Electric Power Systems Research 75 (2005) 8598

Modern approaches for protection of series compensated transmission lines

A.Y. Abdelaziz , A.M. Ibrahim, M.M. Mansour, H.E. Talaat
Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Abdo Basha squere, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt Received in revised form 28 June 2004; accepted 24 October 2004 Available online 10 May 2005

Abstract Series compensation has been employed to improve power transfer in long-distance transmission systems worldwide. However, this in turn introduces problems in conventional distance protection. The complex variation of line impedance is accentuated, as the capacitors own protection equipment operates randomly under fault conditions. This paper proposes two approaches based on travelling waves and articial neural networks (ANN) for fault type classication and faulted phase selection of series compensated transmission lines. A modal transformation technique, which decomposes the three-phase line into three single-phase lines, is used for this purpose. Algorithms based on two different modal transformations are developed for phase selection and fault classication. Each algorithm is derived from a corresponding truth table. The truth tables are constructed for different types of faults with different faulted phases and different transformation bases. The proposed ANN topology is composed of two levels of neural networks: In level-1, a neural network (ANNF ) is used to detect the fault. In level-2, four neural networks (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) are used to identify faulted phase(s), and activated by the output of ANNF if there is a fault. System simulation and test results, which are presented and analyzed in this paper indicate the feasibility of using travelling waves and ANN in the protection of series compensated transmission lines. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Series compensated transmission lines; Traveling waves; Neural network

1. Introduction The conventional series compensation schemes have proven to be an important component in economical long distance power transmission. This is mainly because of the low cost of the series compensation compared to the cost of building a new transmission line. Series capacitors provide a direct mean of reducing the transmission inductive reactance and in turn increasing transfer capability, reducing the losses associated with transmission lines, controlling the load ow between parallel circuits and improving transient and steadystate stability margins. For the reasons mentioned, series-compensated transmission lines have become rather common in locations where the

Corresponding author. E-mail address: almoatazabdelaziz@hotmail.com (A.Y. Abdelaziz).

distances between load centers is great and large transmission investments are required. Even though the series compensation has been known to create problems in system protection and sub-synchronous resonance. The addition of series capacitors in the transmission circuit makes the design of the protection more complex. The degree of complexity depends on the size of the series capacitor, its location along the transmission line and method of series capacitor bypass. Series capacitors introduce more difculties; this is because the fundamental voltage and current phasors are functions of distance to fault, the amount of series capacitors and the placements of series capacitors. In addition, operation of the overvoltage protection scheme of the series capacitors introduces different frequency components and affects the steady-state fault signals [1]. Furthermore, during faults on series compensated transmission lines the series

0378-7796/$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2004.10.016

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capacitors form resonant circuits with the system inductance. The frequencies of these circuits are in the vicinity of the fundamental frequency [2]. Consequently, these extraneous frequencies cause considerable difculties if not accounted for by the relaying algorithm. It is well known that one of the main considerations in the designing capacitor is overvoltage protection of the capacitor itself. In recent years, the new metal oxide varistor (MOV), which has been widely used as the overvoltage protection device for the series capacitor, has also been shown to improve stability in power systems. Because the MOV has a non-linear resistance characteristic and does not conduct symmetrically under unbalanced faults, this is in turn poses problem for conventional protection. Over the last decade, various techniques have been developed and published in the literature to solve the problem of protecting the series compensated lines. Thomas et al. [1] developed an algorithm based on traveling waves techniques for series compensated transmission systems. The algorithm uses correlation techniques to recognize transient components, which departs from the relaying points and returns to it later after a direct reection from the fault. From the timing of the departure and arrival of these signals at the relaying point, the location of fault can be found. High-level faults are usually experienced in series compensated transmission lines, and if faults are not cleared rapidly they may cause system instability as well as damage and hazards to equipment and persons. Hence, the proper classication of transmission line faults is essential to the appropriate operation of power systems. Fault type classication is an essential protective relaying feature due to its signicant effect on the enhancement of relaying scheme operation. Correct operation of major protective relays may be depending on fault classication [3]. Faulted phase selection is as important as fault detection. It would lead to increase the system stability and system availability by allowing single pole tripping. Single pole tripping has many benets like improving the transient stability and reliability of the power system, reducing the switching overvoltages and shaft torsional oscillations of large thermal units [4]. Ghassemi and Johns [5] investigated the effect of the residual compensation factor on the measuring accuracy of distance protection measurements when an earth fault occurs on a series compensated line. A method is described in [6] that enhances the accuracy of digital distance relays applied on series compensated lines where the series capacitors are protected against overvoltages by MOV. The technique is applicable to systems where the relaying voltage is taken from the bus bar side of the series capacitor. The basis of the technique is a method known as voltage compensation. The voltage across the series capacitor and overvoltage protective device is calculated in the relay. Thus, the over-reach or under-reach of distance relays as a result of MOV operation is eliminated.

