Bibliography Bogers,Gert,AthinaKarvounaraki,SteveClarke,andCynthiaTavares,comps.TraffickingIn HumanBeings.Publication.Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion, 2013.AccessedOctober14,2013. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/homeaffairs/whatisnew/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_th b_stats_report_en.pdf. Theauthorsofthispublicationcontributeavarietyofkeydatafindingsandinformation aboutthevictims,andthesuspectedtraffickers.Withoutevenreadingthepassagesonecould lookatthedatatablesandbegivenaclearandconciseideaonwho'sbeingtraffickedthemost, where,andwhybywhatmeans.Partofthedatagivenonidentifiedandpresumedvictims includesthatthenumberofchildvictimsiscloseto15%,whilethevastmajorityofwomen victimsis80%,andmalevictims20%.62%ofvictimsaretraffickedforpurposesofsexual exploitation,25%forlaborexploitation,and14%areinthecategoryof"other".96%ofvictims beingusedforsexualexploitationarefemaleand77#ofvictimsbeingusedforlabor exploitationaremale.

Thispublicationilluminatesthistopicbecauseitgivesprecise,accurate, andmorerecentdatainregardstohumantraffickinginEasternEurope.Inaddition,compared toablogpostpublishedbySarahBoydtitled'SexTraffickingInEasternEurope',itgives informationonthepeopledoingthetraffickingaswell.However,Incontrasttoanother publicationdonebyUNICEFnotasmuchattentionisshedonthatofthetraffickingofchildren. Boyd,Sarah."SexTraffickinginEasternEurope." Https://blog.ecu.edu/sites/genderpoliticsculture/(weblog),April18,2012. AccessedOctober16,2013. https://blog.ecu.edu/sites/genderpoliticsculture/blog/2012/04/18/sextraffickingineaster neurope/. Theauthorofthisarticlebeginsbybackingupherstatementthathumantraffickingisa prominentissuethatneedstobeputtoandendbyusingawomannameOlgaandher experienceasanexample.Olga'sstoryrecallshowshewasrepeatedlyraped,humiliated, beatenintosubmission,andevenforcedtocleanatoiletwithhertonguebecauseshewasone ofthenewgirls.Hertestamentisoneofmillions,andit'snoteventheworst.Thearticlegoeson tosaythatsextraffickingwillcontinueaslongasthereismoneytobemade.Thebusinessin itselfmakesanestimated$32billiondollarsannually.Asinglewomanbeingtraffickedcan generateatleast$62,700inmostareas.Itbecomesevenmoredifficulttoputanendtothis problembecausetheirareevenpolicemeninvolvedinthetradewhoalert"pimps"whenaraidis coming.Withundercoveroperationsgoingontothatextent,itonlymakesthecycleharderand hardertobreak.Thisarticleinspecificilluminatesthistopicbecauseitdoesagoodjobof sheddinglightonjustwhathappenstothesepeopleoncetheyaretrafficked,andwhythis problemissohardtofix.Italsoemphasizesthefactthatthisisamajorviolationofthese peopleshumanrights,andevengoesasfarastoputtheresponsibilityandblameonmen.That inparticularisinterestingincomparisontotheinformationfoundonanothersitehostedbythe UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.Althoughtheauthoracknowledgesthefactthat womanandmenaretradedsheputstheblamessolelyonmenforhumantrafficking.Onthe

UnitedNationssite,oneofthefrequentlyaskedquestionswas"WhoAreTheVictimsAnd CulpritsOfHumanTrafficking?".Ofcourseitstatesthatvictimscanbeofanyageorgender, butthemoresurprisingpartisthatoffendersareoftenfemaleswhowerevictimsofthecrime themselves,butbegantotrafficotherpeopleinordertoavoidtheirownvictimization. Gentlemen,Amelia."CaseStudies."CombatPrevention,Protection,andSupportAgainst Trafficking.April18,2011.AccessedNovember16,2013. http://combattrafficking.eu/content/sextraffickingwarwickshire. Afterreadingeachofthecasestudiesprovided,itbecomesevidentthatonevery prominentroleisbeingplayedcontributingtoeachofthesepeople'ssuffering.Itallcomesback toacompletelackofcareandunderstandingonthejusticesystemspart,aswellasthefactthat theyareindesperateneedofareformontheircurrentpolicies.InKatya'sstory,agirlwhowas