Frequency Planning Guide

Frequency Hopping Network Implementation and Planning
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(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

HISTORY Version 0.0.1 0.0.2 .a e 21 /ep0 1!!" 24 /ep0 1!!" Au hor 1a/a #$y Commen s 2he 3irs dra3 1odi3ica ions5 2he +ho,e documen res ruc ured0 Chap er 2.35 PC and .26 gains0 Chap er 7.25 $68ua, dis ribu ion0 2ab,e !5 *o 2hresho,d 9n er3erence. Added5 (igure : ;320 (igure : ;330 (igure 7 ;4:0 (igure 7 ;4&0 (igure 7 ;:00 2ab,e 100 2ab,e 110 2ab,e 12. Added5 *is ory 0 Chap er 2.1.&0 Chap er 3.&0 Chap er 3.!.10 Chap er 3.!.&0 Chap er 3.!.70 Chap er 3.!."0 Chap er :.10 Chap er :.20 Chap er :.&.20 Chap er &.30 Chap er 7.10 Chap er 7.20 Chap er 7.!. 2he 3irs accep ed version
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CONTENTS
! INTRO"#CTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ 1.1 -<N<$A= .</C$9P29ON O( ($<8><NC? *OPP9N-...........................................................................: 1.2 ($<8><NC? *OPP9N- 1O.</..........................................................................................................7 1.3 C<== A==OCA29ON............................................................................................................................" 1.4 1O@9=< A==OCA29ON.......................................................................................................................! 1.: *OPP9N- /<8><NC< N>1@<$...........................................................................................................! 1.& 1O@9=< A==OCA29ON 9N.<6 O((/<2...............................................................................................! 1.7 1A9O /2<P ....................................................................................................................................10 %! THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2.1 ($<8><NC? .9V<$/92?..................................................................................................................11 2.1.1 Coherence Bandwidth.............................................................................................................11 2.1.2 Effect of Interleaving ..............................................................................................................12 2.1.3 Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se !ences ..................................................................................13 2.1." Sim!lated #re !ency $iversity %ains.....................................................................................13 2.1.& Effect in Cell Coverage 'rea...................................................................................................1" 2.1.( Effect of )o*ile Speed.............................................................................................................1" 2.2 9N2<$(<$<NC< .9V<$/92?..............................................................................................................1: 2.3 <((<C2 O( POA<$ CON2$O= AN. .26.........................................................................................1& +! NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! . 3.1 @// =<V<= 91P=<1<N2A29ON........................................................................................................1" 3.2 2*< 2N. -<N<$A29ON @A/< /2A29ON...........................................................................................1" 3.3 2A=B (A19=? @A/< /2A29ON.........................................................................................................1! 3.4 P$91</92<.......................................................................................................................................20 3.: @A/< /2A29ON CON2$O==<$..........................................................................................................20 3.& NP//6.............................................................................................................................................20 3.7 1A691>1 CON(9->$A29ON/..........................................................................................................20 3." $A.9O N<2AO$B (A>=2 1ANA-<1<N2........................................................................................21 3.+.1 ,he 2nd %eneration Base Station............................................................................................21 3.+.2 ,al- #amily Base Stations and .rimeSite...............................................................................22 3.! $</2$9C29ON/ ON 2*< >/A-< O( (*.............................................................................................22 3./.1 $0 .ower Control with BB #H...............................................................................................22 3./.2 $ownlin- $,1.........................................................................................................................22 3./.3 E2tended Range Cell 3$E3"4$#3"4$%3&5.............................................................................22 3./." )S Speed $etection.................................................................................................................22 3./.& Half Rate..................................................................................................................................22 3./.( #re !ency Sharing..................................................................................................................22 3./.6 R,C Com*iner.........................................................................................................................22 3./.+ 7.S41......................................................................................................................................22 /! SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%+ $! FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET0OR,S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%/ :.1 N<2AO$B P=ANN9N- P$OC<.>$<..................................................................................................24 :.2 ($<8><NC? P=ANN9N- P$OC<.>$< A92* NP//6.........................................................................24 :.3 ($<8><NC? $<>/< ON ($<8><NC? *OPP9N- N<2AO$B..............................................................27 &.3.1 Effective Re!se.........................................................................................................................2+ Version 1.0.0 .a e Oc 230 1!!" Page 3/&"
(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide &.3.2 #re !ency 'llocation Re!se 3R# #H only5.............................................................................2+ :.4 =OA. ON N<2AO$B/ >29=9/9N- ($AC29ONA= =OA.9N- %$( (* ON=?'......................................2" &.".1 #re !ency 0oad.......................................................................................................................2/ &.".2 Hard Bloc-ing 0oad................................................................................................................2/ &.".3 #ractional 0oad.......................................................................................................................38 :.: 2$>NB9N- <((<C2 AN. <((<C29V< $<>/<....................................................................................31 :.& ($<8><NC? A==OCA29ON /2$A2<-9</..........................................................................................34 &.(.1 BCCH 'llocation.....................................................................................................................3" &.(.2 Selecting the Effective Re!se 3BB #H5....................................................................................3( &.(.3 Selecting the #re !ency 'llocation Re!se and the #re !ency 0oad 3R# #H5.......................3( &.(." #re !ency Sharing *y 9sing )'I: )anagement 3R# #H only5...........................................3+ &.(.& #re !ency Sharing in the Single )';list Scheme 3R# #H only5............................................"8 1! R&"IO NET0OR, P&R&(ETERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/% &.1 PA$A1<2<$/ (O$ 1A;=9/2 .<(9N929ON/ 9N @/C..........................................................................42 &.2 @2/ =<V<= (* $<=A2<. PA$A1<2<$/.........................................................................................43 &.3 POA<$ CON2$O=............................................................................................................................4: &.4 *AN.OV<$......................................................................................................................................47 &.: .26................................................................................................................................................4" (.&.1 9plin- $,1.............................................................................................................................."+ (.&.2 $ownlin- $,1........................................................................................................................."+ 2! OPTI(IS&TION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/3 7.1 2OO=/ (O$ N<2AO$B 1ON92O$9N-...............................................................................................4! 7.2 BP9/ (O$ *OPP9N- N<2AO$B........................................................................................................4! 7.3 $68>A= 9N (* N<2AO$B/..........................................................................................................:0 7.4 9.=< C*ANN<= 9N2<$(<$<NC< 1<A/>$<1<N2.............................................................................:7 7.: C?C=9C AN. $AN.O1 *OPP9N- /<8><NC</.................................................................................:7 7.& 9N2$AC<== *AN.OV<$...................................................................................................................&0 7.7 POA<$ CON2$O=............................................................................................................................&0 6.6.1 $ownlin- .ower Control with BB Hopping............................................................................(8 7." *AN.OV<$ CON2$O=.....................................................................................................................&0 7.! */N P=ANN9N- A92* $AN.O1 *OPP9N-......................................................................................&0 .! P'&NNIN* C&SES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 ".1 P=ANN9N- CA/< 15 /9N-=< 1A;=9/2.............................................................................................&1 +.1.1 #re !ency .lanning................................................................................................................(1 +.1.2 )'I: .lanning.......................................................................................................................(2 ".2 P=ANN9N- CA/< 25 $( (* A92* ($AC29ONA= =OA.9N- %(A$ 3 C :'..........................................&4 +.2.1 $efining the #re !ency Band and the 7!m*er of #re !encies 7eeded in Each Cell............(" +.2.2 #re !ency 'llocation and 'nalysis.........................................................................................(& ".3 P=ANN9N- CA/< 35 $( (* A92* ($<8><NC? /*A$9N-................................................................&& +.3.1 #re !ency .lanning................................................................................................................(( +.3.2 )'I: .lanning.......................................................................................................................(6 +.3.3 'nalysis....................................................................................................................................(+
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INTRO"#CTION
2he purpose o3 his documen is o eDp,ain he heory behind he 3re)uency hopping %(*'0 ho+ he 3re)uency hopping is imp,emen ed in NokiaEs ne +ork e,emen s0 ho+ o choose he righ 3re)uency hopping s ra egy0 parame ers re,a ed o (*0 3re)uency a,,oca ion procedure0 ho+ o ana,yse he )ua,i y o3 he ne +ork and he op imisa ion process. A,so some prac ica, p,anning eDamp,es are presen ed. (re)uency hopping is one o3 he s andardised capaci y enhancemen 3ea ures in -/1 sys em. 9 o33ers a signi3ican capaci y gain +i hou any cos ,y in3ras ruc ure re)uiremen s. 9 is a,so compa ib,e +i h a,, he eDis ing -/1 mobi,e phones0 since he 3re)uency hopping suppor has been re)uired by he -/1 speci3ica ions 3rom he beginning. (re)uency hopping can co;eDis +i h mos o3 he o her capaci y enhancemen 3ea ures and in many cases i signi3ican ,y boos s he e33ec o3 hose 3ea ures. A,, hese 3ac ors make 3re)uency hopping a very emp ing capaci y enhancemen so,u ion.
+alf-"ate Network#
(ual-Band-& (ual-)odeNetwork#
Antenna# (own Ant. (owntilting )icro-Cell Pico-Cell & Indoor

Cell Si!e
PC (T* $+ S art Antenna# I,-
I$+
Channel-Bandwidth
Spectru
"eu#e-$actor %C&I'
Effective Network Planning
CAPACITY GAIN
(igure 1;1. /o,u ions o enhance ne +ork capaci y.
*eneral "e4cription o5 Frequency Hopping
(re)uency hopping can be brie3,y de3ined as a se)uen ia, change o3 carrier 3re)uency on he radio ,ink be +een he mobi,e and he base s a ion. 9n -/10 one carrier 3re)uency is divided in o eigh ime s,o s. <ach ime s,o provides one physica, channe,0 +hich can be assigned o one ,ink be +een a mobi,e and a base s a ion. 2he communica ion be +een he mobi,e and he base s a ion occurs in burs s inside
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assigned ime s,o . <ach burs ,as s abou :77 s. Ahen 3re)uency hopping is used0 he carrier 3re)uency may be changed be +een each consecu ive 2.1A 3rame. 2his means ha 3or each connec ion he change o3 he 3re)uency may happen be +een every burs . 2his is ca,,ed Slow #re !ency Hopping %/(*'0 because more han one bi is ransmi ed using he same 3re)uency. 9n #ast #re !ency Hopping %((*'0 he carrier 3re)uency is a,,o+ed o change more han once during a bi dura ion0 bu his is no imp,emen ed in -/1. A 3irs 0 he 3re)uency hopping +as used in mi,i ary app,ica ions in order o improve he secrecy and o make he sys em more robus agains Famming. 9n ce,,u,ar ne +ork0 he 3re)uency hopping a,so provides some addi iona, bene3i s such as 3re)uency diversi y and in er3erence diversi y. 2he basic princip,e o3 3re)uency hopping is presen ed in (igure 1 ;2.
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Call i# tran# itted through #everal fre/uencie# in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
$re/uenc0
$1 $2 $3
Ti e
(igure 1;2. @asic 3unc iona,i y o3 3re)uency hopping. !% Frequency Hopping (ode4
2he re)uiremen ha he 6CCH TR7 mu4t tran4mit continuou4ly in a,, he ime s,o s se s s ric ,imi a ions on ho+ he 3re)uency hopping can be rea,ised in a ce,,. 2he curren so,u ions are Base*and #re !ency Hopping %@@ (*' and Synthesised #re !ency Hopping %$( (*'. 9n t8e 9a4e9and 5requency 8opping he 2$6s opera e a 3iDed 3re)uencies. (re)uency hopping is genera ed by s+i ching consecu ive burs s in each ime s,o hrough di33eren 2$6s according o he assigned hopping se)uence. 2he number o3 3re)uencies o hop over is de ermined by he number o3 2$6s. @ecause he 3irs ime s,o o3 he @CC* 2$6 is no a,,o+ed o hop0 i mus be eDc,uded 3rom he hopping se)uence. 2his ,eads o hree di33eren hopping groups. 2he 3irs group doesnE hop and i inc,udes on,y he @CC* ime s,o . 2he second group consis s o3 he 3irs ime s,o s o3 he non;@CC* 2$6s. 2he hird group inc,udes ime s,o s one hrough seven 3rom every 2$6. 2his is i,,us ra ed in (igure 1 ;3.
RTS' : TR7; 6 TR7;% TR7;+ TR7;/
2 31 32 33 6 G @CC* imes,o . 9 does no hop. 2ime s,o s 1...7 o3 a,, 2$6s hop over %31032033034'.
*/N2
34
*/N1
2ime s,o 0 o3 2$6;20;30;4 hop over 32033034.
Figure ;+! @aseband hopping %@@ (*'. 9n he 4ynt8e4i4ed 5requency 8opping a,, he 2$6s eDcep he @CC* 2$6 change heir 3re)uency 3or every 2.1A 3rame according o he hopping se)uence. 2hus he @CC* 2$6 doesnE hop. 2he number o3 3re)uencies o hop over is ,imi ed o &30 +hich is he maDimum number o3 3re)uencies in he )o*ile 'llocation %1A' ,is covered in /ec ion 1.4. /yn hesised hopping is i,,us ra ed in (igure 1 ;4.
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TRX-1 B B #BCCH ti$eslot. TRX "oes not hop. Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping over the MA-list (f1,f2,f3,...,fn atta!he" to the !ell.
f1, f2, f3, fn TRX-2
. .. .
f1, f2, f3, fn
*/N1
Figure ;/! /yn hesised hopping %$( (*'. 2he bigges ,imi a ion in baseband hopping is ha he number o3 he hopping 3re)uencies is he same as he number o3 2$6s. 9n syn hesised hopping he number o3 he hopping 3re)uencies can be any hing be +een he number o3 hopping 2$6s and &3. *o+ever in syn hesised hopping he @CC* 2$6 is ,e3 comp,e e,y ou o3 he hopping se)uence. 2he di33erences be +een @@ and $( hopping are 3ur her i,,us ra ed in (igure 1 ;:.
BB-$+
T"*-1
$1%4 BCC+' $2 $3 "$

$re/uenc0
)S doe# not #ee an0 difference
T"*-3
(ig.
)SC BSC TCS)
$1 $2 $3
Ti e
T"*-1
$15 $25 $3 BCC+ "$ BB-FH is feasible with large configurations RF-FH is viable with smaller configurations
"$-$+
T"*-2
(ig.
(igure 1;:. 2he di33erence be +een @@ and $( (*.
!+
Cell &llocation
2he Cell 'llocation %CA' is a ,is o3 a,, he 3re)uencies a,,oca ed o a ce,,. 2he CA is ransmi ed regu,ar,y on he @CC*. >sua,,y i is a,so inc,uded in he signa,ing messages ha command he mobi,e o s ar using a 3re)uency hopping ,ogica, channe,. 2he ce,, a,,oca ion may be di33eren 3or each ce,,. 9n -/1 !00 he CA ,is may inc,ude a,, he 124 avai,ab,e 3re)uencies H-/1 04.0"I. *o+ever0 he prac ica, ,imi is &40 since he 1A;,is can on,y poin o &4 3re)uencies ha are inc,uded in he CA ,is as presen ed in he neD sec ion. 2he on,y signa,ing me hod a,,o+ed in he -/1 !00 sys ems o ransmi he CA ,is is he Jbi map 0K me hod presen ed in 2ab,e 1. 2ab,e 1. 2he signa,,ing me hod 3or ransmi ing he CA ,is in -/1 !00 sys em. C& 4ignaling met8od 'owe4t (a<! &RFCN range &RFCN 9it map : 0 124 L Prac ica, ,imi is &40 because he 1A;,is can on,y poin o &4 3re)uencies. (a<! num9er o5 5requencie4 in t8e C& li4t 124L
9n -/1 1"00 and -/1 1!00 sys ems he 3re)uency band is so ,arge ha he CA ,is canno inc,ude a,, he 3re)uencies avai,ab,e in a sys em. 9n hese sys ems he Jbi map 0K me hod is no avai,ab,e0 bu 3ive o her me hods can be used H.C/ 04.0"I H#;/2. 7I. <ach o3 hese me hods has di33eren ,imi a ions ha ,imi he maDimum 3re)uency range and he maDimum number o3 3re)uencies. 2hese signa,ing me hods oge her +i h heir ,imi a ions are presen ed in 2ab,e 2. 9n Nokia imp,emen a ion t8e =aria9le 9it map and t8e $ % range signa,ing me hods are avai,ab,e. 2he CA ,is is a,+ays au oma ica,,y genera ed and i inc,udes he @CC* 3re)uency and he 3re)uencies ha are de3ined 3or he 1A;,is .
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2ab,e 2. .i33eren signa,,ing me hods 3or ransmi ing he CA ,is in -/1 1"00/1!00. C& 4ignaling met8od :%/ range $ % range %$1 range %. range 'owe4t &RFCN 0 se,ec ab,e se,ec ab,e se,ec ab,e (a<! &RFCN range 1024 :12 2:& 12" (a<! num9er o5 5requencie4 in t8e C& li4t 1& %17 i3 A$(CN 0 is inc,uded in he CA ,is ' 1" 22 2! 112L
=aria9le 9it map se,ec ab,e 112 L Prac ica, ,imi is &40 because he 1A;,is can on,y poin o &4 3re)uencies.
!/
(o9ile &llocation
!"#$%&''()%
2he 1A is a ,is o3 hopping 3re)uencies ransmi ed o a mobi,e every ime i is assigned o a hopping physica, channe,. 2he 1A;,is is a subse o3 he CA ,is . 2he 1A;,is is au oma ica,,y genera ed i3 he baseband hopping is used. 93 he ne +ork u i,ises he $( hopping0 he 1A;,is s have o be 'ype#nit!r epartmentHere genera ed 3or each ce,, by he ne +ork p,anner. 2he 1A;,is is ab,e o poin o &4 o3 he 3re)uencies de3ined in he CA ,is . *o+ever0 he @CC* 'ype(our&ameHere 'ype ateHere 3re)uency is a,so inc,uded in he CA ,is 0 so he prac ica, maDimum number o3 3re)uencies in he 1A;,is is &3. 2he 3re)uencies in he 1A;,is are re)uired o be in increasing order because o3 he ype o3 signa,ing used o rans3er he 1A;,is . !$ Hopping Sequence Num9er
2he Hopping Se !ence 7!m*er %*/N' indica es +hich hopping se)uence o3 he &4 avai,ab,e is se,ec ed. 2he hopping se)uence de ermines he order in +hich he 3re)uencies in he 1A;,is are o be used. 2he */Ns 1 ; &3 are pseudo random se)uences used in he random hopping +hi,e he */N 0 is reserved 3or a se)uen ia, se)uence used in he cyc,ic hopping. 2he hopping se)uence a,gori hm akes */N and (N as an inpu and he ou pu o3 he hopping se)uence genera ion is a )o*ile 'llocation Inde2 %1A9' +hich is a number ranging 3rom 0 o he number o3 3re)uencies in he 1A;,is sub rac ed by one. 2he */N is a ce,, speci3ic parame er. (or he baseband hopping +o */Ns eDis s. 2he Mero ime s,o s in a @@ hopping ce,, use he */N1 and he res o3 he ime s,o s 3o,,o+ he */N2 as presen ed in (igure 1 ;3. A,, he ime s,o s in $( hopping ce,, 3o,,o+ he */N1 as presen ed in (igure 1 ;4. !1 (o9ile &llocation Inde< O554et
Ahen here is more han one 2$6 in he @2/ using he same 1A;,is he )o*ile 'llocation Inde2 :ffset %1A9O' is used o ensure ha each 2$6 uses a,+ays an uni)ue 3re)uency. <ach hopping 2$6 is a,,oca ed a di33eren 1A9O. 1A9O is added o 1A9 +hen he 3re)uency o be used is de ermined 3rom he 1A;,is . <Damp,e o3 he hopping se)uence genera ion is presen ed in (igure 1 ;&. 1A9O and */N are ransmi ed o a mobi,e oge her +i h he 1A;,is . 9n Nokia so,u ion he 1A9O o33se is a ce,, speci3ic parame er de3ining he 1A9O 2$6 3or he 3irs hopping 2$6 in a ce,,. 2he 1A9Os 3or he o her hopping 2$6s are au oma ica,,y a,,oca ed according o he 1A9Os ep ;parame er in roduced in he 3o,,o+ing sec ion.
$or thi# T()A fra e the output fro
the algorith
i# 1
$N 9 +SN GS) +opping algorith
1 1 4 )AI-T"*
)AI-T"* T"*-1 6 T"*-2 1 T"*-3 2
)AI%6...N-1' 7
1A9OO((/<2 0 >ser de3inab,e 2hese parame ers are se au oma ica,,y
)A IN(E* %)AI'
N-2
N-1
)A
f1
f2
f3
f8
fN-1
fN
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3

(igure 1;&. <Damp,e o3 he hopping se)uence genera ion.
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!2 (&IO Step
2he 1A9Os ep is a Nokia speci3ic parame er used in he 1A9O a,,oca ion o he 2$6s. 2he 1A9O 3or he 3irs hopping 2$6s in each ce,, is de3ined by he ce,, speci3ic 1A9Oo33se parame er. 1A9Os 3or he o her hopping 2$6s are assigned by adding he 1A9O s ep o he 1A9O o3 he previous hopping 2$6 as presen ed in <)ua ion %1.1'.
)'I:,R1 % n ' = )'I:offset + )'I:step %n 1'