Aggarwal and Johns [7] proposed a high speed numerical method based on the directional comparison principle for series compensated transmission systems. The basic feature of their proposed method is to use communication channels extracting information about voltage and current waveforms from both ends of the protected area. The algorithm analyzes this information and determines the location of fault. Abou-El-Ela et al. [8] implemented the phase modied Fourier transform principle suggested by Johns and Martin [9] to estimate the impedance of the series compensated lines. The effect of the sub-synchronous resonance phenomena and series capacitor ashover on the performance of distance relay has been investigated. Ghassemi and Johns [10] modied the technique proposed in [8] and suggested a method for eliminating the source of error in measurement of phase to ground faults due to residual compensation factor. The articial neural networks provide a very interesting and valuable alternative for the protection of series compensated transmission lines because they can deal with most situations, which are not dened sufciently for deterministic algorithms to execute. ANN can also handle non-linear tasks [1113]. In this paper, two approaches are proposed based on travelling wave and ANN for fault type classication and faulted phase selection for the protection of series compensated transmission lines. A modal transformation technique, which decomposes the three-phase line into three single-phase lines, is used for this purpose. Algorithms based on two different modal transformations are developed for phase selection and fault classication. Each algorithm is derived from a corresponding truth table. The truth tables are constructed for different types of faults with different faulted phases and different transformation bases. The ANN proposed scheme is trained and tested using local measurements of three-phase voltages and currents samples. System simulation and test results indicate the feasibility of using travelling waves and ANN in the protection of series compensated transmission lines.

2. Fault detection principles and relaying discriminant using travelling wave theory 2.1. Relaying signals for single-phase line The inception of a fault in a transmission line will cause the postfault voltage vR and current iR at the relaying point to deviate from the steady-state prefault voltage vR and current iR , respectively, as shown in Fig. 1, where vR and iR denote the fault generated voltage and current deviation from prefault steady-state values as functions of time. The approach described in this paper, like others [1418], utilizes these superimposed quantities of voltage and current at the relaying point for making its decisions:

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fault. The discrimination is seen to be quite reliable with this procedure. 2.3. Three-phase line relaying discriminants According to the theory of natural modes [19], a threephase coupled line can be decomposed into three independent single-phase lines (modes). The discriminants for fault detection in a three-phase line are dened by utilizing the superimposed modal voltages and currents at the relaying point as follows: DF = ( vR z(k)
(k) (k)

iR ) + iR )
(k)

(k) 2

1 2
2

d (k) ( vR z(k) dt
Fig. 1. Principle of superposition.

(5)

for the mode (k) forward discriminants;

- Forward relaying signal: SF = ( vR z iR ) = 2Vmax sin(t + ) for internal fault =0 for no/or external fault - Backward relaying signal: SB = ( vR + z iR ) = 2Vmax sin(t + ) for internal fault =0 for no/or external fault 2.2. Single-phase line relaying discriminants The characteristic magnitude becomes a ramp function: 2 2Vrms , which would be difcult to detect. This problem is avoided by using the wave characteristic in combination with its derivative to dene a forward fault traveling wave discriminant, DF : - Forward discriminant function:
2+ DF = SF (k)

(1)

(2)

DB = ( vR z(k)

(k)

iR ) + iR )
(k)

(k) 2

1 2
2

d (k) ( vR z(k) dt

(6)

(dSF /dt )2 2

2 = 8Vrms

for internal fault for no/or external fault (3)

=0

for the mode (k) backward discriminant, where z(k) is the (k) (k) mode (k) surge impedance, and vR and iR are the modek superimposing voltage and current, respectively, at relay point R. These modal voltages and currents can be transformed from the corresponding phase quantities by the following equations: [v(t )] = [S][v(mode) (t )] [i(t )] = [Q][i(mode) (t )] (7) (8)

