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11+1: Intro#u,tion
!e central ner"o#s system $%NS& consists of t!e brain and s'inal cord( !e brainstem connects t!e brain to t!e s'inal cord( %omm#nication to t!e 'eri'!eral ner"o#s system $PNS& is by )ay of t!e s'inal cord(
11+2: -eninges
!e menin+es Membranes of %NS Protect t!e %NS !ree $3& layers, -#ra mater . o#+! mot!er/ 0eno#s sin#ses 1al2 Arac!noid mater .S'ider)eb3li4e/ S'ace contains cerebros'inal fl#id $%S1& Pia mater .1ait!f#l mot!er/ Enca's#lates blood "essels
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Scalp Cranium Cerebrum "entorium cerebelli Cerebellum #ertebra Spinal cord Meninges
S!in Subcutaneous tissue Bone o s!ull Dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus) $rachnoid granulation Dura mater $rachnoid mater Pia mater Meninges
Subarachnoid space Falx cerebri Gray matter White matter (b) Cerebrum
(a)
Spinal cord
#entral root Dorsal root Spinal ner%e Dorsal root ganglion Pia mater $rachnoid mater Dura mater
Subarachnoid space
Dorsal branch (dorsal ramus) #entral branch (%entral ramus) Spinal cord #entral root &pidural space Body o %ertebra
'ateral %entricle (nter%entricular oramen "hird %entricle Cerebral a)ueduct Fourth %entricle
"o central canal o spinal cord (a) (nter%entricular oramen 'ateral %entricle
"hird %entricle
(b)
Cere0rospinal 1lui#
Secreted by t!e c!oroid 'le2#s $%an yo# recall t!e s'ecific cells<& %irc#lates in "entricles, central canal of s'inal cord, and t!e s#barac!noid s'ace %om'letely s#rro#nds t!e brain and s'inal cord E2cess or )asted %S1 is absorbed by t!e arac!noid "illi $And )!ere are t!ese located<& %lear fl#id similar to blood 'lasma 0ol#me is only abo#t 12= ml( N#triti"e and 'rotecti"e Hel's maintain stable ion concentrations in t!e %NS
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$rachnoid granulations Blood* illed dural sinus Choroid plexuses o third %entricle Pia mater "hird %entricle Cerebral a)ueduct Fourth %entricle Subarachnoid space $rachnoid mater Dura mater Choroid plexus o ourth %entricle
Central canal o spinal cord Pia mater Subarachnoid space Filum terminale $rachnoid mater Dura mater
>
Brainstem
Cer%ical enlargement
Filum terminale
?
(a) (b)
Posterior horn Posterior uniculus White matter Gray matter 'ateral uniculus Dorsal root o spinal ner%e Dorsal root ganglion #entral root $nterior o spinal ner%e horn $nterior median issure Central canal $nterior uniculus Posterior median sulcus Gray commissure
(a)
11
2e&le3 Ar,s
Refle2es are a#tomatic, s#bconscio#s res'onses to stim#li )it!in or o#tside t!e body Sim'le refle2 arc $sensory @ motor& Most common refle2 arc $sensory @ association @ motor&
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+eceptor (a)
2e&le3 Ar,s
13
Spinal cord (nterneuron 1 +eceptor Cell body o sensory neuron / White matter Gray matter Dorsal
0 Sensory neuron
#entral
Central canal
1*
2e&le3 Beha)ior
E2am'le is t!e knee-jerk reflex Sim'le monosyna'tic refle2 Hel's maintain an #'ri+!t 'ost#re
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Spinal cord & ector ()uadriceps emoris muscle group) +eceptor associated 2ith dendrites o sensory neuron Patella
Direction o impulse
Patellar ligament
15
2e&le3 Beha)ior
E2am'le is a withdrawal reflex Pre"ents or limits tiss#e dama+e
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Cell body o sensory neuron Direction o impulse $xon o sensory neuron (nterneuron
& ector ( lexor muscle contracts and 2ithdra2s part being stimulated)
16
2e&le3 Ar,
E2am'le crossed extensor reflex %rossin+ of sensory im'#lses )it!in t!e refle2 center to 'rod#ce an o''osite effect
(nterneuron 4 5 3 Stimulation 3 (nhibition 4 5 4 5
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Sensory neuron
&xtensor relaxes
Motor neurons
1;
1>
1>
Dorsal column
Posterior spinocerebellar tract 'ateral corticospinal tract 'ateral reticulospinal tract +ubrospinal tract $nterior spinocerebellar tract $nterolateral system 'ateral spinothalamic tract $nterior spinothalamic tract $nterior reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract $nterior corticospinal tract
1?
