossibi+ities of de)ocratic +ife' Io.e/er B - ( not 2oc%sin' on the to"sion ! "e! tionshi.s 4et6een 4ein' nd 4eco(in' nd othe" d% !ities th t Conno!!) endo"ses. My c+ai) is inste d th t $onno++y1s use of Nietzsche introduces threats not on+y to the *racticabi+ity of his ethico-*o+itica+ *rogra) but to the stabi+ity of +ibera+ de)ocracy itse+f . 5o ( ke this c! i(B - (%st ns6e" the L%estion E6h t ."o4!e(s is Nietzsche 4"o%'ht in to so!#eB nd 6h t "e the conto%"s o2 these so!%tionsTF 3s 6e 6i!! seeB Conno!!);s de4ts to Nietzsche "e ! )e"ed. 3t the 2i"st ! )e" !ies 6h t - 6i!! ch " cte"ize s the 2%nd (ent ! .o!itic ! ."o4!e( 2o" Conno!!)8 the *rob+e) of identity\difference and the otherizations and )argina+izations that acco)*any it' 3t this 2i"st nd 2%nd (ent ! !e#e!B Nietzsche is one o2 Conno!!);s ( n) so%"ces 2o" %nde"st ndin' the d)n (ics o2 identit)cdi22e"ence. 3 second ! )e" consists in Conno!!);s so!%tionB o" " the" his strategy of )itigation0 to the *rob+e) of identity\difference0 a *o+itics of de)ocratic agonis)' 5his st" te') is ins*ired by Nietzsche and c+ose+y rese)b+es his /a+orization of strugg+e. &o6e#e"B the so+ution of agonis) *oses a *rob+e) of /io+ence and instabi+ity th t Conno!!) needs to cont in i2 his .o!itics c n 4e .%"s%ed 6itho%t end n'e"in' !i4e" ! de(oc" c)B 6hich it ."es%..oses s 4 ck'"o%nd condition. So $onno++y1s agonistic strategy for )itigating the *ressures of identity\difference introduces a second *rob+e)B one of /io+ence0 th t needs to 4e dd"essed. Conno!!) tte(.ts to dd"ess this ."o4!e( 6ith nothe" Nietzsche n 4o""o6in'B nd it is t this thi"d !e#e! th t Conno!!);s de4ts to Nietzsche "e .e"h .s t thei" dee.est. &e"e Conno!!) h s th"ee2o!d st" te') o2 d (.enin' tendencies to #io!ence nd inst 4i!it) inhe"ent in .o!itics o2 contest tion. 7i"stB he di"ects Nietzsche n the(es s%ch s n ethics o2 d#e"s "i ! "es.ect to6 "ds 6h t he c !!s E 'onistic "es.ect.F SecondB he de#e!o.s Nietzsche n nontheistic "e#e"ence o" '" tit%de 2o" the 4%nd nce o2 4ein' 6hich is (e nt to 4o!ste" ethic ! "e! tionshi.s to othe"s. 7in !!)B nd (ost "ecent!)B he "ein#ents the Nietzsche n ide ! o2 no4i!it) into n ethic o2 c%!ti# tion s%ch th t 6e de#e!o. (o"e 'ene"o%s dis.ositions to6 "d othe"s. - 6i!! "'%e 4e!o6 th t these # "io%s Nietzsche n )o/es .%t Conno!!) in so(ethin' o2 4ind. - t ke iss%e ."i( "i!) 6ith his ! stB nd dee.estB Nietzsche n de4tB his atte)*ts to reso+/e the *rob+e) of agonistic instabi+ity through Nietzschean ethica+ attitudes' These attitudesB it see(s to (eB are inade-uate to the tas4 of securing a stab+e +ibera+ de)ocratic *o+ity. - do not o..ose to the( Ete!eot" nscendent !F ethicsB so(e so%"ce o2 "es.ect th t 'oes dee.e" th n 6h t Conno!!) d(its is tho"o%'h!) contest 4!e doct"ine. ( not "'%in' th t the ins%22iciencies o2 Conno!!);s Nietzsche n ethics th"o6 %s 4 ck %.on necess ")B %ni#e"s !B nd/o" t" nscendent '"o%nd 2o" .o!itic ! (o" !it). -ndeedB - ( s)(. thetic to . "ts o2 Conno!!);s c"itiL%es o2 s%ch .e"s.ecti#es. &o6e#e"B - think th t his "e!i nce on Nietzsche does not se"#e s con#incin' so!%tion to the ."o4!e(s his Nietzsche n 'onis( int"od%ces. -t see(s to (e the"e "e t6o 6 )s o%t 2o" so(eone co((itted to 4"o denin' the sco.e nd dee.enin' the conto%"s o2 de(oc" c). /ithe" one c n 4 ndon the Nietzsche n ethic ! so!%tions 6hi!e kee.in' the 'onis( nd !ook 2o" othe"B (o"e "o4%st 6 )s "o%nd the ."o4!e(s o2 #io!ence nd inst 4i!it) this 'onis( th"e tens. @" one can da)*en the e)*hasis on agonis) itse!2 s .o!itic ! st" te')B *ushing instead for a *o+itics that0 .hi+e not de/oid of strugg+e and contestation0 does not /a+orize it in a Nietzschean )anner but /ie.s it instead as a feature of *o+itics that can +ead to good outco)es on+y .hen first constrained .ithin the +i)its of a /iab+e *ub+ic )ora+ity. 5he t6o so!%tions c n 4e 6o#en to'ethe"B nd in conc!%sion - 6i!! 4"ie2!) s%''est co(4in tion o2 the( s (o"e #i 4!e #ision 2o" !i4e" ! de(oc" c).

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I)*act Turn , 9a*e

The a+ternati/e )a4es ra*e not on+y OK but a+so desirab+e 9oss ? AKe!!) L.B +h$B $e. "t(ent o2 +hi!oso.h)B Los 3n'e!es 1 !!e) Co!!e'e. 7"iesi n.co(B E7"ied"ich
NietzscheFB ! st %.d ted in 2008. htt.8//666.2"iesi n.co(/N-/5VSC&.&5> 3$ */9/09G C> =%tB one (i'ht thinkB /io+ence and o**ression are un3ustN &o6 co%!d n) ."o'"essi#e .e"son not see th t e0.oit tion nd 4%se "e 6"on'N <e h #e Nietzsche8s ans.er6 No act of /io+ence0 ra*eB e0.!oit tionB dest"%ctionB is intrinsica++y Dun3ust0D since +ife itse+f is /io+entB " . cio%sB e0.!oit ti#eB nd dest"%cti#e nd c nnot 4e concei#ed othe"6ise. /#en (o"e
dist%"4in'!)B 6e h #e to d(it th t 2"o( the 4io!o'ic ! Qi.e. $ "6ini nR .oint o2 #ie6 !e' ! conditions "e necess "i!) e0ce.tion ! conditionsB since the) !i(it the " dic ! !i2e?6i!! 4ent on .o6e" nd (%st 2in !!) s%4se"#eB s (e nsB !i2eIs co!!ecti#e .%".oseB 6hich is to c"e te '"e te" .o6e" conste!! tions. 5o cce.t n) !e' ! s)ste( s so#e"ei'n nd %ni#e"s ! ?? to cce.t itB not (e"e!) s n inst"%(ent in the st"%''!e o2 .o6e" co(.!e0esB 4%t s 6e .on ' inst st"%''!e Ain the sense o2 $]h"in'Is co((%nist c!ichY th t e#e") 6i!! (%st "e' "d e#e") othe" 6i!! s its eL% !G ?? is n nti?#it ! ."inci.!e 6hich c n on!) 4"in' 4o%t ( nIs %tte" de(o" !iz tion ndB indi"ect!)B "ei'n o2 nothin'ness. Q..208B 4o!d2 ce ddedR Nietzsche is certain+y +ife affir)ing0 but then /io+ence0 ra*e0 e(*+oitation0 and destruction are intrinsic to his /ie. of +ife' 3tte(.ts to ."otect the 6e kB see th t H%stice is doneB nd (iti' te s%22e"in' "e O nti?#it !O ."oHects th tB 4ein' d#e"se to !i2e itse!2B ct% !!) tend to6 "ds O "ei'n o2 nothin'ness.O 5h%sB if