An eDamp,e o3 he 1A9O assignmen is presen ed in (igure 1 ;7. 1ore eDamp,es can be 3ound in /ec ion :.&.4.
%1.1'
Sector T"* : +SN
)AIoff#etl )AI)AI- #tep
* , / 0 * , / 0 * , / 0
&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 *. &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , *, *, *0 *1
4)AI- #tep
)AI- #tep indicate# the difference ;etween the )AI-# of #ucce##ive T"*# in a cell.
(igure 1;7. <Damp,e o3 he use o3 he 1A9O re,a ed parame ers.
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%!
THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*
(re)uency hopping is a po+er3u, coun ermeasure in order o overcome he harm3u, e33ec s in roduced by he propaga ion channe, and in er3erence. 2he )ua,i y gain achieved by emp,oying 3re)uency hopping can be raded 3or capaci y gain by igh ening he 3re)uency reuse in he ne +ork. %! Frequency "i=er4ity
!"#$%&''()% 2he 3as 3ading is a signi3ican prob,em especia,,y in he do+n,ink direc ion since he mobi,es do no emp,oy an enna diversi y0 +hich is common,y used in base s a ions. (,uc ua ions o3 he received signa, s reng h are especia,,y harm3u, 3or he 4low mo=ing mo9ile4 because hey end o s ay in a 3ading dip much ,onger han he 3as er moving mobi,es. (re)uency hopping causes he consecu ive burs s o be ransmi ed on di33eren 3re)uencies. 93 he 'ype#nit!r separa ion be +een epartmentHere hese 3re)uencies is su33icien 0 he 3ading charac eris ics o3 hese 3re)uencies are di33eren .
(or he 5a4t mo=ing mo9ile40 he consecu ive burs s have di33eren 3ading charac eris ics even +i hou 3re)uency hopping0 because he spa ia, movemen be +een he consecu ive burs s is signi3ican and he ,oca ions o3 he 3ading dips are re,a ive,y cons an in mos environmen s. 2hus he 3re)uency diversi y gain 3or he 3as moving mobi,es is no signi3ican .
'ype(our&ameHere
'ype ateHere
2.1.1
Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence band+id h represen s a band+id h ha is re)uired be +een +o 3re)uencies in order o ensure ha heir 3ading charac eris ics are di33eren enough o provide proper,y uncorre,a ed amp,i udes and phases. 2he coherence band+id h depends s rong,y on he mean de,ay spread o3 he environmen . @ecause o3 he mu, ipa h sca ering0 he ransmi ed impu,se signa, spreads in ime domain be3ore i is received. A ypica, signa, de,ay enve,ope o3 a ransmi ed impu,se is presen ed in (igure 2 ;". 2he parame ers as de3ined in H=ee"2I are
d m = tE %t 'dt
0
%2.1'
2 = t 2 E % t 'dt d m
0
%2.2'
+here5 dm G mean eDcess de,ay ime t G eDcess de,ay ime E3 5 G signa, po+er densi y G de,ay spread
elay spread . dB )ower density
%(t)
d $ean delay time
t elay time
(igure 2;". 2ypica, de,ay enve,ope. 2he de,ay spread is hus de3ined as he s andard devia ion o3 he mean de,ay ime. 2he measuremen s indica e ha he de,ay spread is high,y dependen on he environmen . 2ypica, va,ues are presen ed in 2ab,e 3 H=ee"!I. 2ab,e 3. 1ean de,ay spreads 'ype of environment !pen area 6uburban area #rban area elay spread 3 s 4 .5, .57 /
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2he coherence band+id h is o3 en de3ined as he 3re)uency separa ion ha yie,ds an au ocorre,a ion coe33icien va,ue o3 0.: or ,ess HPen!:I. 93 he propaga ion environmen is a,so ime dependen 0 he ime separa ion o3 signa,s has o be aken in o accoun . 2he au ocorre,a ion coe33icien based on he 3re)uency and ime separa ion can be +ri en as 3o,,o+s H=ee"2I
2 <0 % v ' r % 0 ' = 1 + % ' 2 2
% 2.3 '
+here <0 % ' G @esse, 3unc ion o3 0 h order = 24 > = signa, +ave,eng h v G ve,oci y o3 he mobi,e G ime separa ion G de,ay spread o3 he environmen G 2?f> f G 3re)uency spacing Ade)ua e coherence band+id h0 +here signa, au ocorre,a ion coe33icien be +een burs s e)ua,s o 0.:0 can be derived 3rom <)ua ion %2.3' assuming G 0 as
B@C % = 0.:' =
1 . 2
% 2.4 '
<)ua ion %2.4' can be 3u,,y app,ied on,y in an idea, case0 and i is here3ore on,y a heore ica, mode,. *o+ever0 i gives an idea abou ho+ he coherence band+id h di33ers in di33eren ypes o3 environmen s. 9n (igure 2 ;! he au ocorre,a ion coe33icien has been p,o ed 3or severa, di33eren va,ues o3 de,ay spread %' assuming G 0. 9 can be seen ha in he ur9an en=ironment even he ad>acent c8annel having 4eparation o3 %:: kH? appears o be ade)ua e,y uncorre,a ed and in he 4u9ur9an en=ironment he channe, separa ion o3 /:: kH? is ade)ua e. 9n open en=ironment4 he channe, separa ion shou,d be a ,eas .:: kH? corresponding o 3our -/1 carriers.
*5.
.58
.52
.5autocorrelation coefficient
delay spread (s) .5, .57 * , /
.51
.57
.50
.5/
.5,
.5*
.5. . *.. ,.. /.. 0.. 7.. 1.. -.. 2.. 8.. *... **.. *,.. *7.. */.. *0..
fre/uenc0 #pacing %k+!'
(igure 2;!. 2he au ocorre,a ion coe33icien as a 3unc ion o3 carrier spacing.
2.1.2
Effect of Interleaving
9n -/1 he speech 3rame is ransmi ed over eigh consecu ive burs s. 2he 3as 3ading causes burs y bi errors ha degrade he e33iciency o3 he convo,u iona, coding. 2he in er,eaving is designed o spread hese errors over ,onger ime. *o+ever0 he decoding per3ormance is no signi3ican ,y improved i3 consecu ive burs s are eDposed o he simi,ar radio channe,. 93 he mobi,e moves 3as enough0 he 3ading o3 successive burs s is uncorre,a ed due o spa ia, movemen . (re)uency hopping causes consecu ive burs s o be ransmi ed on di33eren 3re)uencies. 93 hese 3re)uencies have su33icien separa ion he 3ading o3 successive burs s is uncorre,a ed as presen ed in /ec ion 2.1.1. /ince he in er,eaving dep h is eigh 0 he 3re)uency diversi y gain o3 cyc,ic hopping doesnE signi3ican ,y improve i3 more han eigh 3re)uencies are used in a hopping se)uence. 9n data call4@ t8e interlea=ing lengt8 i4 3. 2here3ore0 he gain 3or da a ca,,s compared o speech ca,,s migh be bigger +hen more han " 3re)uencies are used in a hopping se)uence.
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2he 4ignalling c8annel4 8a=e an interlea=ing dept8 o5 5our. 2he 3re)uency diversi y gain 3or he signa,,ing channe,s is hus sma,,er.
2.1.3
Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se !ences
@o h cyc,ic and random hopping modes are avai,ab,e in -/1. 9n he cyclic mode he 3re)uencies are changed se)uen ia,,y 3rom he ,o+es 3re)uency o he highes as de3ined in he 1A;,is . 9n random mode he 3re)uency o be used 3or each burs is se,ec ed 3rom he 1A;,is by a prede3ined pseudo random se)uence. 2his means ha he same 3re)uency may be used 3or a coup,e o3 consecu ive burs s and he 3re)uencies are no used even,y in a shor ime sca,e. 2hus0 he optimum 5requency di=er4ity gain is possib,e o achieve on,y i3 he cyclic 8opping is used. As he number o3 3re)uencies becomes ,arger he di33erence be +een he cyc,ic and he random mode becomes sma,,.
2.1."
Sim!lated #re !ency $iversity %ains
*.
F:;' / F%R < /= '#/ F%R < /= F:;'/ RB%R "l *b < .3/= '#/ RB%R "l *b < .3/=
1 E;&N6 %dB'
. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#
(igure 2;10. (re)uency diversi y gain o3 3re)uency hopping ,ink agains herma, noise compared o a non;hopping ,ink.
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8
F:;' / F%R < /= F:;'/ RB%R "l *b < .3,= '#/ F%R < /= '#/ RB%R "l *b < .3,=
C&Ic %dB'
. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#
(igure 2;11. (re)uency diversi y gain o3 3re)uency hopping ,ink agains co;channe, in er3erence compared o a non;hopping ,ink. 2he simu,a ions sho+ a very signi3ican gain 3or (=A23 channe, compared o he 2>3 channe,. 2his happens because he 2>3 channe, inc,udes severa, propaga ion pa hs having s a is ica,,y independen 3ading condi ions and i is hus providing pa h diversi y ha he,ps o achieve he per3ormance arge s even in he non;hopping case. 2he resu, s o3 his simu,a ion represen a bes possib,e case0 because he 3ading on he used 3re)uency channe,s is assumed uncorre,a ed and he cyc,ic hopping mode is used. 9n rea, ,i3e0 he 3re)uencies are no necessari,y uncorre,a ed as eDp,ained in /ec ion 2.1.1 and t8e random 8opping i4 u4ed to ma<imi4e t8e inter5erence di=er4ity gain . A,so0 he presen ed gains are no achievab,e in up,ink direc ion i3 a proper diversi y recep ion %abou 4 d@ gain' me hod is a,ready in use a base s a ions. According o he simu,a ions0 he per3ormance o3 he /ACC* / /.CC* and 2C* 3or he cases o3 non hopping and idea, (* as a 3unc ion o3 C/9 %according o 0:.0: es condi ions and 2>3' are presen ed in he 3o,,o+ing5
2ab,e 4. 2he 3re)uency diversi y gain o3 he /ACC* / /.CC* agains 2C* 3or he cases o3 non hopping and idea, (* as a 3unc ion o3 C/90 +i h 2N(<$. No FH FH &CH'#S 1:d@ "d@ S(CCH 11.:d@ "d@
9n he non hopping mode0 he /ACC* is more robus han he 2C*/(/0 +hereas in he (* mode hey per3orm e)ua,. *o+ever0 in a high in er3erence si ua ion he /ACC* channe, migh per3orm +orse han 2C* channe,.
2.1.)
Effect in Cell Coverage (rea
9n coverage ,imi ed ce,,s he 5requency 8opping may increa4e t8e cell co=erage area because o3 he 3re)uency diversi y gain0 bu since he @CC* ime s,o doesnE hop0 he increased coverage area is re,evan on,y 3or he ongoing ca,,s ha have been success3u,,y es ab,ished and are a,,oca ed a hopping 2C*. According o he simu,a ions0 see 2ab,e 40 he non;hopping signa,,ing channe, %@CC* / /.CC*' has a be er per3ormance han a non; hopping 2C* bu a +orse per3ormance han a hopping 2C* channe,. 2here3ore0 he cell co=erage area could 9e increa4ed0 bu no according o he 3u,, (* gain0 bu 9y con4idering t8e per5ormance o5 t8e 6CCH time 4lot. 9n RF FH case0 he +ho,e @CC* carrier is non;hopping. 2hus0 he 3re)uency diversi y gain shou,d be considered as a quality gain in he ce,, border area ra her han he gain increasing he ce,, service area.
2.1.*
Effect of +o,ile Speed
As men ioned ear,ier0 he 3re)uency diversi y gain 3or he 3as moving mobi,es is no signi3ican . 2he movemen as i se,3 causes he same gain +hich is ,os 3rom he 3re)uency diversi y gain. 2here3ore0 he 3as moving mobi,es ge he same gain han he s,o+ moving ones0 he gain Fus comes more or ,ess 3rom he moving as i se,3.
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9n -/10 he speed o3 Po+er Con ro, %PC' is s,o+. Ahen moving 3as 0 he PC canno 3o,,o+ anymore he s,o+ 3ading dips so e33icien ,y. 2here3ore0 he 3as moving mobi,es migh ,oose in PC gain. A,so he *andover %*O' per3ormance may be degraded +i h high speed. %!% Inter5erence "i=er4ity
9n a conven iona, non;8opping ne +ork0 each ca,, is ransmi ed on a sing,e 3iDed 3re)uency. 2his means ha he in er3erence si ua ion in a ne +ork is a,so )ui e s ab,e. /ome ca,,s may eDperience very ,i ,e in er3erence and he o her ca,,s may be in er3ered severe,y. /evere in er3erence can be avoided by a handover0 bu he probabi,i y o3 3inding an in er3erence 3ree channe, decreases as he ne +ork ,oad increases. 9n a non;hopping ne +ork0 he in er3erence ends o be con inuous0 so ha he same in er3erence source a33ec s severa, consecu ive burs s. 93 his in er3erence is s rong enough i may ,ead o a corrup ion o3 severa, consecu ive burs s. 2he error correc ion measures used in -/1 can no usua,,y o,era e severa, corrup ed burs s in a speech 3rame and hus hese 3rames are ,ike,y o be erased causing signi3ican de eriora ion in speech )ua,i y. 9n random 8opping ne +ork0 he in er3erence sources vary 3rom burs o burs . 2hus0 he in er3erence ends o ge averaged over a,, he ca,,s in he ne +ork. As a conse)uence0 he in er3erence a33ec ing each ca,, in he ne +ork has a ,o+er s andard devia ion around i s mean va,ue. 2his e33ec is i,,us ra ed in (igure 2 ;12. Ano her advan age o3 random 3re)uency hopping is ha he severe,y in er3ered burs s occur random,y. @ecause o3 his0 he probabi,i y o3 severa, consecu ive corrup ed burs s and erased 3rames decreases.
/. ,7
No $+ 5
Average C&I %dB'
%
/. ,7 ,. *7 *. 7 .
!"#$%&''()%
$+
Average C&I %dB'
'ype#nit!r epartmentHere ,. 'ype(our&ameHere 5

*7 *. 7 . "all * "all , "all /
5+
%
5%
'ype ateHere 5
5+
5+
5%
5+
&=e
"all *
"all ,
"all /
(igure 2;12. 9n er3erence averaging be +een users in a random 3re)uency hopping ne +ork. 9n order o use he avai,ab,e 3re)uency spec rum e33icien ,y0 he 3re)uencies are reused in a ne +ork. 2he su33icien dis ance be +een he ce,,s using he same 3re)uency depends on he minimum C/9 ra io o,era ed by he sys em0 he surrounding environmen and he ne +ork opo,ogy. 9n prac ice he minimum reuse 3or a non;hopping macro ce,,s is abou 12. 2his means ha he same 3re)uency may be used in every 12 h ce,,. @ecause he in er3erence ,eve,s 3or each user vary considerab,y0 a ,arge in er3erence margin has o be inc,uded o guaran ee su33icien )ua,i y 3or each user in he ne +ork. Ahen he random 3re)uency hopping is emp,oyed he devia ion o3 in er3erence ,eve, is decreased as i,,us ra ed in (igure 2 ;12. 2his means ha t8e inter5erence margin used in he 3re)uency p,anning can 9e reduced a,,o+ing he usage o3 igh er 3re)uency reuse as i,,us ra ed in (igure 2 ;13.
Field strenght 6erving carrier worst interference average strongest interference interference margin
average wea>est interference no FH FH with improved quality FH with tighter frequency reuse
(igure 2;13. 2he gain o3 3re)uency hopping. *o+ big is he in er3erence diversi y gain is a subFec 3or a 3ur her s udy.
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%!+ E55ect o5 Power Control and "T7
@o h he power control and t8e "T7 are s andard -/1 3ea ures0 +hich are de4igned to minimi4e t8e inter5ering tran4mi44ion +hen possib,e. 2hey are bo h manda ory 3ea ures in he mobi,e ermina,s0 bu i is up o he ne +ork opera or o decide +he her o use hem or no . .26 preven s unnecessary ransmissions +hen here is no need o rans3er in3orma ion. Po+er con ro, is used o op imise he ransmi ed signa, s reng h so ha he signa, s reng h a he receiver is s i,, ade)ua e. 2he bo h 3ea ures can be indi=idually ac iva ed 5or uplink and downlink . Opera ors have been +ide,y using bo h 3ea ures in #' direction main,y in order to ma<imi4e t8e 9attery li5e in mobi,es. 9n a non;8opping network hese 3ea ures provide some quality gain 3or some users0 bu his gain canno be rans3erred e33ec ive,y o increased capaci y0 since he maDimum in er3erence eDperienced by each user is ,ike,y o remain he same. A,so he po+er con ro, mechanism doesnE 3unc ion op ima,,y because he in er3erence sources are s ab,e causing chain e33ec s +here he increase o3 ransmission po+er o3 one ransmi er causes +orse )ua,i y in he in er3ered receiver0 +hich in urn causes he po+er increase in ano her ransmi er and so on. 2his means ha 0 3or eDamp,e0 one mobi,e ,oca ed in a coverage ,imi ed area may severe,y ,imi he possibi,i y o3 severa, o her ransmi ers o reduce heir po+er. 9n a random 8opping network he )ua,i y gain provided by bo h 3ea ures can be e33icien ,y eDp,oi ed o capacity gain because he gain is more e)ua,,y dis ribu ed among he users. /ince he ypica, speech ac ivi y 3ac or %a,so ca,,ed .26 3ac or' is ,ess han 0.:0 .26 e33ec ive,y cu s he ne +ork ,oad in ha,3 +hen i is used. 9n a so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork his means ha he .26 can heore ica,,y provide up o 100N capaci y increase. A,so0 he po+er con ro, +orks more e33icien ,y because each user has many in er3erence sources. 2hus0 i3 one in er3erer increases i s po+er0 he e33ec on he )ua,i y o3 he connec ion is no serious,y a33ec ed. 9n 3ac 0 i is probab,e ha some o her in er3erers are decreasing heir po+ers a he same ime. 2hus0 he sys em is more s ab,e and chaining e33ec s men ioned ear,ier do no occur 3re)uen ,y. 2he simu,a ed gain 3or po+er con ro, and .26 +i h di33eren mobi,e speeds can be seen in he 3o,,o+ing (igure 2 ;14.
"eu#e 3&=5 T, 3k &h GAIN< *50 dB ,5/ dB /5- dB
"eu#e 3&=5 T, >6k &h GAIN< *5. dB ,5/ dB /57 dB
PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on
PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on C&I i prove ent
(igure 2;14. 2he simu,a ed gain o3 PC and .26 +i h (*. .26 has some e33ec on he R7)ual di4tri9ution. Norma,,y he @<$ is averaged over he dura ion o3 one /ACC* 3rame ,as ing 0.4" seconds and consis ing o3 104 2.1A 3rames. *o+ever0 3our o3 hese 2.1A 3rames are used 3or measuremen s0 so ha on,y 100 burs s are ac ua,,y ransmi ed and received. Ahen .26 is in use and here is no speech ac ivi y0 on,y he burs s ransmi ing he si,ence descrip or 3rame %/9.;3rame' and he /ACC* are ransmi ed. Ahen here are periods o3 no speech ac ivi y0 he @<$ is es ima ed over Fus he burs s carrying he si,ence descrip or 3rame and he /ACC*. 2his inc,udes on,y 12 burs s over +hich he @<$ is averaged %sub )ua,i y'. 2his means ha he @<$ ge s averaged much more e33ec ive,y +hen .26 is no used yie,ding o a )ua,i y dis ribu ion +here he propor ion o3 modera e )ua,i y va,ues is enhanced. 2he 4u9 quality di4tri9ution is +ider han he 3u,, )ua,i y dis ribu ion0 meaning ha more good and 9ad quality samp,es are eDperienced. 2he di33erences be +een 3u,, and sub )ua,i y dis ribu ions are ,arges in 3re)uency hopping ne +orks u i,ising low 5requency allocation reu4e 0 since in ha kind o3 ne +orks he in er3erence si ua ion may be very di33eren 3rom burs o burs . A coup,e o3 severe,y in er3ered burs s may cause very 9ad quality 3or he sub )ua,i y samp,e +hen hey happen o occur in he se o3 12 burs s over +hich he sub )ua,i y is de ermined. 2he 3u,, )ua,i y samp,e o3 he same ime period has probab,y on,y modera e )ua,i y de eriora ion because o3 he be er averaging o3 @<$ over 100 burs s. 2he di33erences be +een 3u,, and sub )ua,i y dis ribu ions can be seen in (igure 2 ;1:. 9n a rea, ne +ork u i,ising .26 he )ua,i y dis ribu ion is a miD ure o3 3u,, and sub )ua,i y samp,es. 2he propor ions o3 3u,, and sub samp,es depend on he speech ac ivi y 3ac or a,so kno+n as he .26 3ac or. 2he di33erences in he @<$ averaging processes cause signi3ican di33erences in he $68>A= dis ribu ions. 2hese di33erences shou,d be aken in o accoun +hen he $68>A= dis ribu ions o3 ne +orks u i,ising and no u i,ising .26 are compared.
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1&1 reu#e 1> fre/#
0.5.. =
/75.. =
/.5.. =
,75.. =
,.5.. =
R@? full R@? sub
*75.. =
*.5.. =
75.. =
.5.. = ?. ?* ?, ?/ ?0 ?7 ?1 ?-
(igure 2;1:. 2he dis ribu ion o3 norma, $68ua, and sub$68ua, va,ues in a 3re)uency hopping ne +ork. 2he ,imi a ions in he usage o3 .= PC and .26 can be seen in Chap ers 3.!.1 and 3.!.2.
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+!
NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(
2he suppor 3or 3re)uency hopping is a s andard 3ea ure o3 Nokia Base Station S!*;System %@//'. 9n his chap er he 3re)uency hopping suppor o3 di33eren base s a ion genera ions and he @/C are described. A,so he curren and upcoming 3re)uency hopping suppor o3 NokiaEs radio ne +ork p,anning oo, NP//6 is presen ed.
+!
6SS 'e=el Implementation
9n -/1 on,y he @// is responsib,e o3 he imp,emen a ion o3 3re)uency hopping. 2he 7etwor- S!*;System %N//' inc,uding he )o*ile Switching Centre %1/C' is no invo,ved in i . 2he :peration and )aintenance Centre %O1C' is invo,ved in managing he (* re,a ed parame ers0 bu heir managemen in he O1C doesnE di33er 3rom any o her ce,, ,eve, parame er. 2he 3au, managemen in he O1C o3 a 3re)uency hopping ne +ork is iden ica, o ha o3 a non;hopping ne +ork. 2he primary ne +ork e,emen s in -/1 are presen ed in (igure 3 ;1&.
@//
6SC (S 6TS
A;i# interface A interface
N//
(SC
6TS O(C
(igure 3;1&. 2he primary ne +ork e,emen s in -/1.
+!%
T8e %nd *eneration 6a4e Station
2he second genera ion base s a ion 4upport4 only 9a4e9and 8opping. 2he main 3unc iona, b,ocks in he second genera ion @2/ considering 3re)uency hopping are he #rame 9nits %(>'0 he #re !ency Hopping 9nit %(8*>' and he Carrier 9nits %C>' HNok!&I. 2he 3rame uni per3orms a,, he con ro, and he baseband 3unc ions 3or 3rames o3 up o " 3u,, ra e or 1& ha,3 ra e ,ogica, channe,s. <ach carrier uni con ains a ransmi er and +o receivers. 2he main 3unc ion o3 he ransmi er is o conver he digi a, da a 3rom he 3rame uni in o a modu,a ed carrier signa,. 2he receiver is responsib,e 3or he do+n conversion 3rom he $( 3re)uency band o baseband 3o,,o+ed by A/. conversion and seria,ising 9 and 8 signa,s and sending hem o he demodu,a ion par in he corresponding 3rame uni HNok!:I. 2he number o3 3rame uni s and carrier uni s corresponds o he number o3 ins a,,ed 2$6s in he @2/. 2he 3re)uency hopping connec s he 3rame uni s and he carrier uni s as i,,us ra ed in (igure 3 ;17. 2he hopping 3unc ion is rea,ised by mu, ip,eDing baseband digi a, bi s reams be +een he 3rame uni s and he carrier uni s. 2he mu, ip,eDing is done according o he hopping se)uence0 +hich is ca,cu,a ed in (8*>. 2he hopping uni is common 3or he @2/O a,, he sec ors o3 a @2/ use he same (8*>. 2he F)H# can 9e duplicated 5or relia9ility or because o3 di=er4ity reception. 93 he diversi y is no used0 he o her (8*> ac s as a ho redundancy0 +hich means ha i is au oma ica,,y aken in o opera ion i3 he o her (8*> 3ai,s. Ahen diversi y recep ion is used0 he o her (8*> is used 3or carrying he signa, 3rom he diversi y receiver.
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(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide (>1 (>2 (>3 ( 8 * > C>1 C>2 C>3
(>12
(igure 3;17. (unc iona, uni s 3or 3re)uency hopping in 2nd genera ion @2/.
C>12
2he (8*> is capab,e o3 suppor ing a maDimum o3 12 hopping groups a a ime. 2his is su33icien as in hree sec or con3igura ion he number o3 hopping groups used is nine %inc,uding he non;hopping Mero ime s,o s on he @CC* carriers'. @o h random and cyc,ic hopping modes are suppor ed bu no simu, aneous,y0 meaning ha a,, he sec ors under he same @2/ mus use ei her cyc,ic or random hopping se)uences. Ai h random hopping he hopping se)uence numbers %1;&3' can be se,ec ed 3ree,y 3or each hopping group. 2he iming o3 sec ors is derived 3rom a common c,ock uni 0 so he di33eren sec ors are 3rame; and bi ;synchronised enab,ing he use o3 synchronous handovers. Conse)uen ,y0 he hopping se)uences are synchronised as +e,,. T8e com9iner4 used in he 2nd genera ion @2/s limit t8e minimum c8annel 4pacing to 1:: kH?P +!+ Talk Family 6a4e Station
2he 2a,k 3ami,y base s a ions are capa9le o5 bo h 9a4e9and 8opping and RF 8opping. @aseband hopping imp,emen a ion is s,igh ,y di33eren compared o he imp,emen a ion on he 2nd genera ion base s a ion. (unc iona,i y inside one 2$6 is divided be +een burs ,eve, opera ions %<8./P' and b,ock ,eve, opera ions %C*./P'. 2he burs ,eve, opera ions cover a,, he opera ions done 3or a sing,e burs 0 such as ciphering/deciphering0 e)ua,isa ion0 bi de ec ion0 diversi y combining e c. 2he b,ock ,eve, opera ions dea, +i h b,ocks o3 in3orma ion0 such as a speech b,ock or a signa,ing b,ock. 2hese opera ions inc,ude in er,eaving/dein er,eaving0 b,ock coding/decoding e c. 2he baseband hopping in er3ace resides be +een his ,ogica, division. (*./P is a digi a, signa, processor dedica ed o con ro,,ing he 3re)uency hopping opera ion. 9n 9a4e9and 8opping he (*./P con ro,s he in3orma ion rans3er be +een he <8./P and he C*./P rea,ising he 3re)uency hopping as i,,us ra ed in (igure 3 ;1". 2he (@>/ is a +o;+ay para,,e, bus dedica ed 3or his purpose and dimensioned o suppor a maDimum o3 12 2$6s.
(*./P
2$610 C*./P 2$620 C*./P 2$630 C*./P 2$6120 C*./P

