Introduction

Many teenagers now a day are exposed to the things which are not yet for them, one of these examples is the premarital sex. Many teenagers are engaged in doing premarital sex because for them, its their way of showing love for their love ones. Teenagers do premarital sex without having second taught and without thinking what might happen in the future. Until an unexpected pregnancy happened and because of being scared and other personal reasons, they just come up with a decision of aborting it. Teenage pregnancy is a serious issue in our society today where people become pregnant because they are not informed. The United tates had the continuously increasing problem and greatest amount of pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy affects not only females but males as well! it causes serious health and education problems. "#early $ out of %& girls become pregnant at least once before the age of '&.( )* Most teens get pregnant because they want to know what it feels like to raise a child or because they see others with children and they find them cute and want them to themselves. +thers get pregnant because they dont know about the different ways of contraception and ways to stay safe. Many girls struggle with teen pregnancy because of their low confidence and self,worth. They feel that they are ugly and no guy would show them attention unless they give them what they want. -n our society today Teenage .regnancy affects both females and males in several ways. The issue of teenage pregnancy started to interest me when used to go to .ennsylvania with my friend a great percentage of the females there were actually pregnant and - didnt really understand why. - wasnt really sure how big or how serious teen pregnancy is, but with little knowledge and a tremendous amount of curiosity, - wanted teen pregnancy to be my topic. cope The United tates has the highest birth rates compared to places like /anada. -n the United tates, the %0,%1 year old age group has the highest rate of teen pregnancy )"Teen( %*. 2dolescents who are having sex without protection are those who are more likely to get pregnant. Teens who get pregnant have a greater chance of not completing high school or college )"Teen( %*. Those moms are usually the ones that end up with welfare.

-n this research paper - will explore the effects of adolescent pregnancy, prevention, and intervention of adolescent pregnancy on 2merican society. The notion that education, abstinence, and parental involvement are vital in the reduction of adolescent pregnancies is the thesis of this paper. The research supports this thesis! prevention and intervention have contributed to the progress in reducing adolescent pregnancy over the last decade. There are numerous pressures in 2merican society! a majority of these are directed toward teenagers. 2 result of these pressures placed on these adolescent teens, is the failure to make right decisions in certain situations. The most fre3uent situations adolescence teens find him or herself in is becoming a parent at a young age because of stress to have sex. -n the United tates more than $&4 of women become pregnant before they are '& years old, and 5&4 of teenage pregnancies occur within the first six months of their initial intercourse experience )6angal, '&&7*. 2ccording to a recent study by the 2lan 8uttmacher -nstitute, the United tates has made strong progress in reducing teen pregnancy and birth rates! the teen pregnancy rate in the United tates is still the highest among comparable countries. The United tates adolescent birthrate exceeds that of most other western countries, even though 2merican teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in /anada or 9urope )6angal, '&&5*. :ecent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. The United tates has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the western world with approximately one million adolescents becoming pregnant every year )#ational ;omen<s =ealth -nformation /enter*. 2lmost one,sixth of all births in the United tates are to teenage women.

INTRODUCTION
8lobal warming refers to the increase of the 9arth<s temperature. -t happens when the greenhouse gases trap heat and light from the sun in the earths atmosphere, which increases the temperature. 8lobal warming is one of the main contributors to the continuous increase of sea level, and when water covers the low land islands, it brings problems to the people in the coastal area, plants, and animals. There are many things that cause global warming. >or some it is a natural events, however many believed that human activities are contributing to an increase in average global temperature. -n the .hilippines, global warming has become a big challenge. -t changes the course of the government, economics, and most of all, it greatly affects the environment. The effect on the worlds climate from increasing temperatures could be just as devastating. >loods, droughts, increasing sea level are some of the effects of global warming that is currently happening in the .hilippines. -t is therefore logical to study the challenges brought by global warming in the .hilippines. This paper will identify the different political agenda of the government of the .hilippines with regards to global warming. >urthermore, this paper will also discuss the effect of global warming to the .hilippine<s economy. ?astly, the environmental problem that global warming has given to the people of the .hilippines will be studied on this paper. 6ata on temperature changes and sea level increase were also analy@ed for the better understanding of this issue. The theory on sustainable development is considered to be the framework of our study. +n the report of the ;orld /ommission on 9nvironment and 6evelopment presented last %10A, entitled B+ur /ommon >utureB, they defined sustainable development as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The theory of sustainable development has been conceptuali@ed through three different aspects, economic, environmental, and social. 2n economic sustainable system is expected to produce goods and services consistently so that the government will be able to maintain its production, may it be industrial or agricultural. 2n environmentally sustainable system must keep a balance use of resources. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. 2 socially sustainable system must achieve distributional e3uity, ade3uate provision of social services including health and education, gender e3uity, and political accountability and participation. ;ith this regards, 6r. /hristopher Tyrone Mc6onald, the author of The -mpact of 8lobal ;arming on ustainable 6evelopments, mentioned on his

