A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gillbearing aquatic craniate animals that lack

limbs with digits. Amphibians are members of the class Amphibia, whose living forms include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians. They are coldblooded, tetrapod vertebrates. Most have four limbs and live in fresh water or on land but the caecilians, though included in the group, live in burrows in damp soil and are limbless. Amphibians typically have a larval stage that lives in water but there are many different behavioural adaptations that have developed among species to bypass this necessity. The young undergo metamorphosis from a larval form with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians also use their skin for respiration, and some small terrestrial salamanders rely entirely on this and have no lungs. Mammals are members of class Mammalia ( /mmeli./), airbreathing vertebrate animals characterized by the possession ofendothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young. Most mammals also possess sweat glandsand specialized teeth. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta which feeds the offspring during gestation. The mammalian brain, with its characteristic neocortex, regulates endothermic and circulatory systems, the latter featuring red blood cells lackingnuclei and a four-chambered heart. Mammals range in size from the 3040 millimeter (1- to 1.5-inch) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108-foot)blue whale. Chordates form a phylum of creatures that are based on a bilateral body plan,[2] and is defined by having at some stage in their lives all of the following:[3] A notochord, in other words a fairly stiff rod of cartilage that extends along the inside of the body. Among the vertebrate sub-group of chordates the notochord develops into the spine, and in wholly aquatic species this helps the animal to swim by flexing its tail. A dorsal neural tube. In fish and other vertebrates this develops into the spinal cord, the main communications trunk of the nervous system. Pharyngeal slits. The pharynx is the part of the throat immediately behind the mouth. In fish the slits are modified to form gills, but in some other chordates they are part of a filter-feeding system that extracts particles of food from the water in which the animals live. Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the anus. An endostyle. This is a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. In filter-feeding species it produces mucus to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to the esophagus.[4] It also stores iodine, and may be a precursor of the vertebrate thyroid gland Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek [ntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a threepart body (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and one pair of antennae. They are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living

organisms.[2][3] The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million,[2][4][5] and potentially represent over 90% of the differingmetazoan life forms on Earth.[6] Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans. Birds (class Aves) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egglaying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, and inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fossil record indicates that birds emerged within theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period, around 160 million years (Ma) ago. Paleontologists regard birds as the onlyclade of dinosaurs to have survived the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event 65.5 Ma (million years) ago. Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Subclass: Animalia Chordata Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Infraclass: Animalia Chordata Mammalia Eutheria

Superorder: Selachimorpha

Superorder: Laurasiatheria[1] Order: Chiroptera

Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Superfamily: Family:

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muroidea Muridae

Subfamily: Genus: Genus: Rana species: tigrina

Murinae Rattus

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: chordata class: Amphibia Order: Anura / Salientia Family: Ranidae

Scientific classification Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Subfamily: Genus: Species: Animalia Chordata Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Phasianinae

Kingdom: Phylum: Subphylum: Class: millipede

Animalia Arthropoda Myriapoda Diplopoda

Kingdom: Gallus Phylum: G. gallus Subphylum: G. g. Subspecies: domesticus centipede chicken Class:

Animalia Arthropoda Myriapoda Chilopoda

Sharks are heavy fishes, possessing neither lungs nor swim bladders (see fish). Their skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone, and this, along with large deposits of fat, partially solves their weight problem; nevertheless, most sharks must keep moving in order to breathe and to stay afloat. They are good swimmers; the wide spread of the pectoral fins and the upward curve of the tail fin provide lift, and the sweeping movements of the tail provide drive. Their tough hides are studded with minute, toothlike structures called denticles. Sharks have pointed snouts; their crescent-shaped mouths are set on the underside of the body and contain several rows of sharp, triangular teeth. They have respiratory organs called gills, usually five on each side, with individual gill slits opening on the body surface; these slits form a conspicuous row and lack the covering found over the gills of bony fishes. Like most fishes, sharks breathe by taking water in through the mouth and passing it out over the gills. Usually there are two additional respiratory openings on the head, called spiracles. A shark's intestine has a unique spiral valve, which increases the area of absorption. Fertilization is internal in sharks; the male has paired organs called claspers for introducing sperm into the cloaca of the female. Members of most species bear live young, but a few of the smaller sharks lay eggs containing much yolk and enclosed in horny shells. Compared to bony fishes, sharks tend to mature later and reproduce slowly.