traffickedandmanagedtoescape,shedescribesherexperienceafterbeingfreewhichdidnot lastlong.Britishimmigrationknewfullyhersituationandwhatshehadjustendured,yettheystill decidedshewasn'tinanydangerandsentherbacktoMoldovawherehertraffickersthen trackedherdownmakingthingsforherifpossibleevenworse.It'sbadenoughthatthe governmentisdoinglittletonothingtocrackdownonhumantrafficking,buttheyalsoaren't givingenoughtohelptothepeoplewhodoescape.Theyhaveevengoneasfarasstopping fundingforThePoppyProject,oneoffewprogramsdoinganythingtohelpescapedvictims, givingthemahome,medicalcare,andoverallhelpingthemgetbackontheirfeet.Victimsare beinglefthelpless,andmanyfindthemselvesbeingtraffickedasecondtimeastheircaptorsgo outandsearchforthem.InKatya'scase,shewasjailedafteraraid,andthepoliceunknowingly allowedhertraffickertovisither9times,allowinghimtoinstillevenmorefearintohersothat shewouldnottalk.Incontrasttoanothercasestudydoneunderthesamelist,a16yearold boynamedSolomonshareshisstoryaswell.TravelingfromAfrica,hisfamilybelievedhimto begoingtoEuropeforschoolingwheninsteadhewasand14otherchildrenwereforcedintoa containerontheshipandraped/sodomizedrepeatedly.It'scommonforimmigrantstobecome thevictimsoftraffickingthroughtrickery.Manyareofferedbetteropportunitieswhetheritbea joboraneducation,andtheyinsteadtheyendupbeingsold.Katyahoweverwaskidnappedat 14,anddidn'tescapeforyearsonlytohavetogothroughitalloveragain.Thesecasestudies helptoilluminatetheresponsibilitiesaspectoftheproject.Thegovernmentissupposedtobe theoneprovidinghelpasbesttheycanforthesevictims,anddoingeverythingtheycantocatch theircaptorsbutinsteadcaseslikeSolomon'sandKatya'sarebeingsweptundertherug.These peopleareleftwithunimaginabledamagetotheirbodies,physicallyandmentally.The governmentissimplynotdoingenoughtopreventanyofit. Gentlemen,Amelia."CaseStudies."CombatPrevention,Protection,andSupportAgainst Trafficking.April18,2011.AccessedNovember16,2013. http://combattrafficking.eu/content/sextraffickingwarwickshire. Afterreadingeachofthecasestudiesprovided,itbecomesevidentthatonevery prominentroleisbeingplayedcontributingtoeachofthesepeople'ssuffering.Itallcomesback toacompletelackofcareandunderstandingonthejusticesystemspart,aswellasthefactthat theyareindesperateneedofareformontheircurrentpolicies.InKatya'sstory,agirlwhowas

traffickedandmanagedtoescape,shedescribesherexperienceafterbeingfreewhichdidnot lastlong.Britishimmigrationknewfullyhersituationandwhatshehadjustendured,yettheystill decidedshewasn'tinanydangerandsentherbacktoMoldovawherehertraffickersthen trackedherdownmakingthingsforherifpossibleevenworse.It'sbadenoughthatthe governmentisdoinglittletonothingtocrackdownonhumantrafficking,buttheyalsoaren't givingenoughtohelptothepeoplewhodoescape.Theyhaveevengoneasfarasstopping fundingforThePoppyProject,oneoffewprogramsdoinganythingtohelpescapedvictims, givingthemahome,medicalcare,andoverallhelpingthemgetbackontheirfeet.Victimsare beinglefthelpless,andmanyfindthemselvesbeingtraffickedasecondtimeastheircaptorsgo outandsearchforthem.InKatya'scase,shewasjailedafteraraid,andthepoliceunknowingly allowedhertraffickertovisither9times,allowinghimtoinstillevenmorefearintohersothat shewouldnottalk.Incontrasttoanothercasestudydoneunderthesamelist,a16yearold boynamedSolomonshareshisstoryaswell.TravelingfromAfrica,hisfamilybelievedhimto begoingtoEuropeforschoolingwheninsteadhewasand14otherchildrenwereforcedintoa containerontheshipandraped/sodomizedrepeatedly.It'scommonforimmigrantstobecome thevictimsoftraffickingthroughtrickery.Manyareofferedbetteropportunitieswhetheritbea joboraneducation,andtheyinsteadtheyendupbeingsold.Katyahoweverwaskidnappedat 14,anddidn'tescapeforyearsonlytohavetogothroughitalloveragain.Thesecasestudies helptoilluminatetheresponsibilitiesaspectoftheproject.Thegovernmentissupposedtobe