(igure 3;1". @aseband hopping imp,emen a ion in he 2a,k 3ami,y base s a ions.
2$610 <8./P ( @ > / 2$620 <8./P 2$630 <8./P 2$6120 <8./P
Ai h RF 8opping he (@>/ is a,so used0 bu he connec ions are a,+ays made one; o;one. (or eDamp,e0 he <8./P o3 2$61 is a,+ays connec ed o he C*./P o3 2$61. 2he (@>/ is hen used 3or sending he $( channe, number 3rom he (*./P o be used on he neD ime s,o . 2+o syn hesiser banks are used0 +hi,e one is in use he o her is being uned o he 3re)uency used in he neD ime s,o . .e,ivery o3 channe, numbers 3rom (@>/ o syn hesisers is done by hard+are.
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$( hopping and @@ hopping canno be used simu, aneous,y. 2his means ha all t8e 4ector4 under t8e 4ame Base Station Control #!nction A6CFB mu4t u4e t8e 4ame 8opping met8od 0 i3 any. *o+ever0 4ome 4ector4 may 9e 8opping w8ile ot8er4 remain non;8opping . 2he used combiner ype may a,so res ric he possibi,i y o3 u i,ising $( hopping. 93 Remote &!ned Com,iners %$2C' are used0 he RF 8opping cannot 9e u4ed . 2his is because he $2C is based on uneab,e cavi ies0 +hich canno be re uned dynamica,,y according o he used hopping se)uence. T8e minimum c8annel 4pacing w8en RTC i4 u4ed i4 1:: kH? . 2he o her combiner op ion 3or he 2a,k 3ami,y base s a ions is he +ide band 'ntenna #ilter E !ipment %A(<'. A(< suppor s bo h @@ and $( hopping and here are no minimum channe, spacing re)uiremen s.
+!/
PrimeSite
Prime/i e is a sma,, high,y in egra ed base s a ion based on he 2a,k 3ami,y echno,ogy. 9 con ains on,y one 2$6 and he hard+are is reduced0 so ha he (@>/ have been removed and he 3unc ions o3 (*./P have been in egra ed o he C*./P. 2he RF 8opping can be imp,emen ed by connec ing +o or more Prime/i es oge her as a mu, i;2$6 con3igura ion. 9n his case he 3irs Prime/i e provides he @CC* carrier and is hus in a non;hopping mode0 +hereas he o her connec ed Prime/i es are hopping according o he hopping se)uence. 2he 66 8opping is a,so possib,e o arrange +i h he Prime/i es by using proper ies o3 $( hopping. 2his pseudo;@@ hopping appears ou +ards simi,ar o he pure @@;hopping. Pseudo;@@ hopping is possib,e +hen +o or more Prime/i es have been connec ed 3or a mu, i;2$6 con3igura ion. 2he Prime/i e is ab,e o ransmi he 3irs ime s,o %$2/= 0' by using a di33eren 3re)uency han he o her ime s,o s. 2he pseudo;@@ hopping is rea,ised by ransmi ing he $2/= 0 on he @CC* 2$6 on one 3iDed 3re)uency and he o her ime s,o s by using a 3re)uency de ermined according o he hopping se)uence. 2he o her 2$6s use he */N1 3or he $2/= 0s and */N2 3or he $2/=s 1;7 as described in /ec ion 1.2. 2he number o3 3re)uencies in he pseudo;@@ hopping e)ua,s he number o3 connec ed Prime/i es 3or $2/=s 1;7 and one ,ess 3or he $2/= 0. A dummy signa, is sen on he @CC* 3re)uency in he non;ac ive 2C* ime s,o s.
+!$
6a4e Station Controller
2he @/C 3unc iona,i y re,a ed o 3re)uency hopping is imp,emen ed by so3 +are. 2here are no hard+are dependencies. 2he 3re)uency hopping managemen in he @/C is )ui e simp,e. 2he main princip,e is ha he @/C is hand,ing ,ogica, channe,s on he ce,,s under i s con ro,. 2he ,ogica, channe,s may hen be assigned on he 3re)uency hopping physica, channe,s0 bu hey are provided by he base s a ions. 2he basic re)uiremen 3or he @/C is o hand,e he addi iona, parame ers %1A0 1A9O and */N' needed o de3ine a hopping ,ogica, channe,. 2he parame ers are s ored in he BSS Radio 7etwor- Config!ration $ata*ase %@/.A2A' in he @/C0 main ained by he :peration and )aintenance %OQ1' so3 +are. 2he radio resource managemen doesnE kno+ abou 3re)uency hopping. 9 a,,oca es he ,ogica, channe,s as usua,. 2he hopping re,a ed parame ers are a ached ,a er by he Abis in er3ace program b,ock0 +hich reads he needed hopping re,a ed parame ers 3rom he da abase. 2he parame ers de3ining a 3re)uency hopping channe, are hen a ached o Abis and Air in er3ace signa,ing messages. 9n Abis and Air in er3ace radio resource managemen signa,ing he 3re)uency hopping is a33ec ing he C*ANN<=RAC29VA29ON %A bis'0 911<.9A2<RA//9-N1<N2 %Air'0 A//9-N1<N2RCO11AN. %Air' and *AN.OV<$RCO11AN. %Air' messages.
+!1
NPSC7
NP//6 is an in egra ed so3 +are package 3or he ce,,u,ar ne +ork p,anning deve,oped by Nokia. /ee more de ai,s o3 he (* suppor and he p,anning and 3re)uency a,,oca ion process in Chap ers :.1 and :.2.
+!2
(a<imum Con5iguration4
1aDimum @2/ con3igura ions are presen ed in 2ab,e :. 2ab,e :. 1aDimum @2/ con3igura ions in di33eren @// so3 +are re,eases.
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BSS ? BTS t0pe 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised BSS @ 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised BSS A 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised "ombiner type "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' 1 'R+s 1B1B1 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' 1 'R+s 1B1B1 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) ;ntennasAcell (polarisation B"Fs diversity used) "ombiner type * * * , * * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' 0 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s * * * * ;ntennasAcell (polarisation B"Fs diversity used)
* * * ,
* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s * / / /
* * * ,
* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s * / / /
1' 2he amoun o3 sec ors is no ,imi edO even each 2$6 can be a sec or o3 i s o+n. 1aD. 1& 2$6s per @C( are a,,o+ed. 2hey can be 3ree,y divided in o sec ors o3 di33eren siMes. On,y ru,e is ha nLy mus be ,ess han or e)ua, o 1&.
+!.
Radio Network Fault (anagement
2he radio ne +ork con3igura ion managemen in he @/C de ermines he recovery ac ions in abnorma, si ua ions in he @// radio ne +ork0 such as 3au, s0 3au, cance,s and ini ia,isa ions. 2he recovery ac ions are eDecu ed i3 errors occur in he 3unc iona, b,ocks o3 he @2/0 such as he carrier uni 0 he 3rame uni 0 he ranceiver0 3unc iona, b,ocks common o he +ho,e ce,, or he 3unc iona, b,ocks common o he +ho,e @2/ si e. 9n addi ion o his0 he recovery op ions are eDecu ed i3 he .;channe, o3 he A bis in er3ace 3ai,s or i3 here are 3ai,ures de ec ed by he ca,, con ro, o3 he @/C in he connec ion +i h he radio channe, a,,oca ion procedure. 2he recovery ac ions are de ermined based on he ype o3 he 3au, y 3unc iona, b,ock and hey are based on he radio 3aci,i ies con3igured o he 3au, y b,ock.
3.-.1
&he 2nd %eneration Base Station
A 5rame unit 5ault may be ei her in erna, or eD erna,. 2he in erna, 3au, cou,d be caused0 3or eDamp,e0 by a (> hard+are ma,3unc ion and he eD erna, 3au, cou,d happen0 3or eDamp,e0 because o3 a ,os =AP.;,ink o he 2$6. 9n bo h cases he recovery procedure is simi,ar. 2he procedure is as 3o,,o+s5 1. 2. 3. 2he @2/ a,arms he @/C or he @/C de ec s a non;3unc iona, =AP.;,ink. 2he @/C c,ears a,, he ca,,s ha are a,,oca ed o hose Abis circui s corresponding o he 3au, y 2$6. Ca,,s on he o her 2$6s proceed norma,,y. 2he @/C b,ocks he 3au, y 3rame uni in order no o a,,o+ ne+ ra33ic 3or he Abis circui s corresponding o i .
2he ca,,s on he o her 2$6s can proceed norma,,y and he hopping parame ers can be ,e3 un ouched0 because a,, he carrier uni s are s i,, 3unc ioning. 2he mobi,es on he ce,, can s i,, hop over a,, he 3re)uencies origina,,y a,,oca ed o ha ce,,. 9n case o3 a carrier unit 5ault one ranceiver doesnE +ork proper,y. 2hus0 one o3 he 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence canno be ransmi ed and/or received proper,y. 9n his case he procedure is as 3o,,o+s5 1. 2. 2he @2/ a,arms he @/C. 2he @/C b,ocks a,, he 2$6s o3 he ce,, 3or a +hi,e. 2his causes c,earing o3 a,, he ongoing ca,,s on ha ce,,.
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3. 4. :. 2he @/C ca,cu,a es ne+ hopping parame ers inc,uding a ne+ $;-list in +hich he 3re)uency o3 he 3au, y C> is removed. 2he @/C unb,ocks he 2$6s ha have 3unc ioning C>s and he ne+ hopping parame ers are rans3erred o he @2/. 2he @/C a,,o+s ne+ ra33ic 3or he 3unc ioning 2$6s.
3.-.2
&al. #amily Base Stations and /rimeSite
9n a case o3 @@ hopping he procedure is simi,ar o he carrier uni 3au, in he 2nd genera ion @2/ as described in he previous sec ion. 93 he @2/ is $( hopping0 he recovery procedure is simi,ar o he 3rame uni 3au, in he 2nd genera ion @2/ as described in he previous sec ion. +!3 Re4triction4 on t8e #4age o5 FH
3.0.1
$1 /ower Control with BB #H
9n @@ (* he @CC* carrier is invo,ved in he hopping se)uence. 2he @CC* carrier is a,+ays sen in he do+n,ink direc ion +i h he maDimum po+er de3ined 3or he ce,,. Ahen he PC is used in he o her han @CC* carrier0 here is a big di33erence in he sen / received po+er be +een he carriers. 2he gain con ro, o3 some mobi,es canno 3o,,o+ so big and sudden changes in he received po+er. 2here3ore0 i is recommended o re4trict t8e PC range in "' direction to :; $ d6 wit8 66 FH. 3.0.2 $ownlin. $&2
@aseband hopping combined +i h do+n,ink .26 causes prob,ems in he mobi,e s a ions0 because in he si,en phase he dummy 3rames are sen on he @CC* 3re)uency causing ma,3unc ion in he mobi,e s a ions. <2/9 has approved a so,u ion o so,ve he prob,em and i is imp,emen ed in Nokia @//. 2he so,u ion is o use a specia, raining se)uence code in he dummy burs bu i does no guaran ee ha a,, mobi,e s a ion mode,s o3 di33eren manu3ac urers are +orking error 3ree. 3.0.3 E3tended Range Cell 4$E3"'$#3"'$%3)5
On,y $( hopping is suppor ed0 and on,y 3or he 2$6s serving he norma, coverage area. 2he 2$6s serving he eD ended coverage area canno hop. 3.0." +S Speed $etection
2he speed de ec ion a,gori hm in he @2/ +orks on,y 3or non;hopping channe,s. 9n a case o3 3re)uency hopping he speed in3orma ion in he 1easuremen $esu, message 3rom @2/ o @/C is se o va,ue Snon;va,idS indica ing ha speed in3orma ion is no avai,ab,e 3rom ha par icu,ar ce,,. 3.0.) Half Rate
2he in er,eaving dep h o3 he 2C*/*/ is 3our ins ead o3 eigh as i is in 2C*/(/. @ecause he in er,eaving has a signi3ican e33ec on he success3u, error correc ion o3 he speech 3rame0 especia,,y on he 3re)uency hopping ne +orks u i,ising ,o+ 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse and 3rac iona, ,oading0 he per3ormance o3 3re)uency hopping may be reduced. 2he use o3 cyc,ic hopping +i h even number o3 hopping 3re)uencies shou,d be avoided in ne +orks u i,ising ha,3 ra e. /ince he ha,3 ra e channe, is ransmi ed on every o her 2.1A 3rame0 he usage o3 cyc,ic hopping +i h even number o3 3re)uencies means ha one ha,3 ra e connec ion uses on,y ha,3 o3 he 3re)uencies. 2his prob,em doesnE occur i3 random hopping se)uences are used. 3.0.* #re !ency Sharing
2he basic re)uiremen in 3re)uency sharing %1/1 reuse0 3/3 reuse' is ha he cell4 at one 4ite 8a=e to 9e controlled 9y t8e 4ame 6CF 0 so ha hey are 3rame synchronised. Ai h he curren Nokia e)uipmen his re)uiremen ,imi s t8e ma<imum TR7 con5iguration to % TR74 per 4ite. 3.0.6 R&C Com,iner
9n he 2nd genera ion and 2a,k (ami,y base s a ions0 he $2C combiners have he ,imi a ion o3 he minimum channe, spacing o3 &00 k*M. 3.0.7/S'2
NPSC7 +!% and he o,der versions donE suppor 3re)uency a,,oca ion 3or a 3rac iona, ,oaded ne +ork %G more 3re)uencies han 2$6s'. NP//6 3.2 can es ima e he )ua,i y o3 he 3rac iona, ,oaded 3re)uency p,an. NPSC7 +!+ can make he channe, a,,oca ion 3or a 3rac iona, ,oaded ne +ork.
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/!
SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y
2he goa, in he se,ec ion o3 he hopping s ra egy is o maDimise he e33ec iveness o3 3re)uency hopping in order o achieve a ma<imum capacity andCor quality gain. 2he basic re)uiremen 3or he maDimum (* gain is o make sure ha eac8 cell 8a4 a 4u55icient num9er o5 5requencie4 in t8e 8opping 4equence. <)ua,,y impor an is ha a good 3re)uency p,an minimising he in er3erence can be produced. 2he 6TS 8ardware may severe,y re4trict he possibi,i ies. /econd genera ion base s a ions are on,y capab,e o3 @@ hopping. 2he 2a,k 3ami,y %3 rd gen' base s a ions suppor a,so $( hopping0 bu on,y i3 +ide band combiners %A(<' are used. 2he ma<imum TR7 con5iguration4 +hich can be used +i h di33eren hopping modes %combiners' and hopping schemes %maDimum 2$6 amoun s under he same @C(' can easi,y become a,so res ric ing 3ac ors. 2he amount o5 antenna4 and an enna 3eeder ca9le4 can be a ,imi ing 3ac or. Ai h A(< combiner0 abou hree imes more an ennas are re)uired han +i h $2C combiner. 2he u i,isa ion o3 $( hopping is pre3erab,e i3 downlink power control is used. 9n @@ hopping he .= PC causes drama ic changes in .= 3ie,d s reng h as some o3 he burs s are ransmi ed by he 3u,, po+er @CC* 2$6 and he res o3 he burs s by ,o+ po+er 2$6s. 2he mobi,e receivers canno o,era e )uick changes o3 3ie,d s reng h resu, ing o poor .= )ua,i y. 2o avoid his prob,em he maDimum po+er reduc ion 3or .= PC in conFunc ion +i h @@ hopping shou,d be ,imi ed o 10 C 1: d@. 2his ,imi a ion is ,ike,y o reduce he achievab,e gain 3rom .= PC. As in conven iona, ne +ork0 he success3u, imp,emen a ion o3 $( hopping +i h 3rac iona, ,oading re)uires a good 3re)uency p,an ha minimises he in er3erence in he ne +ork. >sua,,y he bes resu, s can be achieved +i h a he,p o3 a 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo,. *o+ever0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion is no possib,e 3or 3rac iona,,y ,oaded ne +orks i3 he 5requency allocation tool doesnE 4upport 3rac iona, ,oading. (or NP//6 his suppor is avai,ab,e in version 3.3. 2here is0 ho+ever0 one specia, case o3 $( hopping +i h 3rac iona, ,oading ha doesnE re)uire any 3re)uency p,anning a a,,. 9n his 4ingle )A-li#t 4c8eme a,, he 3re)uencies are a,,oca ed o every ce,, so ha he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse is 1. 9n many cases his scheme may no provide he bes possib,e gains0 bu he gain compared o a non;hopping ne +ork is s i,, signi3ican as veri3ied in a ria, ha +as conduc ed in a rea, ne +ork. 93 he 3re)uency band is eD reme,y ,imi ed0 he app,ica ion o3 a sing,e $;-list may be he on,y sensib,e +ay o imp,emen (*0 because i a,+ays provides he maDimum number o3 3re)uencies o hop over in every ce,,. Ano her possibi,i y is o u i,ise 5requency 48aring arrangemen . 9n his scheme a,, he ce,,s o3 one si e share he same $;-list in a con ro,,ed manner so ha in er3erence be +een he ce,,s o3 he same si e can be avoided. (re)uency sharing makes i possib,e o have enough hopping 3re)uencies in every ce,, +i hou a need o u i,ise 3rac iona, ,oading. 2hus0 he 3re)uency p,anning is possib,e +i h oo,s ha donE suppor 3rac iona, ,oading. 2he main 3ac ors a33ec ing he decision o3 he 3re)uency hopping s ra egy are presen ed in (igure 4 ;1!.
BTS generation /rd gen5 only Co ;iner t0pe & A ount of antenna# ;F% Ea#0 planning preferred over aBi u capacit0 (es
,nd gen5 BB $+ u#ed on the cell# having ore than 2 T"*# aB ? T"* & cell with "TC or 12 T"* with A$E &o )aBi u gain fro (E PC re/uired (es Planning tool #upport# $+ and fractional loading (es "$ $+ with fre/uenc0 #haring %no fractional loading' aB 12 T"* & #iteC %under the #a e BC$' &o (es "$ $+ with fre/uenc0 allocation reu#e 3 D > aB 12 T"* & cell
R'"
&o )in T"* configuration &o , 'R+Acell
/ 'R+Acell or more
"$ $+ with fre/uenc0 allocation reu#e 1 %7#ingle )A li#t #che e' aB 12 T"* & #iteC %under the #a e BC$'
F712 T"*#&#ite configuration# (es
(igure 4;1!. (,o+ char 3or hopping s ra egy decision.
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$!
FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET0OR,S
(re)uency hopping re)uires some ne+ considera ions in he 3re)uency p,anning process. 2his is especia,,y impor an i3 he $( hopping +i h 3rac iona, ,oading is used. 2he 3re)uency p,anning o3 3rac iona,,y ,oaded ne +orks re)uires specia, a en ion o he ,oad con ro,. On he o her hand0 he $( hopping a,,o+s some ne+ p,anning concep s ,ike 3re)uency sharing and he con ro, over 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse +hi,e he e33ec ive reuse in he ne +ork remains he same. 'arge TR7 con5iguration4 make 9a4e9and 8opping 3easib,e. 9n order o achieve a proper 3re)uency hopping gain0 a minimum o5 t8ree TR74 in a ce,, shou,d be used +i h he baseband hopping H2un!7I. 2he bene3i o3 he baseband hopping is ha he 2C*s ,oca ed on he @CC* 2$6 are inc,uded in he 3re)uency hopping se)uence. 2he @CC* 3re)uencies have a high 3re)uency reuse in order o guaran ee a success3u, signa,ing and a 3as decoding o3 he base s a ion iden i3ica ion code. 9 is bene3icia, o have his in er3erence 3ree @CC* 3re)uency inc,uded in he hopping se)uence0 because i is ,ike,y o improve he )ua,i y o3 recep ion on he hopping ,ogica, channe,s. 9n 3re)uency planning poin o5 vie+0 he p,anning o3 a 9a4e9and 8opping ne +ork di33ers ,ess han he p,anning o3 a $( hopping ne +ork 3rom he p,anning o3 a con=entional non;hopping ne +ork. 2he main di33erence is ha he 3rac iona, ,oading is no possib,e +hen he baseband hopping is used. @ecause o3 his0 i is possib,e o use he conven iona, 5requency planning tool4 +hen p,anning he baseband hopping ne +ork. *o+ever0 because o3 he in er3erence and 3re)uency diversi y gains0 ,o+er C/9 ra ios and here3ore sma,,er 3re)uency reuse dis ances can be a,,o+ed in he baseband hopping ne +ork compared o a non;hopping ne +ork.
$!
Network Planning Procedure
2he ne +ork p,anning and moni oring process 5or a 9a4e9and 5requency 8opping network is basica,,y t8e 4ame t8an 5or a non;8opping network. 2he p,anning o3 an RF 8opping network can be a little more comple<0 i3 he maDimum capaci y is +an ed o ge ou 3rom he ne +ork. 2he sui ab,e 3re)uency a,,oca ion scheme have o be se,ec ed and he 3re)uency ,oad mus be e)ua,iMed o guaran ee an e)ua, )ua,i y dis ribu ion. 93 a igh 3re)uency a,,oca ion scheme has been chosen hen he e4timation o5 t8e 4u9>ecti=e 4peec8 quality can become a more cha,,enging ask compared o a non;hopping ne +ork. Ahen (* is used he $68ua, dis ribu ion is no anymore comparab,e o he non;hopping ne +ork. NP//6 is an in egra ed so3 +are package 3or he ce,,u,ar ne +ork p,anning deve,oped by Nokia. 9 provides he basic oo,s 3or coverage predic ion0 3re)uency a,,oca ion and in er3erence ana,ysis. 2he propaga ion mode,ing is based on digi a, maps presen ing bo h he errain ype in3orma ion and he heigh da a o3 he arge area. Avai,ab,e propaga ion mode,s inc,ude Okumura;*a a0 #uu,;Nyho,m0 Aa,3ish;9kegami and a ray; racing mode,. 2he ray; racing mode, is speci3ica,,y 3or microce,, p,anning and i is avai,ab,e in NP//6 version 3.2. NPSC7 =er4ion4 9e5ore =er4ion +!% don-t include any 5requency 8opping 4peci5ic 4upport . Ne+ versions ca,,ed NP//6 3.2 and 3.3 have some ne+ 3unc iona,i ies o make he 3re)uency p,anning and he )ua,i y ana,ysis an easier ask0 see Chap er :.2. (igure :;20. Ne +ork p,anning and moni oring process.
Capacit0 Capacit0Planning Planning &)6+ &)6+ &etdim &etdim & &D D &$6A,... &$6A,...
)onitoring )onitoring & &D D
&)6A+ &)6A+/5/ /5/ $re/uenc0 $re/uenc0Planning Planning
)lan%dit )lan%dit " "D D Para Para eter eterPlanning Planning
$!%
Frequency Planning Procedure wit8 NPSC7
NP//6 versions be3ore version 3.2 donE inc,ude any 3re)uency hopping speci3ic suppor . *o+ever0 since he 3re)uency hopping doesnE a33ec he propaga ion0 he co=erage planning phase i4 not di55erent +hen p,anning 3re)uency hopping ne +orks compared o non;hopping ne +orks. 9n coverage ,imi ed ce,,s he 3re)uency hopping increases he ce,, coverage area because o3 he 3re)uency diversi y gain. /ince he @CC* ime s,o doesnE hop0 he increa4ed co=erage area mus be dimensioned according to t8e per5ormance o5 6CCH time 4lot ins ead o3 hopping 2C*s0 see Chap er 2.1.:. (or his reason0 he 3re)uency diversi y gain shou,d be considered as a )ua,i y gain in he ce,, border area ra her han a gain increasing he ce,, service area.
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For t8e planning o5 9a4e9and 8opping network4 t8e traditional 5requency allocation and inter5erence analy4i4 tool4 are al4o 4u55icient! .ue o he 3re)uency diversi y and in er3erence diversi y gains he hopping a,,o+s some+ha +orse C/9 ra ios compared o a non;hopping ne +ork. 2his can be aken in o accoun +hen se ing parame ers 3or he 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo, ,eading o a igh er 3re)uency p,an. Ahen ana,ysing he resu, ing p,an0 higher in er3erence ,eve,s can be o,era ed. Frequency 8opping 4peci5ic planning tool 4upport i4 needed w8en RF 8opping wit8 5ractional loading i4 u4ed! (rac iona, ,oading means ha a ce,, is a,,oca ed +i h more 3re)uencies han here are 2$6s. 2he quality prediction tool in NPSC7 +!% es ima es he do+n,ink $68>A= 3or every piDe, in he +ork area. 2hese va,ues can be disp,ayed in he digi a, map using di33eren co,ours 3or par icu,ar $68>A= ,eve,s. (rom he map over,ay he areas po en ia,,y su33ering 3rom in er3erence can be easi,y iden i3ied. 2o make he comparison be +een di33eren p,ans easier0 a s a is ics +indo+ is a,so imp,emen ed. 2his +indo+ presen s he dis ribu ion o3 predic ed $68>A= va,ues in he +ork area. 2he predic ion is based on he C/9 ra io ha is ca,cu,a ed by using he 3ie,d s reng hs o3 he serving carrier and he in er3ering carriers. 2he corresponding Bit Error Ratio %@<$' is de ermined 3rom he ca,cu,a ed C/9 ra io. 2he ca,cu,a ions ake he .26 3ac or and he ,oad 3ac or in o accoun +here appropria e. Ahen he @<$ 3or he piDe, is ca,cu,a ed i is conver ed o $68>A= va,ue according o he mapping speci3ied in -/1 speci3ica ions H-/1 0:.0"I. 2he inpu parame ers needed 3or he ca,cu,a ion are he 3re)uencies a,,oca ed 3or he ce,,s0 he .26 3ac or and he b,ocking probabi,i y 3or each ce,,. @o h 9a4e 9and and RF 8opping mode4 are 4upported. Note0 ha he 3re)uency a,,oca ion 3or a 3rac iona, ,oaded ne +ork is no suppor ed in NP//6 3.2.
(igure :;21. <Damp,e ou pu 3rom he $68>A= predic ion oo,.
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(igure :;22. $68>A= s a is ics +indo+. NPSC7 +!+ +i,, inc,ude a ne+ 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo,0 +hich is capab,e o3 a,,oca ing 3re)uencies u i,ising ,o+ 3re)uency reuse and 3rac iona, ,oading. A,so he 1A9O 1anagemen can be aken in o a use. 2he 1A ,is ,eng hs can be de3ined manua,,y in ce,, basis0 or NP//6 can de3ine hem au oma ica,,y by a cer ain cri eria. A3 er he 1A ,is ,eng h has been chosen he a,,oca ion a,gori hm ries o produce an op ima, a,,oca ion. 9n high in er3ered areas ,onger 1A ,is ,eng hs can be ried o average he in er3erence. A,so he ne +ork simu,a or o3 NP//6 3.3 inc,udes a suppor 3or (*.
Capacit0 Capacit0 e#ti e#ti ation5 ation5 cell cell;a#i# ;a#i# Spectru Spectru and and+G +G con#traint# con#traint#
$re/uenc0 $re/uenc0 re/uire re/uire ent# ent# Planning Planning concept concept deci#ion deci#ion
Net(i & NPS&*