Predation Only a small number of the predatory species are definitely known to engage in unprovoked attacks on humans. The largest and most feared of these is the great white shark, which may reach 20 ft (6 m) in length and is probably responsible for more such attacks than any other species. Other sharks reputed to be especially dangerous are the tiger and blue sharks and the mako. Sharks are extremely sensitive to motion and to the scent of blood. Swimmers in areas where dangerous varieties occur should leave the water quietly if they are cut; spearfishing divers should remove bleeding fish from the water immediately. In some places bathing areas are guarded by nets. A number of substances have been used as shark repellents, including maleic acid, copper sulfate, and decaying shark flesh, but their effectiveness is variable. An electrical repellent device, exploiting the shark's sensitivity to electrical fields, has been developed in South Africa. Sharks usually circle their prey before attacking. Since they seldom swim near the surface, an exposed dorsal fin is more likely to be that of a swordfish or ray than that of a shark reduced lungs - A frog in a dormant state requires very little oxygen for breathing and preferscutaneous respiration. - 3 chambered heart - slippery skin - cold blooded - prefer wetlands, shallow ponds and marsh pools

Eggs that do not have hard shells Aquatic larval life stage 1) need to live by water 2) smooth, moist skin 3) high, round eyes 4) teeth in upper jaw 5) long leg

They are warm blooded and give live birth, they have fur not feathers. bats Facts about Echlocation All bats can see, however bats have developed the use of echolocation to find food when navigating and hunting for food at night. Bats make high-frequency sounds, and the echoes of these sounds bounce back which enables a bat to make a mental map. Using this mental map they are able to avoid the smallest of obstacles whilst locating their prey. In just a split second Echlocation enables bats to determine the size of objects, their location, how fast they are travelling and even their texture! Species of Bats There are almost 1,000 species of Bats! These many species are divided into two sub-orders:

Megachiroptera (Large Bat or magabats) Microchiroptera (Small Bat or microbats) Description of Bats The bat is described as a mouselike nocturnal flying mammal of the family Chiroptera. The word Chiroptera, means "hand wing". It is a mouse-like animal with forelimbs modified to form wings. They navigate and hunt prey by echolocation. Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly.

The word 'millipede' means a thousand legs, where as 'centipede' means a hundred legs. Also, the millipede is poisonous (don't eat it) and some species are toxic (don't touch it). The centipede is venomous (don't let it bite you). Each millipede's segments are connected to two pairs of legs and the centipede only has one pair for each segment. millipedes may have more legs but the centipede is usually longer and flatter as the millipede is very round

Characteristics Millipedes are a diverse group of animals and are not well studied in Australia and of the 15 orders of millipedes in the world only 9 have been recorded in Australia. Millipede means 'thousand feet' but they do not really have this many, although most have over 30 pairs of legs and some are known to have about 350 pairs. Millipedes can be distinguished from other invertebrates by the following characters:
2 pairs of legs per body segment, although some juveniles may posses only 1 pair per segment

Paradoxomatidae species

Simple eyes if present, although

many have no eyes

1 pair of antennae Chewing mouthparts

Although it looks like millipedes have 2 pair of legs on each segment, closer examination shows that each body segment is actually 2 segments fused together. Millipedes are timid invertebrates and unlike centipedes, do not have poisonous claws so to protect themselves and to discourage predators they roll into a tight spiral and often discharge a foul smelling, distasteful substance. The introduced species Ommatoiulus moreletii (Black Portuguese millipede), often reaches plague proportions in southern Australia invading houses and destroying crops. Numbers can be so great in places that the ground appears a wriggling mass of black millipedes. Life Cycle Most male millipedes have specially designed mating legs on their seventh body segment, which they use to transfer sperm to the female genital opening. The female then lays her eggs in the soil, under logs or among leaf litter depending on the species. The newly hatched young have 3 to 4 pairs of legs depending on the species. Body segments and legs are added with successive moults as they grow until the adult size is attained. Feeding Millipedes are herbivores and scavengers, feeding primarily on

Ommatoiulus moreleti (JULIDAE) decaying plant material and animal matter.

Habitat Most millipedes are found in cool, moist environments and many species are common under rocks and logs, in leaf litter and soil and under the bark of trees.

The black Portuguese millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti, is an introduced species which has rapidly gained a reputation for being a nuisance pest in most areas where it occurs. This species often reaches plague numbers especially in southern Australia. In these instances it often invades houses and other dwellings where it contaminates food and infests carpet and bedding. It may also destroy fruit and vegetable crops. Like other species of Julid millipedes the black Portuguese millipede discharges a yellowish liquid when disturbed to discourage predators. Although not dangerous to humans this fluid can stain skin and material. centipedes are flat, and, unlike Millipedes, have one pair of legs per segment. They are NOT part of the hexapod (insects, for all you uneducated people out there) class, but are Arachnids. Centipedes are also carnivores, eating their prey after swiftly injecting poison into it. Still, the main difference, is that centipedes are flat and have only one pair of legs per segment. What is the Difference Between Centipedes & Millipedes? Both centipedes and millipedes have segmented bodies and belong to Superclass Myriapoda. Both breathe through spiracles and have no direct copulatory organs. However, many differences exist between centipedes and millipedes. Centipedes are terrestrial arthropods belonging to Class Chilopoda. Centipedes are flexible, dorsoventrally flattened arthropods. Millipedes belong to Class Diplopoda and are inflexible arthropods distinguishable by their subcylindrical shape. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, while millipedes have two pairs. While most centipedes are known for their speed, millipedes move slowly and burrow.