paper that a country like the .hilippines which is vulnerable to the natural disasters will most likely ac3uired a constraints for the achievement of the sustainable development. +ver the last decades, several typhoons that hit the .hilippines has been observed. 2 socially sustainable system must achieve distributional e3uity, ade3uate provision of social services including health and education, gender e3uity, and political accountability and participation. The objective of this paper is to review global warming effects on the .hilippines and to determine several measures adopted by the government as solution to this problem. Moreover, this paper studies the changes brought by global warming to the .hilippines< economy, natural resource, and government policies. +ur earth daily absorbs large 3uantity of solar energy from the sun. Most of the energy is radiated back to atmosphere by the earth, and this process maintains the balance of heat energy on the earth. There are many gases present in the atmosphere, but only carbon dioxide and water vapour absorb this infrared radiation of the earth strongly and effectively block the radiation of energy back to the atmosphere. =owever a considerable part of it is re,emitted to the earths surface and conse3uently the earths surface gets headed up. This increase in temperature of the earth is called the green,house effect. 8lobal warming is defined as the release of green house gases into the air that trap heat on the earth, causing for warmer temperatures. 8lobal warming is affecting the earth a lot, and it is affecting it fast too. The greenhouse effect is only troublesome when it gets too strong and warms things too much. The people of industriali@ed nations have extracted 9arths vast buried stores of fossil fuels and burned them. 2ll those extra greenhouse gases mean more and more solar energy is being trapped in the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and making things warmer. This decade has been the hottest decade in centuries ) tuart, '&&5*. Cecause of this the polar ice caps are melting, and it could change the flow of the #orth 2tlantic /urrent. The change in flow could cause immeasurable effects to the 9arth, and could change the weather that occurs on the earth dramatically. 2ccording to the -.. '&&% report, the 9arths surface has warmed by about % degree >ahrenheit, and that is the biggest it has raised in centuries ) tuart, '&&5*. The hotter atmosphere on the earth causes the ocean temperature to rise, and coincidently hurricanes get more power from warmer waters. #ot only does global warming affects the earths weather patterns, it also affect its wildlife.