.e actua++y care about others and are not 3ust interested in asserting *o.er o/er the) and using the) for our o.n *+easure0 then .e can +oo4 for.ard to e(tinction' 5he de!ic c) ?? e#en (o"eB the t "t%22e"ie ?? o2
do(estic ni( !s !ike o%"se!#es sh"inks 2"o( i( 'inin' c!e "!) to 6h t e0tent c"%e!t) constit%ted the co!!ecti#e de!i'ht o2 o!de" ( nkindB ho6 (%ch it 6 s n in'"edient o2 !! thei" Ho)sB o" ho6 n Z#e!) the) ( ni2ested thei" c"%e!t)B ho6 the) conside"ed disinte"ested ( !e#o!ence AS.inoz Is s)(. thi ( !e#o!ensG no"( ! t" itB so(ethin' to 6hich oneIs conscience co%!d ssent he "ti!).... 5o 4eho!d s%22e"in' 'i#es .!e s%"eB 4%t to c %se nothe" to s%22e" 22o"ds n e#en '"e te" .!e s%"e. Q...19*?198B 4o!d2 ce ddedR

great *art of the *+easure that .e get0 according to Nietzsche0 fro) in3ustice to others is si)*+y the *+easure of inf+icting suffering' In this it is .orth reco++ecting the fe)inist shibbo+eth that ra*e is not about se(0 it is about *o.er' Nietzsche 6o%!d he "ti!) conc%". So (%ch the 4ette"N 3nd 6h t is (o"eB the /a+ue of ra*e is not 3ust *o.er0 it is the chance to crue++y inf+ict suffering' The ra*ist .ho beats and )uti+ates0 *erha*s e/en 4i++s0 his /icti)0 has done no e/i+0 he is instead one of the heroes of true historic nobi+ity' 3nd .eo.!e think th t the d"oit de sei'ne%" "e."esents so(e O 4%seO o2 .o6e"N NoN It is the tru+y nob+e )an as heroic ra*ist N Nietzsche 6o%!d t%"n "o%nd S%s n ="o6n(i!!e"B 6ho s id th t !! (en "e " .ists. NoB it is H%st the ."o4!e( th t the) "e not. Nietzsche .ou+d regard )ost )en as #i"t% ! c st" ti Ado)estic o(enB 'e!din'sG for not being ra*ists'

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+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency
Nietzsche i)*+icit+y says that e/en the )ost su*erior are sti++ .ea4 and true autono)y can1t e(ist , the a+ternati/e can1t e/er be fu++y rea+ized' Go+o)b % AC co4B &e4"e6 Dni#e"sit) o2 Ce"%s !e(. 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 32B EC n @ne ,e !!)
=eco(e O7"ee S.i"it + " /0ce!!enceOo" n U4e"(enschTF 2006. +"oHect >%seB 3$ */8/09G C> -n &3& Nietzsche suggests that the high+y de/e+o*ed s*iritua+ and inte++ectua+ co)*onent of *o.er )ay .ea4en e/en the )ost su*erior *ersona+ity' Fecause they are genuine+y free and inde*endent0 they are un+i4e+y to adhere to any rigid and inf+e(ib+e set of nor)s 8 the # !%es the) .ossess "e o.en to e0 (in tion nd s%sce.ti4!e to 4ein' Oo#e"co(e.O They .i++B thenB be )ore /u+nerab+e to the surre*titious indoctrination and de/ious )ani*u+ations that the .ea4 use against the)' 5hei" 2"eedo( 2"o( n) 'i#en t" dition ind%ces kind o2 #%!ne" 4i!it)B tho%'h it !!o6s the( to osci!! te .e".et% !!) (on' 6h te#e" .ossi4i!ities the) ( ) enco%nte". &enceB in historica+ *ra(is0 this dyna)ic )ay *roduce an i)*ressionab+e *ersona+ity0 susce*tib+e to )ani*u+ation and e(*+oitation6 OCo(. "ed 6ith hi( 6ho h s t" dition on his side nd "eL%i"es no "e sons 2o" his ctionsB the free s*irit is a+.ays .ea4B es.eci !!) in ctionsJ 2o" he is 6 "e o2 too ( n) (oti#es nd .oints o2 #ie6 nd the"e2o"e .ossesses n %nce"t in nd %n." cticed h nd. <h t (e ns "e the"e o2 nonethe!ess "ende"in' hi( "e! ti#e!) st"on'T &o6 does the st"on' s.i"it co(e into 4ein'TO A&3& -8230G. Q/nd + 'e 24R 5he ."o4!e( ( ) 4e "ec st s th t o2 t%"nin' .%"e!) s.i"it% ! .o6e" into conc"ete histo"ic ! 2o"ce8 -s it .ossi4!e to ."ese"#e the s.i"it o2 & (!et in the 4od) o2 7 %stT NietzscheIs so!%tion 2oc%ses on the soci ! 2 4"ic 6o#en 6ith "e!i'io%s nd (o" ! do'( s th t ."od%ces .s)cho!o'ic ! . tte"n o2 '%i!tB #en'e nceB nd 4 d conscience. 5hese "e the 6e kest th"e ds o2 c%!t%"eB "es.onsi4!e 2o" the co""%.tion o2 s.i"it% ! .o6e" nd c%!t%" ! chie#e(ents. -n e(.h sizin' these e!e(entsB Nietzsche i)*+icit+y ad)its that there can be no abso+ute autono)yA e/en the )ost *o.erfu+ are not i)*er/ious to the inf+uence of the en/iron)ent .ith .hich they interact' 5he "e# !% tion o2 ."e# !ent c%!t%" ! no"(s is essenti ! to the e#o!%tion o2 the .s)cho!o') o2 the U4e"(enschB 4ec %se e#en the "en o2 the O %thentic !e'is! to"O is .enet" ted 4) en#i"on(ent ! # !%es nd 2o"ces. &ence it 4eco(es c!e " th t the U4e"(ensch t).e is essenti !!) di22e"ent 2"o( the 2"ee s.i"it . " e0ce!!ence. The +atter0 na)e+y0 the abso+ute+y autono)ous .i++ to *o.er0 is0 therefore0 no )ore than a regu+ati/e ideaEone that *ro/ides the )ode+ for a**ro(i)ation but .hich can in *rinci*+e ne/er be fu++y rea+ized'