E#ti E#ti ation ationof of needed needednu nu ;er ;er of offre/uencie# fre/uencie#
-)C & C(G & N(G

Hualit0 Hualit0Anal0#i# Anal0#i# Auto atic Auto atic Para Para eter etertuning tuning
NPS&* 3.3
Coverage Coveragedata data Interference Interference Cali;ration Cali;rationTool Tool Neigh;our Neigh;ourcell cell ea#ure ea#ure ent# ent#with with GPA GPAtool tool Auto Auto atic aticinterferer interferer generation generationfor forI,I,-
Interference Interference atriB atriB generation generation
Planning Planningof ofother other para eter# para eter#
$re/uenc0 $re/uenc0 Allocation Allocation
(igure :;23. (re)uency a,,oca ion procedure.
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$!+ Frequency Reu4e on Frequency Hopping Network
/ince he 3re)uency band is a,+ays ,imi ed0 he 3re)uencies have o be reused in he ne +ork. As he reuse dis ance becomes sma,,er0 here are more 3re)uencies avai,ab,e 3or each ce,,. @ecause each 2$6 in a ce,, re)uires a uni)ue 3re)uency0 he capaci y po en ia, o3 a ce,, is increased0 as here are more 3re)uencies avai,ab,e 3or each ce,,. *o+ever0 +hen he reuse dis ance becomes sma,, enough0 a,, he 3re)uencies avai,ab,e 3or he ce,, canno be u i,ised because o3 oo severe in er3erence in he ce,, border areas. (or a conven iona, non;hopping ne +ork his is he prac ica, 3re)uency reuse ,imi . 2he @@ hopping ne +ork has his same ,imi 0 bu because o3 3re)uency hopping gain0 some+ha ,o+er reuse dis ances are a,,o+ed be3ore he )ua,i y reaches he minimum accep ab,e ,imi . 2he advan age o3 $( hopping is ha he 3re)uency reuse dis ance can be se as ,o+ as +an ed. 2his can be done0 because a $( hopping ce,, can use more 3re)uencies han here are 2$6s ins a,,ed. 2his means ha he used 3re)uencies are on,y 3rac iona,,y ,oaded as presen ed in /ec ion :.4.3. (or a 3rac iona,,y ,oaded $( hopping ne +ork0 +o reuse 3igures have o be de3ined. 2hese are e55ecti=e reu4e and 5requency allocation reu4e . 2hey are presen ed in he 3o,,o+ing sec ions.
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).3.1
Effective Re!se
2he e33ec ive reuse is essen ia,,y he same as he conven iona, 3re)uency reuse dis ance. 9 is ca,cu,a ed as
Reff =
7 fre
s,:,
7 ,R1ave
% :.1 '
+here5 Reff G e33ec ive reuse 7fre s,:, G o a, number o3 used 3re)uencies 7,R1ave G average number o3 2$6s in a ce,, /ince he e33ec ive reuse akes he ac ua, number o3 3re)uencies oge her +i h he number o3 2$6s in o accoun 0 i can be a,so used as a capaci y indeD0 provided ha he 2$6s can be ,oaded a ,eas o he hard b,ocking ,imi as presen ed in /ec ion :.4.2. 2he sma,,er he e33ec ive reuse0 he higher he capaci y in erms o3 he number o3 2C*s provided by one 3re)uency in he ne +ork.
).3.2
#re !ency (llocation Re!se 4R# #H only5
(re)uency a,,oca ion reuse indica es ho+ c,ose,y he 3re)uencies are ac ua,,y reused in a ne +ork. 2hus0 i indica es he severi y o3 a +ors case C/9 in he ce,, border. 9 is ca,cu,a ed as
#'R =
+here5
7 fre 7 fre
s,:, s / )'
% :.2 '
#'R G 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse 7fre s,:, G o a, number o3 used 3re)uencies 7fre s4)' G average number o3 3re)uencies in $;-lists
93 he ne +ork doesnE u i,ise 3rac iona, ,oading0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse is he same as he e33ec ive reuse. <Damp,e o3 he reuse ca,cu,a ions 3or he 3rac iona,,y ,oaded $( hopping ne +ork is presen ed in (igure : ;24.
$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e Effective "eu#e
EBa ple<
3 3 1 1 2
Total : of fre/# 7 36
2 3 1 2
16 fre/uencie# & cell 8 T"*I# & cell
$A" 7 36&16 7 3 Eff.reu#e 7 36&8 7@.>
1&3
Effective "eu#e 7 Total : of fre/uencie#& Nu ;er of T"*# per cell
$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e 7 Total : of fre/uencie# & : of fre/uencie# in )AE