As,en#ing $ra,ts
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MaAor ascendin+ $sensory& s'inal cord tracts, 1ascic#l#s +racilis and fascic#l#s c#neat#s S'inot!alamic tracts 7ateral and anterior S'inocerebellar tracts Posterior and anterior
"halamus
Midbrain
Spinothalamic tract
Brainstem (trans%erse sections) Pons Fasciculus cuneatus tract Sensory impulse rom s!in temperature or pain receptors
Medulla
2=
*es,en#ing $ra,ts
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MaAor descendin+ $motor& s'inal cord tracts, %orticos'inal tracts 7ateral and anterior Retic#los'inal tracts 7ateral, anterior and medial R#bros'inal tract
Midbrain
Brainstem (trans%erse sections) Pons Motor ibers cross o%er Medulla oblongata
21
22
23
11+7: Brain
1#nctions of t!e brain, MaAor 'arts of t!e brain, 9nter'rets sensations %erebr#m -etermines 'erce'tion 1rontal lobes Stores memory Parietal lobes Reasonin+ Bcci'ital lobes Ma4es decisions em'oral lobes %oordinates m#sc#lar mo"ements 9ns#la Re+#lates "isceral acti"ities -ience'!alon -etermines 'ersonality %erebell#m Brainstem Midbrain Pons 2* Med#lla oblon+ata
$he Brain
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Gyrus S!ull Meninges Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Brainstem Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Corpus callosum Fornix Sulcus
Spinal cord
25
(b)
!" Martin M. #ot$er%Photo #esearchers, Inc.
Brain *e)elopment
Ne#ral t#be !ree 'rimary "esicles, 1orebrain $Prosence'!alon& Midbrain $Mesence'!alon& (a) Hindbrain $R!ombence'!alon& 1i"e secondary "esicles, elence'!alon -ience'!alon Mesence'!alon Metence'!alon (b) Myelence'!alon
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+hombencephalon (hindbrain)
,eural tube
Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Midbrain Pons and Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (c)
26
Brain *e)elopment
2;
Central sulcus Gyrus Sulcus Frontal lobe 'ateral sulcus "emporal lobe
Parietal lobe
6ccipital lobe "rans%erse issure Cerebellar hemisphere Central sulcus Parietal lobe
(a)
Central sulcus 'ongitudinal issure Parietal lobe 6ccipital lobe (b) 6ccipital lobe Frontal lobe (nsula +etracted temporal lobe (c)
2>
2?
3=
Central sulcus Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the control o %oluntary muscles Concentration8 planning8 problem sol%ing Frontal eye ield $uditory area Front lobe Parietal lobe Sensory speech area ( Wernic!e7s area) 6ccipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca7s area) 'ateral sulcus (nterpretation o auditory patterns Combining %isual images8 %isual recognition o ob9ects #isual area Cerebellum Sensory areas in%ol%ed 2ith cutaneous and other senses
31
"emporal lobe
Brainstem
32
Sensory area for taste Near base of t!e central s#lc#s Sensory area for smell
Arises from centers dee' )it!in t!e cerebr#m
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0is#al area
Bcci'ital lobe 9nter'rets "ision
Concentration8 planning8 problem sol%ing Frontal eye ield $uditory area
Central sulcus Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the control o %oluntary muscles Sensory areas in%ol%ed 2ith cutaneous and other senses
A#ditory area
em'oral lobe 9nter'rets !earin+
Front lobe
Motor speech area (Broca7s area) 'ateral sulcus (nterpretation o auditory patterns
"emporal lobe
Brainstem
33
Sensory Areas
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$rm Forearm "humb8 ingers8 and hand Facial expression Sali%ation #ocali:ation Mastication S2allo2ing
"run!