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+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency
The +t is *arado(ica+ , once the indi/idua+ reaches the uber)ensch there is no .here to go' Pou are either re-integrated into society or you fade' Go+o)b % AC co4B &e4"e6 Dni#e"sit) o2 Ce"%s !e(. 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 32B EC n @ne ,e !!)
=eco(e O7"ee S.i"it + " /0ce!!enceOo" n U4e"(enschTF 2006. +"oHect >%seB 3$ */8/09G C> ccording to Nietzsche0 the cry for *ersona+ authenticity a**eared at the Dt.i+ight of the ido+sD and is an e(*+icit e(*ression of re/o+t against the s*irit of ob3ecti/ity' Thus it is inconcei/ab+e to ha/e a fu++y authentic indi/idua+ +i/ing in societyB 6hich 4) n t%"e is 2o%nded on set o2 o4Hecti#e no"(s nd co((on ethos. 5o c! "i2) this .oint - 6i!! d" 6 n n !o') 2"o( the do( in o2 .s)cho n !)sis. -2 ne%"osis isB s 7"e%d c! i(sB n t%" ! o%tco(e o2 the "e."essi#e societ)B 6hich is 2o%nded on s%ch "e."essionB c n 6e i( 'ine societ) 6he"e the"e "e no ne%"otic .eo.!eT 5his L%estion "e( ins # !id e#en 2o" societ) in 6hich !! neurotic indi/idua+s ha/e successfu++y undergone *sychoana+ytic treat)ent' Fut once they try to +i/e in that society underB (o"e o" !essB the sa)e conditions th t c %sed thei" ne%"oses in the 2i"st .! ceB .on8t they to so)e degree regress5 The sa)e consideration is re+e/ant to the indi#id% ! 6hose L%est 2o" %thenticit) o" 2o" o.ti( ! .ositi#e .o6e"B th t isB in the 2o"( o2 the Gber)enschB is s%..osed!) 2in !!) 2%!2i!!ed. =ec %se s%ch .e"son contin%es to 4e (e(4e" o2 societ)B the ."ocesses o2 soci ! conditionin' nd the ss %!t 2"o( 6ithin on oneIs O.%"e .o6e"O 6i!! contin%e to e0e"t thei" nti %thentic tin' nd 6e kenin' e22ects. >o"eo#e"B i)agine a society .here authenticity beca)e a genera+ nor)6 such a society either .ou+d be destroyed or .ou+d destroy that authenticity0 .hich .ou+d be )anifested *recise+y in those indi/idua+s .ho atte)*t to o/erco)e its ethic and e(hibit the s*irit of re/o+t' Ience the strugg+es to attain *ersona+ authenticity and Gber)ensch status face .hat see)s to be a *arado(ica+ situation6 these +ofty idea+s cannot be )ateria+ized .ithout society0 but neither can they be +i/ed .ithin its fra)e.or4' NietzscheIs 'ene !o') c nnot ."o#ide %s 6ith the so%'ht? 2te" e(.i"ic ! e#idence th t %thenticit) o"B in# "i 4!)B the U4e"(ensch 6e"e co((on (on' h%( n 4ein's in n) 'i#en societ). &ence he 6 s 6e!! 6 "e o2 the di22ic%!t) o2 t")in' to !!o6 2o" the Oo%'htO o2 the ]4e"(ensch!ich %thenticit) 6ithin the soci ! Ois.O 5he 2 ct is th t he +ea/es this issue intentiona++y /ague in the c+osing sentence of his boo4B 6he"e YarathustraB 6ho .e"soni2ies the ide ! o2 .e"son ! %thenticit)B +ea/es his Dca/eD in order to doE.hat5 To return to society5 It is far fro) being co)*+ete+y c+ear6 OQ5Rh%s s.oke V " th%st" B nd he !e2t his c #eB '!o6in' nd st"on' s (o"nin' s%n th t co(es o%t o2 d "k (o%nt insO Q/nd + 'e 3*R AV 439G. 5he (et .ho" o2 Os%nO i(.!ies th t V " th%st" B not 4!e to 4eco(e . "t o2 the h%( n soci ! ne0%sB is !ike the s%nB 6hichB not 4ein' . "t o2 the e "thB on!) 6 "(s it 2"o( 4o#e. Yarathustra can on+y ins*ire us to try and beco)e authentic0 to be freer than .e are0 to be )enta++y and inte++ectua++y )ore *o.erfu+ than at the *resent' 3!! those Nietzsche n !o2t) ide !s "e so!e!) "e'%! ti#e ide !s " the" th n ( ni2est!) #i 4!e no"(s. s a conso+ing afterthought one )ay *erha*s state that though the Gber)ensch is not /iab+e in a hu)an co))unity0 stri/ing to a**ro(i)ate this idea+ .i++ he+* us in o/erco)ing the )enta+ity of the Dherd0D or the Ds+a/es0D but0 of course0 .i++ not +iberate us fro) society as such'

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+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency
2chotten " AC &eikeB 3ssist nt +"o2 o2 +o!itic ! Science t the Dni#e"sit) o2 > ss ch%settsB O=et6een + st nd
7%t%"e8 5he +o!itics o2 Nietzsche n 322i"( tionBO htt.8//666. !! c de(ic.co(//(et /.a(! a . a"ese "chacit tion/0/8/5/6/9/. 'es85696/.85696?1..h.. 3$8 */8/09G H! Nietzsche;s te0tsB !ike his !i2eB "e o2 n inhe"ent!) d% ! n t%"e. &e e(.h sizes this in /cce &o(oB ckno6!ed'in' his Ed% ! descentF s E t the s (e ti(e dec dent nd 4e'innin'BF 1 4oth dec dent nd Ethe o..osite o2 dec dentBF 2 6ith ccess to Ed% ! se"ies o2 e0.e"iencesBF .ositioned 6ith Eone 2oot 4e)ond !i2e.F 3 3s e/en Nietzsche recognizedB thenB his being both a )e)ber of )odernity and yet ab+e to see beyond itB .ositioned 6ith one 2oot in this 6o"!d nd nothe" 2oot 4e)ond itB renders hi) ab+e to e(*erience decadence and )et unab+e to reco/er fro) it. 5his is the c se in his o6n d% ! desc"i.tion o2 hi(se!28 his he !thKhis Eone 2oot 4e)ondF !i2eKis !so his sicknessB 2o" the E4e)ondBF s Nietzsche so o2ten "e(inds %sB is s)non)(o%s 6ith de th. Nietzsche;s he !th Ahis %nti(e!inessB his E4e)ondF (ode"nit)G is th%s co?i(.!ic ted 6ith sicknessB nd his sicknessKhis !i#in' (e(4e"shi. in (ode"nit)Kis si(%!t neo%s!) his he !th. -n this . .e"B - 2oc%s in . "tic%! " on the %nhe !th) o" dec dent s.ect o2 Nietzsche;s d% ! .hi!oso.h)B "'%in' th t because Nietzsche found )odern decadence too horrifying to o.n and affir)0 he .as unab+e to be hea+thy hi)se+f' Ie cou+d not /a+ue or affir) the /ery age .hich ga/e hi) +ifeEhe cou+d not0 s - 6i!! ! te" te"( itB de+ight in decay. -n . "tic%! "B - 6i!! sho6 th t Nietzsche1s inabi+ity to de+ight in decay renders hi) inca*ab+e of co*ing .ith )odernity e(ce*t through an i++egiti)ate +onging for rede)*tion0 .hich he hi)se+f argues against. 4 7in !!)B - 6i!! "'%e th t Nietzsche;s in2"eL%ent "eco((end tions o2 ! %'hte" nd !o#e o22e" (o"e ."od%cti#e #en%e 2o" chie#in' the kind o2 "econci!i tion 6ith (ode"nit) nd Ase!2?G 22i"( tion Nietzsche # !o"izesB !4eit not #i the (e ns he see(s e0.!icit!) to endo"se.