(igure :;24. <Damp,e o3 reuse ca,cu,a ions.
$!/
'oad on Network4 #tili4ing Fractional 'oading ARF FH onlyB
One o3 he mos essen ia, parame ers o3 he 3rac iona,,y ,oaded $( hopping ne +ork is he ,oad. 2he ,oad on he 3re)uencies is he mos impor an one since i de ermines he probabi,i y o3 co,,isions. Co,,ision means ha he serving ce,, and an in er3ering ce,, are ransmi ing a he same 3re)uency a he same ime so ha he po en ia, in er3erence becomes rea,i y.
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).".1 #re !ency 1oad
Ahen designing a ne +ork +i h ,o+ 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse0 he in er3erence sources are very c,ose. <ven a neighboring ce,, may be an in er3erer by sharing a ,eas some o3 he 3re)uencies. 9n ha kind o3 si ua ions he C/9 is very ,o+ +hen he co,,isions occur. 9n order o guaran ee an ade)ua e )ua,i y0 he co,,ision probabi,i y has o be made ,o+. 2he c,oser he in er3erers0 he more in3re)uen he co,,isions mus be in order o main ain a proper )ua,i y. 2he co,,ision probabi,i y depends on he ,oad o3 he hopping 3re)uencies ca,,ed a 3re)uency ,oad. 2he 3re)uency ,oad describes he probabi,i y ha a 3re)uency channe, is used 3or ransmission a one ce,, a one ime. 2he 5requency load is a produc o3 +o o her ,oads5 he average busy hour 2C* occupancy0 +hich shou,d in mos cases be e)ua, o he 8ard 9locking load ha is presen ed in /ec ion :.4.20 and he 5ractional load ha is presen ed in /ec ion :.4.3. 2he 3re)uency ,oad can be +ri en as
0 fre = 0 H@ 0 frac 0
+here5 0fre G 3re)uency ,oad 0H@ G he busy hour average hard b,ocking ,oad 0frac G 3rac iona, ,oad
% :.3 '
<ach 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse corresponds o a di33eren C/9 a he ce,, border0 hus re)uiring a di33eren maDimum a,,o+ed 3re)uency ,oad in order o keep he co,,ision probabi,i y ,o+ enough.
).".2
Hard Bloc.ing 1oad
*ard b,ocking means ha a,, he avai,ab,e ra33ic channe,s in he ce,, are in use and a,, he ne+ ca,, a emp s 3ai, because o3 he ,ack o3 avai,ab,e ra33ic channe,s. 93 i is assumed ha he ca,, a emp s occur random,y0 hen he number o3 ca,, a emp s in a ime in erva, is Poisson dis ribu ed. 93 he ca,, a emp s are Poisson dis ribu ed and he ,eng h o3 he ca,,s is eDponen ia,,y dis ribu ed0 hen he hard b,ocking probabi,i y % ha is a,so kno+n as he grade o3 service' can be ca,cu,a ed by using he <r,ang @ 3ormu,a
, 7 ,CH 7 ,CH P B = 7 ,CH ,n n =0 n P
% :.4 '
whereA B G hard b,ocking probabi,i y , G o33ered ra33ic %<r,' 7,CH G number o3 2C*s in he ce,, 9n order no o eDceed he prede3ined hard b,ocking probabi,i y0 he average busy hour 2C* occupancy may no eDceed he hresho,d de3ined by he o33ered ra33ic a he desired b,ocking probabi,i y and he number o3 2C*s. Ahen de ermining he hard b,ocking ,oad0 on,y he non;@CC* 2$6s shou,d be considered as i,,us ra ed in (igure : ;2:. 2ha Es because he @CC* 2$6 is non;hopping in $( hopping ce,, and he ca,cu,a ion o3 he ,oads is on,y re,evan in so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork. Curren ,y so3 b,ocking ,imi ed @@ hopping ne +orks shou,d no be designed because o3 he ,ack o3 he ga ekeeper a,gori hm0 +hich prohibi s he ini ia,isa ion o3 ne+ ca,,s i3 he ,oad in he ne +ork is abou o eDceed he ,oad hresho,d a he so3 b,ocking ,imi . 2he hard b,ocking ,oad is ca,cu,a ed as
0H@ =
,hop,CH 7 hop,CH
% :.: '
+here5 0H@ G hard b,ocking ,oad ,hop,CH G average number o3 used 2C*s in he busy hour 7hop,CH G o a, number o3 2C*s in he hopping 2$6s
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Eoad on the BCC+ T"* not con#idered5 #ince the BCC+ fre/uencie# are planned #eparatel0
@> J
2> J
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3 T"*-8
B""H '"H '"H '"H
6 ""H 6 ""H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
f1 f25f35f8 f35f85f2 f85f25f3
'"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H
Active #lot#
E pt0 #lot#
!"#$%&''()%
'ype#nit!r epartmentHere 'ype(our&ameHere 'ype ateHere 2he average busy hour 2C* ,oad0 as de3ined in <)ua ion %:.:'0 can be used as he maDimum 2C* occupancy. 9n rea,i y0
(igure :;2:. *ard b,ocking ,oad o3 7:N on $( hopping 2$6s.
here are imes +hen he 2C* occupancy is over he busy hour average 0H@. *o+ever his happens random,y and since he 0H@ ,imi is an average here is abou an e)ua, ime in +hich he ,oad is ,ess han he 0H@. 93 he o33ered ra33ic is Poisson dis ribu ed0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion can be )ui e sa3e,y dimensioned by using he 0H@ as he maDimum 2C* occupancy. 9n an environmen +here he o33ered ra33ic is kno+n no o be random,y genera ed0 a higher 3igure shou,d be used.
).".3
#ractional 1oad
(rac iona, ,oading means ha he ce,, has been a,,oca ed more 3re)uencies han here are 2$6s as i,,us ra ed in (igure : ;2&. 2his is on,y possib,e 3or $( hopping 2$6s. 2he 3rac iona, ,oading is very use3u, +hen he number o3 2$6s is ,o+. @y u i,ising 3rac iona, ,oading0 i is possib,e o provide enough 3re)uencies o hop over % o ge (* gain' o even a ce,, +i h Fus one hopping 2$6. (rac iona, ,oad can be ca,cu,a ed as
0 frac =
+here5
7 ,R1 7 fre s / cell
% :.& '
0frac G 3rac iona, ,oad 7,R1 G number o3 2$6s in a ce,, 7fre s4cell G number o3 3re)uencies a,,oca ed o a ce,, %$;-list ,eng h'
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3 T"*-8
B""H
f1 f25 f35 f85 f>5 f? f25 f35 f85 f>5 f? f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?
Active #lot#
E pt0 #lot#
$rac. load 7 3&> 7 6.?
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(igure :;2&. (rac iona, ,oad o3 0.&. 9n a so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork he 3rac iona, ,oad is used o une he 3re)uency ,oad do+n o a desired ,eve,0 +hich is de ermined by he used 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse.
$!$
Trunking E55ect and E55ecti=e Reu4e
(or Poisson dis ribu ed ca,, a emp s0 i is charac eris ic ha he hard b,ocking ,oad providing he same b,ocking probabi,i y increases as he number o3 ra33ic channe,s increases as presen ed in (igure : ;27. 2his is ca,,ed runking e33ec . (or a hard b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork his is a rea, gain since he ne +ork is ab,e o serve more ra33ic +i h he same grade o3 service and he same e33ec ive reuse. *o+ever0 3or a so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork u i,ising 3rac iona, ,oading he runking e33ec doesnE provide any gain. As he hard b,ocking ,oad increases0 he 3rac iona, ,oad mus be decreased in order o keep he 3re)uency ,oad and hus he co,,ision probabi,i y accep ab,e. .ecreasing he 3rac iona, ,oad is done by adding more 3re)uencies han 2$6s o he ce,,s. 2his has a direc e33ec on he e33ec ive reuse. 2he e33ec ive reuse can be re+ri en as
Reff =
7 fre
s,:,
7 ,R1
7 fre 7 fre
s,:, s / )'
7 fre
s / )'
7 ,R1
#'R 0 frac
% :.7 '
<)ua ion %:.7' sho+s he 3iDed re,a ion be +een he e33ec ive and 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuses and he 3rac iona, ,oad. 2he re)uired increase in he e33ec ive reuse in a so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork as he runking e33iciency increases is presen ed in (igure : ;2". 9 shou,d be no ed ha a, hough he e33ec ive reuse increases0 he number o3 3re)uencies re)uired o hand,e a cer ain amoun o3 ra33ic s ays cons an . 2he e33ec ive reuse doesnE ake he runking e33iciency in o accoun .
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*..5. =
8.5. =
2.5. = TC+ occupanc0 at the hard ;locking li it
-.5. =
1.5. = Hard bloc>ing prob5 7= 7.5. = Hard bloc>ing prob5 ,= Hard bloc>ing prob5 *= 0.5. =
/.5. =
,.5. =
*.5. =
.5. = *8 ,, ,2 /* /0 0/ 77 72 1-8 2, 22 8* 80 Nu ;er of TC+K# *.. * 0 *. */ *1 ,7 /0. 01 08 7, 1* 10 -. -/ -1 27 8-
(igure :;27. Average busy hour 2C* occupancy a he hard b,ocking ,imi .
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*,
**
*.
effective reu#e
F;R * (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load -37= (trialed)) F;R * (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load -37= (trialed)) F;R /517 (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed)) F;R /517 (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed)) F;R / (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated)) F;R / (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))
7 , / 0 7 1 T"*K#&cell 2 8 *. ** *,
(igure :;2". 9ncrease o3 re)uired e33ec ive reuse on a so3 b,ocking ,imi ed ne +ork due o he be er runking e33iciency on bigger ce,, con3igura ions.
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$!1
Frequency &llocation Strategie4
Ahen preparing 3or a 3re)uency a,,oca ion0 some decisions have o be made concerning he +an ed 5requency allocation reu4e and t8e corre4ponding 5requency load. A,so0 i mus be decided +he her o use a separa e 3re)uency band 3or he @CC* carriers or use a common band 3or bo h he @CC* and he norma, 2C* 2$6s.
).*.1
BCCH (llocation
2he @CC* carriers are specia, in a sense ha he ransmission o he do+n,ink direc ion is cons an and a,+ays ac ive on hem. 2here are +o basic approaches in he @CC* a,,oca ion. 2he @CC* 3re)uencies may be a,,oca ed 3rom a 4eparate dedicated 5requency 9and or he 3re)uencies 3or he @CC* 2$6s and he 2C* 2$6s %2$6s no carrying he @CC*' may be a,,oca ed 3rom one common 9and. @o h approaches have been simu,a ed 3or 3re)uency hopping ne +ork in HBro!7I. 9n his simu,a ion0 he used 3re)uency band +as 27 3re)uencies corresponding o :.4 1*M. (or t8e dedicated 9and 4trategy 12 3re)uencies +ere dedica ed o he @CC* 2$6s and he remaining 1: 3re)uencies +ere used as 2C* 3re)uencies0 +hich +ere a,,oca ed by using a s,o+ 'daptive Channel 'llocation %ACA' a,gori hm presen ed in HA,m!&I. 9n he common 9and ca4e0 he @CC* 3re)uencies +ere 3irs a,,oca ed by using a reuse o3 27. 2he ACA a,gori hm +as hen used o se,ec he 2C* 3re)uencies 3or each ce,,. 2he @CC* 3re)uencies +ere no changed during his procedure. 9n bo h cases hree di33eren 2$6 con3igura ions +ere simu,a ed. 2he ce,,s had 30 4 or : 2C* 2$6s depending on he case. 9n every case0 he average reuse is he same in bo h s ra egies0 so he resu, s are easi,y comparab,e. 9n he simu,a ion0 he signa, po+ers +ere averaged over a period o3 0.4" seconds. .uring his period0 a,, he 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence have been used severa, imes. 2hus0 he 3as 3ading can be assumed o have been removed by averaging. 2he s,o+ 3ading +as assumed o be cons an over he averaging period. @o h0 he co;channe, and he adFacen channe, in er3erence +ere considered. 2he simu,a ed hopping mode +as random @@ hopping. (re)uency diversi y e33ec +as no considered. 2he used in er3erence ,imi ed ne +ork consis ed o3 10" ce,,s in hree sec orised con3igura ion having a radius o3 1 km. 2he mobi,es +ere random,y genera ed and s a ic. Po+er con ro, and .26 +ere used in he bo h direc ions. 2he sys em per3ormance +as measured by de ermining he 10 percen C!m!lative $istri*!tion #!nction %C.(' va,ue o3 he C/9 ra io. 2he ,oad measure +as de3ined as he number o3 served users per ce,, using he ime s,o one. 2he up,ink per3ormance as a 3unc ion o3 served ra33ic is presen ed in (igure : ;2!. 9 can be seen ha he common band s ra egy per3orms be er. 2he improvemen is 1;2 d@. 2he more uni3orm reuse provided by he common band s ra egy is more e33ec ive0 because he con inuous ransmission on he @CC* 2$6s is on,y emp,oyed in do+n,ink direc ion. 2he @CC* reuse o3 12 3orces he reuse on he 2C* 2$6s o be very igh . 2his is unnecessary in up,ink direc ion since he ,oad is abou he same on he @CC* and 2C* 2$6s. T8e common 9and 4trategy i4 9etter w8en t8e uplink i4 con4idered . *o+ever0 t8e uplink i4 not u4ually t8e limiting link in in er3erence ,imi ed ne +orks0 since an enna diversi y is norma,,y u i,ised a base s a ions. 2he do+n,ink per3ormance on he 2C* 2$6s as a 3unc ion o3 served ra33ic is presen ed in (igure : ;30. (or a downlink direction t8e dedicated 9and4 4trategy i4 4uperior . 2he improvemen is on he order o3 1;: d@ depending on he ra33ic ,oad. 2he degrada ion o3 he C/9 ra io is )ui e s,o+ as he ra33ic ,oad increases in common bands case. 2his indica es ha he @CC* ransmi ers are he main in er3erence source. 9 +as a,so sho+n in addi iona, simu,a ions ha he per3ormance gain 5rom t8e power control and t8e "T7 in t8e common 9and 4y4tem4 were 4maller han in corresponding dedica ed band sys ems. 2his happens0 because he @CC* 3re)uencies0 +hich are he domina ing in er3erence source0 canno u i,ise he PC or he .26. 2he do+n,ink per3ormance on he @CC* 2$6s as a 3unc ion o3 served ra33ic is presen ed in (igure : ;31. 2he do+n,ink per3ormance on he @CC* 2$6s is impor an 0 because he ca,, ini ia,isa ion a,+ays s ar s on he @CC* 3re)uency and he @CC* 3re)uencies have o be c,ean enough o guaran ee success3u, decoding o3 he ce,, iden i3ica ion 3or handover purposes. 2he common band s ra egy per3orms c,ear,y be er +hen he ,oad is sma,,. As he ,oad increases on he in er3ering 2C* 2$6s0 he per3ormance degrades rapid,y. 2he dedica ed bands s ra egy provides a very s ab,e behavior as he ra33ic ,oad doesnE have any e33ec on he per3ormance. 9n he dedica ed band case he C/9 o3 he @CC* 3re)uencies in he do+n,ink direc ion is eDc,usive,y de ermined by he used 3re)uency reuse on he @CC* 2$6s. 6ecau4e o5 t8e 4ta9le and ea4ily predicta9le 9e8a=ior on t8e 6CCH 5requencie4 in t8e downlink direction@ t8e dedicated 9and4 4trategy i4 pre5era9le .
(igure :;2!. >= C/9 a he 10 N ,eve,.
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(igure :;30. .= C/9 a he 10 N ,eve,.
(igure :;31. .= C/9 a he 10 N ,eve, on he @CC* 3re)uency. / i,, one0 no common used me hod is o use separa e bu no con inuous band 3or he @CC* 3re)uencies. (or eDamp,e0 every 4 h 3re)uency is a,,oca ed 3or @CC*. 2hus0 adFacen channe, in er3erence is avoided be +een @CC* 3re)uencies. On he o her hand0 2C* band causes adFacen channe, in er3erence 3or he @CC* 3re)uencies and vice versa0 bu he in er3erence migh no be oo signi3ican .
B""H
'"H B""H B '"H
edicated band "ommon band edicated mi@ed band
B""H
(igure :;32. .i33eren @CC* a,,oca ion s ra egies.
'"H
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).*.2 Selecting the Effective Re!se 4BB #H5
Ai h @@ hopping0 he 3rac iona, ,oading canno be u i,ised and he num9er o5 8opping 5requencie4 i4 alway4 t8e 4ame a4 t8e num9er o5 TR74 in a cell0 eDcep 3or 2C*s on he Mero ime s,o s0 +hich a,+ays have one hopping 3re)uency ,ess han he o her 2C*s. 2hus0 in a @@ hopping ne +ork he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse a,+ays e)ua,s he e33ec ive reuse in he ne +ork. /ince 3re)uency and in er3erence diversi y gains signi3ican ,y depend on he number o3 hopping 3re)uencies0 i is recommended o have a lea4t t8ree 8opping 5requencie4 a4 a minimum con5iguration. 93 he ce,, 2$6 con3igura ions are sma,,er han ha 0 @@ (* is no recommended o be used. 9n ha case0 $( (* or 9>O migh o33er a be er so,u ion o increase he capaci y. @e3ore making he ac ua, 3re)uency p,an by using he 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo, ,ike NP//60 an es ima ion o3 he minimum e33ec ive reuse migh be needed0 3or eDamp,e in endering phase. 2he 3o,,o+ing (igure : ;33 gives an es ima ion o3 an app,icab,e reuse compared o he si ua ion be3ore imp,emen ing @@ (*. (or eDamp,e0 i3 +e have in he non;hopping ne +ork reuse 1:0 a3 er imp,emen ing @@ (* +i h 4 2$6 average con3igura ion per ce,,0 +e end up o reuse !. 2he bigger is he 2$6 con3igura ion0 he sma,,er reuse +e can use0 since he reuse is dependen on he number o3 hopping 3re)uencies %G2$6s +i h @@ (*'.
$9& %ffective Reuses with different 'R+ configurations in BB FH case ,. *2 *1 *0 *, *. 2 1 0 , . / 1 8 *, *7 *2 !riginal reuse
&ew reuse
&o FH / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1 'R+
(igure :;33. <33ec ive reuse a3 er imp,emen ing @@ (*.
).*.3
Selecting the #re !ency (llocation Re!se and the #re !ency 1oad 4R# #H5
93 he $( hopping is used0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse has a grea impac on he re)uired 3rac iona, ,oad and hus0 on he number o3 3re)uencies a,,oca ed o each ce,,. Ai h @@ hopping0 he 3rac iona, ,oading canno be u i,ised and he number o3 hopping 3re)uencies is a,+ays he same as he number o3 2$6s in a ce,,0 eDcep 3or 2C*s on he Mero ime s,o s0 +hich a,+ays have one hopping 3re)uency ,ess han he o her 2C*s. 2hus0 in a @@ hopping ne +ork he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse a,+ays e)ua,s he e33ec ive reuse in he ne +ork. /ince 3re)uency and in er3erence diversi y gains signi3ican ,y depend on he number o3 hopping 3re)uencies0 i is impor an o ensure ha each ce,, has enough hopping 3re)uencies. 93 he ce,, 2$6 con3igura ions are sma,,0 RF 8opping wit8 5ractional loading makes i possib,e o s i,, pro=ide 4u55icient num9er o5 8opping 5requencie4 to t8e cell4 even wit8 4mall TR7 con5iguration4. (rac iona, ,oading reduces he average channe, u i,isa ion in he ne +ork0 hus reducing he probabi,i y ha in er3erence +i,, occur0 making i possib,e o signi3ican ,y decrease he 3re)uency reuse dis ance. 2he average channe, u i,isa ion is a,so kno+n as 3re)uency ,oad as eDp,ained in /ec ion :.4.1. 2he re,a ionship be +een he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse dis ance and he corresponding maDimum 3re)uency ,oad is i,,us ra ed in (igure : ;34.
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 8 2 8 2 2 8 2 8 1 > @ 2 3 ? 1 @ 2 8 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 3
1 3 1
3 1 3
2 8 3
1 > @
$A"
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
)aB. fre/uenc0 load
AJ
36J
86LJ
@6LJ
(igure :;34. $e,a ionship be +een 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse and maDimum a,,o+ed 3re)uency ,oad in he ne +ork. A good approach is 3irs o determine t8e num9er o5 5requencie4 to 8op o=er in eac8 cell . 2o maDimise he 3re)uency and in er3erence diversi y gains0 i is recommended o use at lea4t 5our 5requencie4 in (&;li4t4. 2his is ,ike,y o re)uire 3rac iona, ,oading0 especia,,y i3 he 2$6 con3igura ions in he ce,,s are sma,,. (rac iona, ,oading means ha he 3re)uencies are no con inuous,y used0 +hich a,,o+s he reuse o3 he same 3re)uency c,oser. 2hus0 as he 3rac iona, ,oad decreases0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse mus be igh ened o main ain he same e33ec ive reuse. 2he re,a ion be +een he e33ec ive reuse0 3rac iona, ,oad and he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse is presen ed in <)ua ion %:.3'. *o+ever0 i is bene3icia, o avoid big di33erences in he 3re)uency ,oads caused by each ce,,. I5 t8e 5requency load acro44 t8e network i4 kept relati=ely con4tant t8en t8e inter5erence will 9e di4tri9uted more e=enly in t8e network. 9n prac ice0 he ne +ork ,ayou and he surrounding environmen have a signi3ican e33ec on he highes possib,e 3re)uency ,oad. *igh,y irregu,ar ne +ork ,ayou makes i very di33icu, o 3ind a good 3re)uency a,,oca ion ha minimises in er3erence in a,, par s o3 he ne +ork. 9n ha case0 i migh be necessary o res ric he maDimum 3re)uency ,oad in order o keep in er3erence accep ab,e. -enera,,y0 in dense propaga ion environmen s such as microce,,s0 he pa h ,oss s,ope is s eeper. 2his na ura,,y reduces in er3erence as he dis an in er3erers are a enua ed more. 2hus0 in hese cases some+ha higher 3re)uency ,oad may be possib,e. 2his doesnE necessari,y app,y o 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse o3 10 since in ha case he +ors in er3erers are he c,oses neighbors. On he ce,, border he in er3erence coming 3rom he neighboring ce,, a enua es Fus as much as he signa, 3rom he serving ce,, regard,ess o3 he pa h ,oss s,ope. @ecause o3 his0 i is no possib,e o ob ain signi3ican gain 3rom increased pa h ,oss s,ope and i migh no be possib,e o increase he 3re)uency ,oad. T8e recommended approac8 i4 to 4tart wit8 a low 5requency load and t8en increa4e it gradually until t8e quality t8re48old i4 reac8ed! 9mpor an is a,so o ensure ha he e33ec ive reuse is no oo ,o+ o ensure a good )ua,i y. 2he 3o,,o+ing 2ab,e con ains an eDamp,e o3 choosing he righ (.A. reuse scheme o give he bes capaci y gain. As can be seen0 he bes capaci y is go +i h he (.A. reuses 2;:. T8e minimum e55ecti=e reu4e and ma<imum 5requency load =alue4 are 4till under 5urt8er con4ideration! T8ey mig8t 9e too optimi4tic 5or 4ome en=ironment4D 2ab,e &. =imi s 3or he e33ec ive reuse and he 3re)uency ,oad va,ues +i h di33eren 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuses.
%@ampleE ,* frequencies $.A. reu#e )A li#t length )in. Eff. reu#e * ,*5. 257 , *.57 -57 / -5. 0 75/ 157 7 05, -57 1 /57 257 /5. *.57 2 ,51 *, 8 ,5/ */
)aB. $re/. load 2= ,.= /.= 0.= 7.= 77= 1.= 17= -.=
Traffic %Erl' */50 *152 *152 *152 *152 *750 *050 */5*/5*
TC+# ,* ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,/ ,, ,* ,.
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).*." #re !ency Sharing ,y 8sing +(I9 +anagement 4R# #H only5
2he 1A9O managemen makes i possib,e o share he same 1A;,is be +een he ce,,s o3 he same $( hopping si e +i hou co; or adFacen channe, co,,isions. 2his can be done by u i,ising he user de3inab,e 1A9O o33se and 1A9Os ep parame ers presen ed in /ec ions 1.& and 1.7. (&IOOFFSET 8elp4 to a=oid t8e inter5erence 9etween t8e cell4 in4ide t8e 4ite@ w8erea4@ (&IO STEP a=oid4 t8e inter5erence in4ide t8e cell! 2he ce,, ,eve, 1A9Oo33se parame er de3ines he 1A9Os 3or he 3irs 2$6s in each ce,,. 2he remaining 2$6s are given 1A9Os according o he <)ua ion %3.1'. 9n Nokia imp,emen a ion he de3au, 1A9Os ep is 10 bu i +i,, be adFus ab,e a3 er he @/C so3 +are re,ease /7. 2he 3re)uency sharing makes i possib,e 3or a ce,, o hop over a,, he 3re)uencies a,,oca ed o ha si e as presen ed in (igure : ;3:. A,, he ce,,s on a si e share he same 1A;,is . 2hus0 in a case o3 a hree sec orised si e0 he si e can be a,,oca ed hree imes ,ess 3re)uencies and s i,, he number o3 3re)uencies o hop over in a ce,, remains he same. /ince ,ess 3re)uencies are needed per si e0 he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse dis ance can be bigger. 2he bigger reuse dis ance ,eads o ,ess in er3erence0 so he 3rac iona, ,oading is no necessari,y needed.
)A-li#t< 3 ?
3 2
= =
1
3
3 2 1
3 3
? ?
3 2 1
T()A fra e n-1
T()A fra e n
T()A fra e n41
(igure :;3:. 2he princip,e o3 3re)uency sharing. *o+ever0 here are some re)uiremen s ha have o be 3u,3i,,ed. (irs o3 a,,0 he basic re)uiremen is ha he cell4 at one 4ite 8a=e to 9e controlled 9y t8e 4ame 6CF0 so ha hey are 3rame synchronised. Ai h he curren Nokia e)uipmen his re)uiremen ,imi s t8e ma<imum TR7 con5iguration to % TR74 per 4ite. T8e num9er o5 5requencie4 %1A;,is ,eng h' have o be at lea4t equal %e)ua, i3 3rac iona, ,oading is no o be used' to t8e total num9er o5 TR74 in t8e 4ite. 93 he 1A9Os ep parame er is more han one0 even more 3re)uencies are needed. 2he re)uiremen can be 3ormu,a ed as 3o,,o+s
min 7 fre
+here5
s / site
= 7 ,R1 / site )'I:step 0
%:."'
min 7fre s4site G minimum number o3 3re)uencies needed 3or a si e 7,R14site G o a, number o3 2$6s on a si e )'I:step G he va,ue o3 he 1A9Os ep parame er
9n <)ua ion %:."' i is assumed ha he 1A9O separa ion be +een he ce,,s is e)ua, o he used 1A9O s ep. 9n ha case0 he 1A9O o33se parame ers are a,,oca ed as 3o,,o+s
)'I:celln = )'I:step 7 ,R1 / celli

i =1
n 1
%:.!'
+here5 )'I:offset n G 1A9Oo33se 3or he n h ce,, in a si e )'I:step G he va,ue o3 he 1A9Os ep parame er 7,R14cell i G number o3 2$6s in i h ce,, 93 he number o3 3re)uencies is ,ess han min. 7fre s0 hen co; or adFacen channe, in er3erence migh occur. <Damp,e o3 his is presen ed in (igure : ;37. 9n a norma, 3re)uency sharing arrangemen @ t8e goal i4 to minimi4e t8e num9er o5 5requencie4 needed per 4ite 0 so ha he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse dis ance can be kep high. (or his reason0 he 1A9O s ep shou,d be norma,,y 1. 2his shou,d be aken in o accoun in he 3re)uency p,anning process0 because an in race,, adFacen channe, in er3erence shou,d no be a,,o+ed. /ince he 3re)uencies have o be in he increasing order in he 1A;,is 0 he ,is may no con ain adFacen channe,s i3 he 1A9Os ep is 1. 2he ce,,s a one si e have o use he same */N. O her+ise0 co;channe, in er3erence be +een he ce,,s +i,, occur. *o+ever0 he */Ns shou,d be di33eren in in er3ering si es in order o ensure he in er3erence diversi y. An eDamp,e o3 a correc parame er assignmen 3or 3re)uency sharing is i,,us ra ed in (igure : ;3&.
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%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * 1 1 4 1 , 2 8 2 1 3 10 3 1 + 15 + 2 , 20 , 3 . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1-
. 2
/ *
0 2
1* 3
11 +
12 ,
13 1
1+ ,
1, 2
1+
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 3 * 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 + ,
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
T&MA-4RAM'3 -5 * 1 2 3 bcch frequency 1... 4 20 4 4 8 1 8 8 bcch frequency 2 ... 10 4 10 10 bcch frequency 3 ... 15 8 15 15 20 10 20 20 1 15 1 1
+ 8 10 15 20 1 4
, 10 15 20 1 4 8
4 8 10 15 20 1
. 8 10 15 20 1 4
/ 1 4 8 10 15 20
0 8 10 15 20 1 4
1* 10 15 20 1 4 8
11 15 20 1 4 8 10
12 20 1 4 8 10 15
13 4 8 10 15 20 1
1+ 20 1 4 8 10 15
1, 8 10 15 20 1 4
115 20 1 4 8 10
(igure :;3&. <Damp,e o3 3re)uency sharing +hen 1A9Os ep is 1.