Introduction
9very day thousands of teens wake up afraid to go to school. Cullying is a problem that affects millions of students, and it has everyone worried, not just the kids on its receiving end. Det because parents, teachers, and other adults don<t always see it, they may not understand how extreme bullying can get. ome bullies attack their targets physically, which can mean anything from shoving or tripping to punching or hitting, or even sexual assault. +thers use psychological control or verbal insults to put themselves in charge. Cullying is a behavior that can only be easily recogni@ed when individuals experience it. Cullying can happen to anyone at any age and anywhere whether at school, home, or even in a workplace. o far, it is difficult to define bullying since it relates to both a wide range behavior that may constitute bullying, and the characteristics of bullying behavior )Montgomery, %11$, p. E*. =owever, the definitions in use were adopted by :oland )%101* and +lweus )%11%*. :oland defines bullying as "long standing violence, physical or psychological, perpetrated by an individual or group directed against an individual who cannot defend himself or herself( )p. '%*. -n line with this +lweus also defines bullying as "repeated, negative actions over time, including hitting, kicking, threatening, locking in a room, saying nasty and unpleasant things, and teasing( )p. $%E*. :igby, )'&&0* suggests that bullying is "the systematic abuse of power in interpersonal relationship( )p. ''*. -n other words, bullying is when a person is picked on over and over again by an individual or group with more power, either in terms of physical strength or social standing. :igby argues that the abuse of power is not restricted only to certain managerial or "authority( positions, but that most individuals have "the opportunity to exercise power to control over someone(. Thus, there are apparently imbalances in physical and psychological strength between the bully and the victim )+lweus and olberg, %110, p. A*. :egarding the recognition of bullying, +lweus and olberg, )%110* have suggested some typical characteristics to recogni@e bullying behavior. They said that "we generally speak of bullying when one or more persons repeatedly and over a period of time say or do painful and unpleasant things to someone who has problems defending himself or herself( )p.A*. To address the terms "painful( and "unpleasant( experience, +lweus and olberg refer them as direct bullying and indirect bullying. They argue that "the pain and unpleasantness may be due

to direct bullying involving hitting, kicking, insults, offensive and sneering comments or threat( while indirect bullying, which is just as painful, is the experience of being socially isolated and excluded from group membership )+lweus and olberg, %110, p. A*. =aving said this, there is a 3uite reasonable assumption that a psychological element is always present in most, if not all, bullying ):igby, '&&5, p. '7*. Doung children who are first bullied during their pre,teen years appear to be less negatively impacted in the long term than are the children who are first bullied as teens. =owever, people who were first bullied as teens report longer term social withdrawal and more reactively to violence than other groups. Cullying is the experience of most of the people. -t can happen to anyone at any age and anywhere whether at home, school, or even in the workplace. Cullying can destroy the life of an individual because sometimes it can lead to suicide. 2ccording to some findings, the existence of bullying in schools has become a worldwide phenomenon and a problem that can create negative impacts for the general school atmosphere and for the rights of students to learn in a safe environment without fear. Cullying can also have negative lifelong conse3uences both for students who bully and for their victims. 2lthough formal research as well as intervention programs to prevent bullying have been taking place for decades in some developed countries, the problems associated with bullying have been also discussed all over the world wherever formal schooling environments exist. Cullying can have a wide,ranging impact on teens F from victims, to those who witness bullying, to the bullies themselves F and affect each one well into adulthood. "Cullying is a form of abuse and it is a narcissistic sort of act( )Mark 6ombeck, .h6, '&&7*. -n the article of Mr. Mark 6ombeck, .h.6 )'&&A*, "The ?ong term 9ffects of Cullying(, he said that both bullying and traditional forms of abuse are selfish andGor sadistic, destructive, and often violent acts perpetrated upon victim who do not in any way, shape or form deserve to be treated in that manner. Most bullying starts out as a small tease for the bully to examine the vulnerability of their victim. Then they find the obvious or underline difference between them and their victim to initiate the labeling, this includes anything from race, religion, sexuality, to physical disabilities, skin colors and etc. E54 of kids were directly involved in bullying incidents, 054 of girls and A74 of boys reported having experienced sexual harassment, '$4 race related bullying )/oloroso, '&&1*.

-n this research study, we will not discuss how to stop bullying, but rather, to explore the reasons why bullies intend to bully other people, also the different types of bullying, how to cope up with it and most importantly are the effect or impact of bullying to the students who are being bullied by the bullies. This research paper tends to help other researchers who will conduct further investigation about bullying. Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. -t can include verbal harassment, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability. The Bimbalance of powerB may be social power andGor physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a BtargetB. Cullying consists of three basic types of abuse F emotional, verbal, and physical. -t typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Cullying can be defined in many different ways. The UH currently has no legal definition of bullying, while some U. . states have laws against it Cullying ranges from simple one,on,one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more <lieutenants< who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Cullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. :obert ;. >uller has analy@ed bullying in the context of rankism. Cullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school, church, family, the workplace, home, and neighborhoods. -t is even a common push factor in migration. Cullying can exist between social groups, social classes, and even between countries )see jingoism*. -n fact, on an international scale, perceived or real imbalances of power between nations, in both economic systems and in treaty systems, are often cited as some of the primary causes of both ;orld ;ar - and ;orld ;ar --.

