ABSTRACT

Azad Jammu & Kashmir is blessed with abundance of renewable energy resources all over the
country, like solar, wind and hydel. In hydro power sector, the potential which has been
identified is about 5,000 MW out of which, only16% is utilized in the area. Despite the manifold
advantages of hydro power projects, development is far below the technically and economically
feasible potentials.
This thesis report involves detailed system analysis of 3.2MW KATHAI hydropower station,
built on Qazi nag nullah, a right bank tributary of river jehlum, which was produced to generate
11.493 million KWH yearly. Our research also includes study of some basic features of micro
hydro technology and power systems working in AJK in detail.
Our research concluded that micro hydel power plants can be made in off Grid areas, where
feasible to provide Electricity to far flung Areas of AJK. We concluded that he total identified
potentials of hydel power is found to be 5121 MW which is not only sufficient for AJK but can
also fulfill the needs of Pakistan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At first we are thankful to Almighty Allah who gave us the opportunity to work on this project.
Before going further we would like to add a few heart felt words for the persons who have given
us technical advice, considerable assistance moral support and unfailing courtesy in completing
our project.
And all the other people and friends who have given unending support right from stage the
project was conceived till the end of it.
MuneebAbid
AitzazAhsan
ZarghamSher

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ..i
Acknowledgement...ii
List of Figures..vii
List of Tables...viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................01
1.1Electricity dilemma of Pakistan...01
1.2 Hydroelectric technology history & development...03
1.3 Principles of hydroelectric power stations...03
1.4 Types of water turbines....05
.
1.5 Hydroelectricity..........08
1.6 What is micro hydro system? ......................................................................................09
1.7 Features of micro & mini Electric power generation...................09
CHAPTER II: POWER SYSTEMS IN AJK......11
2.1Status of power system in AJK....11
2.2 Realities........11
2.3 Power Demand Forecast..12
2.4 Projects under (PCRET)..12
2.5Feeding points.....15
2.6 Identified hydro Power Potentials....17
2.7 Electrification statistics....20
iii

2.8 District wise population, Existing consumers & percentage.......21

2.9 The Estimated no. of Consumers and sales in next 10 years..22
CHAPTER III: LOCATION &SPECIFICATION OF KATHAI POWER STATION ...............23
3.1 Introduction to site...................................23
3.2 Salient technical parameters of turbine23
3.3 Salient technical parameters of generator23
3.4 Characteristics of power house....24
3.5 Characteristics of fore-bay...........................................24
CHAPTER IV:HYDRAULIC TURBINE .25
4.1Mission........25
4.2 Technical specification........25
4.3 Structure & function....25
4.4 No load startup of turbine....28
4.5 Test of load and load breaking.29
4.6 Technical management........30
CHAPTER V: HYDRAULIC GENERATOR .....33
5.1 Mission &usage...33
5.2 Technical specification....33
5.3 Structure & function....34
5.4 Operation..35
5.5 Magnetic winding number calculation.....36
5.6 Magnetic current calculation....37
5.7 Starting,running and stopping of generator....38
iv

5.8 Technical management....39

5.9 Record report...........42
5.10 Safety requirement.....42
CHAPTER VI: POWER TRANSFORMER .......43
6.1 Mission & usage......43
6.2 Technical specification........43
6.3 Structure ......43
6.4 Load capacity...........45
6.5 Preparation for operation.........45
6.6 Maintenance.............46
6.7 Operation..........46
6.8 Regular inspection during operation....47
CHAPTER VII: SPEED GOVERNOR OF TURBINE ......48
7.1 Mission & usage......48
7.2 Technical specification........48
7.3 Structure & Function.......48
7.4 Functional principles........49
CHAPTER VIII: DC POWER DEVICE.......51
8.1 Mission & usage......51
8.2 Requirement.........51
8.3 Technical specification ...51
8.4 Structure and function..52
8.5 Installation and operation.....53
v

CHAPTER IX: HYDROLOGY.........54

9.1 Hydraulic structures.........54
9.2 Hydrology .......58
9.3 Water treatment economy .......61
9.4 Calculation for volume of electrical production......64

CHAPTER X: DESCRIPTION AND FINANCING OF THE PROJECT ..67

10.1 Description of project....67
10.2 Financing of the project.....70
10.3 Unit cost analysis...72
10.4 Cash flow statement...73
CONCLUSION......74
ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOL..77
REFERENCES..78
APPENDIX (Identification of Hydel Potential of AJK (Map) )..79

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1Diagram of Hydroelectric Scheme .04
Fig 1.2Cut-away diagram of a Water Turbine Generator..................05
Fig 1.3Pelton Turbine........................................................................06
Fig 1.4Francis Water Turbine............................................................07
Fig1.5Kaplan Turbine........................................................................08

vii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Identified Hydro power potentials.....................................17
Table 2.2 Electrification statistics......................................................20
Table 2.3 District Wise Population, Existing Consumer and
Percentage Electrification................................................21
Table 2.4 the estimated number of consumers and sales in
Next 10 years.....................................................................................22
Table 5.1 Magnetic field intensities...................................................37
Table 6.1 Load capacity.....................................................................45
Table 9.1 Main size and index of Channel from Final Point
Of sand pool to Initial Point of fore-bay............................................55
Table 9.2 Main size and index of Bridge...........................................56
Table 9.3 Fore-bay size and index.....................................................57
Table 9.4 Penstock size and index.....................................................58
Table 9.5: Flow calculation of water from WAPDA........................59
Table 9.6 Flow calculation of water from DPRK team.....................59
Table 9.7Data from flow duration curve............................................60
Table 9.8 High water flow per guarantee rate....................................61
Table 9.9 Annual water in taking quantity.........................................62
Table 9.10 Annual utility flow for the power station.........................63
Table 9.11Volume of electric production..........................................65
viii

Table 10.1 Location of the project.....................................................67

Table 10.2 No. of consumers and sale during (1993 to 2003)...........68
Table 10.3 capacities of 132/33KV Grids in AJK.............................69
Table 10.5 Capital costs for installation of 1x800KW unit
At Kathai Power House`....................................................................70
Table 10.6 Unit cost analysis.............................................................72
Table 10.7 Cash Flow statement indicating inflow and outflow.......73

ix