%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * 1 1 4 1 1 2 8 2 1 3 10 3 1 + 15 + 2 , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1-
, 3
. +
/ *
0 2
1* 3
11 *
12 1
13 1
1+ 1
1, +
1+
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 3 * 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 + ,
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 8 10 15 1 4 8
, 10 15 1 4 8 10
10 15 1 4 8 10
. 15 1 4 8 10 15
/ 1 4 8 10 15 1
0 8 10 15 1 4 8
1* 10 15 1 4 8 10
11 1 4 8 10 15 1
12 4 8 10 15 1 4
13 4 8 10 15 1 4
1+ 4 8 10 15 1 4
1, 15 1 4 8 10 15
115 1 4 8 10 15
(igure :;37. <Damp,e o3 3re)uency sharing +hen he si e is a,,oca ed +i h oo 3e+ 3re)uencies and co;channe, in er3erence be +een sec ors eDis s. /ince he ce,,s on he same si e share he same 3re)uencies0 a,, he hopping 3re)uencies are ransmi ed in every ce,, on he same si e. 2his has o be aken in o accoun +hen he 3re)uency p,anning is done. 2his can be mode,ed in NP//6 3.2 or o,der by u i,ising po+er dividers so ha he si e has on,y one ce,, having as many 2$6s as here are non;@CC* 2$6s in a,, he sec ors o3 he ac ua, si e. 2he ce,, is dis ribu ed o mu, ip,e an ennas 3orming mu, ip,e sec ors by using po+er dividers. /pecia, care has o be aken o compensa e he ,osses o3 po+er divider. 9n 3re)uency a,,oca ion phase one common in er3erence probabi,i y is de ermined 3or he en ire si e and he si e is hen a,,oca ed one common se o3 3re)uencies ha 3orm he 1A;,is . 2o avoid in er3erence0 he minimum channe, separa ion has o be a ,eas 1. /ince each ce,, has i s o+n @CC*0 he @CC* a,,oca ion has o be done separa e,y +i hou he po+er divider arrangemen . /imu,a ion resu, s o3 he per3ormance o3 a ne +ork u i,ising 3re)uency sharing have been presen ed in HNie!"I. 9n his simu,a ion0 he ne +ork u i,ising 3re)uency sharing a a nomina, reuse o3 3/! +as compared o he $( hopping ne +ork using 1/3 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse a 33 N 3re)uency ,oad. 2he reuse on he @CC* carriers +as 4/12 in bo h cases. 2he served ra33ic +as a,so he same in bo h cases. 2he simu,a ed ne +ork consis ed o3 4" 3; sec orised si es. Po+er con ro, +as u i,ised in .= direc ion0 bu he .26 +as no ac iva ed. .o+n,ink (<$ s a is ics repor ed by each mobi,e every 0.4" seconds 3rom he non;@CC* carriers +ere co,,ec ed 3or ana,ysis. 1obi,e speeds o3 3 km/h and :0 km/h +ere simu,a ed. 2he resu, ing cumu,a ive densi y 3unc ions o3 .= (<$ have been presen ed in (igure : ;3" and (igure : ;3!. 9n bo h mobi,e speeds0 he per3ormance o3 he +o simu,a ed arrangemen s is very simi,ar un i, he (<$ ge s c,ose o 10 N. (or he mobi,e speed o3 3 km/h he percen age o3 (<$ samp,es indica ing (<$ above 1: N is 2 N 3or he 3re)uency sharing case and 3 N 3or he 1/3 reuse case. (or he mobi,e speed o3 :0 km/h0 he corresponding va,ues are abou 1.1 N and 1.: E! T8e di55erence in 5a=or o5 5requency 48aring i4 clear 0 a, hough no drama ic. *o+ever0 as higher (<$ percen ages are s udied0 he di33erence ge s bigger. T8e e55ect o5 t8e mo9ile 4peed on he (<$ dis ribu ion can be c,ear,y seen. As he speed increases o :0 km/h0 he share o3 bo h he ,o+ (<$ percen ages and he high (<$ percen ages increases. T8e 8ig8er mo9ile 4peed pro=ide4 9etter per5ormance again4t 5a4t 5ading . 2his increases he propor ion o3 ,o+ (<$. 2he higher speed a,so means ha he changes caused by s,o+ 3ading are 3as er and t8e a9ility o5 power control to compen4ate t8e 5luctuation4 o5 4ignal 4trengt8 i4 reduced. 2his a,ong +i h he re,a ive,y s,o+ handover a,gori hm causes he propor ion o3 high (<$ o increase a he higher mobi,e speeds. *o+ever0 he mobi,e speed doesnE have signi3ican e33ec on he re,a ive per3ormance o3 he ne +ork u i,ising 3re)uency sharing. 9 may be conc,uded according o his simu,a ion ha he 3re)uency sharing provides be er )ua,i y compared o he 1/3 reuse case.
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* B""H reuse 0A*,3 '"H reuse *A/ B""H reuse < 0A*,3 '"H reuse < /A8 by using $;9!-management
.5*
C($ .5.* .5..* . .5* .5, .5/ .50 .57 $E" .51 .5.52 .58 *
(igure :;3". C.( o3 .= (<$ 3or a mobi,e speed o3 3 km/h.
* B""H reuse 0A*,3 '"H reuse *A/ B""H reuse < 0A*,3 '"H reuse < /A8 by using $;9!-management
.5*
C($ .5.* .5..* . .5* .5, .5/ .50 .57 $E" .51 .5.52 .58 *
(igure :;3!. C.( o3 .= (<$ 3or a mobi,e speed o3 :0 km/h.
).*.)
#re !ency Sharing in the Single +(:list Scheme 4R# #H only5
(re)uency sharing can a,so be used o rea,ise he usage o3 on,y one (&;li4t in t8e ne +orks u i,ising 4ectori4ed 9a4e 4tation con5iguration4. 9n he sing,e 1A;,is scheme a,, he ce,,s use he same se o3 3re)uencies. 93 he ce,,s in one si e use he same 1A;,is s +i hou he 3re)uency sharing 3unc iona,i y0 occasiona, co;channe, co,,isions +i,, happen be +een he ce,,s o3 one si e. Ahen 3re)uency sharing is used0 i can be ensured ha no unnecessary co; or adFacen channe, co,,isions +i,, occur provided ha he ce,,s on he same si e use he same */N. Ahen he sing,e 1A;,is scheme is emp,oyed0 a continuou4 5requency 9and i4 u4ually allocated o he ce,,s. 9n order o avoid in race,, adFacen channe, in er3erence0 he (&IO4tep 48ould 9e 4et to at lea4t %. Pre3erab,y0 even bigger s ep shou,d be used0 especia,,y i3 up,ink po+er con ro, is no in use. @ecause in er3erence be +een he ce,,s o3 he same si e is much ,ess ,ike,y o occur han in race,, in er3erence0 a 4maller c8annel 4eparation can 9e u4ed 9etween t8e cell4 o5 t8e 4ame 4ite . Conse)uen ,y0 he number o3 needed 3re)uencies is reduced. Ahen his possibi,i y is aken in o accoun 0 he <)ua ion %:."' can be re+ri en in more genera, 3orm as 3o,,o+s
min 7 fre
s / site
= ( 7 ,R1 / site 7 cell / site ) )'I:step + 7 cell / site S 0
%:.10'
+here5 min 7fre s4site G minimum number o3 3re)uencies needed 3or a si e 7,R14site G o a, number o3 2$6s on a si e )'I:step G he va,ue o3 he 1A9Os ep parame er 7cell4site G o a, number o3 ce,,s in he si e S G 1A9O separa ion be +een ce,,s A good approach is o se he 1A9O s ep as high as possib,e. *o+ever0 i shou,d be checked ha he re)uiremen presen ed in <)ua ion %:.10' is s i,, 3u,3i,,ed. An eDamp,e o3 a good 1A9O p,an is presen ed in (igure : ;40. 9n his eDamp,e0 he 1A9O separa ion be +een ce,,s is 2 and he 1A9O s ep is se o i s maDimum va,ue0 +hich is 3 in his case. 93 a 1A9O s ep o3 4 +ou,d have been used ins ead0 cons an adFacen channe, in er3erence +ou,d have occurred be +een he second 2$6 o3 sec or one and he 3our h 2$6 o3 sec or hree as sho+n in (igure : ;41.
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%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * * 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + 5 + 2 , 6 , 11 7 + . 8 . * / 9 / / 0 10 0 0 1* 11 1* 3 11 12 11 12 12 13 12 / 13 14 13 / 1+ 15 1+ 1* 1, 1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 * 3 2 1 2 , 3 1 2 . 1* 13
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 3 6 8 10 13 1
, 12 15 2 4 7 10
5 8 10 12 15 3
. 1 4 6 8 11 14
/ 9 12 14 1 4 7
0 10 13 15 2 5 8
1* 4 7 9 11 14 2
11 13 1 3 5 8 11
12 9 12 14 1 4 7
13 9 12 14 1 4 7
1+ 11 14 1 3 6 9
1, 7 10 12 14 2 5
19 12 14 1 4 7
(igure :;40. <Damp,e o3 3re)uency sharing +hen 1A;,is consis s o3 consecu ive 3re)uencies and 1A9O s ep is se o 3.
%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA%
* 1 * *
1 2 1 2
2 3 2 -
3 4 3 2
+ 5 + 2
, 6 , 11
7 +
. 8 . *
/ 9 / /
0 10 0 0
1* 11 1* 3
11 12 11 12
12 13 12 /
13 14 13 /
1+ 15 1+ 1*
1,
1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 * + 2 1 2 3 1 2 / 12 1-
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 3 7 9 11 15 4
, 12 1 3 5 9 13
5 9 11 13 2 6
. 1 5 7 9 13 2
/ 9 13 15 2 6 10
0 10 14 1 3 7 11
1* 4 8 10 12 1 5
11 13 2 4 6 10 14
12 9 13 15 2 6 10
13 9 13 15 2 6 10
1+ 11 15 2 4 8 12
1, 7 11 13 15 4 8
19 13 15 2 6 10
(igure :;41. <Damp,e o3 oo 3e+ 3re)uencies compared o he siMe o3 he 1A9Os ep. O3 en0 i is possib,e o achieve higher in race,, 3re)uency separa ions0 by using bigger 1A9O s ep and by no de3ining he 1A9Oo33se parame ers in increasing order. 93 his approach is used0 he <)ua ions %7."' ; %7.10' are no va,id anymore. 9ns ead0 each con3igura ion shou,d be eva,ua ed case by case. An eDamp,e o3 his approach is presen ed in (igure : ;42. 9n his eDamp,e0 he used 1A9Os ep is & and he re)uired 1A9O separa ion be +een ce,,s is 2. Compared o he eDamp,e in (igure : ;400 a bigger 1A9Os ep can no+ be used +hi,e he number o3 re)uired 3re)uencies is s i,, he same.
%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * * 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + 5 + 2 , 6 , 11 7 + . 8 . * / 9 / / 0 10 0 0 1* 11 1* 3 11 12 11 12 12 13 12 / 13 14 13 / 1+ 15 1+ 1* 1, 1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 2 / 2 1 2 + 3 1 2 * 12
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 5 11 7 3 9 15
, 14 5 1 12 3 9
7 13 9 5 11 2
. 3 9 5 1 7 13
/ 11 2 13 9 15 6
0 12 3 14 10 1 7
1* 6 12 8 4 10 1
11 15 6 2 13 4 10
12 11 2 13 9 15 6
13 11 2 13 9 15 6
1+ 13 4 15 11 2 8
1, 9 15 11 7 13 4
111 2 13 9 15 6
(igure :;42. <Damp,e o3 cus omised 1A9O a,,oca ion.
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1!
R&"IO NET0OR, P&R&(ETERS
2he @// radio ne +ork parame ers re,a ed o 3re)uency hopping are presen ed in 2ab,e 7. 2ab,e 7. (* re,a ed @// radio ne +ork parame ers. ObFec 1A 1A 1A @2/ @2/ @2/ @2/ @2/ @2/ 2$6 Parame er (re)uency 9den i3ica ion o3 1A;,is 2ype o3 1A;,is @2/ is hopping %*OP' *opping se)uence number 1 %*/N1' *opping se)uence number 2 %*/N2' 1A9O o33se 1A9O s ep 9den i3ica ion o3 1A;,is (re)uency %($<8' .escrip ion 1A;,is . >sed +i h $( (* @2/0 maD. &3 3re)uencies per ,is . @CC* 3re)uency mus no be inc,uded in he ,is . 1A;,is iden i3ica ion number in a @/C %1 ; 12"'. (re)uency band o3 he 1A;,is %-/1!000 -/11"000 -/11!00'. 2he hopping mode o3 he @2/ %@@0 $( or N'. *opping se)uence number o3 he hopping group 1. 9n @@ (* 3or he 0 ime s,o s eDcep he @CC* ime s,o and in $( (* a,, he ime s,o s o3 hopping 2$6s %0 ; &3'. *opping se)uence number o3 he hopping group 2. (or he ime s,o s 1;7. @@ (* on,y %0 ; &3'. .e3ines he 1A9O 3or he 3irs 2$6 in he ce,, %0 ; &2'. A,,o+s he sharing o3 he same 1A;,is be +een mu, ip,e sec ors o3 one @2/ +i hou in rasi e co,,isions. /ec ors mus be under he same @C(. $e,evan in $( (* on,y. .e3ines he s ep siMe ha is used +hen he 1A9O is ca,cu,a ed 3or he 2$6s in he ce,,. $e,evan in $( (* on,y. %Avai,ab,e in 6SS2' 1A;,is id number iden i3ying he 1A;,is ha is a,,oca ed o ha @2/. $e,evan in $( (* on,y. Assign a 3re)uency o a 2$6 %-/1!00 1 ; 1240 !7: ; 1023O -/11"00 :12 ; "":O -/11!00 313 ; "10'
2o de3ine a 66;8opping cell he 3o,,o+ing parame ers have o be se 5 @2/ hopping mode %*OP' G @@ *opping se)uence number 1 %*/N1' G 0..&3 %0 3or cyc,ic hopping and 1..&3 3or random se)uences' *opping se)uence number 2 %*/N2' G 0..&3 %0 3or cyc,ic hopping and 1..&3 3or random se)uences' %in mos cases */N1 may e)ua, */N2' (iDed 3re)uencies 3or each 2$6 %($<8' 2o de3ine a RF;8opping cell he 3o,,o+ing parame ers have o be se 5 1A;,is 0 1A;,is 9. and 1A;,is ype mus be de3ined in @/C %maD. &3 3re)uencies' @2/ hopping mode %*OP' G $( *opping se)uence number 1 %*/N1' G 0..&3 %0 3or cyc,ic hopping and 1..&3 3or random se)uences' 1A9O o33se G 0..&2 1A9O s ep G 0..&2 %avai,ab,e in @//7' 1A;,is 9. used by he @2/ G 0..12" E2amples of )'I: offset and )'I: step definitions are presented in Chapter +. 1! Parameter4 5or (&;li4t "e5inition4 in 6SC
)A-li#t escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )A-li#t I(
$obile ;llocation Frequency :ist3 used with RF hopping B'63 ma@5 1/ frequencies5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Dhen B'6 is loc>ed3 if used in a RF hopping B'6 B""H frequency must not be included in the list5 frequency *55*,0 and 8-755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ( "6) 7*,552*. ( "6*8) %B%3%B'3%B9 Frequencies *55*,0 and 8-755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ( "6) 7*,552*. ( "6*8) $;: )arameter Dindow frequency .55*.,/ *E*
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escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE T0pe of )A-li#t escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE 9dentification of a $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist in a B6"5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Read only 9dentification of mobile allocation frequency list *55*,2 %B%3%BR3%B'3%B93%?; $;: 9 *55*,2 $;: )arameter Dindow obFectHinstance 6tring up to *. characters *E* Frequency band of the list5 'he band is either G6$3 "6*8 band5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Read only type of the mobile allocation frequency list G6$3 "63 "6*8 %B%3%B9 Frequency Band in #se G6$3 "6 *2..3 )"6 *8.. $;: )arameter Dindow freqHbandHinHuse .55/ G6$ (.)3 "6 *2.. (*)3 )"6 *8.. (,) "6 or
1!%
6TS 'e=el FH Related Parameter4 ode 'he hopping mode of the B'65 RF and BB hopping cannot be active simultaneously at the same site (B"F)5 B'6 G6$ .05.2 *.575,57 before 60 B'6 site types %,*A F*, and %07A F07E when B'6 is loc>ed B'6 site type %/0A F/0E when B"F and B'6 are loc>ed B'6 site type %,*A F*, does not support RF hopping5 B'6 hopping mode (H!)) BB baseband hopping is used RF radio frequency hopping is used & hopping is not used %?"3%?%3%?! Hopping $ode &on-hopping3 Baseband3 RF B'6 )arameter Dindow hoppingHmode .55, &on-hopping (.)3 Baseband (*)3 RF (,) H6&* is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem * (time slots . e@cept B""H time slot)5 B'6 G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Dhen B'6 is loc>ed
BTS hopping escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE
RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE +opping #e/uence nu ;er 1 escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE
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RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE +opping #e/uence nu ;er 2 escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )AI- off#et escriptionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the whole site (,nd gen B'6)5 )arameter is only used with BB and RF hopping5 6ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5 hopping sequence number * (H6&*) . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping . %?"3%?%3%?! H6&-* .551/ B'6 )arameter Dindow hsn .551/ *E* H6&, is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem , (time slots *--)5 B'6 G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Dhen B'6 is loc>ed "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the whole site (,nd gen B'6)5 )arameter is used only with BB hopping5 6ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5 hopping sequence number , (H6&,) . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping . %?"3%?%3%?! H6&-, .551/ B'6 )arameter Dindow hsn .551/ *E* 'he parameter sets the $;9! offset which is the lowest $;9! in the cell5 Dith $;9! offset it is possible to use the same $; frequency list for two or more sectors of the site without collisions5 B'6 &o ref5 61 'he parameter can be modified only when the B'6 is loc>ed or not RF hopping5 $;9! offset ($!) .551, . %?;3%?!3%F! $;9! !ffset .551, B'6 )arameter Dindow maioHoffset .551, *E* 'he parameter sets the $;9! step5 B'6 &o ref5 6!n-:ine $;9! step ($6) *551, * %?;3%?!3%F! $;9! 6tep *551,
!bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )AI- #tep escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ ReferenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE
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&$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE &oteE )A-li#t u#ed ;0 BTS escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE B'6 )arameter Dindow maioHstep .551, *E* !)'9!&;: (Fle@ible $;9! management) 'he parameter defines the mobile allocation frequency list to which the B'6 will be attached5 Relevant when RF hopping is used5 6ee chapter $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist5 B'6 &o ref5 before 60 9f B'6 is RF hopping3 then B'6 must be loc>ed mobile allocation frequency list ($;:) .55*,2 (the value . detaches the B'6 from any mobile allocation frequency list) &o $;-list attached %?;3%?! #sed $obile ;llocation &ot ;ssignedI ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2) B'6 )arameter Dindow usedHmobileHallocHlistHid .55*,2 ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2)3 &ot ;ssigned (.)
1!+
Power Control 2ab,e ". <Damp,e PC parame ers 3or $( (* ne +ork.
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G"-,P General E*PEANATI-N %nable B'6 pow er control $in time interval betw een )"Js )ow er increase step siKe )ow er decrease step siKe B6 t@ ma@ pw r preattenuation optional ave #: signal quality (B%R)4 .5, = ave #: signal quality (B%R) L .50 = optional B'6 pow er range ;veraging w indow s $6 )ow er optimisation after H! $a@ attenuation $in attenuation H3 NA)E pow er"trl%nabled pow er"ontrol9nterval pow er9ncr6tepsiKe pow erRed6tepsiKe rf$a@)ow erReduction pw r ecr:imitBand. pw r ecr:imitBand, pw r ecr?ualFactor ms)w r!pt:ev bs'@)w r$in bs'@)w r$a@ pc;veraging:ev : w eighting pc;veraging:ev#: w eighting pc;veraging?ual : w eighting pc;veraging?ual#: w eighting 'hresholds pc:ow er'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ . . . . . -**. . . * * * * * * * * -**. * * -**. * * . * * . * * -**. * * -**. * * . * * . * * (es . "ANGE A 555 ,30 or 1 , or 0 555 555 555 555 A 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 *, /2 /2 /2 * -0-A & /. /. /, / /, / /, / /, / -0/, /, -0/, /, /, /, /, /, -0/, /, -0/, /, /, /, /, /, dBm dBm dBm dBm 6;""H 6;""H 6;""H dBm dB dB 6;""H &o /* sec dB dB dB dB dB dB ,NIT Setting (es * , , . /2 ,. 2 * --8 /. . * * * * * * * * -*.* * * -*.* * * 0 * * 0 * * -0* * -0* * * * * * * *
ave #: signal quality (B%R) .5, = - .50 = pw r ecr:imitBand*
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Hando=er
2ab,e !. <Damp,e *O parame ers 3or (* ne +ork u i,ising aggressive po+er con ro,. G"-,P E*PEANATI-N H3 NA)E ;veraging adFacent cells ;veraging $ethod ;veraging window siKe for adF cells &umber of Kero results allowed ;dF cells averagingE 1 best or /, averagingDindow6iKe;dF"ell number!fMeroResults all;dFacent"ells;veraged enaFast;ve"all6etup enaFast;veHo enaFast;ve)" $inimum 9ntervals )eriodic Handovers H! types allowed min9ntBetween#nsuccHo;ttempt min9ntBetweenHoReq ho)eriod)BG' Ho)eriod#mbrella enable9ntraHo9nterf#: enable9ntraHo9nterf : enable)wrBudgetHandover enable#mbrellaHandover enable$6 istance)rocess enable6 ""HHandover $argins %nable H! margin for :ev and ?ual enableHo$argin:ev?ual ho$argin)BG' ho$argin:ev ho$argin?ual ;veraging windows and weighting values ho;veraging:ev : weighting ho;veraging:ev#: weighting ho;veraging?ual : weighting ho;veraging?ual#: weighting ms istance;veraging)aram ms6peed;veraging 'hresholds ho'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ ho'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ ho'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ ho'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ ho'hresholds9nterference : p@ n@ ho'hresholds9nterference#: p@ n@ ms istanceHo'hreshold)aram p@
"ANGE * . (es (es (es (es . . . . (es (es (es (es (es (es
,NIT
Setting 2 &o &o &o (es
555 /, 6;""H 555 A A A A &o &o &o &o sec sec
555 /. 555 /.
/ 7 1 1 (es (es (es &o &o (es (es 0 / . 1 * 1 * * * * * *. 0 -87 * * -87 * * 7 / 0 7 / 0
555 1/ 6;""H 555 1/ 6;""H A A A A A A &o &o &o &o &o &o dB dB dB
(es A &o -,0 555 1/ -,0 -,0 * * * * * * * * * * 555 ,0 555 ,0
555 /, 6;""H 555 / 555 /, 6;""H 555 555 555 / / / 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H dBm
-**. 555 -0* 555 /, * * * . * * . * * * * * * . * 555 /, -**. 555 -0555 /, 555 /, 555 555 /, 555 /, 555 555 /, 555 /,
dBm
-**. 555 -0555 /, 555 /,
dBm
-27 * *
-**. 555 -0555 /, 555 /, 555 1/ 555 /,
dBm
-27 * *
';
1/ *
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n@ * 555 /, *
1!$
"T7
*.).1
8plin. $&2
2he s a us o3 he up,ink .26 can be de3ined in misce,,aneous 6TS parameter4 in 6SC. 2he mode o3 he 1/ 3or using he discon inuous ransmission %.26' can be se,ec ed in .26 parame er as 3o,,o+ing5 : % ; 1/ may use .26 ; 1/ sha,, use .26 ; 1/ sha,, no use .26.
2he de5ault 3or he parame er is 0 meaning ha he mobi,e have o use .26. On,y a 3e+ opera ors in he +or,d use he va,ue 00 +here he de3au, se ing o3 he mobi,e chooses he up,ink .26 mode. *.).2 $ownlin. $&2
2he s a us o3 he do+n,ink .26 can be de3ined in 6TS parameter4 o3 (SC. 2his "T7 parameter can receive one o3 he 3o,,o+ing va,ues5 ON OFF C .o+n,ink .26 enab,ed by 1/C C .o+n,ink .26 disab,ed by 1/C.
2he curren de5ault va,ue 3or he parame er is OFF! 93 he ac iva ion o3 he do+n,ink .26 doesnE cause any specia, harm 3or he 3unc ioning o3 he ne +ork0 he usage o3 he .26 3unc ion is recommendab,e. *ere is one eDamp,e o3 @2/ parame ers in 1/C inc,uding .26 3unc ion5 .6 220 .62D0;=A@ 1!!0;11;1 1052"5:& N>1@<$ 004:& 9/ C$<A2<. N>1@<$ =AC %C9' %$T' %2A' %.26' 5O(( 5; 500004 500003 5=OCB<. 5; 5000 0 e cU
@A/< 2$AN/C<9V<$ /2A29ON @2/3 @/C NA1< 5 ; =A NA1< 5=A$<A3 C<== 9.<N292? @2/ A.19N9/2$A29V< /2A2< $O>29N- TON< 2A$9(( A$<A .OAN=9NB .26 .9/A@=<. @? 1/C
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2!
OPTI(IS&TION
2!
Tool4 5or Network (onitoring
2he 3o,,o+ing oo,s 3or eDamp,e can be used 3or moni oring he )ua,i y and he ra33ic o3 he ne +ork5 Cell "octor version 1.1".41 or ,a er in N1//2000. 2he oo, eD rac s da a in eD 3orma 3rom he da abase. N"0 can be used 3or 8ua,i y / ra33ic moni oring. 9 uses he da abase o3 N1//2000. TI( / TO( moni oring /A can be used 3or indoor / ou door drive es s A specia, .= (<$ moni oring oo, can be used in erna,,y0 consis ing o3 a Nokia "110i +i h /A0 a ,ap op +i h (1ON and pos processing /A <ricsson 2<1/ moni oring oo, can be used 3or he norma, drive es s and .= (<$ moni oring
2!%
,PI4 5or Hopping Network
2he BP9s o ana,yse he per3ormance and he )ua,i y o3 he ne +ork are basica,,y he same han in he non;hopping ne +ork. On,y he R7)#&' and "rop Call Rate measures di33er 3rom he non;hopping case. Aorse $68>A= can be o,era ed +hen (* is used. .rop ca,, ra e doesnE nei her corre,a e direc ,y o he )ua,i y0 since +i h (* he drop ca,, ra e ends o s ay ,o+ even hough he subFec ive speech )ua,i y +ere no anymore accep ab,e. Ne+ )ua,i y measures are under deve,opmen and in es ing phase o measure he subFec ive speech )ua,i y more accura e,y. 9n he 3o,,o+ing 2ab,e0 he norma, 6SS and NSS le=el ,PI4 are presen ed. T8e4e ,PI4 are more in5ormational t8an Nokia-4 o55icial =alue4D Ai h (*0 he cri eria 3or he cumu,a ive uplink and downlink quality di4tri9ution cou,d be he 3o,,o+ing5 2ab,e 10. BP9s 3or he up,ink and he do+n,ink $68>A= dis ribu ion. @// re,a ed indica ors >p,ink )ua,i y dis ribu ion .o+n,ink )ua,i y dis ribu ion /hor erm cri eria 0U:0 !:N 0U:0 !:N =ong erm cri eria 0U:0 !"N 0U:0 !"N
2ab,e 11. @// and N// re,a ed BP9s.
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BSS Related Indicators Short criteria term Long criteria term
'"H ;vailability N=O3 ,0h 87 88C 6 ""H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8,0h 6uccess Ratio N=O3 '"H 87 8,0h 6etup 6uccess Rate N=O3 "all 8. 87 ,0h 6 ""H Bloc>ing N=O3 cell .57 .5, BH "all Bloc>ing N=O3 cell '"H 7 , BH H! Bloc>ing N=O3 cell '"H 'B 'B BH ;ccess Grant Bloc>ing N=O3 cell . . BH '"H rop Ratio N=O3 7 / ,0h "umulative #: ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82 ,0h = 03 87 = 03 82 "umulative : ?uality distribution3 .P .P ,0h = 'B = 'B ;verage 9nterference Band3 ,0h "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O3 B6" 8/ 8,0h "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O 3 $6" 8. 87 ,0h "ell H! 6uccess N=O3 9ntra 81 88 ,0h of B'6s %@ceeding 7= Bloc>ing in BH N=O3 Ratio ,0h 6uccess Rate3 6$6 87 82 C&ote3 ,0h obFects which are :oc>ed by #ser are counted as non available and will reduce the availability value5
9ntra $6" H! 6uccess Ratio N=O $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 9nter N=O )aging 6uccess Ratio N=O 'echnically 6uccessful "alls N=O "GR ;vailability N=O $6" )6'& "GR ;vailability N=O "GR ;vailability N=O ;-if Q$6 "GR ;vailability N=O $6" "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH )6'& "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH ;-if Q$6 "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 9ntra N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 9ntra N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 9nter N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 9nter N=O )eriodic :# 6uccess Ratio N=O Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when visiting ):$& different Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when coming from different ):$& Home
NSS Related Indicators
Short criteria term