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#0: Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency
The .i++ to *o.er ine/itab+y runs bac4 into s+a/e )ora+ity - both are atte)*ts to )a4e u* for a +ac4 in the se+f0 the on+y tru+y ethica+ action is to /ie. onese+f as distinct fro) the .or+d and /ie. the se+f as interconnected to a++ other beings Loy 9% A$ #idB ."o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h). 3si n +hi!!oso.h)B 1o! 6B No 1B E=e)ond 'ood nd e#i!T 3 =%ddhist
c"itiL%e o2 NietzscheF > "ch 1996. htt.8//cc4s.nt%.ed%.t6/7DLL5/_5/C,?3$>/!o).ht( 3$ */8/09G C> ++ *o.er is in essence *o.er to deny )orta+ity' =ither that or it is not rea+ *o.er at a++ B not %!ti( te .o6e"B not the .o6e" th t ( nkind is "e !!) o4sessed 6ith. Ho.er )eans *o.er to increase onese+f0 to change one8s natura+ situation fro) one of s)a++ness0 he+*+essness B 2init%deB to one of bigness0 contro+B d%" 4i!it)B i(.o"t nce. A=ecke"G
Q15R <e 2ee! 6e "e ( ste"s o#e" !i2e nd de th 6hen 6e ho!d the 2 te o2 othe"s in o%" h ndsB dds =ecke"J nd 6e 2ee! 6e "e "e ! 6hen the "e !it) o2 othe"s is in o%" h ndsB dds =%ddhis(. 7"o( th t .e"s.ecti#eB ho6e#e"B desire for *o.er is +itt+e different fro) the s+a/e )ora+ity Nietzsche c"iticises. Foth beco)e sy)*to)s of our +ac40 e-ua++y frustrating inas)uch as .e are )oti/ated by so)ething that cannot be satisfied in the .ay .e try to satisfy it' No 6onde" NietzscheIs 6i!!?to?.o6e" c n ne#e" "estB th t it needs to e0. nd its ho"izonsB nd th t 2o" (ost o2 %s (o" !it) h s 4een ( tte" o2 co!!ectin' "e!i'io%s 4"o6nie .oints. -n 4oth c ses 6e think th t 6e h #e 2o%nd the 6 ) to 'et '"i. on o%" e!i'i4i!it) 2o" i((o"t !it) ?? o" 4ein'. 5he 6ho!e 4 sis o2 the %"'e to 'oodness is to 4e so(ethin' th t h s # !%eB th t end%"es... Man uses )ora+ity to try to get a *+ace of s*ecia+ be+ongingness and *er*etuation in the uni/erse ... $o 6e 6onde" 6h) one o2 ( nIs chie2 ch " cte"istics is his to"t%"ed diss tis2 ction 6ith hi(se!2B his const nt se!2?c"iticis(T -t is the on!) 6 ) he h s to o#e"co(e the sense o2 ho.e!ess !i(it tion inhe"ent in his "e ! sit% tion. A=ecke"G Q16R 7hen I rea+ise that I a) not going to attain c+oture on that diabo+ica+ *art of )yse+f0 it is ti)e to *ro3ect it' O5he $e#i! is the one 6ho ."e#ents the he"oic #icto") o2 i((o"t !it) in e ch c%!t%"e ?? e#en the theisticB scienti2ic ones.O Q1*R 3s !on' s ! ck kee.s 'n 6in'B 6e need to kee. st"%''!in' 6ith the $e#i!B nd s 6e !! kno6 the 4est de#i! is one o%tside o%" o6n '"o%.. =/i+ is .hate/er .e decide is 4ee*ing us fro) beco)ing rea+B nd since no /ictory o/er any e(terna+ de/i+ can yie+d the sense of being .e see40 .e ha/e beco)e tra**ed in a *arado( of our o.n )a4ing6 e/i+ is created by our urge to e+i)inate e/i+' St !inIs co!!ecti#is tion ."o'" ((e 6 s n tte(.t to 4%i!d (o"e .e"2ect soci !ist societ). 5he 7in ! So!%tion o2 the N zis 6 s n tte(.t to .%"i2) the / "th o2 its #e"(in. 5he =%ddhist c"itiL%e o2 s%ch "essenti(ent inc!%des %nde"st ndin' the se!2?dece.tion in#o!#ed in s%ch d% !istic thinkin'B 6hen - identi2) 6ith one .o!e nd # in!) t") to e!i(in te its inte"de.endent othe". Q18R =%ddhis( 'ets 4e)ond 'ood nd e#i! not 4) "e4 .tisin' o%" e#i! L% !ities s o%" 4estB 4%t 6ith n enti"e!) di22e"ent .e"s.ecti#e. 3s !on' s 6e e0.e"ience o%"se!#es s !ien ted 2"o( the 6o"!dB nd societ) s set o2 se. " te se!#esB the 6o"!d is de# !%ed into 2ie!d?o2?.! ) 6he"ein 6e co(.ete to 2%!2i!! o%"se!#es. 5h t is the o"i'in o2 the ethic ! ."o4!e( 6e st"%''!e 6ith tod )8 .ithout so)e transcendenta+ ground such as God0 .hat .i++ bind our ato)ised se+/es together5 7hen )y sense-of-se+f !ets?'o nd disa**earsB ho6e#e"B I rea+ise )y interde*endence .ith a++ other *heno)ena' -t is (o"e th n 4ein' de.endent on the(8 6hen - disco#e" th t ( )o%B the t" ce o2 )o%" t" cesB the ethic ! ."o4!e( o2 ho6 to "e! te to )o% is t" ns2o"(ed. Q19R @2 co%"seB this *ro/ides no

si)*+e yardstic4 to reso+/e 4notty ethica+ di+e))as' Pet )ore i)*ortant0 I thin40 is that this abso+/es the sense of se*aration bet.een us .hich usua++y )a4es those di+e))as so difficu+t to reso+/e0 inc+uding the conceit that I a) the one .ho has *ri/i+eged access to transcendenta+ *rinci*+es0 or .ho e)bodies )ore fu++y the .i++-to-*o.er' Loss o2 se!2?."eocc%. tion ent i!s the 4i!it) to "es.ond to othe"s 6itho%t n %!te"io"
(oti#e 6hich needs to ' in so(ethin' 2"o( th t enco%nte". =%ddhist ethic ! ."inci.!es .."o0i( te the 6 ) o2 "e! tin' to othe"s th t nond% ! e0.e"ience "e#e !s. 3s in Ch"isti nit)B - sho%!d !o#e () nei'h4o%" s ()se!2 ?? in this c se 4ec %se () nei'h4o%" is ()se!2. -n cont" st to the I5ho% sh !t not ?? o" e!seNI i(.!ied in >os ic ! 6B the =%ddhist ."ece.ts "e #o6s one ( kes not to so(e othe" 4ein' 4%t to oneIs to?4e?"e !ised? s?e(.t) se!28 O- #o6 to %nde"t ke the co%"se o2 t" inin' to .e"2ect ()se!2 in non?ki!!in'BO nd so 2o"th. If .e

ha/e not de/e+o*ed to the degree that .e s*ontaneous+y e(*erience ourse+/es as one .ith others0 by fo++o.ing the *rece*ts .e endea/our to act as if .e did fee+ that .ay' Pet e/en these *rece*ts are e/entua++y rea+ised not to rest on any transcendenta+0 ob3ecti/e+y-binding )ora+ *rinci*+e' There are0 fina++y0 no )ora+ +i)itations on our freedo) -- e(ce*t the dua+istic de+usions .hich inc+ine us to abuse that freedo) in the first *+ace'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#0? Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency , =9
=)bracing eterna+ recurrence is inherent+y cyc+ica+ , the a+ternati/e can on+y resu+t in re-territoria+ization and fai+ at *roducing change' $on.ay 9? A$ nie! <.B +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) t +enns)!# ni St te Dni#e"sit). &e is %tho" o2 ENietzsche nd
the +o!itic !F nd ENietzscheIs $ n'e"o%s G (eF. S)(.!oke 6.1B E5%(4!in' $iceFB 1998. +"oHect >%se 3$ */8/09G C> -n his 2 (i!i " dete""ito"i !izin' s.ectB Nietzsche is an astute *hysician of cu+ture0 an e(*eri)enter .ho e(*oses and de-)ystifies the constraints re-uired0 and i)*osed0 by ci/i+ization' 3s O( ste" o2 s%s.icionBO he .otenti !!)
!i4e" tes desi"e 2"o( the se!2?."esc"i4ed "e."ession c !!ed 2o" 4) d# nced ind%st"i ! c .it !is( in ! te (ode"nit). 5his is the Nietzsche 6ho( $e!e%ze o"i'in !!) 2etishizedB the "hizo( ni c ! in#ento" o2 the O&e" c!ite n 2i"e ( chine.O -n his !ess 2 (i!i " "ete""ito"i !izin' s.ectB ho6e#e"B Nietzsche is a resentfu+0 +ying *riest0 .ho contributes to the besetting schizo*hrenia of +ate )odernity. &e ."esents the dec dence o2 ! te (ode"nit) s no#e! 2ie!d o2 'enc)B !4eit one 6hich he hi(se!2 h s !"e d) de!i(ited nd .o!iced. 3s.i"in' disci.!es o2 $ion)s%s co(.!ete thei" "ites o2 initi tion %nde" NietzscheIs cond%ctB on!) to 2ind the(se!#es en(eshed in the 2 (i!i " O()ste"iesO o2 )et nothe" @edi. ! c%!t. & #in' 6hetted his "e de"sI desi"e 6ith the dete""ito"i !izin' ."o(ise o2 %n"e."essed c the0is %.on its n t%" ! nd ."o.e" o4HectB the ."iest!) Nietzsche decrees decadence to be an originary

+ac4 or +oss0 for .hich desiring )achines can ne/er fu++y co)*ensate' Iis chi+dren are DfreeD to e(*+ore the undisco/ered country of decadence0 but their desire can e(*ress itse+f on+y in Oedi*a+ o*erations of se+f-re*ression and se+f-denia+' 5he) ( ) ' in n e.i.h nic insi'ht into the shi.6"eck o2 thei" 'eB 4%t this
co'niti#e t"i%(.h does not t" ns! te into the #o!ition ! "ec%.e" tion he o"i'in !!) ."o(ised. &e th%s .e"(its his chi!d"en to ."e#ie6 the end o2 histo")B 4%t this end ."o(ises on!) 2%"the" "e."ession ndB 2in !!)B %to?dest"%ction. <hi!e it is .e"h .s t"%e th t h%( nkind 6o%!d soone" desi"e nothin'ness th n not desi"eB Nietzsche *ro/ides no ho*e that anything other than se+f-annihi+ation is a/ai+ab+e as an ob3ect of desire' Q/nd + 'e 14R <hi!e it ( ) 4e t"%e th t NietzscheIs no( dic d#ent%"es con2o%nded !! des.otic tte(.ts to codi2) the ! 6B it is si)*+y not the case that he0 or anyone e+se0 cou+d sustain indefinite+y the rhizo)atic acti/ities for .hich he is ce+ebrated' <hi!e his Ono( dic 6 " ( chineO s%cceeded in dete""ito"i !izin' the des.otic codi2ic tions o2 .hi!oso.h)B the"e4) c"e tin' the conditions 2o" the .ossi4i!it) o2 in#esti' tin' di22e"enceB it !so cont"i4%ted e#ent% !!) to the ine#it 4!e "ete""ito"i !iz tion o2 .hi!oso.h)B th"o%'h the des.otic codi2ic tion o2 ne6 o..osition ! c te'o"ies.

