TYPES OF MIC ROO RG ANIS M.

FUNGI

BACTERIA

MICROORGANISM
ALGAE
ALGAE

PROTOZOA

VIRUSSES

MICROORGANISM

CHARACTERISTIC

VIRUS

SMALLEST MICROORGANISM
HAS VARIOUS SHAPE; CYLINDER, SPHERE
CANNOT BE CLASSIFY AS LIVING ORG, IT CAN ONLY
MULTIPLY IN LIVING CELL
IT CRYSTALLIZES OUTSIDE LIVING CELL
BASIC COMPONENT IS NUCLEAR ACID & OUTER
PROTEIN COAT
VIRUS CAUSES VARIOUS KINDS OD DISEASE

BACTERIA

UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
REPRODUCES BY BINARY FISSION (COCCUS)
FORM SPORES UNDER ADVERSE CONDITION.

ALGAE

UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

CAN CARRY PHOTOSYNTHESIS ( SPIROGYRA SP.)

PROTOZOA UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

LIVE IN WATER (PARAMECIUM SP. & AMOEBA SP.)

FUNGI

UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

REPRODUCE BY FORMING SPORE, (YEAST & MOULD)

PA THO GEN S, VECTO RS, SYM PTO M &

ME THO D IN TR ANS MI SSI ON OF DISEA SES
DISEASE

PATHOGEN

METHOD OF
TRANSMISSION

SYMPTOM

MALARIA

PLASMODIUM SP
(PROTOZOA)

VECTOR ,
ANOPHELES SP.
MOSQUITO

HIGH FEVER, SEVERE

SHIVERING & SWEATING

CHOLERA

VIBRIO CHOLERA CONSUMING

CONTAMINATED FOOD
(BACTERIA)
& WATER

DIARRHOEA,
VOMITTING,
DEHYDRATION.

HEPATITIS

VIRUSES

HEP A: OCCUR WHEN

CONSUME
CONTAMINATED FOOD
& WATER
HEP B: TRANSMITTED
BY CONTAMINATED
BLOOD & SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE

VOMITTING, DIARRHOEA
, FEVER, STOMACH
CRAMP.
NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL
PAIN, CANCER OF THE
LIVER.

RINGWORM

FUNGI

DIRECT CONTACT
WITH INFECTED
PERSON

REDDISH CIRCULAR
RASHES, LESION & VERY
ITCHY.

TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASES

Food & Water.
Microorganism enter digestive
system through contaminated
food & water, unwashed hands &
feaces of infected people.
Eg: Cholera (b), Hepatitis A(v)

Direct Contact
Infected person by sharing
personal item such as towel,
unprotected sex
Eg: ,Ringworm (f), AIDs

HOW THE
DISEASES SPREAD
Airborne & Droplet Transmission
Method where pathogens change
into spores then transmit by air.
Liquid droplet of infected people
enter other people respiratory sys.
Eg: flu, viral fever,

Vectors
Malaria is caused by
Plasmodium sp. transmit
by mosquitoes Anopheles
Houseflies can cause
food poisoning .

VACCINES
Dead or weakened
bacteria or viruses is
inoculated into body
to induce antibodies
Eg: BCG

ANTIBIOTICS
Penicillin & streptomycin are
Produced by microogrs which
inhibit the growth or kill other
microogs esp. bacteria

METHODS OF CONTROLLING PATHOGENS

ANTISEPTICS
Used on cuts & wounds
to kill & inhibit growth of
microorgs.
Eg: iodine solution

DISINFECTANTS
Solutions used to sterilize
surgical equipment, kill
microorgs on the floor
Eg: phenol, farmaldehyde

THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISM

1. THE NITROGEN CYCLE

a.

Allows nitrogen to be utilized by organism & return to physical

environment.
Nitrogen fixation :Nitrogen
fixing bacteria such as Nostoc sp. &
:
Rhizobium sp. will convert nitrogen from atmosferic to ammonium ..
Plants absorb nitrogen in form of ammonium & nitrate then convert to
plant protien.
When animals eats plants the organic nitrogen is transfer into their
body.
When they die decompose bacteria change them into ammonium .

b. Nitrification process. :Ammonium

compounds are converted into
:
nitrites by Nitrosomonas sp.
c. Nitryfying process :Nitrites
convert into nitrates by Nitrobacter sp
:
d. Denitryfying process:
Nitrates will break down to nitrogen back to atmosphere

2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMANS

Symbiotic bacteria in human colon synthesis vitamin B 12 & Vit K.
Deficiency in vitamin B 12 lead to anemia
Lack of Vit K, slow down the blood clotting process
3. ALIMENTARY CANALS OF TERMITES
Termites feed on wood which contain cellulase but they do not have
cellulase enzyme.
Trichonympha sp. Is mutualistic protozoa present in alimentary canal of
termites & secrete cellulase.
4. DECOMPOSITION
Carried out by saprophytic bacteria & fungi called decomposers
Secretes enzyme that break down complex organic into simple inorganic it
can reduce pollution cause it turns to water, minerals & CO2
Maintain life on earth by recycling & release nutrients into soil.

MICROORGANISM USE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

1.

PRODUCTION
OF ANTIIOTIC
& VACCINES

2. CLEANING OF
OIL SPILLS

3. WASTE
TREATMENT

Penicillin the first antibiotic discovered by

Alexander Flemming is produced by the fungus
Penicilium notatum is use to treat blood poisoning,
syphlis & pneumonia.
BCG vaccine use to treat tuberculosis.
Salk vaccine protect us poliomyelities
Bacteria which fed on oil are now used to clean up
oil spills are sprayed on the surface of oil spill
instead of using chemical methods.
The hydrocarbon in the oil is decomposed by
bacteria to release carbon dioxide.
Sewage from household & industries
Aerobic bacteria in the sewage decompose
organic matter at treatment plants.
Anaerobic bacteria continue decompose the
organic matter to methane & carbon dioxide.
The digested sludge is rich in nitrates &

Can you gi ve more

exampl e on useful l of
mi croorgani sm?

4. Food Processing.
Fermentation by yeast in bread making produces CO2 which helps the
dough to rise.
Beer is brewed from barley grains.
Wine is made by fermentation of grape juices, ethanol & CO2 are
realeased.
Yoghurt is made from fermentation of milk by using bacteria
Lactobacillus bulgaricus which convert sugar into lactic acid.
Cheese is made by mixing Streptococcus with the enzyme rennin.

5. Production of Biodegradable Plastic (bioplastic)

Bioplastic can be broken down into inorganic compound by bacteria.
Bioplastic is produced by culturing bacteria such as Erwina sp in
glucose.
The bacteria react by producing plastic as a storage component in
their cells
Bioplastic is to used to make credit card, bottles, medical gums.

6. Production of Energy from Biomass

Two sources of energy that are generated through the activities of
microorganism are biogas & gasohol.
Biogas is a gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter
or waste in a bioreactor
Gasohol or biofuel is a combination of 10% ethanol & 99% petrol.
Sugar cane & maize are the main sources of gasohol.
The cane or maize is crushed & sucrose is extracted to form a syrup , the
fermentation of this syrup by yeast will produce ethanol.