1 For outgoing MPLS packets, which label is used by the MPLS router? A. label assigned by the CE at destination B.

label assigned locally by the router C. label assigned by the direct neighbor D. label assigned by the originating CE Which three techniques allow for the co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6 networks? (Choose three.) A. tunneling B. anycasting C. translation D. encoding E. dual-stacking 3 Which three would be used to setup a MPLS-TP LSP? (Choose three.) A. RSVP-TE B. GMPLS C. OSPF D. NMS E. LDP 4 Which two statements are true about MPLS encapsulation in relation to other protocols? (Choose two.) A. MPLS encapsulates IP packets. B. UDP encapsulates MPLS packets. C. TCP encapsulates MPLS packets. D. Ethernet encapsulates MPLS packets. 5. What is the proper sequence of actions applied to a packet entering a DiffServ domain? A. classification, marking, queuing, scheduling B. classification, queuing, marking, scheduling C. classification, scheduling, marking, queuing D. classification, queuing, scheduling, marking 6.Which protocol would you enable in an Ethernet network to avoid loops? A. IEEE 802.1q B. Spanning Tree Protocol C. IGP routing protocol D. IEEE 802.1x 7. IPv6 addresses can be classified into which three categories? (Choose three.) A. anycast B. broadcast C. multicast D. hexcast E.unicast 30:28 : : Which three ranges are used as private IP addresses? (Choose three.)

A. 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 B. 10.0.0.0 to 11.255.255.254 C. 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 D. 172.16.0.0 to 172.32.0.0 E. 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 39:43 : : What is the decimal representation of the subnet mask /26? A. 255.255.255.128 B. 255.255.255.192 C. 255.255.255.240 D. 255.255.255.255 414 : : What is the purpose of port numbers at the TCP/IP transport layer? A. to identify the incoming and outgoing Ethernet ports used to carry data B. to identify which IP protocol version is being used to carry data C. to identify the incoming and outgoing ATM ports used to carry data D. to identify the application layer protocol used to handle the data 407 : : You are provided a /28 network. You are not allowed to use the network and broadcast addresses for hosts. How many valid IP addresses are available for the hosts? A. 14 B.15 C. 16 D. 240 44:15 : : You have been asked to sell a VoIP solution to a customer. They have requested more information from you regarding traffic requirements. Which statement is correct? A. MPLS is mandatory for all VoIP calls. B. VoIP protocol guarantees 100 percent packet delivery. C. IPSec is mandatory for all VoIP calls. D. UDP is used to carry the VoIP traffic. 47:44 : : What are two advantages of using NAT in a network? (Choose two.) A.to provide encryption for all IP traffic B. to efficiently compress the IP packet C. to hide private IP addresses from the Internet D. to reduce the use of public IP addresses in a network 49:49 : : Which three statements describe the purpose for using DHCP? (Choose three.) A. It obtains the IP address of a default gateway. B.It obtains the MAC address of an Ethernet switch. C. It obtains the subnet mask used for an IP address. D. It obtains the IP address of a DNS server. E. It obtains the IP address of an Ethernet switch 503 : : Which address range is used for IPv4 multicast addressing?

A. 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 B. 227.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 C. 255.255.255.0 to 255.255.255.255 D. 192.168.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 522 : : You need to manage a network using IP address 192.168.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0. What is the maximum number of IP addresses in this network? A. 128 B. 253 C. 254 D. 256 57:26 : : Which protocol is used to test the reach ability of a host in another IP network? A. ICMP B. ARP C. DHCP D. DNS 59:57 : : What is the purpose of link-local IPv6 addresses? A. to provide multicast IPv6 addresses for use on a single link B. to provide unicast IPv6 addresses for use on a single link C. to provide anycast IPv6 addresses for use on a single link D. to provide broadcast IPv6 addresses for use on a single link 018 : : What does TCP use to set up a connection? A. two-way handshake B. sliding window C. three-way handshake D. four-way handshake 049 : : As a network support engineer, you are having difficulty accessing for your mobile switching node using the Web browser GUI. You are told that the node requires a remote restart. Which protocol would you use as an alternative to access the node to perform this action? A. FTP B. Secure FTP C. RADIUS D. Telnet 09:33 : : Which protocol assigns IPv6 link local interface addresses? A. ICMPv6 B. DHCPv6 C. DNS D. ND 10:39 : : You receive a call from your manager about a network problem. Your manager cannot reach remote servers. You need to confirm the link status between the office and the service provider. Which protocol would you use to identify the problem?

