(

Reference:

Elementary Linear Algebra

by : Ron Larson David C. Falvo Brook / Cole Cengage Learning 6th edition - 2010

Determinants

The Determinant of a Matrix

The Determinant of a 22 Matrix

The determinant of the matrix

is given by

Example (1) : compute the determinant of

6 A= 5 1 2

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

Definition of Minors and Cofactors

of a Matrix
If A is a square matrix , then the minor of element is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting
the i th row and j th column of A. The cofactor is given by

A=

Example (2)
Find the minors and the cofactors of if A=
2 2 1 2 3 -2 1 4 1

2 2 1

2 1 3 -2 4 1

Signs of cofactors

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

- + +

Definition of the Determinant of a Matrix

If A is a square matrix , then the determinant of A is the sum of the entries in the first row of A multiplied by their cofactors. That is,

Example (3) : compute the determinant of A=

2 2 1 2 3 -2 1 4 1

3 -2
|A|= +2

2 -2
-2
+1

2 3 1 4

4 1

1 1

= 2 [3-(-8)] -2[2-(-2)]+[8-3] = 19

Theorem 3.1 Expansion by Cofactors Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then the determinant of A is given by

ith row expansion

jth column expansion

Example (4) : compute det (A) where

3 0 1 1 -7 3 4 -2 -5 1 -2 2 3 0 1 6 0 8 0 0 2 3 0 1 -1

1) A =

2) A =

Example (5) : compute

4 2 -1 -5 3 0 1 2 -3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 -2 0 6 7 -7 = 4 1 2 -3 1 0 4 4 6 0 0 -2 7 0 0 0 -7

=4 1 2 -3 1

0 4 4 6

0 0 = 4.1 4 0 0 0 0 4 -2 0 -2 0 6 7 -7 7 -7 0 -7 = 4.1.4 (-2x-7 - 0) = = 4x1x4x-2x-7 = 224

= 4.1.4 -2 7

4 2 -1 -5 3

0 1 2 -3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 -2 0 6 7 -7

Theorem 3.2 Determinant of a Triangular Matrix

If A is a triangular matrix of order n,

then its determinant is the product

of the entries on the main diagonal.

That is,

Example (6) : compute

11 1 5 3 12 4 7 4 -4 9 -11 7 5 5 -7 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 5 6 6 -6 9 4 5 -3 2 1

= 0

The determinant of a Matrix of Order 3 see example 5 page 128

-4
0 3 4 2 -1 -4 1 2 1

0
0 3 4

6
2 -1 -4

0 16 -12 The determinant = 0+16+(-12) [-4+0+6] = 2


Exercises 3.1 1- 33 odd,41- 63 odd,66,71,75

Evaluation of a Determinant Using Row Operations

Example (1)
Evaluate |A|,|B| if 2 3 3 A= 1 5 2 0 4 0

2 3 6 ,B= 1 5 4 0 4 0

|A|= -4 ,|B| = -8

notice that
2 3 3 A= 1 5 2 0 4 0

|B|= 2x|A|
2 3 6 ,B= 1 5 4 0 4 0

Theorem 3.3
Elementary Row Operations and Determinants Let A and B be square matrices. 1. If B is obtained from A by interchanging two rows of A , then det (B) = - det (A)

Theorem 3.3
2. If B is obtained from A by adding a multiple of a row of A to another row of A , then det (B) = det (A). 3. If B is obtained from A by multiplying a row of A by a nonzero constant c , then det (B) = c det (A).

Elementary column Operations

The column operations have the same effects on determinants as row operations.

Example (2) : Exercise 10 page 140 which property of determinants is illustrated by the equation?
1 4 5 2 -8 4 3 6 12 1 4 5 1 -4 2 1 2 4

= 6

Example (3) : Exercise 37 page 140 Use elementary row or column operations to evaluate the determinant.
1 2 2 0 0 -1 6 0 2 1 8 0 2 8 1 4 -4 6 0 2 2 3 2 0 2

Example (4) :

1 0 -1 3 -1 1 2 -1 -3 5 8 -2 0 4 5 3

Theorem 3.4
If A is a square matrix and one of the following conditions is true, then det(A)=0. 1. An entire row consists of zeros. 2. Two rows are equal. 3. One row is a multiple of another row.

Example (5) : Why?

2 -3 1 0 7 0 -3 2 3 4 -3 4 -6 9 -3 0

=0


Exercises 3.2 1- 35 odd,39- 55 odd

Determinants

Example (1) : compute -12 13 -6

24 18

-8 9

16 5

Example (1) :
-12 13 -6 -2 24 -8 16 = 6 4 18 9 5 3
0 1 1
0

13 -6 -8 16 = 6x4 9 5
9
-2 15

-2 1 3

13 -2 9

-6 4 5

2
4 -7

= 24

= -24

9 15

2 -7

= -24 x -93 = 2232

determinant

Row (column)-operations
common factor

* *

* *

Properties of Determinants

Theorem 3.5 Determinant of a Matrix Product If A and B are square matrices of

order n , then det (AB) =det(A) det(B)

Theorem 3.6 Determinant of a Scalar Multiple Matrix

If A is an a scalar , then

matrix and c is

Theorem 3.7
Determinant of an Invertible Matrix A square matrix A is invertible (nonsingular) if and only if

det A 0

Theorem 3.8
Determinant of an Inverse Matrix
If A is invertible , Then

Proof

Theorem 3.9
Determinant of a Transpose
If A is a square matrix , then

Example (2) : compute

2 0 0 0 3 -1 0 0 1 3 5 0 5 1 7 2

if

A=

2 det(A) = 0 0 0

3 -1 0 0

1 3 5 0

5 1 7 2

= 2 -1 5 2 = -20

=AAA

By theorem (3.5)

= det (A) . det (A). det (A) = |A| |A| |A| = (-20). (-20). (-20)

Example (3) : Exercise 8 page 149

|A| =
1 2 3 -4

= 25 x -10 = - 250

Equivalent Conditions for a Nonsingular Matrix

If A is an matrix , then the following statements are equivalent. 1. A is invertible 2. Ax=b has a unique solution for every column matrix b. 3. Ax=0 has only the trivial solution.