Pel%is
"high
"run! Pel%is ,ec! Forearm $rm "high <and8 ingers8 and thumb ;pper ace 'ips "eeth and gums "ongue and pharynx
'eg
'ongitudinal issure
Frontal lobe Motor area Sensory area Central sulcus Parietal lobe
3*
Asso,iation Areas
Re+ions t!at are not 'rimary motor or 'rimary sensory areas Gides'read t!ro#+!o#t t!e cerebral corte2 AnalyHe and inter'ret sensory e2'eriences Pro"ide memory, reasonin+, "erbaliHation, A#d+ment, emotions
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Central sulcus Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the control o %oluntary muscles Concentration8 planning8 problem sol%ing Frontal eye ield $uditory area Front lobe Parietal lobe Sensory speech area ( Wernic!e7s area) 6ccipital lobe Motor speech area (Broca7s area) 'ateral sulcus (nterpretation o auditory patterns Combining %isual images8 %isual recognition o ob9ects #isual area Cerebellum Sensory areas in%ol%ed 2ith cutaneous and other senses
"emporal lobe
Brainstem
35
Asso,iation Areas
1rontal lobe association areas %oncentratin+ Plannin+ %om'le2 'roblem sol"in+ Parietal lobe association areas Inderstandin+ s'eec! %!oosin+ )ords to e2'ress t!o#+!t em'oral lobe association areas 9nter'ret com'le2 sensory e2'eriences Store memories of "is#al scenes, m#sic, and com'le2 'atterns Bcci'ital lobe association areas AnalyHe and combine "is#al ima+es )it! ot!er sensory e2'eriences
36
Central sulcus Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the control o %oluntary muscles Sensory areas in%ol%ed 2ith cutaneous and other senses
BrocaEs area
Anterior to 'rimary motor corte2 Is#ally in left !emis'!ere %ontrols m#scles needed for s'eec!
'ateral sulcus
Brainstem
-otor Areas
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$rm Forearm "humb8 ingers8 and hand Facial expression Sali%ation #ocali:ation Mastication S2allo2ing
"run!
Pel%is
"high
"run! Pel%is ,ec! Forearm $rm "high <and8 ingers8 and thumb ;pper ace 'ips "eeth and gums "ongue and pharynx
'eg
'ongitudinal issure
Frontal lobe Motor area Sensory area Central sulcus Parietal lobe
3>
!emisphere *ominan,e
!e left !emis'!ere is dominant in most indi"id#als
-ominant !emis'!ere controls, S'eec! Gritin+ Readin+ 0erbal s4ills Analytical s4ills %om'#tational s4ills Nondominant !emis'!ere controls, Non"erbal tas4s Motor tas4s Inderstandin+ and inter'retin+ m#sical and "is#al 'atterns Pro"ides emotional and int#iti"e t!o#+!t 'rocesses
3?
-emory
S!ort term memory 7on+ term memory Gor4in+ memory %!an+es str#ct#re or %losed ne#ronal circ#it f#nction of ne#rons %irc#it is stim#lated o"er and En!ances syna'tic o"er transmission G!en im'#lse flo) ceases, memory does also #nless it enters lon+3term memory "ia memory consolidation
*=
*1
Basal (u,lei
Masses of +ray matter -ee' )it!in cerebral !emis'!eres %a#date n#cle#s, '#tamen, and +lob#s 'allid#s Prod#ce do'amine %ontrol certain m#sc#lar acti"ities Primarily by in!ibitin+ motor f#nctions
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Basal nuclei
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
*2
*ien,ephalon
Bet)een cerebral !emis'!eres and abo"e t!e brainstem S#rro#nds t!e t!ird "entricle
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!alam#s E'it!alam#s Hy'ot!alam#s B'tic tracts B'tic c!iasm 9nf#ndib#l#m Posterior 'it#itary Mammillary bodies Pineal +land
Superior colliculus Corpora )uadrigemina 6ptic ner%e Pituitary gland Mammillary body 6ptic tract 6ptic chiasma (n erior colliculus
Pons
Spinal cord
(a)
(b)
*3
*ien,ephalon
!alam#s Cate)ay for sensory im'#lses !eadin+ to cerebral corte2 Recei"es all sensory im'#lses $e2ce't smell& %!annels im'#lses to a''ro'riate 'art of cerebral corte2 for inter'retation Hy'ot!alam#s Maintains !omeostasis by re+#latin+ "isceral acti"ities 7in4s ner"o#s and endocrine systems $!ence some say t!e ne#roendocrine system
**
*ien,ephalon
$he Lim0i, System
%onsists of, Portions of frontal lobe Portions of tem'oral lobe Hy'ot!alam#s !alam#s Basal n#clei Bt!er dee' n#clei 1#nctions, %ontrols emotions Prod#ces feelin+s 9nter'rets sensory im'#lses
*5
*6
Brainstem
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<ypothalamus
Diencephalon "halamus
Corpus callosum
Cerebral a)ueduct
*;
-i#0rain
Bet)een dience'!alon and 'ons %ontains b#ndles of fibers t!at Aoin lo)er 'arts of brainstem and s'inal cord )it! !i+!er 'art of brain %erebral a:#ed#ct %erebral 'ed#ncles $b#ndles of ner"e fibers& %or'ora :#adri+emina $centers for "is#al and a#ditory refle2es&
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Superior colliculus Corpora )uadrigemina 6ptic ner%e Pituitary gland Mammillary body 6ptic tract 6ptic chiasma (n erior colliculus
Pons
Spinal cord
(a)
(b)
*>
Pons
Ro#nded b#l+e on #nderside of brainstem Bet)een med#lla oblon+ata and midbrain Hel's re+#late rate and de't! of breat!in+ Relays ner"e im'#lses to and from med#lla oblon+ata and cerebell#m
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Superior colliculus Corpora )uadrigemina 6ptic ner%e Pituitary gland Mammillary body 6ptic tract 6ptic chiasma (n erior colliculus
Pons
Spinal cord
(a)
(b)
*?