theoneprovidinghelpasbesttheycanforthesevictims,anddoingeverythingtheycantocatch theircaptorsbutinsteadcaseslikeSolomon'sandKatya'sarebeingsweptundertherug.These peopleareleftwithunimaginabledamagetotheirbodies,physicallyandmentally.The governmentissimplynotdoingenoughtopreventanyofit. Gopalan.HumanTraffickingBoominInEasternEurope,ButGovernmentsDon'tSeemTo Care.Report.June28,2007.AccessedSeptember19,2013. http://www.medindia.net/news/HumanTraffickingBoominginEasternEuropebutGo vernmentsDontSeemtoCare227261.htm. InthisarticleisfoundthatMaldova,asmalllandlockedcountrynottoofarfrom Ukraine,isactuallyEurope'stopexporterofsexslaves.40%ofthesexslavesinMoldovaare childrenandarehighlysoughtafter.Thehumantraffickingindustryinitselfhasreached epicdemiclevels.GoevernmentofficialsinMoldovaactuallyassistinthesextradeofchildren becausealledglyamajorshareoftheincomefromthetradegoesdirectlytothem.Sex traffickinghasbecomea$42.5billiondollarindustry.IncomparisontoanarticlebyKate Trancshel,titledHIDDENINPLAINSIGHT:ANORALHISTORYOFMODERNDAY SLAVERYFROMRUSSIAANDEASTERNEUROPE,manyofthevictimsaretakenthe sameway.Severalofthetargetsliveinpovertyandareinsearchofwork.Oftentimestheyll findthemselvesbeingofferedawellpayingjobwheninactuallitythey'rebeingrecruitedintothe slavetradeanddon'trealizeituntilit'stoolate.Fewevermakeitoutandtheissueisonly becommingincreasinglyproblematic. Marsh,Kevin,SarmaRashmi,PhilDavies,EmmaFroud,TonyMunton,andElizabethScalia. "AnEvidenceAssessmentoftheRoutesofHumanTrafckingintotheUK."March 2012.AccessedNovember2013.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/115923/o cc103.pdf. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/115923/occ103. pdf Marsh,Kevin,SarmaRashmi,PhilDavies,EmmaFroud,TonyMunton,andElizabethScalia. "AnEvidenceAssessmentoftheRoutesofHumanTrafckingintotheUK."October 2012.AccessedNovember2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/115923/o cc103.pdf. Inthisreportaconcisebreakdownisdoneonwhereexactlytraffickingishappening aroundtheworld.InEasternEuropethetwotoprankingtraffickingcountriesareAlbaniaand Bulgaria.IncontrasttoanotherreportdonebytheWorldHealthOrginization,thisreportgives aclearideaofwheretraffickingishappeningandwhatitisdoingtotheeconomywhiletheother reporthelpstoclearlydescribethedrasticsocialimpacttraffickinghas.Thisreporthelpsto illuminatetheprojectasawholebecauseittiestogethertheroutesofthetradewhilealso explainingthehorribleimplicationsitcomeswith. Report.2012.AccessedNovember2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77394/1/WHO_RHR_12.42_eng.pdf. Inthispiece,severalimportantquestionsareansweredtodesribewhatexactlyhuman traffickingis,whereit'soccuring,whataretherightsofthevictimsandseveralotherthings.By definitionhumantraffickingis[T]herecruitment,transportation,transfer,harbouringorreceipt ofpersons,bymeansofthethreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,ofabduction,of fraud,ofdeception,oftheabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerabilityorofthegivingor receivingofpaymentsorbenefitstoachievetheconsentofapersonhavingcontroloveranother person,forthepurposeofexploitation.Becauseofit'sillegalnature,usefuldataissometimes hardtoobtain,howeverthissourcegivesaveryconcisebreakdownofthesituationinEastern Europe.IncontrasttoasimilarreportdonebyThisarticlehelpstoalluminatetherightsofman asitbreaksdownwhatexactlyishappeningandhowitgoesagainstthelawsinplacetoday meanttokeeppeoplefromthistypeofservitude. Synovitz,Ron."SexTraffickersPreyOnEasternEuropeans."RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. August23,2005.AccessedNovember17,2013. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060878.html. Inthisarticlelightisshedonsextraffickingandit'srisingpopularityinEasternEurope. IronicallypostedontheInternationalDayfortheRemembranceoftheSlaveTradeandits Abolition,thisarticlemakesitclearthatslaveryisindeednotover,andnotalotofpeople realizethat.IncomparisiontoacasestudydonebyAmeliaGentlemen,thewomannamed Mariasharesasimilarstorytothatofacoupleofthewomeninthecasestudies.Allhadonce