A. ICMP B. DNS C. DHCP D. SMTP 47 : : Before sending any MPLS traffic, what must happen in a network using LDP? A. label signaling B. MAC signaling C. fast rerouting D. tag swapping 151 : : Which two statements are true about MPLS-TP? (Choose two.) A. MPLS-TP is a new standard developed to replace the existing MPLS standard. B. MPLS-TP significantly extends MPLS OAM capabilities. C. MPLS-TP is a newer version of T-MPLS. D. MPLS-TP supports both dynic and static LSP provisioning 15:39 : : What is an LER? A. a P router B. a PE router C. a CE router D. a DE router 18:41 : : A packet has arrived at the ingress LER. Which action is performed? A. pop B. push C. LSP D. swap 24:12 : : Which two statements are true about MPLS encapsulation in relation to other protocols? (Choose two.) A. MPLS encapsulates IP packets. B. UDP encapsulates MPLS packets. C. TCP encapsulates MPLS packets. D.Ethernet encapsulates MPLS packets. 26:22 : : Which MPLS router is at the boundary in a MPLS network? A. LSR B. LER C. CE D. ABR 27:41 : : You are designing QoS for an IP/MPLS network. You want to propagate QoS values between IP and MPLS headers on a MPLS LER. What is the maximum number of QoS classes of service that you would be able to define for this network? A. 4 B. 8 C. 64 D. 256

312 : : Which class of service has the highest priority according to the DiffServ model? A.DF B. AF43 C. EF D. AF41 35:13 : : What sets the DSCP value in a packet? A. classification B. marking C. shaping D. policing 37:16 : : What happens with packets on a port configured for WFQ when traffic exceeds port capacity? A. Packets are dropped. B. Packets are stored in memory. C. Packets are sent over an alternate link. D. Packets are remarked. 40:38 : : An edge router forwards a mixture of VoIP and IPTV traffic over the se port. Which two QoS scheduling algorithms would you use to assure good VoIP call quality when the port is congested? (Choose two.) A. PQ B. WFQ C. PWFQ D. WRED 44:02 : : Which two statements are correct regarding QoS in an IP network using DiffServ? (Choose two.) A. High priority traffic can be dropped by any router in the network. B. Packets belonging to the se QoS class always traverse the se path regardless of IGP topology change. C. Routers reserve required bandwidth before they start forwarding packets for a given class. D. QoS procedures applied to a given traffic class are the se for all routers within the DiffServ domain 48:14 : : Which routing protocol uses the SPF algorithm? A. BGP B. RIPv1 C. IS-IS D. RIPv2 49:39 : : What is a characteristic of distance vector protocols? A. Distance vector protocols send the entire routing table to directly connected neighbors. B. Distance vector protocols send a partial routing table to directly connected neighbors. C. Distance vector protocols send a partial routing table to indirectly connected neighbors. D. Distance vector protocols send the entire routing table to indirectly connected neighbors 56:25 : : Which statement is true about administrative distance? A. The administrative distance for all OSPF routes is the se. B. The administrative distance is measured by the routing protocol. C. The administrative distance depends on the hop count. D. The administrative distance for static routes depends on the next hop