Nietzsche8s +abyrinth0 so in/iting initia++y as an e(tra-dia+ectica+ retreat fro) the orthodo(y of binary o**osition0 e/entua++y re/ea+s itse+f as a gi+ded cage0 .herein se+f-sty+ed no)ads satisfy their t.isted desire to .a/e the des*ot8s sce*ter' In order to *ut Nietzsche to .or40 one )ust not on+y e)brace his fa)i+iar deterritoria+izing )o/e)entB 6hich co""es.onds to the 22i"( tion o2 ch nceJ one )ust a+so e)brace his ine/itab+e reterritoria+ization0 .hich corres*onds to the affir)ation of necessity' 1 7o" !! o2 his "hizo( tic
c !isthenicsB his dice too (%st "et%"n to e "thB nd the 2 t ! co(4in tion the) e#ent% !!) de!i#e" 6i!! necess "i!) 4et" ) the ."o(ise o2 his no( dic 6 " ( chine. In order to affir) Nietzsche0 one )ust forcib+y inscribe his *ractice of criti-ue into the conte(t of his criti-ue of )odernity0 thereby di/esting hi) of any e0t" ?( chinic Aeithe" "o( ntic !!) h%( n o" 2 t%o%s!) di#ineG *ri/i+ege' Ie )ust be reducedEas he reduces a++ othersEto a co++ection of signs0 .hich

)ay be decoded unsenti)enta++y and incor*orated .ithin the fra)e.or4 of one8s o.n e/o+/ing difference engine'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

#09 Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , No 2o+/ency , =9
Nietzsche1s eterna+ recurrence strategy fai+s , his no)adic .ar )achine fai+s to engage the *roduction of difference' $on.ay 9? A$ nie! <.B +"o2esso" o2 +hi!oso.h) t +enns)!# ni St te Dni#e"sit). &e is %tho" o2 ENietzsche nd
the +o!itic !F nd ENietzscheIs $ n'e"o%s G (eF. S)(.!oke 6.1B E5%(4!in' $iceFB 1998. +"oHect >%se 3$ */8/09G C>
&o6 is it .ossi4!eB ho6e#e"B th t NietzscheIs ce!e4" ted no( dis( (i'ht 4e o" 4eco(e ."od%cti#eT <h) is the no( d not (e"e!) n i(!ess o%tside"B 6 nde"in' nd 6 ste2%!T &o6 co%!d the (o4i!iz tion o2 no( dic 2o"ces .ossi4!) cont"i4%te to the ."od%ction o2 di22e"enceT Not6ithst ndin' $e!e%zeIs enth%si s(B Nietzsche8s no)adic .ar )achine does not de+i/er hi) to /ictory o/er the dia+ectic' @n the cont" ")B Nietzsche8s no)adis) %!ti( te!) betrays its origina+ *ro)ise0 cu+)inating in a co+onization and sett+e)ent of its o.n uni-ue design' &is O&e" c!ite n 2i"e ( chineO is %!ti( te!) ."od%cti#e not o2 di22e"enceB 4%t o2 )et nothe" ite" tion o2 4in ") o..osition. 5he ."o4!e( he"e is th t NietzscheIs 2 %0 no( ds contin%e to "o ( N t%"eB s 6 nde"in' he"oes t" 'ic !!) dis.! ced 2"o( thei" o6n(ost ho(es. -ndeedB his no)adic .ar )achine is

haunted by the ghost of ro)anticis)6 these no)ads )ay re/e+ in their rhizo)atic distribution across a *articu+ar region0 but their u+ti)ate ai) is to return ho)e0 to the originary .o)b of Nature . @6in' to this "esid% ! n t%" !is(B Nietzsche fai+s to )ount a differentia+ criti-ue of the dia+ectic0 one that )ight foster re/o+ution or changeJ he s.i"es on!) to no( dis( in tho%'ht Ao" .e"h .s in sc"i.tGB 4%t not in deed. NietzscheIs e0.e"i(ents
6ith no( dis( "e co(."o(ised in the end 4) his Ain#o!%nt ")G 2o%nd tion ! co((it(ent to ne' ti#it)K! ckB !ossB sin o" de2icienc)K s the o"i'in ") (et .h)sic ! condition o2 h%( n e0.e"ience. +though Nietzsche understands this *reoccu*ation .ith negati/ity as a *re3udice funda)enta+ to the crisis of =uro*ean nihi+is)B sh"e6d!) e0.osin' it in its # "io%s neo?&e'e!i n inc "n tionsB his e(*eri)ents .ith originary sufficiency a++ e/entua++y founder' In

*ro)u+gating his dubious teaching of the Gber)ensch0 for e(a)*+e0 he cannot he+* but *resent this figure of originary sufficiency .ithin the irrefrangib+e fra)e of negati/ity0 as a DcureD his readers both +ac4 and need in order to beco)e .ho+e ANietzsche 1982B 124?13*G. /#en $ion)s%s Q/nd + 'e 12R hi(se!2B the end%"in'
s)(4o! 2o" the %nL%ench 4!e s%22icienc) o2 Li2eB the dice.! )e" . " e0ce!!enceB e#ent% !!) 4eco(es consc"i.ted s n 'ent o2 ne' ti#it). NietzscheIs 2 i!%"e to esc .e the sn "es o2 o"i'in ") de2icienc) is i!!%(in ted (ost c!e "!) in his "e.e ted (isc ""i 'e o2 the te chin' o2 ete"n ! "ec%""ence. +though De+euze reco))ends eterna+ recurrence as a *ro)ising engine of

re*etition0 Nietzsche8s best renditions of this teaching c+ear+y fai+ to engage the *roduction of difference' 3s &eide''e" h s "'%ed in his o6n . "! nceB Nietzsche re)ains )ired in the )eta*hysica+ tradition0 atte)*ting .ith his teaching of eterna+ recurrence to Deterna+ize the )o)entD .ithin a sing+e0 heroic act of .i++' &eide''e" th%s detects in NietzscheIs te chin' o2 ete"n ! "ec%""ence "esid% ! s%4Hecti#is(B 6hich tinct%"es his s%4seL%ent e0.e"i(ents 6ith di22e"ence nd "e.etition A&eide''e" 19**B 95?105G. Des*ite his efforts to i!!%(in te the di22e"ence th t (et .h)sic ! thinkin' necess ") occ!%desB he u+ti)ate+y conf+ates the eterna+ recurrence of the sa)e .ith the eterna+ recurrence of identity' 7hi+e his teaching of eterna+ recurrence does in fact c+ear a conce*tua+ s*ace for the in/estigation of difference0 he *ro)*t+y fi++s this s*ace .ith identity0 confounding the traditiona+ codes of *hi+oso*hy on+y to re*+ace the) .ith binary o**ositions of his o.n design'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