beenofferedajob,onlytoenduptrappedandsoldintothetrade.Thisarticleinparticular illuminatestherightsofman,asthesepeoplearecontinuallybeingtakenadvantagewithouta singlecarefortheirwellbeingorhealth.Peopledon'tseemtorealizethatslaveryisn'tover.The rightsofmanaretakeneverydaythroughsexsalvery,forcedlabor,factorylabor,childsoldier slavery,anddomesticservitudeslavery. Transchel,Kate.HIDDENINPLAINSIGHT:ANORALHISTORYOFMODERNDAY SLAVERYFROMRUSSIAANDEASTERNEUROPE.IREX.Irex.org.December 2010.AccessedSeptember19,2013. http://www.irex.org/sites/default/files/Transchel%20Scholar%20Research%20Brief%20 20102011.pdf. Theauthorofthismonograph,KateTranschel,aprofessorofRussianandEastern EuropeanHistoryatCaliforniaStateUniversity,providesevidenceofthistragicrecurrence throughextensiveresearchandpersonalinterviewsshe'sconductedwithvictimsthathavebeen traffickedfromUkraine,Moldova,andRussia,aswellasNGO'swhohavedealtwithtrafficked victims.TranschelfirstlooksintothepasttolinkthetraffickinginEasternEuropetotheSoviet, whilealsolookingchartingthechangesandtakingalookatthegrowingtrendofmenandboys beingtrafficked.Workingtoseekthetrend,shefoundthatbefore2008,priortothefinancial crisis,themajorityofpersonstraffickedwerewomenwhoweretobeusedforsexual exploitation.However,sincethatyeartherehasbeenariseintraffickingforlaborexploitation. IncontrasttoarticlessuchasthatpostedbyWomenHealthNewstitled'HumanTrafficking BoominginEasternEurope,butGovernmentsDon'tSeemtoCare',Transchelnotonlygoes moreindepthonthesubjectofhumanrightsbutalsoaddsapersonaltouchwiththeinclusionof theinterviewsshe'sconducted.Tyingtogetherthelackofknowledgeandresponsibilityalso comesthelackofdenialofthesehappeningsinRussia.AsNGO'scontinuedtopersuade governmentofficialsthattraffickingismajorprobleminthecountryonlygettingworse,they eitherdeniedthatithappenedalltogetherorblameditonmigrantsforgoingabroadinthefirst place. Transchel,Kate."Opinion:BehindtheMythofthe"happyHooker""GlobalPost,October7, 2010.AccessedSeptember22,2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/worldview/091203/moldovasextrafficking. Theauthorofthisarticleprovidesfactualinformationforthereaderwhilealsoapainting apictureofthehorrifichappeningsbytellingthestoryagirlinMaldovawhowasluckyenough toescapebeforebeingauctionedofftobrothelownerswhenshejumpedoutofahotel window.HumanTraffickinghappenstobethefastestgrowingcriminalactivityintheworld today.Asof2010,thetimethearticlewaswritten,itgeneratedanestimated32billiondollars annually.Asinglefemalebeingusedforsexualexploitationcouldaloneannuallyyieldanaverage of$67,200.IncomparisontoanotheroneofKateTranschelswritings,hermonographtitled HiddenInPlainSight:AnOralHistoryofModernDaySlaveryFromRussiaandEastern Europe,thetopicofhowsomepeoplecatchthemselvesinthisawfulpredicamentisfurther discussed.Nativevictimsareoftendeceived,givenapromiseofanewjob,wheninrealitythey arebeingrecruitedintohumantraffickingwithouttheirknowledgeandarethentransportedfrom

theirhomesandsold.Transchelelaboratesmoreonhowresearchersattempttopointout poverty,chronicunemployment,domesticviolence,anddrugaddictionas"pushfactors"when inrealitytherealproblemisthemenwhoareengaginginsexualterrorism.TheUnitedNations estimatesthatbetween800,000to4millionmen,women,andchildrenexperiencethis,80%of whicharewomen,girls,andyoungboysbeingtraffickedintosexualexploitation.Tyingtogether thisinformationintothatofrightsit'sfoundthattheentirepurposeofpurchasingthesepeoplefor sexualreasonstothemajorityofthesemenisbecausetheylikethatthefactthatwhentheydo, theirslavesdon'thaverights.Manydoitbecausetheywantsomeonetodosomething