8* 27 'B 'B *.. *.. *.. *.. * * * * 8881 8. 8'B 'B
Long criteria term

81 80 'B 'B *.. *.. *.. *.. .5* .5* .5* .5* 88 88 82 87 88 'B 'B
General
&umber of alarmsStatistics per &etwor> %lement3 e@c5 transmission &umber of transmission alarms per node "ustomer complaints of &D problems complaints of "ustomer billing
Criteria
%>i %>i 4 *A*... subscriberAday 4 *A*... subscriberAyear
2!+
R7)#&' in FH Network4
Frequency 8opping cau4e4 some c8ange4 in t8e R7)#&' di4tri9ution . A,so0 here are some di33erences in a +ay he $68>A= dis ribu ion shou,d be in erpre ed. T8e #rame Eras!re Ratio %(<$' is a ra io o3 discarded speech 3rames compared o a,, he received speech 3rames. A speech 3rame is genera,,y discarded i3 a3 er he decoding and error correc ion process any o3 he ca egory 1a bi s is 3ound o be changed based on he hree pari y bi s 3o,,o+ing hem in a speech 3rame. he FER is a measure o3 ho+ success3u,,y he speech 3rame +as received a3 er he error correc ion process and i is hus a be er indica ion o3 he subFec ive speech )ua,i y compared o he $68>A= +hich gives an es ima e o3 he ,ink )ua,i y in erms o3 @<$. 2he $68>A= doesnE indica e ho+ he bi errors +ere dis ribu ed in a speech 3rame. 2he bi error dis ribu ion a33ec s he abi,i y o3 he channe, decoding o correc he errors. 2he 3o,,o+ing ab,e gives an idea o3 he corre,a ion be +een $68>A= and (<$ and be +een subFec ive speech )ua,i y and di33eren (<$ c,asses. 2ab,e 12. $68>A= vs. (<$ comparison according o he ,abora ory es s.
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6ubFective quality3 laboratory tests 6teady qualityAF%R value (fast mobile or frequency hopping) R+qual .-0 7 1 F%R . - 0= 0 - *7= *7 - /7= L/7=
good slightly degraded degraded useless
good slightly degraded degraded useless
T8e relation o5 downlink FER and R7)#&' +as measured during a (* ria,. 2he re,a ion is c,ear,y di33eren in he hopping case compared o he non;hopping case. 2he dis ribu ions o3 (<$ in each $68>A= c,ass are presen ed in (igure 7 ;43 and (igure 7 ;44. One c,ear observa ion can be madeO in he non;hopping case here are signi3ican amoun o3 samp,es indica ing de eriora ed )ua,i y %(<$V10N' in $68>A= c,ass : +hi,e in he hopping case he signi3ican )ua,i y de eriora ion %(<$V10N' happens in $68>A= c,ass &. 2hus0 i may be conc,uded ha in he 3re)uency hopping ne +orks signi3ican )ua,i y de eriora ion s ar s a $68>A= c,ass & +hi,e in non;hopping ne +ork his happens a $68>A= c,ass :. 2his di33erence is a conse)uence o3 in er3erence and 3re)uency diversi ies ha a33ec he 3re)uency hopping ne +ork. @ecause o3 hese e33ec s0 he in er3erence or ,o+ signa, s reng h end o occur random,y0 +hi,e in a non;hopping ne +ork i is probab,e ha in er3erence or ,o+ 3ie,d s reng h +i,, a33ec severa, consecu ive burs s making i harder 3or he error correc ion o ac ua,,y correc errors. 2he success3u, error correc ion ,eads o ,ess erased 3rames and hus improves he (<$.
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(E $E" & "*H,AE %No hopping'
*..5.. = 8.5.. = 2.5.. = -.5.. = 1.5.. = 7.5.. = 0.5.. = /.5.. = ,.5.. = *.5.. = .5.. = R.-*R R*-7R R7-*.R R*.*7R ?. R*7*..R ?* ?, ?/ ?0 "*H,AE ?1 ?7 ?-
$E" J
(igure 7;43. 1easured re,a ion o3 (<$ and $68>A= in a non;hopping case.
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(E $E" & "*H,AE %ave 3.? hopping carrier# & cell'
*..5.. = 8.5.. = 2.5.. = -.5.. = 1.5.. = 7.5.. = 0.5.. = /.5.. = ,.5.. = *.5.. = .5.. = R.-*R R*-7R R7-*.R R*.*7R ?. R*7*..R ?* ?, ?/ ?0 "*H,AE ?1 ?7 ?-
$E" J
(igure 7;44. 1easured re,a ion o3 (<$ and $68>A= in 3re)uency hopping case. 2his improvemen o3 (<$ means ha he higher $68>A= va,ues may be a,,o+ed in a 3re)uency hopping ne +ork. $68>A= hresho,ds are used in he handover and po+er con ro, decisions. @ecause o3 he improvemen in he re,a ive recep ion per3ormance on he $68>A= c,asses 4;&0 he $68>A= hresho,ds a33ec ing handover and po+er con ro, decisions shou,d be se higher in a ne +ork using 3re)uency hopping ne +ork. In a 5requency 8opping network R7)#&' cla44e4 :;$ are indicating good quality! 2ypica,,y0 he share o3 he R7)#&' cla44e4 1 and 2 may increa4e a5ter FH i4 4witc8ed on0 even i3 no o her changes have been made. 2his may seem o be surprising since i is eDpec ed ha 3re)uency hopping improves he ne +ork )ua,i y. *o+ever0 in mos cases he )ua,i y is ac ua,,y improved0 bu he improvemen is more visib,e in he ca,, success ra io. 2he improved o,erance agains in er3erence and ,o+ 3ie,d s reng h in (* ne +ork means ha i is ,ess ,ike,y ha he decoding o3 /ACC* 3rames 3ai,s causing incremen in he radio ,ink imeou coun er. 2hus0 it i4 le44 likely t8at a call i4 dropped 9ecau4e o5 t8e radio link timeout . 9ns ead0 he ca,,s genera ing high $68>A= samp,es end o s ay on. 2his may ,ead o increase in he share o3 $68>A= &;7. *o+ever0 a he same ime he ca,, success ra e is signi3ican ,y improved. 9n he (igure 7 ;4:0 here are presen ed some ria, resu, s o3 a .= $68>A= dis ribu ion +i h di33eren 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse pa erns. As can be seen 3rom he 3igures0 he igh er he reuse becomes0 he ,ess samp,es 3a,, in )ua,i y c,ass 0 and more samp,es 3a,, in )ua,i y c,asses 1;&. 2hereEs bigger di33erence in do+n,ink han in up,ink direc ion.
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(E "*H,AE (i#tri;ution
*..5.. 8.5.. 2.5.. -.5.. Percentage %J' 1.5.. 7.5.. 0.5.. /.5.. ,.5.. *.5.. .5.. q. q* q, q/ q0 q7 q1 qHualit0 Cla##e# &o FH *A/ pure *A/ heuristic *A*
(igure 7;4:. .= $68>A= dis ribu ion o3 a ria, +i h di33eren 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse pa erns %no (*0 1/10 1/3 3iDed0 1/3 heuris ic a,,oca ion'
,E "*H,AE (i#tri;ution
*..5.. 8.5.. 2.5.. -.5.. Percentage %J' 1.5.. 7.5.. 0.5.. /.5.. ,.5.. *.5.. .5.. q. q* q, q/ q0 q7 q1 qHualit0 Cla##e# &o FH *A/ pure *A/ heuristic *A*
(igure 7;4&. >= $68>A= dis ribu ion o3 a ria, +i h di33eren 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse pa erns %no (*0 1/10 1/3 3iDed0 1/3 heuris ic a,,oca ion' (re)uency hopping 3orces each ca,, o use a,, he 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence. 93 some o3 hose 3re)uencies are more in er3ered han o hers0 i may happen ha a3 er (* is s+i ched on he )ua,i y o3 he ca,,s su33ers. 08en FH i4 not u4ed@ t8e call4 tend to 9e allocated to t8e TR74 u4ing inter5erence 5ree carrier4 % he 2$6 and he ime s,o are se,ec ed based on he >= id,e channe, in er3erence measuremen '. <specia,,y ou side he busy hours0 i is probab,e ha ime s,o s are a,+ays avai,ab,e on he 2$6s having in er3erence 3ree carriers. Frequency 8opping 5orce4 all t8e call4 to u4e all t8e 5requencie4 in t8e 8opping 4equence! 2his means ha he in er3ered 3re)uencies are a,+ays used as much as he in er3erence 3ree 3re)uencies. 2his is ,ike,y o ,ead o +orse )ua,i y ou side he busy hours. .uring he busy hours in a non;hopping case0 some o3 he ca,,s have o be a,,oca ed o a 2$6 using in er3ered 3re)uency0 because in er3erence 3ree 2$6s may be 3u,,. 2hese ca,,s are ,ike,y o eDperience signi3ican ,y +orse )ua,i y. 2he 3re)uency hopping ends o average he )ua,i y0 so in he 3re)uency hopping case a,, he ca,,s eDperience average )ua,i y ins ead o3 some very high )ua,i y ca,,s and some very ,o+ )ua,i y ca,,s. 9 is hus impor an o compare on,y busy hour s a is ics and o keep in mind ha he in er3erence prob,ems may no sho+ up ou side he busy hours in he non;hopping case0 +hi,e in he (* case he e33ec o3 in er3erence is a,+ays presen .
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NoteD 9n @@ (* and $( (* case he 3re)uency speci3ic $68>A= canno be measured anymore. 2he )ua,i y is averaged over he hopping se)uence.
2!/
Idle C8annel Inter5erence (ea4urement
Ahen a ne+ ca,, is es ab,ished or a handover is per3ormed0 he @/C se,ec s he 2$6 and he ime s,o 3or he ra33ic channe, based on he id,e channe, in er3erence measuremen s. T8e 5requency 8opping 8a4 a 4igni5icant e55ect on t8e idle c8annel inter5erence mea4urement re4ult4! Ahen he 3re)uency hopping is used0 he 3re)uency o3 a hopping ,ogica, channe, is changed abou 217 imes in a second. 2he 3re)uency o3 he id,e ime s,o s changes according o he same se)uence. In a case o3 he random 8opping0 his means ha he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence i4 likely to 9e t8e 4ame 5or all t8e TR74 t8at u4e t8e 4ame (&;li4t. 93 he in er3erence is averaged over more han one /ACC* 3rame0 he averaging e33ec is even s ronger. *o+ever0 norma,,y he in er3erers are mobi,es ,oca ed in in er3ering ce,,s. 9n his case0 here are probab,y di55erence4 in he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence4 9etween di55erent time 4lot4 in t8e cell . 2his happens0 because he in er3ering mobi,es are on,y ransmi ing during he ime s,o ha has been a,,oca ed o hem. 2his is i,,us ra ed in (igure 7 ;47. 93 he cyclic 8opping se)uence is used0 here migh occur di55erence4 on he mea4ured idle c8annel inter5erence le=el4 9etween t8e TR74 on he same ime s,o as eDp,ained in he 3o,,o+ing sec ion.
9dle channel interference level :ow