##0 Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , Turn , Otherness

Turn , The Ks re+iance on identity creation creates a )ora+ fra)e.or4 founded on otherness that )a4es resent)ent of the other ine/itab+e Four4e ? AC (esB G" d% te St%dent $e. "t(ent o2 +o!itic ! Science $%ke Dni#e"sit)B ONietzschecConno!!)8
+"o4!e(s o2 Nietzsche n $e(oc" c)BO htt.8//666. !! c de(ic.co(//(et /.a(! a . a"ese "chacit tion/2/6/5/*/*/. 'es265***/.265***?1..h.B 3$8 */8/09G H! =e2o"e e0 (inin' the st" te'ies o2 de(oc" tic 'onis( th t Conno!!) "eco((ends in o"de" to (iti' te nd d (.en the c"%e!ties o2 identit)B 6e sho%!d conside" 6h t Nietzsche n e!e(ents co(e into the 4 sic ."o4!e( o2 identit)cdi22e"ence. Hart of the Nietzschean debt here concerns Nietzsche1s insights into the +ogic of resent)ent. -n the 2i"st ess ) o2 the Gene !o') o2 >o" !sB Nietzsche desc"i4es the 6 )s in 6hich ( ste" nd s! #e (o" !it) "e 4oth constit%ted 6ith "es.ect to n othe" o" o..osite. 5he ( ste" 22i"(s hi(se!2 nd in o"de" to do so identi2ies in those o..osite L% !ities o2 the s! #e n othe" ! 4e!ed E4 d.F =%tB nd (o"e i(.o"t nt!) 2o" Conno!!);s "e din' o2 identit)B the s! #e 'oes ste. 2%"the". &e"eB the identi2ic tion is 2i"st de(oniz tion o2 the othe"B the con#e"sion o2 th t 6hich the ( ste" c !!s E'oodF into the c te'o") o2 Ee#i!.F ,esent(ent o2 the othe" he"e ( kes the 2i"st (o#e in 2o"(in' the identit) o2 the se!2B 6hich on!) 2te" .in.ointin' the L% !ities o2 e#i! 'oes on to 22i"( thei" o..osites. 5ho%'h Conno!!) 6o%!d ."o4 4!) insist th t this s! #e?!ike !o'ic is (o"e the "%!e th n the e0ce.tionB his de4t to Nietzsche on this ( tte" is c!e ". 3nothe" %se o2 Nietzsche ..e "s in Conno!!);s 'ene" !iz tion o2 the d)n (ics o2 "esent(ent to the #e") conditions th t ."o(ote identit)cdi22e"ence d)n (ics in the 2i"st .! ce. Iere it is not a -uestion of ho. identity and otherness are *+ayed out0 but rather a -uestion of .hy .e see4 refuge in identity for)ations in the first *+ace. 5o ns6e" this L%estionB Conno!!) int"od%ces the the(e o2 Ee0istenti ! "esent(entBF Nietzsche n ide th t t" cks (o"e c!ose!) the de#e!o.(ent o2 the ide o2 "e#en'e nd "esent(ent in Thus 2*o4e Yarathustra s o..osed to the Gene !o'). Conno!!) 4o""o6s he"e 2"o( Nietzsche;s di 'nosis o2 the dee.est so%"ces o2 "esent(ent in the desire for re/enge against the dead hand of the *ast nd its Eit 6 s.F <h t Nietzsche sees as a genera+ resent)ent at our inabi+ity to turn bac4 the .hee+ of ti)e0 Conno!!) e0. nds into the ide th t e#e") "esist nce o2 the 6o"!d to o%" tte(.ts to ( ste" it 'ene" tes "esent(ent. Conno!!) !oc tes e0istenti ! "esent(ent ."i( "i!) in the d"i#e to 2ind so(e !oc%s o2 "es.onsi4i!it) 2o" the s%22e"in's 6e end%"e. /0istenti ! "esent(ent is "esent(ent to6 "d the "ec !cit" nce o2 the 6o"!d to o%" tte(.ts to e0.! in nd ( ste" it. 3s Conno!!) e! 4o" tesB +eo.!e tend to de( nd d 6o"!d in 6hich s%22e"in' is %!ti( te!) '"o%nded in ."o.o"tion ! "es.onsi4i!it). <e "esent 6o"!d in 6hich it ..e "s th t this is not so. =%t "esent(ent (%st !oc te n .."o."i te o4Hect i2 it is to 4e disch "'ed s "esent(ent. -t the"e4) seeks "es.onsi4!e 'ent th t it c n con#ince itse!2 is othe"6ise 6o"th) o2 "ecei#in' the !o d o2 inci.ient "esent(ent it c ""ies. d SoB . "t o2 the d"i#e to insistent tt"i4%tions o2 "es.onsi4i!it) 2!o6s 2"o( e0istenti ! "esent(ent. 6 s one )ight i)agine0 the dri/e to *in res*onsibi+ity on an agent is itse+f a *art of the +ogic of identity\difference. =%t (o"e 2%nd (ent !!)B e0istenti ! "esent(ent i!!%st" tes the 2e t%"es o2 the h%( n condition th t 'i#e "ise to identit) 2o"( tions in the 2i"st .! ce. 7o" the "esist nce o2 the 6o"!d to o%" tte(.ts to ( ste" it is . "t o2 Conno!!);s Nietzsche n %nde"st ndin' o2 ction nd 6i!! to .o6e". 3cco"din' to Conno!!);s NietzscheB Eto do is to 2o"'oBF nd the 6i!! to .o6e" is 2%nd (ent !!) Ethe 6i!! to 'i#e 2o"( to so(ethin'.F * -n co(4in tionB these t.o ideas suggest a .ea4 onto+ogy in .hich gi/ing for) and actua+izing *ossibi+ities a+.ays +ea/es a re)ainder that resists the origina+ effort' In such a .or+d0 identity for)ation suggests itse+f as a *otentia+ .ay to discharge the resent)ent that such reca+citrance engenders'

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

### Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , Turn , De)ocracy

Ho+icy )a4ing can be uti+ized .ith the a+ternati/e , It1s 4ey to generating confrontation and strugg+e Four4e ? AC (esB G" d% te St%dent $e. "t(ent o2 +o!itic ! Science $%ke Dni#e"sit)B ONietzschecConno!!)8
+"o4!e(s o2 Nietzsche n $e(oc" c)BO htt.8//666. !! c de(ic.co(//(et /.a(! a . a"ese "chacit tion/2/6/5/*/*/. 'es265***/.265***?1..h.B 3$8 */8/09G H! <e h #e seen the 6 )s in 6hich the !o'ic o2 identit)cdi22e"ence st nds t the co"e o2 Conno!!);s tho%'ht s 6e!! s the 6 )s in 6hich Conno!!) de2ines this !o'ic %sin' Nietzsche;s ide s. 5he second ! )e" o2 Nietzsche n inde4tedness - identi2ied 4o#e conce"ns Conno!!);s ."e2e""ed st" te') 2o" (iti' tin' the ."ess%"es o2 identit) th t !e d to the c"%e!ties ! 4e!ed s the second ."o4!e( o2 e#i!. This strategy is one of agonistic contestation a)ong identity grou*s' Conno!!) c!e "!) de2ines 'onis( s st" te') o2 (iti' tin' the second ."o4!e( o2 e#i!. EIs thereB thenB a *ractice of de)ocracy ] that res*onds to the *rob+e)atic re+ationshi* bet.een identity and difference5 I sus*ect there is d Let (e c !! this .o!itic ! i( 'in ") Xagonistic de)ocracy01 a *ractice that affir)s the indis*ensabi+ity of identity to +ife0 disturbs the dog)atization of identity0 and fo+ds care for the *rotean di/ersity of hu)an +ife into the strife of identity\difference'F 8 gonis) consists in the acti/e strugg+e bet.een identity grou*s o/er the conditions of identity\difference' 5he te"(s o2 'onistic con2"ont tion "e set 4) the c! i(s identit) '"o%.s ( ke to othe"ize the '"o%.s ' inst 6hich the) st"%''!e nd the co%nte" "'%(ents de.!o)ed in the e22o"t to "esist these (o#es. Conno!!) 2oc%ses his theo"etic ! ene"') on the kinds o2 "'%(ents nd contest tions !ike!) to %.set o" dist%"4 the he'e(onic .ositions o2 do(in nt identit) '"o%.s. 3'onis( is ."i( "i!) de#e!o.ed in his tho%'ht s st" te') 2o" the ( "'in !ized to 4e %sed in de2%sin' the .o6e" o2 !"e d) ent"enched '"o%.s. Se#e" ! Nietzsche n de4ts nd st" te'ies "e e#ident in Conno!!);s ."i#i!e'in' o2 'onistic contests. @n the (ost 4 sic !e#e!B de)ocratic agonis) ref+ects Nietzsche1s /a+orization of strugg+e as the )eans to achie/ing greatness' 7ithout acce*ting a crude0 bruta+ist inter*retation of .i++ to *o.er0 .e can identity in Nietzsche a strong the)e of the ce+ebration of confrontation0 strugg+e0 and .ar. 5he"e "e se#e" ! di(ensions to this the(e. 7i"st o2 !!B Nietzsche sees in strugg+e a funda)enta+ d"i#e o2 !i2e itse!2. Li2e is .i++ to *o.er 2o" NietzscheB nd tho%'h this *o.er ( ) 4e s.i"it% ! nd non? #io!entB it )ust be ad)itted that do)ination and hierarchy for) a *art of the Nietzschean the)atic he"e. Conno!!) does not cce.t n inte"."et tion o2 Nietzsche s the .hi!oso.he" o2 6o"!d ( ste")B s he ( kes c!e " in the 2o!!o6in' . ss 'e8 Let (e s ) so(ethin'B tho%'hB 4o%t d the reading of Nietzsche as the consu))ate *hi+oso*her of .or+d )astery' <hi!e such a reading is .ossi4!eB it is not the sing+e or necessary reading to be dra.n fro) a thin4er as *rotean as Nietzsche . -t tends to 4e 'i#en 4) those 6ho endo"se st"on' t" nscendent ! o" te!eo!o'ic ! .e"s.ecti#es. 5he) ."es%(e th t n) ethic o2 c "e nd se!2? !i(it tion (%st 2!o6 2o"( te!eot" nscendent ! .e"s.ecti#eB nd th t since Nietzsche noisi!) "e.%di tes s%ch .e"s.ecti#eB the coine" o2 the .h" se E6i!! to .o6e"F (%st endo"se "%th!ess .hi!oso.h) in 6hich 2e6 e0e"cise ( ste") o#e" othe" h%( ns nd n t%"e. 9 &o6e#e"B Conno!!) s(%''!es in ce"t in Nietzsche n ttit%des to6 "d the # !%e o2 st"%''!e. 5his is e#ident in his se!ection o2 . ss 'e 2"o( E&o(e";s ContestF 2o" the e.i'" .h o2 -dentit)c$i22e"ence. E3nd not on!) 3"istot!e 4%t the 6ho!e o2 G"eek ntiL%it) thinks di22e"ent!) 2"o( %s 4o%t h t"ed nd en#)B nd H%d'es 6ith &esiodJ 6ho in one .! ce c !!s one disco"d e#i!K n (e!) the one th t !e ds (en into hosti!e 2i'hts o2 nnihi! tion ' inst one nothe"K6hi!e ." isin' nothe" disco"d s 'oodKthe one th tB s He !o%s)B h t"ed nd en#)B s.%"s (en to cti#it)J not to the cti#it) o2 2i'hts o2 nnihi! tion 4%t to the cti#it) o2 2i'hts 6hich "e contests.F 10 $onfrontation and strugg+e are not (e"e!)B 2o" Conno!!)B 2e t%"es o2 !i2e nd .o!iticsJ " the"B the) "e generati/e sources of *otentia+ity.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