degradingforthem.Somethingthey'reembarrassedtoaskanormalpersonforsoinsteadthey payforit.ThroughastudydonebytheChicagoAllianceAgainstSexualExploitation,itwas foundthat87%ofthosequestionedthoughtwomenchoseprostitutionandanother64% believedthatthewomenenjoyedtheencounter.Thepurposeofthisarticlewastoputanendto generalizationslikethese.Rarelyisprostitutionafreechoice,andit'sdefinitelynotsomething littlegirlsgrowupandaspiretodo.Allitisablatantattackonaperson'shumanrightsdueto theirresponsiblenatureofman. Vaknin,Sam."HumanTraffickinginEasternEurope."InMalignantSelflove:Narcissism Revisited,1600. InthissnippetfromVaknin'sbook,humantraffickingisdefinedasacrimeofit'sown nottobeconfusedwithjustslaveryorprostitution.Primarily,itisaseriousviolationofhuman rightsandfreedomssuchastherightnottobeheldinslaveryorservitude,therighttoliberty andsecurity,andtherighttobefreefromcruelorinhumanetreatmentandthefreedomof movement.Thissectionofthebookbasicallybreaksdowntraffickinginallofit'sformsand whatexactlytheymean.ThecrimeofhumantraffickingcanbedescribedinfourelementsA varietyofacts,actors,coercivemeans,andexploitativemeans.Theactsincluderecruitment, transportation,transfer,harboring,receiptofperson,andtheactorsofcoursearethose involvedinthetraffickingchain.Themeansarebasicallyhowtheyactorsgettheirvictims.That includesthreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,abduction,fraud,deception,abuseof powerorpositionofvulnerabilityandseveralothers.Asfortheexploitativepurposes,those rangefromforcedlabororservices,slaveryorslaverylikeconditions,sexualexploitation,etc. TOfigureourifahumantraffickinghasoccurredonecanlookatthesefourelementsand decide.Thispartofthebookisparticularlyusefulinthisresearchbecauseitusesreal informationfromtheteachingsofPublicProsecutors,Policeofficers,andJudges.Italsogoes furtherintoexplainingthedifferencesbetweentraffickingandprostitution,seeingasitiscommon forpeopletomistakeonefortheother.Prostitutionisavoluntaryactofgivingonesbodyupfor money,whilesextraffickingisastrongviolationofhumanrightswherethereisavictimwhois beingheldagainsttheirwillwhohastogiveuptheirbodyinordertosavetheirowninlifein mostcases.IncomparisontoanarticlebySarahBoyd,thispartofthebookalsotalksabout justhow"involved"lawenforcementofficers,judges,andthestatearewhichthesecrimesin differentcountries.InBoyd'sarticleshementionsthatpoliceofficerscanoftenbeinvolvedinthe tradeandareabletotipoff"pimps"whenraidsarecoming.Vakninstatessimilarproposals, suchashowthethecourtsystemseemstotoleratesuchheinousactsasmorethanhalfof traffickingcasesgetpostponedandoftengounresolved.

Wenke,Daja,andGiorgioRicchiuti,comps.ChildTraffickingInEuropeABroadVisionTo PutChildrenFirst.Publication.EditedbyAlexiaLewnes.Florence:UNICEFIRC, 2008.AccessedOctober13,2013. http://www.unicefirc.org/publications/pdf/ct_in_europe_full.pdf. ThisUNICEFpublicationputsspecificemphasisonthetraffickingofchildreninEurope includingstatisticalinformationaboutwheretheyaremostcommonlyabducted,who'smost commonlybeingabducted,whoisabductingthem,andsomuchmore.Itdelvesmuchdeeper intothedynamicsofhumantrafficking.Childrenareoftenvictimsbecausetheyareseenas passivesubjectswhoareunabletoaccessreality,makedecisionsforthemselves,andactwith selfreliance.Allofthesethingsmakethemeasiertotakeadvantageof.Theissueofwhyit's hardtogatherinformationontraffickedchildrenisdiscussedaswell.Becauseofthehidden natureoftheundergroudnbusinessit'softenhard,ifnotimpossibletoreallyfetaccurate evidenceonthingslikethis.Thispublicationilluminatesmytopicbecauseitgoesintodetailon onespecificgroupthat'sbeingtrafficked,ratherthanthegeneralpopulation.Incontrasttoa publicationdonebytheOfficesofEuropeanUnion,thispiecegivesinformationonhowtotry andpreventtraffickingfromhappeningaswellasspecifyononlyonegroupthatisbeing trafficked.