58:59 : : What is a collection of connected IP routing prefixes, under the control of one operator, that presents a common, clearly defined, routing policy to the Internet? A. broadcast domain B. Autonomous System C. OSPF area 0 D. IS-IS level 1 00:15 : : Which two statements are correct regarding distance vector routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. Periodically sends the full routing table to its neighbors. B. Maintains a network topology view. C. Uses hop count as a metric. D. Uses cost as a metric 022 : : Why must the distance between two IP networks be less than 16 routers when using RIP as a routing protocol? A. RIP is a classful routing protocol. B. RIP converges too slowly. C. RIP uses a metric of 16 as infinite. D. RIP uses 16 seconds as a hold timer 010 : : An operator wants to ensure that their IP traffic between two sites has a fast dynic failover mechanism in case of path failure. Which protocol should they use? A. VPN B. RIP C. IPSec D. OSPF 050 : : You are operating a network of 50 routers with 1000 routes. You want the routers to trigger routing updates when the network changes. Which routing protocol will you use? A. RIP B. eBGP C. OSPF D. static 034 : : Which two statements are correct about link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. Packets are routed based upon the shortest path to the destination. B. Paths are chosen based upon the number of hops to the destination. C. The exchange of advertisement is triggered by a change in the network. D. In a multipoint network, all routers exchange routing tables directly with all the routers 04:59 : : Computer A with IP address 192.168.1.1/24 wants to send a packet to computer B with IP address 192.168.2.1/24. Which statement is correct? A. Computer A will send an ARP request to computer B. B. Computer A will encode the destination MAC address of computer B. C. Computer A will use its default gateway. D. Computer A will send a network discovery request to computer B.

05:55 : : What is the purpose of a loopback interface? A. to send traffic back to the originator B. to have an "always up" interface C. to send traffic based on the source address D. to obtain an address in the network 127.0.0.0/8 06:50 : : You are reviewing the routing table of a router. The se network is advertised by RIP and OSPF. Why is it preferred to use the next hop provided by OSPF? A. OSPF has a faster convergence time. B. RIP has a lower metric value. C. OSPF is using TCP. D. OSPF has a lower administrative distance 07:36 : : Which two statements are true about OSPF? (Choose two.) A. OSPF routers exchange routes between autonomous systems. B. OSPF routers cannot exchange routes between autonomous systems. C. OSPF areas are optional. D. OSPF areas must contain only one IP prefix. 09:51 : : Which encapsulation would you enable on a link between two Ethernet switches to ensure proper VLAN handling? A. PPP B. IEEE 802.1q C. fre-relay D. SAToP 10:43 : : Referring to the exhibit, which device can fragment IPv6 packets? Exhibit List (Click to View) Exhibit A. source host B. destination host C. router D. firewall 340 : : In the exhibit, which action is performed by router R4? Exhibit List (Click to View) Exhibit A. pop B. swap C. PHP D. push 48:48 : : You are designing QoS for an IP/MPLS network. You want to propagate QoS values between IP and MPLS headers on a MPLS LER. What is the maximum number of QoS classes of service that you would be able to define for this network? A. 4 B. 8 C. 64 D. 256

57:39 : : Which two statements are correct regarding distance vector routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. Periodically sends the full routing table to its neighbors. B. Maintains a network topology view. C. Uses hop count as a metric. D. Uses cost as a metric. 08:26 : : Which routing protocol uses the SPF algorithm? A. BGP B. RIPv1 C. IS-IS D. RIPv2 224 : : Which two statements about Layer 2 switches are true? (Choose two.) A. They process the destination IP addresses of fres they receive. B. They process the source MAC addresses of fres they receive. C. They process the destination MAC addresses of fres they receive. D. They make forwarding decisions based on the source MAC addresses. 26:16 : : Which technique would you use to increase the maximum number of available broadcast domains within a single Layer 2 domain? A. jumbo fres B. switch stacking C. VLAN stacking D. p-bit marking 28:58 : : Which two statements are true about Ethernet VLANs? (Choose two.) A. VLANs divide an Ethernet network to multiple broadcast domains. B. VLANs can exist only within one Ethernet switch. C. VLANs can be spread across many Ethernet switches. D. VLANs must use different IP addresses. 321 : : Which protocol would you enable in an Ethernet network to avoid loops? A. IEEE 802.1q B. Spanning Tree Protocol C. IGP routing protocol D. IEEE 802.1x 355 : : What is the expected behavior of an Ethernet switch when it receives an Ethernet fre with an unknown destination MAC address? A. The switch should discard the fre. B. The switch should send an ARP update request for the missing MAC address. C. The switch should send a FIB update request for the missing MAC address. D. The switch should forward the fre to all remaining ports.

