Online Reference & Tools Home > Math > Math symbols > Math symbols

436

Mathematical Symbols
List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples.
G G G G G G G G G G

Basic math symbols Geometry symbols Algebra symbols Probability & statistics symbols Set theory symbols Logic symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals

Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

= > < () [] + *

equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus

equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 2 1 = 1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 2 3 = 6

asterisk multiplication times sign multiplication multiplication multiplication dot

division division sign / obelus / division slash division horizontal division / fraction line mod modulo remainder calculation . period decimal point, decimal separator ab a
3 4

62=3 6/2=3
\frac{6}{2}=3

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3=8 9 = 3

3 4

power

exponent exponent
3 4

a^b caret a cube root

square root a a = a a 3 a 3 a = a a a a a = a
4 4 4

8 = 2 16 = 2

a fourth root n-th root n a (radical) % percent per-mille ppm per-million ppb per-billion ppt per-trillion

for n=3, n 8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppt = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppt 30 = 310-10

Geometry symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line

Meaning / definition formed by two rays

Example ABC = 30

ABC = 30
= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60 infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B perpendicular lines (90 angle) parallel lines = 60 AC | BC AB || CD AOB = 30 = 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

AB

line segment ray arc

| || ~ |x - y|

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance

equivalence of geometric shapes and size ABC XYZ same shapes, not same size ABC ~ XYZ triangle shape distance between points x and y = 3.141592654... ABC BCD | x -y | = 5

 rad grad

pi constant radians grads

is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r 360 = 2rad 360 = 400 grad

radians angle unit grads angle unit

Algebra symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name Meaning / definition x x variable unknown value to find equivalence identical to equal by definition equal by definition := equal by definition equal by definition ~ approximately equal weak approximation approximately equal approximation proportional to proportional to lemniscate infinity symbol much less than much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x) (f g) (x ) = f (g(x )) (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} [a,b] = {x | ax b} change / difference

Example when 2x = 4, then x = 2

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01)0.01 f (x ) g(x ) 1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 4.3= 4 4.3= 5 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x ) = 3x +5 f (x )=3x , g(x )=x -1 (f g)(x )=3 (x -1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t 1 - t 0

much greater than parentheses brackets braces x floor brackets x ceiling brackets x ! exclamation mark | x | single vertical bar f (x ) function of x function (f g) composition (a,b) open interval [a,b] closed interval delta discriminant sigma

() [] {}

= b2 - 4ac summation - sum of all values in x = x +x +...+x i 1 2 n range of series double summation product - product of all values in x =x x ...x i 1 2 n range of series e = lim (1+1/x )x , x

sigma e capital pi

e constant / Euler's e = 2.718281828... number Euler-Mascheroni = 0.527721566... constant golden ratio golden ratio constant = 3.141592654...

pi constant

is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

A B [] () |A| det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1 rank(A) dim(U)

dot cross tensor product inner product brackets parentheses determinant determinant double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose A A-1 = I rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

ab ab AB

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol P (A ) P(AB) P (A B ) P (A | B ) Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation value Meaning / definition probability of event A Example P(A) = 0.5

probability that of events P(AB) = 0.5 A and B probability that of events P(AB) = 0.5 A or B probability of event A given event B occured P(a x b) = f(x ) dx F (x ) = P (X x ) mean of population values expected value of random variable X = 10 E(X) = 10 P(A | B) = 0.3

f (x )

F (x ) E (X )

E (X | Y ) var(X) 2 std(X) X

conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median

cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X ,Y Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~ N(,2 )

covariance correlation correlation summation double summation mode mid-range sample median

expected value of random variable X given E(X | Y=2) = 5 Y variance of random var(X) = 4 variable X variance of population 2 = 4 values standard deviation of std(X) = 2 random variable X standard deviation value = 2 X of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random cov(X,Y) = 4 variables X and Y correlation of random corr(X,Y) = 0.6 variables X and Y correlation of random = 0.6 X ,Y variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population MR = (x max+x min)/2

half the population is below this value lower / first 25% of population are quartile below this value 50% of population are median / second below this value = quartile median of samples upper / third 75% of population are quartile below this value average / arithmetic sample mean mean population samples sample variance variance estimator population samples sample standard standard deviation deviation estimator standard score zx = (x - x ) / sx distribution of X normal distribution distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3)