Introduction
.rostitution involving girls actually is a form of violence against children based on gender )gender based violence*. This study found that girls who enter the sex business are usually forced by a combination of factors and environmental conditionsI the pressure of poverty, vulnerability, frustration due to a failed love affair, the lack of employment opportunities in the labor market, the value of patriarchal bias, hedonistic lifestyle bid, and psychological condition of children who are vulnerable to fraud, coercion and pressure. 2s the object of extortion of the pimps, the work of the prostituted girls is more likely to be enjoyed by others, and, tragically, if they dare to refuse, then the threat of violence and harassment is undoubtedly waiting for. HeywordsI prostituted girls, exploitation, violence, poverty and vulnerability. This chapter discusses the history of prostitution and the choice for a research topic in prostitution, and gives a rationale for the study. The researcher makes a problem statement, discusses the objectives of the study and issues of methodology. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the organi@ation of the rest of the thesis. .rostitution has continuously been seen as a problem for society, especially in largely patriarchal settings. -n such societies the women that practice prostitution are seen as immoral and are blamed for the spread of =-J, based on the assumptions of the definition of women as carriers of sexually transmitted diseases and the moralistic belief that sex is bad. 2-6 is seen as a womans disease, a prostitutes disease. .rostitutes are seen as the most extreme representative of what is bad, but desirable in all women )Mc>adden %11'I %01*. 2rguments against the criminalisation, legali@ation and issues surrounding the denial of human rights to women engaged in sex,work continue among legal personalities and feminist movements. -n addition, feminist movements continue to argue for the right of women to sexuality )?ouwI '&&E! 6/unhaI %11%! Mc>addenI %11'*. Most feminists including the members of the #igerian feminist group called K;omen in #igeria sees the legali@ation of prostitution as dehumani@ing to womanhood because it is viewed as exploitative. -t is in recognition of the facts surrounding the rights of the commercial sex worker, that the group of 2sian .acific ;omen consultation on prostitution )press release on the '$ of >ebruary %11A, Times of -ndia* pointed out that stigmati@ation of women in prostitution has kept their legitimate concerns, including situations of abuse, in

the shadows and away from the attention of mainstream human rights organi@ations, feminist groups and society. This consultation on prostitution see the labeling of prostitutes as immoral and evil women, as a means of pitting Kgood women against Kbad and a way of deterring all women form recogni@ing their common vulnerability. -n this press release, the women ask for the recognition of the work, dignity and human rights of women in prostitution along with the general recognition of reproductive labour of women as work in various sites. -n the #igerian setting, a communi3uL at the end of a seminar of women, among other things, re3uested the government to ban commercial sex work )#ational /oncord, newspaper, Tuesday, May 7, %11A*. The overt role of governments in encouraging or discouraging prostitution through approved actions like the encouragement of brothel ownership, by registering and collecting taxes in countries like #igeria and the encouragement of such economic improvement, ventures like tourism or the provision of sex entertainment like almost nude female dancers for tourists, in the name of cultural preservation is a case in point. These are known to be an integral part of tourism as is seen in some developing countries and discussed extensively by Than,6am Throng )%11&*. The attention of female activists is drawn to this singular act of 8overnment because the end beneficiary of prostitutes actions in brothels and in tourism remains the government. exually Transmitted -nfections ) T-s* have continued to be a major pubic health problem in the society. This is largely due to the fact that T-s create social, psychological and physical handicaps to persons who suffer from them and to their significant others. -n most cases, prostitutes as itinerant workers are seen as the main source of transmission of T6s );ilcox %17'! +boh %10&! 2kinnowo%115*. The escalating prevalence of the =uman -mmune 6eficiency Jirus )=-J* carriers in the world, a worrisome sexually transmitted infection, has become a worldwide issue with pronounced challenges. -t is estimated that $& million persons in the world are living with =-JG2-6 in 6ecember '&&E, out of which EA million are adults and '.5 million are children under %5 years of age. The newly infected persons in '&&E are estimated at 5 million persons out of which approximateccly $.' million are adults and A&&,&&& are said to be children under %5 years old. 2-6 deaths in the same year are estimated at E million out of which '.5 million are adults while 5&&,&&& are children under %5years. ub, aharan 2frica has continued to see