351 : : Which Layer 2 protocol is used to maintain a loop-free topology? A. VTP B. STP C. RIP D. CDP 331 : : Which two statements are true about Link Aggregation Control Protocol? (Choose two.) A. All links must operate at the se speed. B. Links can operate at different speeds. C. All links must operate in full duplex mode. D. 802.1q encapsulation cannot be enabled on all links How many collision domains exist on a 24-port Ethernet switch with 12 VLANs? A.12 B. 24 C. 36 D. 288 Collision Domain :No of Ports Broadcast Domain: No of VLANs 1)What are two characteristics of a MPLS-TP data plane? (Choose two.) A. MPLS-TP enabled devices do not need to support IP forwarding. B. It uses MAC-in-MAC. C. LSP must guarantee fixed packet delay. D. Packet forwarding is compatible with IP/MPLS. 2)Which two actions are applicable to packets arriving at a port configured for rate limiting? (Choose two.) A. drop B. queue C. mark D. expedite 3)Which two statements are correct regarding QoS in an IP network using DiffServ? (Choose two.) A. High priority traffic can be dropped by any router in the network. B. Packets belonging to the se QoS class always traverse the se path regardless of IGP topology change. C. Routers reserve required bandwidth before they start forwarding packets for a given class. D. QoS procedures applied to a given traffic class are the send for all routers within the DiffServ domain. 4)What is a collection of connected IP routing prefixes, under the control of one operator, that presents a common, clearly defined, routing policy to the Internet? A. broadcast domain B. Autonomous System

C. OSPF area 0 D. IS-IS level 1 5) Which two statements about BGP routing are true? (Choose two.) A. BGP is a link state protocol. B. eBGP speakers exchange routes with other eBGP speakers. C. BGP uses hop count as a metric. D. BGP is an exterior gateway protocol. 6)Which two statements are correct about link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. Packets are routed based upon the shortest path to the destination. B. Paths are chosen based upon the number of hops to the destination. C. The exchange of advertisement is triggered by a change in the network. D. In a multipoint network, all routers exchange routing tables directly with all the routers. 8)Which statement is correct when describing the purpose of VLAN tags? A. They provide traffic encryption in a LAN. B. They represent different collision domains. C. They represent different physical paths in a LAN. D. They represent different broadcast domains 9) You have configured multiple VLANs in your Ethernet network. There is a requirement to transport the VLANs' traffic over a single link. Which technique should be used? A. VLAN tagging B. VLAN spanning C. VLAN prioritization D. VLAN switching 10) Which protocol admin overhead in a switch network by allowing the configuring of a new VLAN to be distributed to all the switches in a domain? A. STP B. VTP(VLAN Trunking protocol) C. GVRP D. SNMP E. DHCP Answer: B

76. Inserting the label at Ingress router is called a) POP. B )push. c)swap. d) PHP. 77. Four Routers are shown and LER1(ingress), LSR, LSR and LER2(egress), Then asked what action is done by the LER1 router Almost same question repeated above--- Answer is Push 78. one Question on Priority Queuing ans: Answer is Lower Priority Queue Starve of Bandwidth 80 You have AS100 and As200, what Protocol runs between them a) OSPF. b) IBGP. c) BGP . d) IS-IS. 81. Which of the following represents the correct one for IPV6 address Take care of Double Colons and zeroes( there should be only one double colon, and leading zeroes omitted in each octet. 82) Select the Subnet mask for the following address?- 192.168.10.1/26 Answer- 255.255.255.192 83) What is the protocol used for label distribution A) LSP. b) STP. c) LDP. d) SFP. 84) What is the method use to avoid loop a) Fail one switch. b) Block the secondary port. c) Run Error recovery.