Following the same procedures used in deriving the forward wave discriminant, a backward discriminant DB can be established in the following form: - Backward discriminant function:
2 + DB = SB

(dSB /dt )2 2

2 = 8Vrms

for internal fault for no/or external fault (4)

=0

The direction discrimination on calculating both DF and DB can be summarized as follows: If DB converges (exceeds a certain threshold) before DF it means that it is a backward fault, otherwise it is a forward

where [S] and [Q] are the modal transformation matrices. For an ideally transposed single circuit line [Q] will be equal to [S] and both will be constant, but except for the zero sequence mode, they will not be uniquely dened. Discrete transposition of transmission lines is relatively rare. However, conventional practice involves setting the protective relays assuming that the line is ideally transposed [15]. Therefore, in the present study, like some others (e.g. [15,16,18]), the developed algorithm will be based on the assumption of perfectly transposed transmission lines. Two of these constant modal transformation matrices for perfectly transposed lines are considered in this paper, namely

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A.Y. Abdelaziz et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 75 (2005) 8598 D0 , D1 and D2 are the relaying discriminant components in Karrenbauer domain; Z0 and Z1 are the zero and positive sequence surge impedances, respectively; all the quantities are normalized with respect to 2 lineline prefault voltage. Vrms 3LS 8/9 8/9
2 + Z2 + Z Z Z0 0 1 1 2 + Z2 + Z Z Z0 0 1 1 2 2

2 + Z2 + Z Z Z0 0 1 1

2.4. Faulted phase selection and fault classication Faulted phase selection, and hence selective pole tripping, is an important relaying capability because it increases the system stability as well as its availability. Fault classication is a relaying feature that also enhances the protection scheme. In this section a phase selection and fault classication relaying principle based on the foregoing discussion is developed through modal transformation theory. Consider, for example, the Karrenbauer transformation (Eq. (10)), from which Table 1 is constructed [21]. This table shows the forward modal discriminant functions for different fault types and different faulted phase(s) combinations. The transformation to the modal domain in this table is based on phase A. The table contents are normalized with respect 2 , i.e., the square of the operating voltage. Details of to Vrms the derivation of this table are given in [22]. Similar table could be derived for the other types of transformation, e.g. Wedepohl as shown in Table 2. By investigating any of Karrenbauer or Wedepohl tables it should be noted that some discriminant components vary with respect to the faulted phase(s). Thus, by calculating the discriminant components for the same faults with the transformation base phase changed from a to b and then to c, the truth tables in Figs. 2a and 3a for Karrenbauer and Wedepohl can be built, respectively. In each of these tables the 0 stands for the zero value of DF and the 1 stands for the nonzero very high value of DF . Out of these tables decision ow charts for phase selection and fault classication are shown in Figs. 2b and 3b for each of the corresponding transformations.
bcG

Z0 8 3 2 Z 0 + Z1

Line-to-line-to-ground

8 9

abG

8 Z0 3 2 Z 0 + Z1

8/9

ca

Line-to-line

bc

2/9

ab

2/9

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

8/9

cG

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Table 1 Discriminant components in the Karrenbausr domain

bG

8 Z0 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Line-to-ground

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

8 Z0 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

The protection scheme consists of a metal oxide varistor with a 120 kV protective level voltage. When a fault occurs in the transmission line and the voltage crossing the capacitor is detected to exceed the protected level, the non-linear resistance (MOV) conducts and limits future voltage increase until the fault is cleared.

Discriminant components

3. Digital simulation of MOV protection scheme

aG

D0

D1

D2

8 Z0 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

8 Z0 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

2/9

2/9

8/9

8 9

(2Z0 + Z1 )

8 9

(2Z0 + Z1 )2

(2Z0 + Z1 )