generally high levels of infection of =-JG2-6 in the general population. -t is estimated that '5.$ million adults and children of ub, aharan 2frica currently live with =-JG2-6 )U#2-6 I 2-6 epidemic update 6ecember '&&$IE*. -n Cotswana, =-J sero,prevalence studies among pregnant women in %11A showed a high prevalence of $'.14 in the whole country. The same survey found that sero,prevalence in >rancistown is E0.04, while in 8aborone it is E$4. These surveys indicated that 2-6 has more than doubled in 5 years. 2pproximately ' out of 5 pregnant women in most urban areas in Cotswana are =-J positive. 2bout %$4 of the general population and about '54 of the productive age group are =-J infected )#ational .olicy on =-JG2-6 %110I'*. -n #igeria, %115 surveillance reports that 17,%&& citi@ens were estimated to be infected, while %,&1' of these were reported to have 2-6 . Cy Mune '&&%, a sero, prevalence sentinel survey of women attending anti,natal clinics indicated that E.5 million #igerians were infected with the virus. The adult =-J prevalence has increased from %.04 in %11% to $.54 in %117 to 5.04 in '&&%. 9stimates indicate that more than E.5 million #igerians were infected with the virus in '&&'. The epidemic in #igeria has extended beyond the commonly classified "high risk groups( and is now common amongst the general population. 6ecember '&&E the prevalence of =-J in #igeria stood at 5.04 of the general population )#ational .olicy on =-JG2-6 , '&&EI',E*. These figures have their anticipated conse3uences for the political, social and economic well being of #igerian citi@ens. >emales, especially prostitutes, continue to be blamed for this increase in the numbers of persons living with =-JG2-6 in the society. >emales suspected to have multiple sex partners in the #igerian society are commonly nick named =igh :isk 8roup )=:8*, 2ccompanying Cattalion )2C* or =eavens -nternational Jisa )=-J*, referring to their perceived role as =-J carriers. The need to understand the role of prostitutes in society becomes most necessary when we look at the issues of =-JG2-6 in ub, ahara 2frica. -n the #igerian setting, the personal experience of the researcher indicates that attempts at getting contacts with men attending exual Transmitted 6isease clinics, which is a very important part of the treatment and control of T6s, becomes very difficult when these contacts are prostitutes. The perception of the prostitutes that the society, including women, have a very negative attitude towards their existence and would rather have them locked up in prison, makes it difficult for them to participate with their contacts in the treatment process.

-n circumstances where the prostitute as a contact is reached, the feeling of shame and inade3uacy makes her either aggressive toward the contact tracer, or makes her move to another location. This difficulty in getting the prostitute to take care of her own health has implications for the spread of T6s and =-JG2-6 . -n order to involve prostitutes in prevention treatment and control of T6s, it is important to understand prostitution in its entire ramification. -t is important to probe what makes prostitution continue to exist despite the stigma attached, while looking at the socio, cultural issues that play a role in the existence and sustenance of prostitution in society. The research on prostitution from the prostitutes definition of her situation, will best inform policies that will address the above concerns. uch a research will allow the individual prostitute to discuss the particular experiences that inform her actions despite the stigma attached to a prostitute while allowing for generali@ations in the communities studied. -t will also enable the prostitute to contribute to the effort made in the emancipation and empowerment of the female gender in society, as well as contributing to the way forward in the prevention and control of =-JG2-6 . The research provides an opportunity for prostitutes to make suggestions to the governments of #igeria and Cotswana and the general population on the best way to address issues related to prostitution.