85. Protocol used in BGP. a) UDP. B) IGP. C) TCP. D) OSPF 86)what mechanism used by TCP for Session starting/ ending. a)3way handshake. b) 4way handshake. c) Sliding window. d) padding. If its for TCp session startingIts 3 way handshake If its for TCP session endingIts 4way handshake If its TCP session acknowledge or something else its sliding window 87 ) How Ips available in /28 network if one ip is used for broad cast and and another for gateway. a)16,. b) 15. c)14. d)254. NOTE: Please be careful about the question, if they ask How many Ips available then answer is 16, and if they ask how many can be assigned to host, then answer is 14. 88) In which part fragment of IPV6 packets done ? a) Source host. b) destination host. c) firewall. d) Router 89) Which are the protocols used in both IPV4 and IPV6(Choose 2) a) ARP.

b)DNS. c)DHCP. 90) The router considers the routing information given by OSPF than to RIP, why is it so?(Question is not same, but similar, answer is Lower Adminstrative value) a.)OSPF has lower administrative distance than RIP. b.)OSPF has higher administrative distance than RIP c.)OSPF has more weight than RIP d.)OSPF has lower weight than RIP. 91) which routing protocol sends all routing info to other routers without ageing! a)RIP. b)OSPF. c) IS-IS. d)BGP. 92). In 24 port Ethernet switch with 12 VLAN , calculate no of collision domains a) b) c) d) 24 36 12 1

93.) you are integrating network node, all events happening in the network node to be report to network operation . which protocol grants access?(Similar question of managing the files) a) SMTP b) SNMP. c) FTP d) firewall 94)What is the function of DHCP?(Multiple answers correct) a.)To get valid IP address . b.)To get ip address of the default gateway. c.)To get the ip address of DNS server . d.)To decide which routing protocol to use.

95) You want to access a network management file on a server, which protocol will allow you to access the file, penetrating the firewall through server? a.)SCTP b.)SNMP c.)RADIUS d.)FTP. 96) Which of the following operations are done by the host before sending any packet?(Multiple correct) a.)ANDING the source IP address with the subnet mask. a.)ANDING the destination IP address with the subnet mask . a.)ANDING the source IP address with the destination IP address. a.)ANDING the destination IP address with the default gateway address. 97) . You want to implement QoS in your network. Your network is running on IP/MPLS backbone.How many types of QoS can you define in your network? a.)4 b.)8 c.)32 d.)64 98) . A separate traffic class has been created for Voip. How can you make sure that a user doesnot use multiple voip sessions? a.)Rate limiting b.)Using WFQ c.)Using WPFQ d.)Using RED. 99) . What does the P in the 802.1q VLAN tag used for? a.)For not fragmenting the Ethernet frames. b.)For prioritization of certain VLANs. c.)To indicate the format of MAC address format d.)To implement stacking of VLANs

100) Different VLANs in a network represents which of the following?(Multiple correct) a.)Different Collision Domains b.)Different Broadcast Domains c.)Same Collision Domains d.)Same Broadcast Domains. 101) . A layer 2 switch receives an unknown Ethernet frame, what will it do?? a) b) c) d) Drop the packet Forward to all ports. Send ARP request to all Send back to same port

102) You are the representative of ur company and you are required to address the customer regarding the QOS in their n/w. Which one of the following will you suggest? a) b) c) d) MPLS-TP is mandatory UDP is required for QOS DiffSrv is required . TCP is required

103) what is the range of class C address? 191-224 192-223. 180-213 185-215

104) In a single administration, contains a collection of numbers of areas grouping attached hosts and routers under the same routing policy. What is that area called Diffserv domain Backbone area Autonomous System. Broadcast Domain

106) One MPLS network diagram shown, And CE shown outside the MPLS network and P, PE, and LER2 shown and Question asked is Which Router adds lables to unlabelled packet? a) b) c) d) CE PE(ingress) P LER2(egress)

107) Main blocks of Diffserv(Chose two) 1.DSCP--Answer 2.PHP 3.PHB-Answer

108.