(cont.) Equivalent Conditions for a Nonsingular Matrix

4. A is row-equivalent to 5. A can be written as the product of elementary matrices. 6. det(A) 0

Example (4) : Exercise 44 page 150

1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 0 0 0 2 -2 0 0 2 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1

0 0 0 2

-2 0 0 2

-1 -1 1 1 -1 1

-1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1

-2 - 2 0 0

-1 -1 1

-1 -1 -1

-2 x -2

-2 x -2 x 2 = 8

The system has a unique solution


Exercises 3.3 1- 69 odd,72,73

Applications of Determinants

The Adjoint of a Matrix

cofactors of a matrix

(i,j)-cofactor is given by

where

is the determinant

adjoint of matrix

adjoint of A
= )adj (A

Theorem 3.10
If A is an Then invertible matrix ,

Example(1) : Exercises 2,6 page 168

Find the adjoint of the matrix A . Then use the adjoint to find the inverse of A.

2. A =

-1 0

0 4

6. A =

0 1 -1

1 2 -1

1 3 -2

0 |A|= 1

1 2

1 3

0 = 1 0

1 2 1

1 3 1

-1 -1 -2

|A|= 0

two rows are equal

Then A is noninvertible.

Cramers Rule

Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752)

Cramers Rule

Is a formula that uses determinants to solve a system of n linear equations in n variables.

Using Cramers Rule to solve

the system

Theorem 3.11
If a system of n linear equations in n
variables has a coefficient matrix with a nonzero determinant |A|,

then the solution of the system is

given by

(con.)

Theorem 3.11

Where the i th column of

is the

column of constants in the system

of equations.

Example (2) : Exercise 28 page 169

Use Cramers Rule to solve the system of linear equations, if possible.

4 2 8

-2 2 -5

3 5 -2

= - 82

4 -2 3 -2 2 2 5 = - 410 16 4 8 -5 -2

4 -2 3 -2 2 16 2 5 4 8 -5 -2

= -656

4 -2 -2 3 2 2 16 5 4 8 -5 -2

= 164

= x

5 8 -2


Exercises 3.5 1-13 odd ,14,16, 17-31 odd ,43

Vector Spaces

Definition
Let V be a set on which two operations (vector addition and scalar multiplication) are defined. If the listed axioms are satisfied for every u,v and w in V and every scalar (real number) c and d, then V is called a vector space.

Addition
1) u + v is in V 2) u + v = v + u . 3) (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) 4) V has a zero vector 0 in such that for every u in V , u + 0 = u 5) u in V , - u in V s.t. u + (-u) = 0

Scalar Multiplication
6) cu is in V . 7) c (u+v) = cu+ cv 8) (c+d) u = cu+ du 9) c(du) = (cd) u 10) 1 (u) = u

Example (1) : Exercise 34 page 198

Let V be the set of all positive real numbers . Determine whether V is a vector space with the operations below.
Addition Scalar multiplication

Important Vector Spaces

= set of all n-tuples. = The set of all continuous functions defined on the real number line . = The set of all continuous functions defined on a closed interval [a,b].

P = set of all polynomials. = set of all polynomials of degree = set of all mxn matrices.

n.

Example (2) : Exercise 30-c page 197

Rather than use the standard definitions of addition and scalar multiplication in , suppose these two operations are defined as follows.

Show that the set V with the two operations is not a vector space in each of the following .

no.

Operations

Answer

matrix addition and scalar multiplication

: a,b are real numbers}

Standard operations in

vector addition and c(x,y,z)=(0,0,0)

Exercise 29 page 197

Theorem 4.4
Let v be any element of a vector space V , and let c be any scalar . Then the following properties are true. 1. 0v = 0 2. c 0 = 0 3. If c v = 0 , then c = 0 or v=0 4. (-1) v = - v

 Exercises 4.2
2-26 even, 30 (b,d), 36, 38,40

Subspaces of Vector Spaces

Definition
A nonempty subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V if W is a vector space under the operations of addition and scalar multiplication defined in V .

for example

with the standard definitions of matrix addition and scalar multiplication

is a vector space

W is a vector space and W

W is a subspace of

Theorem 4.5
If W is a nonempty subset of a vector space V , then W is a subspace of V if and only if

the following closure conditions hold.

1. If u and v are in W , then u + v is in W . 2. If u is in W and c is any scalar , then cu is in W .

Example (1): Exercise 2 page 205

Example (2): Show that W is not a subspace of V

1)
and

2)

and

3 ) V = C[0,1] and

Theorem 4.6
If V and W are both subspaces of a vector space U , then the intersection of V and W (denoted by VW) is also a subspace of U .


Exercises 4.3
4,6,7,11,16,20,26,31,32,37,39, 43,44,47