-e#ulla O0longata
Enlar+ed contin#ation of s'inal cord %ond#cts ascendin+ and descendin+ im'#lses bet)een brain and s'inal cord %ontains cardiac, "asomotor, and res'iratory control centers %ontains "ario#s non"ital refle2 control centers $co#+!in+, sneeHin+, s)allo)in+, and "omitin+&
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Superior colliculus Corpora )uadrigemina 6ptic ner%e Pituitary gland Mammillary body 6ptic tract 6ptic chiasma (n erior colliculus
Pons
Spinal cord
(a)
(b)
5=
2eti,ular 1ormation
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%om'le2 net)or4 of ner"e fibers scattered t!ro#+!o#t t!e brain stem E2tends into t!e dience'!alon %onnects to centers of !y'ot!alam#s, basal n#clei, cerebell#m, and cerebr#m 1ilters incomin+ sensory information Aro#ses cerebral corte2 into Midbrain state of )a4ef#lness Pons
Corpus callosum
Corpora )uadrigemina
Cerebral a)ueduct
51
Cere0ellum
9nferior to occi'ital lobes Posterior to 'ons and med#lla oblon+ata )o !emis'!eres 0ermis connects !emis'!eres %erebellar corte2 $+ray matter& Arbor "itae $)!ite matter& %erebellar 'ed#ncles $ner"e fiber tracts& -entate n#cle#s $lar+est n#cle#s in cerebell#m& 9nte+rates sensory information concernin+ 'osition of body 'arts %oordinates s4eletal m#scle acti"ity Maintains 'ost#re
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'ongitudinal issure
"halamus
Corpus callosum
Superior peduncle Pons Middle peduncle (n erior peduncle Medulla oblongata Cerebellum
53
5*
55
56
5;
Fascicle
Peripheral ner%e
Perineurium &ndoneurium ,ode o +an%ier Sch2ann cell Sensory receptor Myelin sheath ,eurilemma
5>
5?
6=
Cranial (er)es
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6l actory (()
6ptic ((() 6ptic tract 6culomotor (((() "rochlear ((#) "rigeminal (#) #estibulocochlear (#((() <ypoglossal (=(() #agus (=) $bducens (#() Facial (#(() Glossopharyngeal ((=) $ccessory (=()
62
Cranial (er)es
Remember, %ranial ner"es are desi+nated D% NE %ranial ner"es are desi+nated )it! Roman n#merals $9 @ J99&
63
6*
roc!lear ner"e $%N 90& Primarily motor ner"e Motor im'#lses to m#scles t!at mo"e t!e eyes Some sensory Pro'rioce'tors
65
Cranial (er)e /
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ri+eminal ner"e $%N 0& Mi2ed ner"e . !ree $3& sisters/ $1& B'!t!almic di"ision
Sensory from s#rface of eyes, tear +lands, scal', fore!ead, and #''er eyelids
'acrimal ner%e 6phthalmic di%ision 'acrimal gland &ye Maxillary di%ision Mandibular di%ision Maxilla 'ingual ner%e (n erior al%eolar ner%e "ongue (n raorbital ner%e
"emporal ner%e >ygomatic ner%e Buccal ner%e Facial ner%e Posterior auricular ner%e Parotid sali%ary gland Mandibular ner%e Cer%ical ner%e
6; 6>
6>
0a+#s ner"e $%N J& Mi2ed ner"e Somatic motor to m#scles of s'eec! and s)allo)in+ A#tonomic motor to "iscera of t!ora2 and abdomen Sensory from '!aryn2, laryn2, eso'!a+#s, and "iscera of t!ora2 and abdomen
Meningeal branch $uricular branch Pharyngeal branch Palate Superior laryngeal ner%e
Superior ganglion o %agus ner%e (n erior ganglion o %agus ner%e ,er%e =( ,er%e =((
Carotid body
<eart
Pancreas ?idney
Small intestine
6?