What is LSP?Its a complete path in MPLS.

109. You have been asked to ensure that files from your network management system can be transferred onto any host computer connected to the company network.Which protocol requires permit access on your firewall for this operation to take place? A. SNMP B. Telnet C. RADIUS Which two protocols apply to both IPv4 and IPv6? (Choose two.) A. DNS B. SNMP C. ND D. ARP 112. You are designing an IPTV service. You want to conserve bandwidth in your network. What would you use? A. broadcast B. multicast C. unicast D. anycast 113. Which mechanism is used in the TCP protocol to avoid congestion in a data transfer? A. three-way handshake B. multihoming C. sliding window D. four-way handshake 114. You are integrating a new node into your network and you want to ensure that all events occurring on the node are reported back to the network operations center. Which protocol requires permit access on your firewall for this operation to take place? A. Secure FTP B. SMTP C. SNMP D. FTP 115. What are two purposes for encoding multicast IP addresses into a special MAC address? (Choose two.) A. to allow multicast aware switches to optimize bandwidth B. to allow multiple hosts to receive the same Ethernet frame

C. to allow multicast aware switches to transcode multicast into unicast D. to allow multicast aware switches to transcode multicast into anycast 117. Which protocol signals the MPLS labels? A. STP B. LSR C. LDP D. OSPF 118. A router inserts a MPLS label in front of the unlabelled packet and forwards the packet to the next hop. What is this action called? A. PHP B. swap C. pop D. push 119. Your network is overloaded with unwanted peer-to-peer traffic.Which traffic class would you use to mark this traffic? A. default PHB B. EF C. CS3 D. AF12 (not sure) 120. Which QoS mechanism would you use to prevent a user from using more than one VoIP session at the time? A. Weighted Random Early Detect B. Weighted Fair Queuing C. Traffic Shaping D. Rate Limiting 123. You are operating AS100 and would like to exchange dynamic routing information with AS200.Which routing protocol will you use? A. iBGP B. IS-IS C. IGP D eBGP 124. You are examining a routing table that contains static, RIP, OSPF and eBGP routes for the same destination network with each set to its default administrative distance. Which route will be used to forward data?

A. OSPF route B. static route C. RIP route D. eBGP route 125. When would a router use a default route? A When a packet's destination network does not match with any other routes. B. When a packet's destination network does not match with any dynamic routes. C. When a packet's destination network does not match with the default gateway. D. When a packet's destination network does not match with the loopback interface. 126. You are reviewing the routing table of a router. The same network is advertised by RIP and OSPF.Why is it preferred to use the next hop provided by OSPF? A. OSPF has a faster convergence time. B. RIP has a lower metric value. C. OSPF is using TCP. D. OSPF has a lower administrative distance. 127. Which transport layer protocol is used by BGP? A. UDP B. TCP C. ICMP D. IGP 128 Which encapsulation would you enable on a link between two Ethernet switches to ensure proper VLAN handling? A. PPP B. IEEE 802.1q C. frame-relay D. SAToP You have been asked to ensure that files from your network management system can be transferred onto any host computer connected to the company network.Which protocol requires permit access on your firewall for this operation to take place? A. SNMP B. Telnet C. RADIUS D. FTP