Karrenbauer transformation [15,18]: 1 1 1 [Q] = [S] = 1 2 1 1 1 2

caG

Z0 8 3 2 Z 0 + Z1

(2Z0 + Z1 )2
2

(9)
2

2 + Z2 + Z Z Z0 0 1 1

Wedepohl transformation [16,19,20]: 1 1 1 [Q] = [S] = 1 0 2 1 1 1

(10)
2

8/9

8 9

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89

Line-to-line-to-ground

2 + Z2 + Z Z Z1 0 1 0

2 + Z2 + 3Z Z 3Z0 0 1 1

Figs. 4 and 5 show an A-phase to ground fault. Fig. 4 indicates the phase voltage across the capacitor, it can be seen that when the fault occurs, the phase voltage exceeds the protected level, and it is clear to note that the reinsertion of the capacitors is instantaneous and automatic. This means that MOV protection scheme can improve the stability of the system. Fig. 5 shows the A-phase current across the varistor and the capacitor, respectively. It indicates that the MOV shares with the capacitor to conduct and limits the capacitors voltage increase during the fault condition. Also it is important to know that the conduction of the MOV is not symmetrical during the unbalanced fault and the effect of conduction through the MOV on the impedance of the transmission line is different at different fault location as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The impedance relationship between the MOV and transmission line is non-linear and cannot be dened during the fault conditions. Hence, the conventional distance protection scheme is limited for series compensated transmission systems. Consequently, a protection scheme using ANN is proposed.

2 + 12Z Z + 3Z2 16Z0 0 1 1

(Z0 + Z1 )2

2 3 2
2 + Z2 + Z Z Z1 0 1 0 2

caG

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

2 + Z2 + 3Z Z 3Z0 0 1 1

bcG

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

(2Z0 + Z1 )

(2Z0 + Z1 )

(2Z0 + Z1 )

2 3

(2Z0 + Z1 )

2 Z1 3 (Z1 + 2Z0 )

abG

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

4. Computer simulation and the resulting characteristic features A power system with series compensation is considered for the purpose of evaluating the viability of the developed relaying technique with different fault types and locations. This is achieved through computer numerical simulation by utilizing the available version of the electromagnetic transient program (EMTDC) [23], which is considered as an advanced power system computer simulation program. 4.1. The system under study The system studied is composed of two generators, two series capacitors that provide 80% compensation and their protection equipment (MOV) in the 100 miles, 500 kV transmission line. The voltampere characteristics of the MOV protection is calculated as in [24]. The characteristics of the line: Phase mode: Z1 = 0.041 + j0.528(/mile) Y1 = 7.86(S/mile) Ground mode: Z0 = 0.449 + j2.02(/mile) Y0 = 4.25(S/mile) The system is completely transposed and has communication channels between phases. A single line diagram of the

ca

Line-to-line

bc

1/2

ab

cG

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Table 2 Discriminant components in the Wedepohl domain

bG

Line-to-ground

aG

Discriminant components

D0

D1

D2

Z1 2 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Z1 Z0 + 2 Z1

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Z1 2 3 2 Z 1 + Z0

Z0 8 3 Z0 + 2 Z1

Z1 Z0 + 2 Z1

1/2

2 3

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Fig. 2. Phase selection and fault classication based on the Karrenbauer transform.

study system is shown in Fig. 8. All the components are modeled by the modied version of the Electromagnetic Transient Program. 4.2. Computer simulation A constant frequency model has been used in this paper. It has been conrmed in [25,26] that frequency dependencies would not have signicant effect on the discriminant functions. Different fault types are considered with a certain fault inception angle and at different fault locations on the line. The sampling rate is 16 samples per cycle of power frequency. For the sake of clarity, samples of some simulated conditions based on Karrenbauer transformation are shown in Figs. 914 and others based on Wedepohl transformation are shown in Figs. 1520. Each gure corresponds to a certain type of fault as indicated on the gures themselves. Fault inception angle is taken to be 45 of phase A for all the cases shown. The rst four gures based on Karrenbauer transformation (Figs. 912) are forward faults, and Figs. 13 and 14 show LG and LL backward faults near the relay location. Figs. 1518 are forward faults based on Wedepohl transformation, and Figs. 19 and 20 show LG and LL backward faults near the relay location. The

different types of forward faults are applied at 80% from the length of the line. In each gure, a semi-log scale is used. Each one corresponds to the behavior of the discriminant components with phase A as a transformation basis. The time span shown is one-half cycle before fault (steady state) to one-half cycle after fault inception.

4.3. Characteristic features of the proposed relaying scheme based on travelling wave The following conclusions are based on the analysis of the developed relaying approach as well as the computer numerical study: 1. The values of the different discriminant components after fault inception angle are supposed to be, ideally, equal to the corresponding values given on Tables 1 and 2. 2. Based on fault calculation of the backward discriminant 1 and D2 ) with respect to one phase components (say DB B as a basis, and simultaneous calculation of the forward 0 , D1 and D2 ) with respect to each phase as a Ds (DF F F basis, the fault direction, the forward fault type and the forward faulted phases could be dened within less than a quarter of a power frequency cycle.

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Fig. 3. Phase selection and fault classication based on the Wedepohl transform.

3. Each of the Wedepohl and Karrenbauer transforms has different fault type resolution than the other. However, none of them would lead to a complete fault type classication [15]. 4. The used modal transforms are based on ideally transposed transmission lines [15,21,25,26]. It is shown in Figs. 1 is 912 and 1518 that at the beginning the value of DF practically zero but after some little time some ripples ap-

pear which could be due to computation methods and/or reection and refraction of waves. However, compared 1 , D2 (notice the vertical log scale), with high values of DF F 0 DF can be practically considered as zero values. 5. Fault inception angle and fault resistance do not have a great impact on the suggested relaying approach [15,25,26].

Fig. 4. A-phase voltage across the capacitor (an A phase-to-ground fault).

Fig. 5. A-phase currents across the MOV and capacitor (an A phase-toground fault).

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Fig. 6. A-phase measured current at the bus-bar (an A phase-to-ground fault occurring at different fault locations). Fig. 9. LG fault (phaseA).

Fig. 7. A-phase measured voltage at the bus-bar (an A phase-to-ground fault occurring at different fault locations).

6. If the relay works in conjunction with the communication channel a complete protection can be provided for the majority of the faults. The direction decision (forward or backward) and the phase selection and fault classication are made independently at each line terminal and then a trip signal for internal faults (or blocking for external faults) is provided over the channel. 7. It is seen from the ow chart of Karrenbauer transformation shown in Fig. 2 that the faulted phase in case of LL fault and in case of LLG cannot be identied; also from the ow chart of Wedepohl transformation shown in Fig. 3 the faulted phase in case of LLG cannot be identied.

Fig. 10. LL fault (AB).

Fig. 8. Study System.

Fig. 11. LLG fault (ABG).

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Fig. 12. LLLG fault. Fig. 15. LG fault (phaseA).

Fig. 13. LG backward fault (phase B). Travelling wave discriminant components w.r.t. phase A (using Karrenbauer transformation). Fig. 16. LL fault (AB).

Fig. 14. LL backward fault (AC). Travelling wave discriminant components w.r.t. phase A (using Karrenbauer transformation).

Fig. 17. LLG fault (ABG).

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5. Articial neural networks It is well known that articial neural networks (ANN) can be used to solve complex and non-linear engineering problems by learning from previous experience, without looking for a complex mathematical relationship between inputs and outputs. Once the neural network with appropriate input and output signals is trained, the interconnections will contain the non-linearity of the desired mapping in the neural network, so that looking for a complex non-linear relationship can be avoided. Further details of articial neural network methods, and the various enhancements which have been used here, can be found in the extensive literature on the subject, e.g. in [27].
Fig. 18. LLLG fault (ABG).

6. The proposed ANN-based approach The proposed topology of the protection scheme is composed of two levels of neural networks shown in Fig. 21. In level-1 a neural network (ANNF ) is used to detect the fault, while in level-2, four neural networks (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) are used to identify faulted phase(s). The output of ANNF activates (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) if there is a fault. Therefore, the proposed topology determines both the fault type and the faulted phase(s) selection. The proposed scheme is trained and tested using local measurements of three-phase voltage and current samples. These samples are generated using EMTDC package. All 10 possible fault types are simulated. The sampling rate is 16 samples per cycle of power frequency. A sampling time of 0.0833 ms and 13 samples are taken from the instantaneous voltages and currents for each case study (during a cycle) and used in the training and the testing sets. Data window of four samples, which are taken recursively from the instantaneous voltages and currents during a quarter of a cycle are also used in the training and testing processes. Seven fault locations at (10, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 90%) from the length of the line are taken for the training process. Another four fault locations are taken at (20, 45, 65 and 80%) from the length of the line for the testing process. These ANNs are trained and tested using neural-desk package [28] with a standard backpropagation training algorithm. The different ANNs are trained by different methods until getting the proper number of samples per input pattern and proper design of ANN. The proper design for all ANNs used in this paper consists of three layers; an input layer having 24 input nodes (four recursive samples of three-phase voltages and currents), a hidden layer of 10 neurons, and an output layer of one neuron (fault detection in ANNF and faulted phase in ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG . The architecture of these ANNs is shown in Fig. 22.

