Nature of Waves

Waves are everywhere

~sound waves ~visible light waves ~radio waves ~microwaves ~water waves ~seismic waves (earthquake) ~waves on a string ~slinky wave What is Wave? ~ a disturbance from equilibrium position that propagates through a medium or space from one location to another. Disturbance disruption of medium from equilibrium position Propagation describes the spreading of a disturbance Medium matter through which a wave travels like solid, liquid or gas *most waves need a medium but not all. Space region of emptiness or nothingness like vacuum ~carrier of energy ~transfers momentum ~transfers information, but not mass Wave Classification
According to:

Duration >Episodic/Pulse disturbance is momentary and sudden; single travelling pulse >Periodic/Harmonic disturbance repeats at a regular interval Appearance >Traveling appear to move >Standing do not appear to move Medium >Mechanical matter is the medium (sound) >Electromagnetic electric & magnetic are the medium (light) >Gravitational gravitational field is the medium (unconfirmed yet) Orientation Transverse disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (~all Electromagnetic waves like light) - The pulse travels perpendicular to the disturbance - Wave occurs when we wiggle the rope up and down. - Sine wave

Longitudinal disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation - Medium particles vibrate parallel to the motion of the pulse - The same type of wave that we use to transfer sound - Compressional wave Surface/Complex a combination of transverse-longitudinal wave; forms near the surface of the medium (seismic waves) Torsional disturbance cause the medium to twist

slinky wave (a- longitudinal; b - transverse)

When slinky wave is stretched from end to end and is held at rest, it assumes a natural position known as the equilibrium or rest position Anatomy of wave

Troughs lowest point of a wave (D, I) Crests highest point of a wave (A, F) Amplitude distance of crest from equilibrium (positive amplitude) - distance of trough from equilibrium (negative amplitude) Wavelength the distance between two consecutive similar points - The length of wave pulse (AF, BG, EJ, DI) Wave pulse (from origin to F, from F to J) What is waveform? (p.194) - Picture of a wave

Free end reflection

Reflected pulse is not inverted It is identical to the incident pulse, except it is moving in the opposite direction The speed, wavelength, and amplitude are the same as the incident pulse. Change in medium

less dense more dense

(wave slowing down as it goes to more dense) (transmitted pulse has lower amplitude) (reflected pulse is inverted) *law of conservation of energy

Wave properties >Reflection >Refraction >Diffraction >Interference >Superposition hindi diniscuss, para lang daw constructive interference. When two waves interfere, the resulting
displacement of the medium at any location is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that same location. internet meaning.

Reflection - When a wave hits a surface through which it cannot pass, it bounces back - The ray that hits the barrier is called the incident ray; the ray that is thrown back is the reflected ray. - The line perpendicular to the reflecting surface is called the normal. Law of Reflection - The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal ray are on the same plane

Refraction of particles and waves

Refraction - Is the bending of waves due to a change in speed as it passes from one medium to another of different densities.

Diffraction

Diffraction - The bending of waves around the edge or corner of a barrier - It depends on the wavelength and the size of the opening of the barrier Interference (Wave Interaction) When two waves meet while traveling along the same medium, it is called Interference

They will add together to produce a greater amplitude This known as constructive interference

^same, still constructive interference

This time when they add together they will produce smaller amplitude or cancel out one another This is known as Destructive interference

Wave equation: v = f x (f frequency, - wavelength)