##2 Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , =(tinction Out.eighs

Nietzsche ad)its that society is necessary for the uber)ensch to a**ear , *re/enting our i)*acts is a *recursor to the a+ternati/e1s so+/ency' Go+o)b % AC co4B &e4"e6 Dni#e"sit) o2 Ce"%s !e(. 5he Co%"n ! o2 Nietzsche St%dies 32B EC n @ne ,e !!)
=eco(e O7"ee S.i"it + " /0ce!!enceOo" n U4e"(enschTF 2006. +"oHect >%seB 3$ */8/09G C> Nietzsche8s affir)ation of society as the necessary condition for the )ateria+ization of *ositi/e *o.er attenuates the radica+ stance of his e(tre)e indi/idua+is)' 3nd 4ec %se Nietzsche 22i"(s O co((%nit)O Ae.'.B G>
--89G nd does not seek to dest"o) itB he h d to e0.! in ho6 the ]4e"(ensch!ich . tte"ns o2 4eh #io" o" the (o" !it) o2 .ositi#e .o6e" "e .ossi4!e 6ithin the soci ! conte0t. &e n !)zes the n t%"e o2 the inte" ction (on' (e(4e"s o2 societ) nd ( int ins th t 'en%ine H%stice is .ossi4!e on!) 6ithin soci ! 2 4"ic co(.osed o2 eL% !!) .o6e"2%! (e(4e"s8 OC%stice . . . is the 'ood 6i!! (on' . "ties o2 .."o0i( te!) eL% ! .o6e" to co(e to te"(s 6ith one nothe"B to "e ch n I%nde"st ndin'I 4) (e ns o2 sett!e(entK nd to co(.e! . "ties o2 !esse" .o6e" to "e ch sett!e(ent (on' the(se!#esO AG> --88G. Nietzsche argues that the *o.erfu+ indi/idua+ is characterized by egois)' 3#oid nce o2 n) !t"%istic cti#it) nd ideo!o') 6o%!d see(in'!) cont" dict n) .ossi4!e (o" ! s)ste(. This e)*hasis on the e'ois( of genuine *o.er0 ho6e#e"B does not *re/ent Nietzsche fro) continuing

to describe the )ora+ and socia+ net.or4 of *o.erfu+ indi/idua+s .ho .ou+d .i++ing+y and free+y enter the restricti/e socia+ fabric6 5he no4!e so%! cce.ts this 2 ct o2 its e'ois( 6itho%t n) L%estion ( "k. . . . QDRnde" ce"t in
ci"c%(st nces the"e "e so(e 6ho h #e "i'hts eL% ! to its o6n. . . . Q-Rt (o#es (on' these eL% !s 6ith thei" eL% ! ."i#i!e'esB sho6in' the s (e s%"eness o2 (odest) nd de!ic te "e#e"ence th t ch " cte"ize its "e! tion 6ith itse!2. . . . Q/R#e") st " is s%ch n e'oist. . . . Q-Rt hono"s itse!2 in the( nd in the "i'hts it cedes to the(J it does not do%4t th t the e(change of honors and rights is of the nature of a++ socia+ re+ations and thus a+so be+ongs to the natura+ condition of things' A=G/ 265G Nietzsche dec! "es he"e th t "eco'nition o2 the # !%e nd 2"eedo( o2 othe"s o"i'in tes in e'ois(. @n!) n indi#id% ! .ossessin' n 4%nd nce o2 .ositi#e Q/nd + 'e 2*R.o6e" nd 2i"( se!2hood is 4!e to '" nt si(i! " "i'hts nd 2"eedo(s to !! those 6ho "e "eco'nized s eL% !s. 5his indi#id% ! is not 2" id th t this (i'ht di(inish o" dest"o) he" o" his o6n .o6e". -t is se!2? 22i"( tion nd con2idence in oneIs .o6e" nd #i"t%es th t en 4!e the 22i"( tion o2 Oothe"sO nd thei" %niL%eness. 7o" NietzscheB h%( n e'ois( nd the e(.h sis on se!2hood do not cont" dict the soci ! nd (o" ! o"de"J the) ct% !!) c"e te the ide ! conditions 2o" its ."o.e" 2%nctionin'. :et Nietzsche is not occ%.ied so!e!) 6ith ch " cte"izin' the ide ! 2e t%"es o2 the ]4e"(ensch!ich societ). &e !so seeks to sho6 th t the )ora+ity of *ositi/e *o.er has a+ready e(isted in one for) or another in history B so th t it is e(.i"ic !!) 2e si4!e nd does not st nd in n) ."io"i cont" diction to societ). 5h%s he s.e ks 4o%t Othe essenti ! ch " cte"istic o2 'ood nd he !th) "istoc" c)BO %"'in' %s to O!ook 2o" once t n "istoc" tic co((on6e !th . . . n ncient G"eek .o!isB o" 1eniceBO 6hich in his #ie6 "e t).ic ! soci ! nd .o!itic ! e0 (.!es Oo2 the (o" !it) o2 the .o6e"2%!O A=G/ 258B 262B 260G. -n this conte0t he !so "e2e"s se#e" ! ti(es to the histo"ic ! . tte"ns o2 ,o(e nd the ,en iss nce. 3t this .oint L%estion "ises8 7hy do the *o.erfu+ need a society at a++5 -snIt it the c se th t the need o2 othe"s indic tes 2ee4!eness nd ins%22icienc)T -n ns6e"B one ( ) .oint o%t th t the *o.erfu+ *erson is