'arge intestine
;=
;1
Spinal (er)es
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A77 are mi2ed ner"es $e2ce't t!e first 'air& 31 'airs of s'inal ner"es, > cer"ical ner"es $%1 to %>& 12 t!oracic ner"es $ 1 to 12& 5 l#mbar ner"es $71 to 75& 5 sacral ner"es $S1 to S5& 1 coccy+eal ner"e $%o or %c&
C1 C0 C/ CC. C@ CA CB "1 "0 "/ "". "@ "A "B "C "1D "11 "10 '1 Cauda e)uina '0 '/ ''. S1 S0 S/ SS. Co
Posterior %ie2
Cer%ical ner%es
"horacic ner%es
'umbar ner%es
;2
Spinal (er)es
-orsal root $a4a 'osterior root& Sensory root A2ons of sensory ne#rons are in t!e dorsal root +an+lion -orsal root +an+lion A4a -RC %ell bodies of sensory ne#rons )!ose a2ons cond#ct im'#lses in)ard from 'eri'!eral body 'arts
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Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Posterior median sulcus Posterior horn
#isceral branch o spinal ner%e (b) 'ateral horn $nterior horn Central canal $nterior median issure (a) #entral root #entral branch o spinal ner%e (%entral ramus) Dorsal branch o spinal ner%e (dorsal ramus) Spinal ner%e Para%ertebral ganglion #isceral branch o spinal ner%e
;3
*ermatome
An area of s4in t!at t!e sensory ner"e fibers of a 'artic#lar s'inal ner"e inner"ate
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display. C0 C0 C/ CC. "1 C@ "1 C/ CC. C@ CA
CB
"1
"10
'1 '.
S1 ''.
;*
(a)
(b)
Spinal (er)es
0entral root $a4a anterior root& Motor root A2ons of motor ne#rons )!ose cell bodies are in t!e s'inal cord S'inal ner"e Inion of "entral root and dorsal roots Hence )e no) !a"e a .mi2ed/ ner"e
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Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Posterior median sulcus Posterior horn
#isceral branch o spinal ner%e (b) 'ateral horn $nterior horn Central canal $nterior median issure (a) #entral root #entral branch o spinal ner%e (%entral ramus) Dorsal branch o spinal ner%e (dorsal ramus) Spinal ner%e Para%ertebral ganglion #isceral branch o spinal ner%e
;5
(er)e Ple3uses
Ner"e 'le2#s %om'le2 net)or4s formed by anterior branc!es of s'inal ner"es !e fibers of "ario#s s'inal ner"es are sorted and recombined !ere are t!ree $3& ner"e 'le2#ses, $1& %er"ical 'le2#s 1ormed by anterior branc!es of %13%* s'inal ner"es 7ies dee' in t!e nec4 S#''ly to m#scles and s4in of t!e nec4 %33%*3%5 ner"e roots contrib#te to '!renic ner"es bilaterally
;6
Bra,hial Ple3us
$2& Brac!ial 'le2#s 1ormed by anterior branc!es %53 1 7ies dee' )it!in s!o#lders !ere are fi"e $5& branc!es, 1( M#sc#loc#taneo#s ner"e
S#''ly m#scles of anterior arms and s4in of forearms
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#entral ramiF C.8 C@8 CA8 CB8 "1 "run!sF upper8 middle8 lo2er $nterior di%isions Posterior di%isions
Dorsal scapular nE
C. C@ CA C. CB "1 C@
CA Suprascapular nE 'ateral pectoral nE Medial pectoral nE 'o2er subscapular nE "horacodorsal nE Musculocutaneous nE Median nE ;lnar nE $xillary nE +adial nE (a) Median nE "1 $xillary nE CB <umerus
Musculocutaneous nE
;lnar nE +adial nE
;lna
*( Radial ner"e
S#''ly 'osterior m#scles of arms and s4in of forearms and !ands
+adius
5( A2illary ner"e
S#''ly m#scles and s4in of anterior, lateral, and 'osterior arms
;; ;>
(b)
Lum0osa,ral Ple3us
$3& 7#mbosacral 'le2#s 1ormed by t!e anterior branc!es of 713S5 roots %an be a l#mbar $71375& 'le2#s and a sacral $S13S5& 'le2#s E2tends from l#mbar re+ion into 'el"ic ca"ity Bbt#rator ner"e
S#''ly motor im'#lses to add#ctors of t!i+!s
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display. #entral rami $nterior di%isions Posterior di%isions '1
'0
'/
Femoral nE
'Saphenous nE
Sciatic nE
Posterior cutaneous nE
'.