7:41:37 AM: Deependra Negi: You are preparing a quality of service design based on a DiffServ architecture. Which two will you use in your design? (Choose two.) A. DSCP B. PHB C. PHP D. DVMRP 7:54:22 AM: Deependra Negi: Which two steps are necessary when sending an IP packet from a host device? (Choose two.) A. The "AND" operation is performed between the destination IP address and the subnet mask. B. The "AND" operation is performed between the source IP address and the destination IP address. C. The "AND" operation is performed between the destination IP address and the destination MAC address. D. The "AND" operation is performed between the source IP address and the subnet mask. 8:03:35 AM: Deependra Negi: How does a link-state protocol establish neighborship between two routers? A. It puts the neighbor IP address in the configuration. B. It adds a static route towards the neighbor. C. It exchanges hello packets. D. It uses the LDP neighbor IP address. 8:17:09 AM: Deependra Negi: Which two statements are true about Ethernet? (Choose two.) A. Ethernet MAC address is 48-bits long. B. Ethernet is a Layer 2 protocol. C. Ethernet frames carry only UDP packets. D. Ethernet frames carry only UDP and TCP packets. 8:19:11 AM: Deependra Negi: How does STP avoid loops in a network? A. by blocking some of the ports B. by disabling some of the switches C. by using MAC access-lists D. by using IP access-lists 8:19:38 AM: Mohit Srivastava S: A

Which statement is true about the MAC address table in Layer 2 bridges? A. It is created dynamically by examining the source addresses of the incoming frames. B. It is created dynamically by examining the destination addresses of the incoming frames. C. It is created dynamically by examining the VLAN tag of the incoming frames. D. It is created dynamically by examining a TCP three-way handshake sequence.

TCH Header-Flags 1-URG 2-ACK 3-PSH 4-RST 5-SYN 6-FIN UDP Header- 8 Bytes TCH Header-12 Byted IPV4 Header- 20-60 Bytes-13 Fields IPV6 Header- 40 Bytes-8 Fields Port Nos: FTP Data : 20 FTP Control: 21 Telnet :23 SMTP:25 DNS:53 HTTP:80 IMAP:143 SNMP:161 TFTP:69 POP3:110 BGP:179 Protocol No; TCP:6 UDP:17 ICMP:1 IGMP:88 OSPF:89 Classful IP: ClassA:0-127 classB:128-191 classC:192:223

classD:224-239 (Multicast) ClassE:240-254 Loopback- 127.0.0.0/8 .0- Network IP .255-Broadcast IPV4-IP Address-32 Bit long IPV6-IP Address-128 Bit long IANA=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Ipv6: Loopback: ::1/128 Multicast: FF00::/8 Link local unicast : FE80::/10-used in subnets Unique Local unicast : FC00::/7-ULA-Private addresses Global Unicast :2000::/3 Prefix, 2001,2002,2003 statrs Solution for broad cast: FF02::1 IPV4: Unicast- one -one Multicast-one to many Broadcast-one to all IPv6: Unicast-public unicast address Multicast Anycast-one to nearest-uses Global unicast address range Flow Label- Bandwidth management and Quality of service Extension Headers- 64 Bit OrderIPV6 Header-Hop by Hop-Destination options-Routing Header-Fragmant-Authentication(IPSec-Internet Security Architecture)-ESP(Encapsulating Security Payload)-Upper layer Mobility Header IPV6 Service Protocols: 1.ICMP-Traceroute ,Ping-ICMPv6-Neighbour Discovery process,Path MTU Discovery,Multicast Listener Discovery Protocol ICMP Packet follows all extension headers. ICMPv6 Type: Error messages: Destnation not reachable-1,Time exceeded-3 Informational: Echo request-128,Echo reply-129----Ping 2.ND-uses ICMPV6 msges to determine relationship b/2 neighbouring node -layer2 address allocation on same link -ND uses 5 ICMP msges: -RS-Router solicitation- Request RA msg-Node to Router -RA-Router Advertisement-Router Advertise 64 bit Prefix-Router to Node-contains Network prefix,Default Router info,MTU of local link -NS-Nbr