not identica+ .ith an o)ni*otent and abso+ute+y *erfect God0 ca*ab+e of functioning fu++y and free+y a*art fro) his creation' 5he"e is no %..e" !i(it to .o6e"B nd the"e is no o.ti(%( 2o" 4so!%te %t "ch) nd se!2?s%22icienc). >o"eo#e"B cu+tura+ enter*rises re-uire the association and co++aboration of /arious creati/e *o.ers0 each contributing its distinct ca*acities to the co))on enter*rise' The c+ose coo*eration and interaction of the different distinct *o.ers are re-uired' 5o ( ke the soci ! ( ni2est tion o2 .o6e" .ossi4!eB n) c"e tionB e#en the (ost
indi#id% !B needs the soci ! 2 4"ic nd the (%t% ! e0ch n'e o2 ide s nd conce.ts. 5he"e is no .o6e" 6itho%t c"e tion nd 'i#in' 2o"(B nd there is no creation .ithout society' Ience there is no *o.er .ithout society0 and its essentia+ )anifestations are i)*ossib+e if there is a co)*+ete se/erance fro) the socia+ conte(t' 7%"the"(o"eB 4ec %se 4so!%te .o6e" ne#e" ct% !!) Oe0istsBO nd 4ec %se the"e is no c"e tion e0 nihi!oB .e"sons .ossessin' .ositi#e .o6e"sB n (e!)B O6e 2"ee s.i"itsO A nd this inc!%desB 4) e0t" .o! tionB the U4e"(enschenGB need e ch othe" nd need societ) nd c%!t%"e s the #it ! 6o"kin' 2" (e6o"k 6ithin 6hich the) c"e te. 2ociety itse+f ob/ious+y a+so re-uires )ora+ *atterns that organize and

conso+idate it' Nietzsche0 then0 is not a negating Dnihi+istD .ho .ishes to o/erthro. society and go beyond its +i)its' 5he O3ntich"istO 6ithin hi( does not t%"n hi( into n n "chistJ no" does it ( ke hi( i((o" !KL%ite the
"e#e"se. 5his is es.eci !!) "e! ted to his nth"o.o!o'ic ! conce.t o2 > cht.

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Lab

##B Trade-Off D

+ternati/e , =(tinction Out.eighs

2uccess of the a+ternati/e can on+y ha**en in a .or+d .here .e1re sti++ a+i/e , e(tinction c+ai)s *recede the a+ternati/e' $onno++y 9# A<i!!i ( /.B ."o2esso" nd ch i" o2 the $e. "t(ent o2 .o!itic ! science t 5he Cohns &o.kins
Dni#e"sit). E-dentit)/$i22e"enceF 1991. htt.8//4ooks.'oo'!e.co(/4ooksT id9172H604a=)/CS.'9+3186S!.'9+3186SdL9 [225heeide eisetoesto.e6o"")in'e 4o%tethee."ese"# tioneo2e( nBetoest"i#eetoec"e tee e2e6eo#e"(en.e [22Sso%"ce94!Sots92*N(ce? 2z@Ssi'9ch!'/+(4+a0S0Le),@.46L5.3L6Sh!9enSei90!h<So_z@C*cs6@&(8&=='Ss 9_Soi94ooka"es%!t Sct9"es%!tS"esn%(91 3$ */9/09G C>
V " th%st" s )s8 O5he (ost conce"ned sk tod )B I&o6 is ( n to 4e ."ese"#edTI =%t V " th%st" is the 2i"st nd on!) one to sk8 P&o6 is ( n to 4e o#e"co(eTO16 The idea is to sto* .orrying about the *reser/ation of )an0 to stri/e to create a fe.

o/er)en' Lea/e to their o.n de/ices those .ho insist u*on being consu)ed by resent)ent0 so that a fe. can cu+ti/ate another ty*e of hu)anity' 5he ne6 t).e to 4e c%!ti# ted consists o2 2e6 2"ee s.i"its 6ho 2end o22 the
"esent(ent ' inst the h%( n condition th t 6e!!s %. in e#e")oneB 2e6 6ho "ise 4o#e the insistence th t the"e 4e s)((et") 4et6een e#i! nd "es.onsi4i!it)B 6ho !i#e 4o#e the de( nd th t so(e '%i!t) 'ent 6o"th) o2 .%nish(ent 4e !oc ted e#e") ti(e the) the(se!#es s%22e"B 6ho "eco'nize th t e0istenti ! s%22e"in' is ."econdition o2 6isdo(. =%t this t).o!o'ic ! di22e"enti tion 4et6een ( n nd o#e"( n no !on'e" ( kes (%ch senseB i2 it e#e" did. 7o" the o#e"( nK constit%ted s n inde.endentB det ched t).eK"e2e"s si(%!t neo%s!) to s.i"it% ! dis.osition nd to the "esidence o2 2"ee s.i"its in soci ! s. ce "e! ti#e!) ins%! ted 2"o( "e cti#e .o!itics.

The *rob+e) is that the disa**earance of the re+e/ant socia+ *reconditions confounds any di/ision of hu)anity into t.o s*iritua+ ty*es' If there is anything in the ty*e to be ad)ired0 the idea+ )ust be dis)ant+ed as a distinct caste of so+itary indi/idua+s and fo+ded into the *o+itica+ fabric of +ate- )odern society' 5he Oo#e"( nO no6 2 !!s . "t s set o2 distincti#e dis.ositions concent" ted in . "tic%! " c ste o" t).eB nd its s.i"it% !
L% !ities (i'" te to set o2 dis.ositions th t ( ) co(.ete 2o" ."esence in n) se!2. 5he t).e no6 4eco(es A s it !"e d) 6 s to si'ni2ic nt de'"eeG #oice in the se!2 contendin' 6ith othe" #oicesB inc!%din' those o2 "essenti(ent. 5his (ode! is i(.!icit!) s%''ested 4) 7o%c %!t 6hen he esche6s the te"( Oo#e"( nO A s 6e!! s O6i!! to .o6e"OG nd shi2ts the cente" o2 '" #it) o2 Nietzsche n disco%"se 2"o( he"oes nd c! ssic ! t" 'ic 2i'%"es to e#e")d ) (is2its s%ch s 3!e0i3!e0in nd +ie""e ,i#ie"e. 5hese te0t% ! (o#es "eB - thinkB . "t o2 st" te') to 2o!d Nietzsche n 'onis( into the 2 4"ic o2 o"din ") !i2e 4) ttendin' toI the e0t" o"din ") ch " cte" o2 the ! tte". seek to .%"s%e this s (e t" i!. The Nietzschean conce*tion of a fe. .ho o/erco)e resent)ent 4o#e .o!itics .hi+e the rest re)ain stuc4 in the )uc4 o2 "esent(ent in .o!itics is not today /iab+e on its o.n ter)s' Today

circu)stances re-uire that )any gi/e the sign of the o/er)an a *resence in the)se+/es and in the ethico*o+itica+ orientations they *ro3ect onto the +ife of the .ho+e' =%t this 4"e k 6ith the s.i"it o2 Nietzsche "eL%i"es 2%"the" e!%cid tion. The shift resu+ts *art+y fro) the +ate-)odern *ossibi+ity of se!2?e(tinction. -n this ne6 6o"!d the fai+ure to D*reser/e )anD cou+d a+so e(tinguish the hu)an basis for the strugg+e Nietzsche na)ed Do/er)an'D Hreser/ation and o/erco)ing are no. dra.n c+oser together so that each beco)es a ter) in the other6 the ! tte" c nnot s%cceed %n!ess it to%ches the 2o"(e". =%t the ent n'!e(ent o2 e ch 6ith
the othe" in socio.o!itic ! "e! tions (e nsB 6hen the !o'ic o2 this ent n'!e(ent is 6o"ked o%tB th t the Oo#e"( nOI s t).e c nnot e!i(in te 2"o( its !i2e so(e o2 the (od !ities de2initi#e o2 the Oh%( n.O -2 the o#e"( n 6 s e#e" ."oHected s distinct t).eK nd this is not ce"t inKit no6 4eco(es "e2i'%"ed into st"%''!e 6ithin the se!2 4et6een the inc!in tion to e0istenti ! "esent(ent nd n 22i"( tion o2 !i2e th t "ises 4o#e this tendenc).