2$6 1
$2/=
&
2$6 2
f15 f25 f3
High
2$6 3
Pa h ,oss o he in er3ered @2/
Inter5ering mo9ile4 u4ing t8e 4ame 5requencie4F f15 f25 f3
2imes,o W
(igure 7;47. 9d,e channe, in er3erence in a case o3 he random $( hopping. 2!$ Cyclic and Random Hopping Sequence4
93 he cyclic hopping mode is used0 he in er3erence caused by a mobi,e is no necessari,y spread even,y on a,, he hopping 2$6s as can be seen in (igure 7 ;4". 93 he random hopping se)uences are used0 in er3erence is a,+ays even,y spread on a,, he 2$6s using he same 1A;,is as presen ed in (igure 7 ;4!. 2he dis ribu ion o3 in er3erence presen ed in his sec ion is he same 3or bo h uplink and downlink direc ions.
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Ba#e #tation
' $; frames
1 frequencies
** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7 * 0 ** *7 *2 0 ** *7 *2 * ** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7 * 0 ** *7 *2 0 ** *7 *2 * ** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7
'R+ * 'R+ , 'R+ / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1
* 0 ** *7 *2
0 ** *7 *2 *
)o;ile
* 2 *7 * 2 *7
interference
* 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7
/ frequencies
* 2 *7
(igure 7;4". <Damp,e o3 in er3erence dis ribu ion in one cyc,ic hopping case.
Ba#e #tation
' $; frames
'R+ * 'R+ , 'R+ / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1
7 1 * , / 0
, / 0 7 1 *
* , / 0 7 1
0 7 1 * , /
* , / 0 7 1
1 * , / 0 7
* , / 0 7 1
0 7 1 * , /
/ 0 7 1 * ,
0 7 1 * , /
, / 0 7 1 *
7 1 * , / 0
7 1 * , / 0
0 7 1 * , /
/ 0 7 1 * ,
0 7 1 * , /
* , / 0 7 1
, / 0 7 1 *
* , / 0 7 1
1 * , / 0 7
/ 0 7 1 * ,
, / 0 7 1 *
, / 0 7 1 *
1 * , / 0 7
1 frequencies
)o;ile
/ 7 * * , * 0 , 1
interference
/ / 0 * , / / * 1 , , 7 / 7 7
1 frequencies
(igure 7;4!. 9n er3erence dis ribu ion +hen random hopping se)uences are used. 2he dra+back o3 he cyc,ic hopping is ha he in er3erence coming 3rom one in er3erer may a33ec on,y some o3 he 2$6s as seen in (igure 7 ;4". 2his ,imi s he number o3 in er3erers and compromises he in er3erence diversi y. (or his reason0 it i4 recommended t8at cyclic 8opping 4equence4 are not u4ed in t8e area4 w8ere t8e network i4 inter5erence limited.
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C0clic< 9n the areas where the interference is &!' a problem (low traffic areas)
"ando < 9n the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
(igure 7;:0. -uide o choose be +een cyc,ic and random hopping se)uences. (re)uency hopping makes i possib,e o change he in er3erence sources 3or each 2.1A 3rame. 2he resu, o3 his is a bene3icia, e33ec ca,,ed in er3erence diversi y0 +hich +as presen ed in /ec ion 2.1.&. 2he more di33eren in er3erers he ,ink has0 he be er in er3erence is averaged and he be er he in er3erence diversi y gain. 2ime division used in he -/1 sys ems ,imi s he in er3erence diversi y. @ecause o3 he 2.1A princip,e0 he in er3erence diversi y is on,y possib,e among he mobi,es ha share he same ime ins an 3or ransmission. *o+ever0 he base s a ions ha are ,oca ed on di33eren si es0 are no usua,,y synchronised. 2his means ha he ime s,o s may be par ia,,y over,apping each o her as presen ed in (igure 7 ;:1. 2hus0 he in er3erence 3rom one in er3ering ce,, may consis +o in er3erence sources %mobi,es' in up,ink direc ion or +o di33eren po+er ,eve,s in do+n,ink direc ion i3 do+n,ink po+er con ro, is used. 2his enhances in er3erence diversi y. 2he degree o3 over,apping in non;synchronised ne +ork is random bu cons an be +een any non;synchronised ce,, pair and i may be any hing be +een :0 N and 100 N as presen ed in (igure 7 ;:2.
$2/=
&
&
/erving ce,,
9n er3ering ce,,
0
$2/=
(igure 7;:1. 9n er3erence 3rom non;synchronised ce,,.
&
&
/erving ce,,
7.= 7.= *..=
9n er3ering ce,,
(igure 7;:2. 2he +o eD reme cases5 :0 N and 100 N over,apping o3 burs s.
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2!1
Intracell Hando=er
2he ,ack o3 synchronisa ion has a posi ive e33ec on he in er3erence diversi y. *o+ever0 in er3erence is s i,, averaged on,y be +een he mobi,es sharing he same ime ins an 3or ransmission. @ecause o3 his0 he in race,, handover o ano her ime s,o changes he in er3erence sources and is 3easib,e i3 he overa,, in er3erence si ua ion in he arge ime s,o is be er. "uring 9u4y 8our4 +hen he ra33ic in he ne +ork is a he maDimum0 i is ,ike,y ha here are no signi3ican ,y be er ime s,o s avai,ab,e. 2hus0 4igni5icant gain can not 9e accompli48ed by in race,, handover o ano her ime s,o . Norma,,y he in race,, handover is riggered by poor $68>A=. 9n order o avoid unnecessary in race,, handovers0 t8e R7)#&' t8re48old 5or intracell 8ando=er 48ould 9e 4et so 8ig8 ha he handover is no a emp ed be3ore he )ua,i y o3 he ca,, is serious,y hrea ened. <Damp,e *O parame ers are presen ed in 2ab,e !.
2!2
Power Control
Po+er con ro, has been 3ound o improve he )ua,i y in (* ne +orks and hus0 i i4 recommended to 9e u4ed in 9ot8 #' and "' direction4 . Po+er con ro, is he mos e33ec ive +hen he used 26 po+er ,eve, is kep as ,o+ as possib,e +hi,e s i,, main aining an accep ab,e ,ink )ua,i y. 2o achieve his0 a 3as and main,y $68>A= driven po+er con ro, is recommended. 9n order o make he PC as 3as as possib,e0 he measuremen averaging in @2/ shou,d be disab,ed and aggre44i=e power control parameter4 shou,d be used. <Damp,e PC parame ers are presen ed in 2ab,e ".
6.6.1
$ownlin. /ower Control with BB Hopping
9n he baseband hopping he @CC* 2$6 is inc,uded in he hopping se)uence. 2his means ha occasiona,,y some burs s are ransmi ed by he @CC* 2$6 using he ime s,o s 3rom 1 o 7. 2he -/1 speci3ica ions re)uire ha he @CC* 2$6 mus ransmi con inuous,y and a,+ays a he 3u,, po+er. 2his is re)uired0 because he @CC* 3re)uencies are used in he do+n,ink ,eve, measuremen s o3 he neighboring ce,,s by he mobi,es. Conse)uen ,y0 i3 he do+n,ink po+er con ro, is used0 he do+n,ink signa, ,eve, may 3,uc ua e drama ica,,y since he @CC* 2$6 is no using he po+er con ro,. 2his may cause serious prob,ems in he mobi,e receiver i3 he mobi,e is ,oca ed c,ose o he ce,, si e. 2o avoid such prob,ems0 he ma<imum 9a4e 4tation power decrea4e A94T<Power(inB 48ould 9e limited to : ; $ d6 w8en downlink power control i4 u4ed toget8er wit8 9a4e9and 8opping .
2!.
Hando=er Control
/ince (* and an aggressive po+er con ro, cause signi3ican changes in he $68>A= dis ribu ion0 he $68>A= hresho,ds riggering handovers have o be adFus ed according,y. Norma,,y0 t8e R7)#&' t8re48old4 8a=e to 9e increa4ed 9y or % cla44e4 %$68>A= 4 ;V $68>A= :'. A,so he HO 4peed shou,d be 5a4t enoug8 9ut s i,, 4lower t8an t8e PC 4peed 0 o ensure ha he PC +i,, become riggered be3ore *O. An eDamp,e o3 *O parame ers 3or (* ne +orks u i,ising aggressive po+er con ro, are presen ed in 2ab,e !.
2!3
HSN Planning wit8 Random Hopping
2he */N de3ines he used (* se)uence. 2he */N va,ue 0 means cyc,ic hopping and he va,ues 3rom 1 o &3 mean di33eren random hopping se)uences. 9n random hopping case0 t8e 4ame HSN4 48ould 9e u4ed in di55erent cell4 in4ide t8e 4ite . 2hus0 i3 a common 1A ,is is shared inside he si e0 he 3re)uency co,,isions can be avoided. Neig89oring 4ite4 shou,d u4e di55erent HSN40 especia,,y hose si es0 +hich use common 3re)uencies. 9 ensures he co,,isions o happen random,y be +een he si es.
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.!
P'&NNIN* C&SES
.!
Planning Ca4e F Single (&;li4t
9n his eDamp,e a sing,e 1A;,is imp,emen a ion is p,anned 3or a sma,, ne +ork consis ing o3 7 si es and 1& sec orised ce,,s. 2he bene3i in sing,e 1A; ,is imp,emen a ion is ha no 3re)uency p,anning is re)uired0 because each ce,, has he same 1A;,is con aining a,, he a,,oca ed 3re)uencies. /ince 3rac iona, ,oading is re)uired0 only RF 8opping can 9e u4ed . 9n order o avoid in er3erence be +een he ce,,s o3 he same si e0 a (&IO plan i4 made 3or each si e. T8e num9er o5 TR74 can 9e ma<imum % TR74 per 4ite.
-.1.1
#re !ency /lanning
A, hough ac ua, 3re)uency p,an is no needed0 i mus be checked ha he used 3re)uency band is su33icien o provide accep ab,e )ua,i y. A,so in some cases he di33erences in ce,, ,eve, ra33ic dis ribu ions may re)uire ha some 3re)uencies are reserved o be used on,y in he high,y ,oaded ce,,s.
Site ; B "
% F
G
(igure ";:3. Ne +ork ,ayou and 2$6 con3igura ions.
Cell * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * ,
T"* count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
2he @CC* 3re)uency p,an is made separa e,y and i is no considered here. On he average here are 2.4 hopping 2$6s per ce,, in he eDamp,e ne +ork. 21 3re)uencies are o be a,,oca ed o he hopping 2$6s. 2he e33ec ive reuse on he 3re)uency hopping 2$6s can be ca,cu,a ed by using <)ua ion %:.1' as 3o,,o+s5
Reff =
21 = "." 2 .4
<33ec ive reuse o3 "." is reasonab,e 3or 3re)uency hopping ne +ork and i can be eDpec ed ha he ne +ork +i,, have good )ua,i y0 see 2ab,e &. 9n order o keep he co,,ision probabi,i y ,o+ enough0 i is recommended ha he average 3re)uency ,oad caused by each ce,, in he ne +ork doesnE eDceed " N. 2he ,oad dis ribu ion in he ne +ork is ca,cu,a ed by using <)ua ions %:.3'0 %:.4' and %:.:'. *ere0 a,so he @CC* 2$6 is inc,uded in he ra33ic es ima ions.
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Traffic at Nu ;er of $ractional $re/uenc0 2J ;locking ti e #lot# +G load load load 852 *1 1*50 = 052 = ,58 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = 852 *1 1*50 = 052 = ,58 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 =
(igure ";:4. =oad ca,cu,a ions. 2he average 3re)uency ,oad in he ne +ork is ".1 N. 2his is accep ab,e0 because i is on,y very s,igh ,y above he " N recommenda ion. 2he maDimum 3re)uency ,oad is 10.& N. 2his doesnE eDceed he average 3re)uency ,oad signi3ican ,y. 93 he maDimum 3re)uency ,oad eDceeded 13 N ;14 N0 i migh make sense o reserve some eD ra 3re)uencies ha +ou,d be used on,y on he high,y ,oaded ce,,s. @y doing his0 he 3re)uency ,oad dis ribu ion in he ne +ork can be kep more even. Ce,,s causing high 3re)uency ,oads end o de eriora e he )ua,i y in he neighboring ce,,s.
-.1.2
+(I9 /lanning
/ince a,, he ce,,s o3 a sec orised si e are usua,,y con ro,,ed by he same @C(0 hey are 3rame synchronised. 2his means ha he 2.1A 3rame number is a,+ays he same in he sec ors o3 one si e. /ince he hopping se)uence is derived 3rom he */N and he 2.1A 3rame number0 he synchronisa ion makes i possib,e avoid in er3erence be +een he sec ors o3 one si e. To pre=ent intra 4ite and intra cell inter5erence he 3o,,o+ing re)uiremen s have o be 3u,3i,,ed5 A,, he sec ors o3 one si e have o con ro,,ed by he same @C( A,, he sec ors o3 one si e have o use he same */N 1A9O p,anning have o be proper,y made
9n order o guaran ee in er3erence diversi y0 a di33eren */N shou,d be used in he di33eren si es ,oca ed in he same area. 1A9O p,anning shou,d be done 3or each si e. 2he */N parame er has o be de3ined 3or each si e and 1A9O o33se and 1A9Os ep 3or each ce,,. 2hese parame ers and heir 3unc iona,i y are presen ed in /ec ion 1. (&IO4tep de5ine4 t8e c8annel 4eparation 9etween t8e TR74 o5 t8e 4ame cell . 9 is hus used o guarantee t8at intra cell inter5erence doe4n-t occur! (&IO o554et i4 u4ed to control t8e c8annel 4eparation4 9etween t8e 4ector4 o5 t8e 4ame 4ite. *o+ever0 1A9Oo33see doesnE direc ,y de3ine he channe, separa ion be +een he ce,,s. 9ns ead i de3ines he 1A9O o3 he 3irs hopping 2$6 o3 he ce,,. A 3irs i shou,d be checked ha proper channe, separa ions are possib,e +i h a,,oca ed 3re)uency band. 2he minimum re)uiremen 3or c8annel 4eparation 9etween 4ector4 is 1. *o+ever0 in order o avoid cons an adFacen channe, in er3erence be +een he sec ors o3 he same si e0 a separa ion o5 % i4 8ig8ly recommended. 9n order o avoid in ra ce,, in er3erence @ t8e c8annel 4eparation 9etween t8e TR74 o5 t8e 4ame cell 48ould 9e at lea4t % . Pre3erab,y he separa ion shou,d be 3 or more0 especia,,y i3 >= po+er con ro, is no used. 9n his case he goa, is o have a minimum channe, separa ion o3 2 be +een he sec ors and 3 be +een he 2$6s o3 he same ce,,. 2o check i3 ha is possib,e +i h he curren 3re)uency band o3 21 carriers0 <)ua ion %:.10' is used. 2he si e o be inves iga ed is he si e +i h bigges 2$6 con3igura ions ha is in his case si e C having 3 sec ors and " hopping 2$6s.
min 7 fre
s / site
= ( 7 ,R1 / site 7 cell / site ) )'I:step + 7 cell / site S
%" 3' 3 + 3 2 = 21
As a resu, 0 i can be seen ha he 3re)uency band o3 21 carriers is Fus enough o a,,o+ he imp,emen a ion o3 +an ed channe, separa ions even in he si e +i h he bigges 2$6 con3igura ions.
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2he 1A9O p,an is no+ made 3or he /i e C by using 1A9O s ep 3 and by se,ec ing he 1A9O o33se parame ers 3or he sec ors so ha he channe, %G1A9O' separa ion o3 2 is rea,ised be +een he sec ors. <Damp,e 1A9O p,ans are presen ed in he 3o,,o+ing pic ures.
)AI- -ff#et determines the $;9! of the fir#t hopping 'R+ in each sector
$;9 value for each ' $; frame is calculated by B'6 and $6 by using H6& and ' $; frame number
6ite "
'he sectors share the #a e +SN $;9!s for the rest of the hopping 'R+s are determined by adding )AI- Step to the $;9! of the previous hopping 'R+
(igure ";::. <Damp,e o3 1A9O p,anning.
'ransmitted frequencies for each 'R+ during each ' $; frame &o co- or adFacent channel interference between sectors
6ite
6ite F
6ite G
(igure ";:&. <Damp,e 1A9O p,ans.
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2ab,e 13. Parame ers 3or each ce,, in he eDamp,e ne +ork. Site ; B " Cell * , * * , / * , / % F * , * , / G * , T"* count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 / +SN , , 7 1 1 1 0 0 / / / * * )AI-off#et . 2 . . 2 *1 . 2 *1 . 2 . 2 */ . 2 )AI-#tep / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
93 more 2$6s are ,a er added0 i shou,d me made sure ha he 1A9O p,an 3or ha si e is s i,, va,id. (ai,ure o do so may ,ead o con inuous co; or adFacen channe, in er3erence be +een he 2$6s o3 he si e.
.!%
Planning Ca4e %F RF FH wit8 Fractional 'oading AF&R + G $B
2he ne +ork in his case is he same as in he 3irs p,anning case. 2he goa, is o achieve he highes capaci y by emp,oying very igh 3re)uency reuse. =o+ e33ec ive 3re)uency reuse is possib,e because each ce,, has enough 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence o provide good 3re)uency hopping gain and he usage o3 3re)uencies can be p,anned so ha he +ors po en ia, in er3erers do no use he same 3re)uency. A,so power control i4 o be u4ed 9ot8 in uplink and in downlink. 2he arge 5requency allocation reu4e i4 9etween + and $ 0 meaning ha he 3re)uencies are repea ed in every 3 o : ce,,s. 2his makes i possib,e o avoid in er3erence be +een he s ronges in er3erers. 2he 3re)uency a,,oca ion can be done by u i,ising a 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo, ha suppor s $( hopping +i h 3rac iona, ,oading0 such as NP//6 3.3.
-.2.1
$efining the #re !ency Band and the 7!m,er of #re !encies 7eeded in Each Cell
2he @CC* 3re)uency p,an is made separa e,y and i is no considered here. On he average here are 2.4 hopping 2$6s per ce,, in he eDamp,e ne +ork. 9n order o end up +i h an e33ec ive reuse o3 "0 1! 3re)uencies are o be a,,oca ed o he hopping 2$6s. 2he e33ec ive reuse on he 3re)uency hopping 2$6s can be ca,cu,a ed by using <)ua ion %:.1' as 3o,,o+s5
Reff =
1! = 7.! 2.4
<33ec ive reuse o3 7.! is )ui e ,o+0 bu i can be eDpec ed ha +i h imp,emen a ion o3 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse o3 3 o : he ne +ork +i,, have accep ab,e )ua,i y provided ha he ne +ork mode, in he 3re)uency a,,oca ion oo, is accura e. *o+ever0 he minimum achievab,e reuse a,so depends very much on he environmen and he ne +ork ,ayou . (or eDamp,e0 i3 he an ennas in he urban environmen are ,oca ed oo high so ha he iso,a ion be +een he in er3ering ce,,s provided by he surrounding environmen is no eDp,oi ed0 a higher e33ec ive reuse may have o be used in order o main ain good )ua,i y. &4 a rule o5 t8um9@ t8e 5requency load cau4ed 9y eac8 cell 48ould range 5rom +: E to $: E a4 t8e 5requency allocation reu4e range4 5rom + to $@ see Ta9le 1! 2his is used as a basis +hen he number o3 3re)uencies o be a,,oca ed in each ce,, is de3ined. 9n he 3o,,o+ing 3igure0 1A;,is ,eng h de3ini ions are made 3or he eDamp,e ne +ork. A,so he @CC* 2$6 is inc,uded in he ra33ic ca,cu,a ion.
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Si te ; B "
% F
Ce l l * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * ,
T"*
count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
%ffective reuse < *8 frequencies A ,50 hopping 'R+s per cell < -58
!S !S
Frequency allocation reuse < *8 frequencies A 058 FH freqs per cell < /58
;verage frequency load /05* = (ma@5 /-5* =) !S
(igure ";:7. =oad and reuse ca,cu,a ions. 9n his eDamp,e0 he 1A;,is ,eng hs +ere se,ec ed so ha he 5requency load caused by each ce,, 3a,,s 9etween +: E and /: E! *o+ever0 he minimum ,eng h +as 3 in order o guaran ee su33icien (* gains. 2he resu, ing average 1A;,is ,eng h is 4.! carriers per ce,,. 2he 5requency allocation reu4e can no+ be ca,cu,a ed by using <)ua ion %:.2' as 3o,,o+s5
#'R =
1! = 3.! 4.!
T8e a=erage 5requency load i4 +/! E . 9n mos cases his shou,d provide ,o+ enough co,,ision probabi,i y 3or a ne +ork having a 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse 3.!. Ac ua,,y0 i migh even be possib,e o reduce he 3re)uency band a ,i ,e bi . Ai h 17 carriers he 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse +ou,d reduce o 3.47. 2his +ou,d ma ch he ru,e o3 humb per3ec ,y0 as +e +ou,d no+ have a 3re)uency ,oad o3 34.1 N and 3re)uency a,,oca ion reuse 3.47. 2he e33ec ive reuse +i h 17 carriers +ou,d be 7.1. Ahe her he )ua,i y +i,, s i,, be accep ab,e depends on he )ua,i y o3 he 3re)uency p,an as +e,, as he ne +ork ,ayou and surrounding environmen .
-.2.2
#re !ency (llocation and (nalysis
No+0 once he number o3 3re)uencies o be a,,oca ed 3or each ce,, is de3ined0 he a,,oca ion shou,d be per3ormed +i h he,p o3 an 5requency allocation tool ha suppor s 3rac iona, ,oading and is ab,e o minimise he in er3erence in he ne +ork such as NPSC7 +!+. 2he a,,oca ion parame ers can be simi,ar as in he norma, non;hopping case. 2he minimum c8annel 4eparation 9etween t8e 5requencie4 in t8e (&; li4t 48ould 9e at lea4t one carrier in order o avoid in race,, adFacen channe, in er3erence. Pre3erab,y he separa ion o3 +o shou,d be used un,ess ha re)uiremen signi3ican ,y degrades he a,,oca ion resu, %Gincreases he resu, ing va,ue o3 he cos 3unc ion'. *o+ever0 i3 he 3rac iona, ,oad on a ce,, is :0 N or ,ess0 hen i is advan ageous o a,,o+ con4ecuti=e 5requencie4 in t8e (&;li4t and 4et t8e (&IO 4tep parameter to % in ha ce,,. 2he 1A9Os ep o3 2 ensures ha adFacen carriers are no used a he same ime. 2hus0 adFacen channe, in er3erence is preven ed. 2he remova, o3 he in ra ce,, channe, separa ion re)uiremen makes i possib,e 3or he a,,oca ion oo, o 3ind a be er a,,oca ion ha minimises he in er3erence more e33ec ive,y. 2he di33erence can be so signi3ican 0 ha i migh make sense o de,ibera e,y 3orce he 3rac iona, ,oad o :0 N or ,ess so ha he in race,, separa ion re)uiremen can be removed. An eDamp,e o3 ho+ in ra ce,, adFacen channe, in er3erence is avoided is presen ed in he 3o,,o+ing 3igure.
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"onsecutive carriers allowed in the $; lists
Fractional load in every sector is 7.= or less (fractional load < $;:Hlength A &bH'R+)
$;9!step is set to ,
&o intra cell adFacent channel interferenceT
(igure ";:". <Damp,e o3 1A9O p,anning. AdFacen channe,s may be a,,o+ed be +een he sec ors o3 he same si e especia,,y i3 a,, o3 hem are no adFacen o each o her. 2he in er3erence diversi y and 3rac iona, ,oading ensures ha even i3 adFacen channe, in er3erence occurs0 i +onE be con inuous and hus i s e33ec on he )ua,i y is reduced. /ince 3re)uency sharing is no used in his case0 all t8e cell4 in one area u4ing t8e 4ame 5requency 9and 48ould 8a=e a di55erent HSN in order to ma<imi4e inter5erence di=er4ity. /ince 3rac iona, ,oading is used0 i is very di33icu, o ana,yMe he 3re)uency p,an +i h conven iona, C/9 ana,ysis. 9ns ead0 more advanced ana,ysis oo, such as he R7)#&' analy4i4 tool avai,ab,e in NPSC7 +!% and +!+ shou,d be used. 2he $68>A= oo, es ima es he ypica, $68>A= 3or every piDe, on he digi a, map. 9 4upport4 5requency 8opping and 5ractional loading . 2he $68>A= ana,ysis oo, is 4uita9le 5or comparing di33eren 3re)uency a,,oca ions and 3or 5inding t8e location4 o5 po44i9le inter5erence 4pot4 +here he )ua,i y is ,ike,y o be he +ors . *o+ever0 t8e R7)#&' analy4i4 tool i4 4en4iti=e to t8e 5ractional loadingD 2he ,o+er he 3rac iona, ,oad0 he be er )ua,i y seem o be predic ed even +hen i is ,ike,y ha he )ua,i y in rea,i y shou,d be +orse. @ecause o3 his0 he oo, is on,y sui ab,e o ana,ysing di33eren 3re)uency p,ans +hi,e he 3rac iona, ,oading %G1A;,is ,eng hs' remain he same. 9 shou,d a,so be no ed ha he indica ed $68>A= doesnE necessari,y correspond o he ac ua, measured $68>A= bu is s i,, gives an indica ion o3 he overa,, )ua,i y o3 he 3re)uency p,an and he ,oca ions o3 he probab,e in er3erence areas.
.!+
Planning Ca4e +F RF FH wit8 Frequency S8aring
2he ne +ork in his case is he same as in he 3irs p,anning case. 2he 3re)uency sharing arrangemen makes i possib,e o use (* +i h su33icien number 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence even +i h sma,, 2$6 con3igura ions +i hou need o u i,ise 3rac iona, ,oading ha re)uires specia, p,anning oo, suppor . /ince his is $( hopping0 do+n,ink po+er con ro, can a,so be 3u,,y u i,ised.
-.3.1
#re !ency /lanning
9n his scheme all t8e 4ector4 o5 t8e 4ame 4ite u4e a common (&;li4t! Fractional loading i4 not utili4ed 0 since i is usua,,y possib,e o ge a su33icien number o3 3re)uencies in he hopping se)uence even +i hou i . 2he bene3i is ha he 3re)uency p,anning can be accomp,ished by using con=entional 5requency planning tool4 ha donE suppor 3rac iona, ,oading. /ince 3rac iona, ,oading is no used0 each (&;li4t will 8a=e a4 many 5requencie4 a4 here are 8opping TR74 in a,, he sec ors o5 each 4ite. 2he @CC* 3re)uencies are p,anned norma,,y. (rom he in er3erence poin o3 vie+ he 3re)uency sharing e33ec ive,y combines a,, he sec ors in o one vir ua, ce,, ha covers he combined coverage area o3 a,, he sec ors in ha si e. 2his can be mode,ed in he p,anning oo, %NP//6 3.2 or o,der' by crea ing one vir ua, ce,, 3or each si e and by ransmi ing his ce,, hrough mu, ip,e direc iona, an ennas 3or eDamp,e by using po+er divider 3ea ure in he p,anning oo,. 9 shou,d be made sure ha no po+er dividing ,osses are inc,uded since in he rea,i y here are no po+er sp,i ers. <ach o3 hese vir ua, ce,,s shou,d have as many 2$6s as here are hopping 2$6s in a,, he sec ors o3 ha si e. As a resu, 0 i is no+ possib,e o crea e an in er3erence ma riD ha describes ho+ much he si es in er3ere each o her. 9n order o avoid in race,, in er3erence0 he channe, separa ion shou,d be se o a ,eas 2. 2he 3re)uency a,,oca ion can be no+ per3ormed norma,,y0 resu, ing in one common 1A;,is 3or each si e.
Version 1.0.0
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Site ; B "
% F
Ce l l * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * ,
T"*
count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
(igure ";:!. Ne +ork ,ayou and he ca,cu,a ion o3 he needed 1A;,is ,eng hs.
-.3.2
+(I9 /lanning
(&IO planning i4 needed in order o avoid mu ua, in er3erence be +een he sec ors o3 he same si e. /ince he sec ors o3 he same si e use he same 1A;,is 0 here +i,, be co;channe, in er3erence be +een hose sec ors un,ess 1A9O p,anning is proper,y done. 2o preven in ra si e and in ra ce,, in er3erence he 3o,,o+ing re)uiremen s have o be 3u,3i,,ed5 A,, he sec ors o3 one si e have o con ro,,ed by he same @C( A,, he sec ors o3 one si e have o use he same */N 1A9O p,anning have o be proper,y made
9n order o guaran ee in er3erence diversi y0 a di55erent HSN 48ould 9e u4ed in t8e di55erent 4ite4 located in t8e 4ame area. 1A9O p,anning is simp,e in his case. 1A9O / ep shou,d be se o 1 in every sec or and 1A9O O33se mus be se,ec ed 3or each sec or so ha he 1A9Os o3 he hopping 2$6s in one si e +i,, be in consecu ive order.
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Frequencies for the $; list are planned with help of frequency planning tool5 $inimum separation is ,5
$;9!6tep is 1
'he sectors share the #a e +SN
$;9!offset for each sector is set so that the $;9!s for 'R+s are in con#ecutive order
(igure ";&0. <Damp,e o3 1A9O p,anning.
-.3.3
(nalysis
/ince 3rac iona, ,oading is no used0 conven iona, C/9 ana,ysis is possib,e. *o+ever0 he same vir ua, ce,, +i h po+er dividers Cse up ha +as used in he 3re)uency a,,oca ion phase mus be used in he ana,ysis. A, erna ive op ion is o use he $68>A= ana,ysis oo, o3 NP//6 3.2. /ince i is no possib,e o ake he bene3i s o3 1A9O managemen in o accoun %Gno in er3erence be +een he ce,,s o3 he same si e'0 simi,ar se up as in he C/9 ana,ysis has o be used.
Version 1.0.0
.a e Oc 230 1!!"
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Frequency Planning Guide

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Frequency Planning Guide

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Frequency Hopping Network Implementation and Planning

Checked by 23 Oc !" #$y

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

Antenna# (own Ant. (owntilting )icro-Cell Pico-Cell & Indoor

PC (T* $+ S art Antenna# I,-

Effective Network Planning

*eneral "e4cription o5 Frequency Hopping

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

RTS' : TR7; 6 TR7;% TR7;+ TR7;/

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

f1, f2, f3, fn TRX-2

f1, f2, f3, fn

$1%4 BCC+' $2 $3 "$

)S doe# not #ee an0 difference

(igure 1;:. 2he di33erence be +een @@ and $( (*.

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

$or thi# T()A fra e the output fro

$N 9 +SN GS) +opping algorith

1A9OO((/<2 0 >ser de3inab,e 2hese parame ers are se au oma ica,,y

T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

)'I:,R1 % n ' = )'I:offset + )'I:step %n 1'

Sector T"* : +SN

)AIoff#etl )AI)AI- #tep

&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 *. &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , *, *, *0 *1

(igure 1;7. <Damp,e o3 he use o3 he 1A9O re,a ed parame ers.

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*

elay spread . dB )ower density

d $ean delay time

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

delay spread (s) .5, .57 * , /

fre/uenc0 #pacing %k+!'

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se !ences

Sim!lated #re !ency $iversity %ains

. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#

Effect in Cell Coverage (rea

Effect of +o,ile Speed

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

Average C&I %dB'

'ype#nit!r epartmentHere ,. 'ype(our&ameHere 5

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

"eu#e 3&=5 T, 3k &h GAIN< *50 dB ,5/ dB /5- dB

"eu#e 3&=5 T, >6k &h GAIN< *5. dB ,5/ dB /57 dB

PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on

PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on C&I i prove ent

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

R@? full R@? sub

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(

6SS 'e=el Implementation

(igure 3;1&. 2he primary ne +ork e,emen s in -/1.

T8e %nd *eneration 6a4e Station

2$610 C*./P 2$620 C*./P 2$630 C*./P 2$6120 C*./P

2$610 <8./P ( @ > / 2$620 <8./P 2$630 <8./P 2$6120 <8./P

(re)uency *opping Ne +ork P,anning -uide

6a4e Station Controller

T"-1 T"-2 T"*-3

&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 . &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , , , 0 *1

2$610 C./P 2$620 C./P 2$630 C./P 2$6120 C./P

* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' , 'R+s ,B,B, 'R+s * / / /

* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' , 'R+s ,B,B, 'R+s * / / /

SE'ECTIN* THE RIHT HOPPIN STR&TE*Y

T"-1 T"-2 T"-3 T"-8

T"-1 T"-2 T"-3 T"-8

.5. = 8 ,, ,2 / /0 0/ 77 72 1-8 2, 22 8* 80 Nu ;er of TC+K# .. 0 . / 1 ,7 /0. 01 08 7, 1 10 -. -/ -1 27 8-