U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) (k ) F (k 1 , k 2 ) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)

2

uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution

equal probability in range a,b f (x ) = e-x , x 0 f (x ) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x 0 f (x ) = x k /2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 (k /2) )

X ~ U(0,3)

binomial f (k ) = n Ck pk (1-p)n-k distribution Poisson f (k ) = k e- / k ! distribution geometric f (k ) = p (1-p) k distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol n!
n k n k
_{n}C_{k}=\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}

Symbol Meaning / definition Name factorial n! = 123...n permutation

_{n}P_{k}=\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}

Example 5! = 12345 = 120

5 3

P = 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C 3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name set intersection union subset proper subset / strict subset

Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has fewer elements or equal to the set subset has fewer elements than the set

Example

{} AB AB AB AB

A = {3,7,9,14}, B = {9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28}

AB AB AB AB 2A

not subset superset proper superset / strict superset not superset power set set

left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A

{9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

\mathcal{P}(A) power

A=B Ac A\B

equality complement

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

A-B

A B

AB aA x A (a,b) AB |A| #A

A = {3,9,14}, objects that belong to A and relative complement B = {1,2,3}, not to B A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, objects that belong to A and relative complement B = {1,2,3}, not to B A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, symmetric objects that belong to A or B B = {1,2,3}, difference but not to their intersection A B = {1,2,9,14} A = {3,9,14}, symmetric objects that belong to A or B B = {1,2,3}, difference but not to their intersection A B = {1,2,9,14} element of set membership A={3,9,14}, 3 A not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph-null aleph-one no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality of natural numbers set cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set ={} set of all possible values
0

A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

empty set universal set natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero) natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero)

C = {}

= {0,1,2,3,4,...}

= {1,2,3,4,5,...}

integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set

= {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} -6 = {x | x =a/b, a,b = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, <a<,- <b<} } 2/6 6.343434 6+2i

Logic symbols
Symbol ^ & + | x' x ! ~ Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since and and and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation if and only if Meaning / definition x x x x Example y ^y &y +y

xy x |y x' x x !x xy ~x

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol
\lim_{x\to

Symbol Name limit epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative second derivative

Meaning / definition limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero e = 2.718281828... derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative 0

Example

e y' y '' y(n )

e = lim (1+1/x )x , x (3x 3)' = 9x 2 (3x 3)'' = 18x (3x 3)(3) = 18 d(3x 3)/dx = 9x 2 d2(3x 3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative time derivative

n times derivation

derivative by time - Newton notation time second derivative derivative of derivative

\frac{\partial partial f(x,y)}{\partial

derivative opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

(x 2+y2)/x = 2x

[a,b] (a,b) i z* z

integral double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i-1 z = a+bi z*=a- bi z = a+bi z = a- bi gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x ,y,z)

x*y

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function lemniscate

y(t ) = x (t ) * h(t ) F(s) = {f (t )} X() = {f (t )} infinity symbol

Numeral symbols
Name zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 European Roman I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Hindu Arabic Hebrew

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon

Phi Chi Psi Omega

ph ch ps o

f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numerals
Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 not defined I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM Roman numeral

1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

M V X L C D M

See also
G G G G G G G G G G G

Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set theory symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek alphabet symbols Roman numerals Infinity symbol Math calculators

Write how to improve this page

Name E-mail

Submit Feedback

powered by

MATH SYMBOLS
G G G G G G G G G G

Basic math symbols Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set symbols Calculus symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals

RAPID TABLES
G G G G

Add to Favorites Recommend Site Send Feedback About

Home | Web | Math | Electricity | Calculators | Converters 2013 RapidTables.com | About | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy