Project In CALCULUS

Submitted by: Domingo Reignnel A. Silla John Immanuel S.

Submitted to: Miss Leah C. Pira

Date Given: September 12, 2013 Date Submitted: September 26, 2013

1. Constant Rule The derivative of a constant is zero; that is, for a constant c:

Problem: Find the derivative of the function Solution .

2. Constant Multiple Rule The derivative of a constant multiplied by a function is the constant multiplied by the derivative of the original function: . Problem.

Solution

3. Multiple Rules The derivative of f (axe) is given by

Find the derivative of 3sin (3xs). Solution

4. Product Rule The derivative of the product of two functions is NOT the product of the functions' derivatives; rather, it is described by the equation below:

Find the derivative of Solution

5. Quotient Rule The derivative of the quotient of two functions is NOT the quotient of the functions' derivatives; rather, it is described by the equation below:

The derivative of Solution

6. Chain Rule The chain rule is used to differentiate composite functions. As such, it is a vital tool for differentiating most functions of a certain complexity. It states:

.The Derivative of Solution

7. Power Rule The power rule is one of several rules used to calculate the derivative of a function. The power rule states that for every natural number n, the derivative. Example: What is An = nxn-1 x3 =3x3-1 =3x2 8. Constant power rule If you raise x to any CONSTANT power, you find the derivative by multiplying x raised to one less than that power by the power itself. This is the power rule. In equations, if you have f(x) = an, where n is constant with respect to x, then df = f'(x) =n xn-1 Dx Examples:

x3?

The derivative of F(x) = x5 is equals to f(x) = 5x4 The power rule applies even when the power is not a whole number. The power can be anything as long as it's constant.

9. The Constant Multiple Rule

The constant multiple rule says that the derivative of a constant values times a function is the constant times derivative of the function.

y = 2x4 is equals to 10. Sum Rule The Sum Rule tells us that the derivative of a sum functions, is the sum of the derivatives.

Differentiate 5x2 + 4x + 7

11. Difference Rule The Difference Rule tells us that the derivative of a difference of functions is the difference of the derivatives. If f and g are both differentiable, then

12. Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules Example: What is (5z2 + z3 - 7z4) ?

Using the Power Rule:

z2 = 2z z3 = 3z2 z4 = 4z3

And so:

(5z2 + z3 - 7z4) = 5 2z + 3z2 - 7 4z3 = 10z + 3z2 - 28z3

13. Reciprocal Rule Example: What is (1/x) ?

The Reciprocal Rule says: the derivative of 1/f = -f/f2 With f(x)= x, we know that f(x) = 1 So: the derivative of 1/x = -1/x2 DERIVATIVES OF BASIC TRIG FUNCTIONS: Important note: these derivatives are true only when the angle x is expressed in radians. This is because the limit rules we use to evaluate the limits hold only when x is expressed in degrees. 14. Derivative of Sine: Explanation We evaluate the derivative of sine using the definition of derivative: = = by the definition of derivative using the trigonometric identity for sin(x+y) factoring out sin(x) from the terms containing it.

separating the rule and pulling the = sin(x) and cos(x) terms outside the limits by evaluating the trig limits; x must = be in radians for these trig limits to hold = cos x simplifying the expression

15. Derivative of Cosine: We could evaluate the derivative of cosine from the definition of derivative, but it's much easier if we simply use some trig identities and the rule we just derived for derivative of sine: Since cos x = by the co-function identities as we're doing the same thing to each side of the = , equation, by the derivative of sine by the co-function identities

= =

16. Derivative of Tangent: Explanation We can evaluate the derivative of tangent using the quotient rule and the derivatives for sine and cosine that we just developed: Since tan(x) = (see quotient trig identities) since we've done the same thing to each , side of the equation

= = = = = sec2(x)

by the quotient rule by evaluating the derivatives for sin and cos by simplifying by the Pythagorean identity by the definition of secant

DERIVATIVES OF RECIPROCAL TRIG FUNCTIONS: To find the derivatives of the reciprocal trig functions, we'll simply use the quotient rule with their definitions in terms of the basic trig functions. Again, these derivatives are true only when the angle x is expressed in radians.

17. Derivative of Cosecant: Explanation = = = = = 18. Derivative of Secant: Explanation by definition of cosecant by the product rule by evaluating the derivatives of 1 and sin by simplifying and rearranging terms by the definitions of cosecant and cotangent

= = = = = 19. Derivative of Cotangent: Explanation = = =

by the definition of secant by the product rule by evaluating the derivatives of 1 and cos by simplifying and rearranging terms by the definitions of secant and tangent

by the definition of cotangent by the product rule by evaluating the derivatives of 1 and tan

by rewriting terms with identities

= = = csc2(x)

by rewriting fractional division as multiplication by cancelling out the cos2(x) terms by the definition of cosecant

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS:

Again, these derivatives are true only when the angle x is expressed in radians. We'll follow the same general strategy for calculating each of these derivatives. First, we'll rewrite the function to remove the inverse expression. We'll then differentiate implicitly, and we'll finish off by using trig to rewrite all of each derivative in terms of x. 20. Derivative of Arcsine: Explanation Let as . . We can get rid of the inverse trig function by rewriting this

Next, differentiate implicitly: We must now replace "cos y" with some term involving x. Since , the triangle at left is formed. The

bottom leg is found using the Pythagorean theorem. Using this triangle, we can see

that

Substituting this into the equation for

, we find that

21. Derivative of Arccosine: Explanation Let as . . We can get rid of the inverse trig function by rewriting this

Next, differentiate implicitly: We must now replace "cos y" with some term involving x. Since , the triangle at left is formed. The

bottom leg is found using the Pythagorean theorem.

Using this triangle, we can see that

Substituting this into the equation for

, we find that

22. Derivative of Arctangent: Explanation Let as . . We can get rid of the inverse trig function by rewriting this

Next, differentiate implicitly: We must now replace "cos y" with some term involving x. Since , the triangle at left is formed. The

hypotenuse is found using the Pythagorean theorem.

Using this triangle, we can see that

Substituting this into the equation for

, we find that

Of course, each of the reciprocal trig functionscosecant, secant, and cotangentalso has a corresponding inverse function. Here, we evaluate the derivatives of arc cosecant, arc secant, and arc cotangent, using the same methods.

23. Derivative of Arc cosecant:

24. Derivative of Arc secant: Explanation Let as . . We can get rid of the inverse trig function by rewriting this

Next, differentiate implicitly: We must now replace "(sec y)(tan y)" with some term involving x. Since , the triangle at left is formed.

The leg on the right side is found using the Pythagorean theorem. Using this triangle, we

can see that

Substituting this into the equation for

, we find

that

25. Derivative of Arc cotangent: If reciprocal ratios are inputs of inverse functions where the functions have reciprocal relationships, the resulting angels will be the same!

This fact can be used to rewrite problems and make them easier to solve. 26. The Derivative of the Natural Logarithm Function If f(x) = in x, then

f '(x) = 1/x Example: Find the derivative of f(x) = in(3x - 4) Solution We use the chain rule. We have (3x - 4)' = 3 and (in u)' = 1/u Putting this together gives f '(x) = (3)(1/u) 3 = 3x - 4 27. Exponentials and With Other Bases Let a > 0 then, a x = ex in a Examples Find the derivative of f (x) = 2x Solution: We write 2x = ex in 2 Now use the chain rule f '(x) = (ex in 2)(in 2) = 2x in 2 28. Logs With Other Bases We define logarithms with other bases by the change of base formula.

Definition in x loga x = in a Example: f(x) = log4 x We use the formula in x f(x) = in 4 so that 1 f '(x) = x in 4 29. Derivative of a Square root The derivative of the square root of a function is equal to the derivative of the radicand divided by the double of the root.

Example: = 30. Exponential Functions Well start off by looking at the exponential function,

We want to differentiate this. The power rule that we looked at a couple of sections ago wont work as that required the exponent to be a fixed number and the base to be a variable. That is exactly the opposite from what weve got with this function. So, were going to have to start with the definition of the derivative.

Now, the

is not affected by the limit since it doesnt have any hs in it and so is a

constant as far as the limit is concerned. We can therefore factor this out of the limit. This gives, Now lets notice that the limit weve got above is exactly the definition of the derivative of at , i.e. .

Therefore, the derivative becomes, 31. Logarithm Functions If f(x) and g(x) are inverses of each other then,

if we have

and

then,

The last step just uses the fact that the two functions are inverses of each other. Putting this all together gives,

Note that we need to require that

since this is required for the logarithm

and so must also be required for its derivative. It can also be shown that,

Using this all we need to avoid is

32. Implicit Differentiation Example: Find Solution : This is the simple way of doing the problem. Just solve for y to get the function in the form that were used to dealing with and then differentiate. for .

So, thats easy enough to do. However, there are some functions for which this cant be done. Thats where the second solution technique comes into play.

33. Increasing and Decreasing Functions Let f be a differentiable function on the interval (a,b) then 1. If f '(x) < 0 for x in (a,b), then f is decreasing there. 2. If f '(x) > 0 for x in (a,b), then f is increasing there. 3. If f '(x) = 0 for x in (a,b), then f is constant.

Example: Determine the values of x where the function f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 - 12x + 7 Solution We first take the derivative f '(x) = 6x2 + 6x - 12 To determine where the derivative is positive and where it is negative, find the roots. Factor to get 6(x2 + x - 2) = 6(x - 1)(x + 2) Hence the change in sign can occur when x = 1 and x = -2 Now create some test values x -3 0 2 f '(x) 24 -12 24

The derivative is positive outside of [-2,1] and is negative inside of [-2,1]. We can conclude that f is increasing outside of [-2,1] and decreasing inside of[-2,1]. 34. Rolles Theorem Suppose f(x) is a function that satisfies all of the following. 1. f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]. 2. f(x) is differentiable on the open interval (a,b). 3. f(a) = f(b)

Then there is a number c such that a<c<b and critical point in (a,b). 35. Mean Value Theorem

. Or, in other words f(x) has a

Suppose f(x) is a function that satisfies both of the following.

1. f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]. 2. f(x) is differentiable on the open interval (a,b)

Then there is a number c such that a < c < b and Or,

36. If you add a constant to the independent variable, just treat the sum of the two as if it were the independent variable itself. So if g(x) = f(x + a), where a is constant, then g'(x) = f'(x + a) Example: We know that ex is its own derivative. So according to this rule, if f(x) = ex+3, then f'(x) = ex+3 You know how to take the derivative of x3. So to take the derivative of f(x) = (x + n)3, where n is constant, you have f'(x) = 3(x + n)2

~~~ WE LOVE YOU MAAM LEAH ~~~~