Fig. 19. Backward fault LG (phaseB). Travelling wave discriminant components w.r.t. phase A (using Wedepohl transformation)

Fig. 20. Backward fault LL (BC) travelling wave discriminant components w.r.t. phase A (using Wedepohl transformation).

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Fig. 21. The ANN proposed scheme.

Fig. 22. Architecture of the neural networks (ANNF , ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ).

study, it is found that a neural network with 10 hidden neurons had an acceptable performance, which converged in a shortest time when a sigmoidal function is used. The sampled voltages and currents are scaled to have a maximum value of +1 and a minimum value of 0. The learning factor, which controls the rate of convergence and stability, is chosen to be 0.05. The momentum constant is chosen to be 0.9, and the training process is proceeding until the average error between the actual output and the desired output reached an acceptable value, which was taken to be 0.001. The output of (ANNF ) is either 0 or 1 indicating that there is a fault or not and the output of (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) is also either 0 or 1 indicating that there is a fault on the phase or not. For example, if the outputs of the scheme are: OF = 1, OA = 0, OB = 1, OC = 0 and OG = 1; this means that, there is a line-to-ground fault and the faulted phase is B. Another example, if the outputs

6.1. Testing of the ANN-based approach The training process is terminated when a suitable topology with a satisfactory performance is established. In this

Fig. 23. Three-phase voltages (kV), three-phase currents (kA), ANNs output for line to ground fault. AG at 80% of the line (fault inception at 0.303 s).

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Fig. 24. Three-phase voltages (kV), three-phase currents (kA), ANNs output for line to line fault. AB at 80% of the line (fault inception at 0.303 s).

Fig. 25. Three-phase voltages (kV), three-phase currents (kA), ANNs output for line to line to ground fault. ABG at 80% of the line (fault inception at 0.303 s).

Fig. 26. Three-phase voltages (kV), Three-phase currents (kA), ANNs output for 3 line to ground fault. ABCG at 80% of the line (fault inception at 0.303 s).

are: OF = 1, OA = 0, OB = 1, OC = 1 and OG = 0; this means that, there is a line-to-line fault and the faulted phases are B and C. The classication accuracy in the training phase was perfect (100%), irrespective of fault location and fault type, while that of testing phase was fairly good.

From the testing process, it is seen that when fault occurs from any type and at different fault locations, the actual output can detect the fault precisely by using a threshold of 0.4. All the test results show that the ANNF is suitable for detecting the fault and ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG are suitable for detecting the fault on phase A, B, C and the ground. Figs. 2326 show the three-phase voltages and currents, ANNs output for different fault types at 80% of the line with a fault inception at 0.303 s. These gures

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show the validation of the proposed ANN-based relaying approach.

[7]

7. Conclusion
[8]

A new travelling-wave protection principle for digital transmission line relaying has been presented in this paper. This relaying principle features have phase selection and fault classication capabilities. The major advantages of the new principle as compared to previous travelling-wave-based relays can be briey itemized as follows: 1. Faulted phase selection capability for different types of faults, which should then lead to selective pole-tripping and hence enhanced system stability and availability. Meanwhile, fault classication is another inherent special feature of this relay, which has not been realized before in any other travelling-wave-based relaying scheme. 2. The relaying discriminant functions used for fault detection and direction discrimination are quite decisive and insensitive to parameter variation, different system congurations, and fault initiation angle. Also an ANN-based protection scheme for the series compensated transmission lines is presented. This approach is designed to detect the faults, classify the fault type and identify the faulted phase. The proposed topology is composed of two levels of neural networks. In level-1, a neural network (ANNF ) is used to detect the fault. In level-2, four neural networks (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) are used to identify faulted phase(s), the output of ANNF activates (ANNA , ANNB , ANNC and ANNG ) if there is a fault. Therefore, the proposed topology determines both the fault type and the faulted phase(s) selection. The ANN-based approach is compared with the travelling wave-based relaying technique for similar case studies [29,30]. ANN shows higher resolution regarding selecting faulted phases.

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16] [17]

[18] [19]

[20]

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