1emoral ner"e
S#''ly motor im'#lses to m#scles of anterior t!i+! and sensory im'#lses from s4in of t!i+!s and le+s
Sciatic nE
Pudendal nE
(a)
(b)
(c)
Sciatic ner"e
S#''ly m#scles and s4in of t!i+!s, le+s and feet
;>
Ple3uses
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Posterior %ie2 C1 C0 C/ CC. C@ CA CB "1 "0 "/ "". "@ "A "B "C "1D "11 "10 Cauda e)uina '1 '0 '/ 'Femoral ner%e 6bturator ner%e Sciatic ner%e Co '. S1 S0 S/ SS. 'umbosacral plexus ("105S.) (ntercostal ner%es
Musculocutaneous ner%e $xillary ner%e +adial ner%e Median ner%e ;lnar ner%e Phrenic ner%e
;?
>=
(nterneurons
Dorsal root ganglion Sensory neuron Spinal cord Preganglionic iber Postganglionic iber #iscera Somatic motor neuron
Sensory neuron
$utonomic ganglion
S!in
Post+an+lionic fibers
A2ons of 'ost+an+lionic ne#rons Ne#ron cell bodies in +an+lia
(a) $utonomic path2ay
>2
Sympatheti, *i)ision
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!oracol#mbar di"ision @ location of 're+an+lionic ne#rons Pre+an+lionic fibers lea"e s'inal ner"es t!ro#+! )!ite rami and enter 'ara"ertebral +an+lia Para"erterbral +an+lia and fibers t!at connect t!em ma4e #' t!e sym'at!etic tr#n4
Spinal cord #entral root Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Pia mater $rachnoid mater
Body o %ertebra
>3
Sympatheti, *i)ision
Post+an+lionic fibers e2tend from sym'at!etic +an+lia to "isceral or+ans Post+an+lionic fibers #s#ally 'ass t!ro#+! +ray rami and ret#rn to a s'inal ner"e before 'roceedin+ to an effector E2ce'tion, 're+an+lionic fibers to adrenal med#lla do not syna'se )it! 'ost+an+lionic ne#rons
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#entral root
Collateral ganglion
"o %isceral e ectors (smooth muscle o blood %essels8 arrector pili muscles8 and s2eat glands)
>*
Sympatheti, *i)ision
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"rachea
'ungs S!in
Celiac ganglion
Small intestine 'arge intestine Spinal cord (n erior mesenteric ganglion $drenal gland Sympathetic chain ganglia ?idney
;rinary bladder
>5
Parasympatheti, *i)ision
%raniosacral di"ision @ location of 're+an+lionic ne#rons Can+lia are near or )it!in "ario#s or+ans erminal +an+lia S!ort 'ost+an+lionic fibers %ontin#e to s'ecific m#scles or +lands Pre+an+lionic fibers of t!e !ead are incl#ded in ner"es 999, 099, and 9J Pre+an+lionic fibers of t!ora2 and abdomen are 'arts of ner"e J
>6
Parasympatheti, *i)ision
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<eart
"rachea
Celiac plexus
Small intestine
Spinal cord
'arge intestine
?idney
Scrotum Penis
;terus 6%ary
>;
Autonomi, (eurotransmitters
%!oliner+ic fibers Release acetylc!oline Pre+an+lionic Cranial sym'at!etic and parasympathetic 'arasym'at!etic fibers neurons Post+an+lionic 'arasym'at!etic fibers Adrener+ic fibers Release nore'ine'!rine Most 'ost+an+lionic sym'at!etic fibers
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Brain
$Ch 3 acetylcholine (cholinergic) ,& 3 norepinephrine (adrenergic) #isceral e ectors Preganglionic iber (axon) Ganglion $Ch $Ch
$Ch
,&
Sympathetic neurons
$Ch $Ch
>>
Slo) Nicotinic
E2citatory Ra'id
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?=
K#iH 11
%om'lete K#iH 11 no)L Read %!a'ter 12(
?5