-NA-Nbr -Redirect 3.IPV6 Stateless Auto Configuration EUI-Extended Unique Identifier 4.IPV6 Version of DHCP and DNS DHCP-Automatic config protocol Server provides-IPV6 Addresses,DNS Server Addresses Checks- Admission control policies DHCP Combine Stateless and Statul DNS: Maps-Names to IP addresses A Record- IPV4 Addresses AAAA Record-IPV6 Addresses,PTR-Pointer Record Transmission and Coexisting mechanisms: -Dual statck(IPV4+IPV6),TunnelingIPV6-IPV4-IPV6,Translation(Ipv4 host-NAT-Ipv6 host) Tunnel types: -MCT-manual conf -6 to 4-Dynamic -ISATAP-Intra site Automatic tunnel Addressing protocol -Toredo-Tunnel b/w hosts-this method allows dual stack host to create an IPv6 packet and encapsulate in IPV4 Header IP Multicast overview: IGMP- used for Requesting Group membership PIM- used for routing of muticast streams-Router to Router communication Multicast Sender: Class A,B,C Multi cast Destination: Class D- Range: 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 Muticast: one to some interested receivers Multicast Disadv-UDP-so no grurantee transmission,duplication packets , No congetion control Adv:Router recrives one copy and Sent to interested receivers. IP Transmission Types: Unicast,Broadcast,multicast IP Multicast Models: One to many(IPTV),Many to Many(Shared white Board),Many to One(Routing-mutiple rxvers sending back to Router) IP Multicast FUndametals: PIM-Protocol Independent multicast Multicast Network Architecture: 1.Membership Request-IGMP 2.Multicast stream-Group membership approve 3.Leave request-For leaving group-IPTV-channel change IGMP snooping" switches-(switches that watch IGMP exchanges in order to determine multicast forwarding behavior IGMP Join/Report IGMP Leave

Membership Query Type: Membership Query-1 Membership Report-2 Max Response time: Used only in membership query messages,10sec Specifies the max allowed sending responding report Multicast Routing: Dense mode-Push model Sparse mode-Mush model-client intiates-shared tree-rendezous point PIM-Sparse mode-SPT switchover: Traffic rate>SpT Threshold Multicast Reverse Path Farwording: to elimate infinite loops in multicast networks

Application layer- Authentication Presentation layer-Encryption ,formatting UDP used in DNS and DHCP One to many- IPTV and PC Imaging Many to many- Shared white Board Many to many- Router Multicast- UDP ARP used to find the MAC address of particular IP Address. Administrative Distance:AD Static:coneected:0,static:1 EIGRP:90 IGRP:100 OSPF:110 IS-IS:115 RIP:120 Unknown:255

DHCP= Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DNS= Domain Name System FTP= File Transfer Protocol HTTP= Hypertext Transfer Protocol IMAP= Internet Message Access Protocol IRC= Internet Relay Chat LDAP= Lightweight Directory Access Protocol MGCP= Media Gateway Control Protocol NNTP= Network News Transfer Protocol NTP= Network Time Protocol POP= Post Office Protocol RPC= Remote procedure call RTP= Real-time Transport Protocol

RTCP= RTP Control Protocol RTSP= Real Time Streaming Protocol SIP= Session Initiation Protocol SMTP= Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNMP= Simple Network Management Protocol SSH= Secure Shell XMPP= Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol TCP= Transmission Control Protocol UDP= User Datagram Protocol DCCP= Datagram Congestion Control Protocol SCTP= Stream Control Transmission Protocol RSVP= Resource Reservation Protocol BGP= Border Gateway Protocol OSPF= Open Shortest Path First RIP= Routing Information Protocol ICMP= Internet Control Message Protocol ECN= Explicit Congestion Notification IGMP= Internet Group Management Protocol ARP= Address Resolution Protocol NDP= Neighbor Discovery Protocol PPP= Point-to-point protocol RADIUS= Remote Authentication Dial In User Service MPLS-TP= MPLS Transport Profile NAT= Network address translation